Anthony Muilwyk v Victims Compensation Fund [2005] NSWSC 153

New South Wales Supreme Court

CITATION : Anthony Muilwyk v Victims Compensation Fund [2005] NSWSC 153

HEARING DATE(S) : 03/02/2005

JUDGMENT DATE : 8 March 2005

JUDGMENT OF : Howie J at 1

DECISION : (a) The record of the proceedings of the Tribunal in respect of the Determination dismissing the claim for compensation for shock be removed into this Court (b) The determination of the Tribunal of 17 August 2001 dismissing the claim for compensation for shock be quashed (c) The matter be remitted to the Tribunal to be heard and determined according to law (d) The defendant pay the plaintiff's costs of these proceedings.

CATCHWORDS : Proceedings for Judicial review - Victims Compensation Tribunal - refusal of claim for shock - error of law in rejection of material without giving adequate reasons - erroneous reasoning without supporting evidence - unauthorised limit placed upon type of material that could support the claim - determination quashed

NSW Supreme Court Act 1970 - s 69 LEGISLATION CITED : Victims Support and Rehabilitation Act 1996 - ss 36, 38, 39, Clause 5 of Schedule 1 Evidence Act 1995 - s 144

Macksville & District Hospital v Mayze (1987) 10 NSWLR 708 Victims Compensation Fund Corp v Ainsworth (2001) 51 NSWLR 468 CASES CITED : Victims Compensation Fund Corp v Crowley [2000] NSWCA 378 Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic (1993) 43 FCR 287

PARTIES : Anthony Muilwyk v Victims Compensation Fund

FILE NUMBER(S) : SC 11367/2004

A. Capelin - Plaintiff COUNSEL : R. Beech-Jones - Defendant

Russell McLelland Brown - Plaintiff SOLICITORS : I.V. Knight - Defendant

LOWER COURT JURISDICTION :

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW SOUTH WALES COMMON LAW DIVISION

HOWIE J

TUESDAY 8 MARCH 2005

11367/2004 ANTHONY MUILWYK v VICTIMS COMPENSATION FUND

JUDGMENT 1 His Honour: This is a claim for relief in the nature of certiorari pursuant to s 69 of the Supreme Court Act brought by the plaintiff, Anthony Muilwyk, in respect of a decision of the Victims Compensation Tribunal ("the Tribunal") refusing to allow him compensation for shock under the Victims Support and Rehabilitation Act 1996 ("the Act"). The relief sought was resisted by the Victims Compensation Fund ("the Fund"). The plaintiff asserts that the reasons of the Tribunal disclose an error of law on the face of the record of the Tribunal: see s 69(3) of the Supreme Court Act. By reason of s 69(4) the face of the record of the Tribunal includes the reasons given for its determination to refuse compensation for shock. 2 On 6 June 1998 the plaintiff was at the bar of a hotel in Narrandera when he witnessed a group of men attacking a security guard outside the hotel. In an effort to assist the guard, the plaintiff held the hotel door open and called out to him to come inside. In doing so, Mr Muilwyk was himself attacked and punched to the face a number of times. As a result, he suffered a laceration above his right eye, which required two internal sutures and seven external sutures, a laceration inside his lower lip and facial bruising. 3 On 22 March 1999 he made a claim for compensation under the Act for scarring and shock as a result of the assault upon him. On 1 March 2001, a compensation assessor dismissed the claim. The plaintiff then appealed against that decision to the Tribunal pursuant to s 36 of the Act. 4 The Tribunal, constituted by a Magistrate, dealt with the appeal without a hearing in accordance with s 38(2) of the Act. In a decision dated 17 August 2001, the Tribunal allowed the appeal in relation to the claim for scarring, awarding $3,600 compensation for this injury, but dismissed the appeal in relation to the claim based upon shock. It is against this aspect of the decision of the Tribunal that the plaintiff seeks relief from this Court. 5 Section 39 of the Act provides an avenue of appeal from a decision of the Tribunal to the District Court on a question of law. On 11 December 2001, the plaintiff filed a Notice of Appeal in the District Court at Wollongong setting out ten grounds of appeal against the decision of the Tribunal. On 17 February 2004, the appeal was dismissed by consent of the parties without a hearing on the merits. 6 The present proceedings were commenced by a summons filed on 7 May 2004. The plaintiff asks this Court to quash the determination of the Tribunal in refusing him compensation for shock and seeks to have the matter remitted to the Tribunal to be heard and determined according to law.

Should the proceedings be entertained? 7 The Fund submitted that the Court should refuse to entertain the proceedings on the basis that the relief under s 69 is discretionary and because the plaintiff had, in effect, abandoned the statutory avenue of appeal to the District Court, this Court should exercise its discretion to refuse the application. 8 Appeals to the District Court against a ruling made by the Tribunal are provided by s 39 of the Act. That section relevantly provides:

(1) An applicant for statutory compensation may, with the leave of the District Court, appeal to the District Court on a question of law arising in any determination of the application by the Tribunal. …

(3) For the purposes of this section, the following matters are not questions of law: (a) a determination of whether an injury for which compensation has been claimed is an injury specified in the schedule of compensable injuries or whether it is a compensable injury of a particular description specified in that schedule, …

(5) On an appeal, the District Court may only: (a) affirm the determination of the Tribunal, or (b) set aside the determination and remit the matter to be considered and determined again by the Tribunal (either with or without the hearing of further evidence) in accordance with the decision of the District Court on the question of law concerned. 9 It should be noted that the plaintiff has no right of appeal to the District Court, leave must first be obtained before the appeal will be heard. If leave were granted, the appeal is limited in that, firstly, it is only in respect of an error of law and, secondly, the matters that can amount to an error of law for the purposes of an appeal are constrained by s 39(3). 10 There is a discussion as to the relevance of a statutory right to appeal to the exercise of this Court's power to grant relief by way of judicial review in Macksville & District Hospital v Mayze (1987) 10 NSWLR 708. This discussion was in relation to an argument that the provision of a statutory appeal in the legislation then being considered inferentially limited the right to appeal against an order coming within the ambit of the legislation to the prosecution of an appeal under the statute. In that case, like the present, an appeal had been commenced under the statutory scheme but had not proceeded to a determination on its merits. Rather the appellant had chosen to seek relief in the nature of certiorari in the Supreme Court alleging a breach of natural justice by the decision maker against whom the appeal lay. 11 The considerations referred to by Kirby P in that discussion are no doubt relevant to a consideration of whether the Court would grant relief in the exercise of its discretion notwithstanding that the Fund did not argue that the provisions of the Act had inferentially withdrawn the discretion of this Court to grant judicial review. One of the matters to be considered is the nature of the relief that can be granted under the statutory scheme as compared with the relief offered by this Court. 12 The plaintiff argued that he was required to bring the present proceedings to obtain relief from the order of the Tribunal because he is precluded from bringing his case to the District Court by reason of the limits upon an appeal from the Tribunal to that Court. In particular he asserts that s 39(3)(a) of the Act would have prevented him from litigating the issues raised by the present proceedings. It was argued that the determination of the Tribunal to refuse him compensation for shock was a determination as to whether an injury is a "compensable injury" within the meaning of the Act and hence outside of the ambit of matters that can be determined by the District Court. 13 The Fund argued that the District Court was not precluded from considering an appeal on the issues that the plaintiff seeks to litigate in the present proceedings. It contended that the plaintiff's complaint is really that the Tribunal failed to be satisfied that he was suffering an injury amounting to shock for the purposes of the Act because it refused to rely upon the evidence placed before it in proof of that injury. In this regard the plaintiff maintains that the Tribunal took into account irrelevant material and denied the plaintiff procedural fairness by rejecting evidence as unreliable without hearing the evidence. These complaints, so the Fund asserts, were not excluded by s 39(3)(a). 14 Section 39(3)(a) was considered in Victims Compensation Fund Corp v Ainsworth (2001) 51 NSWLR 468 at 473. Mason P said at [41]:

S39(3) is curiously expressed in its reference to "a determination" not being a "question of law". However, the intended effect is reasonably plain: the reasoning leading to a determination of either category referred to in s39(3) is deemed not to involve any question of law, even if its language would otherwise suggest or involve legal as distinct from factual analysis. Nevertheless, subs(3) does not state that every aspect of a determination concerning a claim for statutory compensation is incapable of giving rise to a competent appeal. Para(a) deals with a specific issue, namely whether an injury for which compensation has been claimed is an injury specified in Schedule 1 or whether it is a compensable injury of a particular classification specified in Schedule 1. S39(3)(a) has plenty of work to do in dealing with disputes about which category in the table of injuries fits a particular fact situation.

Ainsworth was a case concerned with whether there needed to be a causal connection shown between the injury in respect of which compensation is claimed and the act of violence relied upon for the claim. The Court held that the section did not exclude from the District Court's jurisdiction a question of law raising the issue of causation, that is whether a compensable injury was a direct result of an act of violence. 15 In Victims Compensation Fund Corp v Crowley [2000] NSWCA 378 the issue was whether the injury suffered by the claimant for compensation was a compensable one under the provisions of the Act. The injury suffered was vertigo, an injury to which no reference appears in the list of compensable injuries contained in the schedule to the Act. The Tribunal ruled that this was not similar to any of the injuries listed because it was not a permanent one. An appeal to the District Court was successful on the basis that the Tribunal had made an error of law. The Fund appealed against that determination to the Court of Appeal. In allowing the appeal Meagher JA held that, although there was an error of law, it was on a matter of no moment once the Tribunal had ruled that the injury was not a compensable one. 16 Stein JA agreed with Meagher JA but added at [7]:

…….The task of the assessor and tribunal on appeal was to determine whether there was a compensable injury. The assessor said there was none and the tribunal on appeal said the same thing. That finding in relation to compensable injury could not be directly challenged in the District Court under s 39 of the Victims Compensation Act…………

The section to which reference was made in that judgment was in terms similar to s 39 of the Act presently under consideration. 17 Brownie AJA agreed with both the judgments of Meagher JA and Stein JA. 18 There is clearly a distinction between a decision of the Tribunal that there was no evidence of a compensable injury and a finding that the injury suffered did not amount to a compensable injury under the Act. The first type of finding is not one that falls within the ambit of s 39(3)(a), whereas the latter type of finding does. It was the latter type that was the subject of the appeal in Crowley. The limitation in s 39(3)(a) is premised on the basis that there is no issue that an injury exists. The only issue is whether the injury, as found by the Tribunal, is a compensable one or into which description of compensable injuries it falls. A decision by the Tribunal that it is not satisfied that any injury exists is a different issue than that to which s 39(3)(a) is directed because it is antecedent to the decision of whether the injury, as found, is a compensable one. 19 This, as I understand it, is the approach taken by at least some judges in the District Court and the Fund has not challenged the correctness of that interpretation in any case where it has been applied. 20 I am not prepared to dismiss the summons on purely discretionary grounds. I do not wish to suggest that this Court will always entertain an application for judicial review notwithstanding that there is a statutory system of appeal. The preferable course is that the statutory scheme be followed and a claimant for compensation should not expect to be able to circumvent the limitations imposed upon that scheme by simply bringing an application for judicial review in this Court. However, in the present matter the application was heard in full, chiefly because there was an issue as to the meaning of s 39(3)(a) and because on the face of it the reasons for the Tribunal in dismissing the claim gave cause for concern as to whether the plaintiff had received a fair determination of his claim. Yet, for reasons not fully explained, he had abandoned an arguable appeal to the District Court without any clear benefit to himself.

The Tribunal's reasons 21 The plaintiff asserts that the decision of the Tribunal to dismiss his appeal in relation to the claim for shock contained errors of law in that it was irrational, unreasonable and arbitrary, both in light of the evidence before the Tribunal, and because it was based on irrelevant considerations. It is also argued that by referring to material that was not before the assessor in deciding to dismiss the claim, the Tribunal acted outside the scope of the appeal as laid down in s 38 of the Act. 22 Section 38 of the Act relevantly provides:

1) The Tribunal may conduct a hearing into a matter the subject of an appeal or reference to it under this Division for determination. The hearing is to be conducted in accordance with Schedule 2. (2) If the Tribunal is satisfied that the matter can be properly determined without a hearing, the Tribunal is to proceed to determine the matter accordingly. (3) An appeal from a determination of a compensation assessor is to be determined on the evidence and material provided to the compensation assessor. However, the Tribunal may, by leave, receive further evidence and material if it considers that special grounds exist or if the evidence or material concerns matters occurring after the determination appealed against. 23 At the time of the plaintiff's claim for compensation for shock, Clause 5 of Schedule 1 of the Act was as follows:

5 Shock

The following applies to the compensable injury of shock:

(a) Compensation is payable only if the symptoms and disability persist for more than 6 weeks. (b) The injury comprises conditions attributed to post traumatic stress disorder, depression and similar conditions. (c) The psychological symptoms include anxiety, tension, insomnia, irritability, loss of confidence, agoraphobia and pre-occupation with thoughts of self-harm or guilt. (d) The physical symptoms include alopecia, asthma, eczema, enuresis and psoriasis. (e) Relevant disabilities include impaired work or school or other educational performance, significant adverse effects on social relationships and sexual dysfunction. 24 It should be noted that the clause describes the injury of shock by four criteria: the cause of the injury, the psychological symptoms, the physical symptoms and the resultant disability. The clause is not seeking to define shock and is not limiting the types of symptoms or disabilities that might arise from such an injury. It is rather attempting to give an indication of the kind of injury that would fall within the scope of shock for the purposes of compensation under the Act. It is perhaps doing no more than indicating that the injury should be a significant one in its effects upon the claimant both as to symptoms and disabilities. However, there must be a relevant disability before there can be a compensable injury. 25 The Tribunal determined not to have a hearing pursuant to s 38(2). There was before the Tribunal a psychiatric report that indicated that the plaintiff had reported symptoms to the psychiatrist attributable to post traumatic stress disorder. There was also a statement by the plaintiff's wife as to the psychological effects upon him of the incident in which he received the injury. The Tribunal referred to both of these documents in giving reasons and quoted from parts of them. Notwithstanding that the reasons of the Tribunal are to be taken as the face of the record of the Tribunal, there was a dispute as to whether the psychiatric report and the wife's statement were incorporated as part of the reasons. It was unnecessary to determine this dispute in order to resolve the proceedings before me. 26 There are at least two facts that should be borne in mind when considering the reasons of the Tribunal for refusing the plaintiff compensation for shock: the first is that the Tribunal decided that a hearing was unnecessary; the second is that the reasons for its determination were apparently considered and in writing. The first matter is important when considering how the Tribunal approached the material before it. The second is significant because this Court will often take a more robust view when considering infelicities of language or errors in reasoning given in an ex tempore judgment immediately at the conclusion of a hearing than it might where the reasons have been given in a written judgment delivered after reflection. 27 The Tribunal in its reasons noted that the plaintiff had seen the psychiatrist 8 months after the incident in which the plaintiff was injured and on one occasion for assessment and report. It also noted that the assessment was "based generally on self-reporting questionnaire/inventory techniques employed by many psychologists". The Tribunal also noted that the report is "completely subjective" and quoted from two passages of the report as indicating that the psychiatrist was relying upon reports of the plaintiff as to the effects of the incident upon his social life and his "occupational functioning". 28 The Tribunal focused its attention on the requirement that there be a disability of the kind set out in cl 5(e). Reference was made to a judgment of the Chief Judge of the District Court indicating that the effect of the shock needed to be significant but that the sub clauses of cl 5 were merely illustrations of how that fact could be proved. The Tribunal then stated:

The fact that certain areas of a victim's life are adversely affected does not of itself mean that the victim had sustained a disability. Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, in the absence of a recognised disability, as identified in Clause 5(e), is not sufficient to establish the compensable injury of shock 29 This seems to me, with respect, to be a fair statement of the effect of clause 5(e) and the plaintiff did not suggest otherwise. However, it does set the scene for what follows because the Tribunal appears thereafter to have focused on the nature of any disability claimed to have arisen as a result of the condition diagnosed by the psychiatrist and the material, or lack of material, relied upon to support such a disability.

Extraneous material 30 During the course of its reasons the Tribunal had regard to two pieces of extraneous material that presumably were not before the assessor. One piece of material was described by the Tribunal as "the Chairperson's Guide to the new categories of psychological or psychiatric disorders, which replaced 'shock' as a result of recent amendments to the Act". The situation is that the Act was amended at a time subsequent to the incident giving rise to the present claim and cl 5 was in effect repealed and replaced by a new clause, the effect of which was to replace "injury of shock" with "injury of psychological of psychiatric disorder". There are two categories of the latter injury found in Schedule 1 of the Act in the list of compensable injuries that came into operation after the plaintiff' suffered his injury. They are as follows:

Category 1, chronic psychological or psychiatric disorder that is moderately disabling Category 2, chronic psychological or psychiatric disorder that is severely disabling 31 Apparently there was a document issued by the Chairperson of the Tribunal that attempts to offer guidance as to the way the new injuries are to be approached. Included in this guide is a reference to the word "disabling" as used in Schedule 1 of the Act and some comments made as to how the term should be interpreted having regard to the policy behind the Act as gleaned from the relevant Minister's words in explanation for the provisions of the Act. The effect of the passage quoted by the Tribunal from the document, which I will not reproduce in this judgment, is that a psychological or psychiatric disorder is disabling for the purposes of the scheme of compensation where "it results in some material impairment in an important area of day to day functioning". 32 Counsel for the plaintiff was critical of the use made of this material by the Tribunal. He argued that the Tribunal erred in law in taking account of this material, not only because it was material that was not before the compensation assessor and, thus the use of it was in breach of s 38 of the Act, but also because the guide related to the provisions of the Act that post-dated this claim. The submission was that the material should have had no bearing on the Tribunal's determination of the appeal, particularly because cl 5, as it existed at the time the injury was inflicted, did not differentiate between moderate and severe disabilities. The issue under the operative cl 5 was whether the symptoms of injury and disability persisted over the period specified in cl 5(a). 33 However, during the course of argument the plaintiff's counsel conceded that there was nothing in the guide, or at least that part quoted by the Tribunal, that was not relevant to a consideration of the term "disabilities" in cl 5 as it applied to the claim. The document was merely being used by the Tribunal to emphasise the point that it had already made in the reasons; that it was not any adverse effect on a person's life of a psychiatric disorder, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, that would result in a disability for the purposes of the Act. Although the new cl 5 referred to moderately and severely disabling disorders, the Tribunal did not incorporate such a distinction into its reasons. There is no substance to the complaint in relation to this part of the reasons 34 Similarly there was complaint made about the Tribunal's reference to, and quote from, a paper given by a psychiatrist at a judicial conference in Melbourne in 1995. The part of the paper referred to in the reasons concerned the value of psychological testing, the subjective nature of these tests and the need for a proper evaluation of the results before use was made of them. The quote concluded with the statement that information from psychological tests "simply cannot be taken at its face value". 35 The Tribunal referred to this material as support for the proposition that it had already stated, at least implicitly, earlier in its reasons; being that there should be a cautious approach to the acceptance of the findings of the psychiatrist based upon self-report of the claimant. I doubt that the Tribunal needed to inform itself of the views of a person who is said to be a "leading forensic psychiatrist" to reach a conclusion that it should approach assessments based on self-reports as possibly being unreliable. There was no error of law merely because the Tribunal referred to this material.

Rejection of the statement by the plaintiff's wife 36 The Tribunal was of the view that there should be some objective evidence to support the claim that the plaintiff suffered from a disability as a result of the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. There was before the Tribunal a statement from the plaintiff's wife. The Tribunal quoted two passages from her statement in the course of its reasons. They were as follows:

Generally, I have noticed that my husband is far less confident then (sic) he was prior to the assault and he often goes very quiet without reason. My husband is now very reluctant to go out at night and does not like socialising in big groups. 37 After quoting these two passages the Tribunal stated:

I do not regard these statements by the wife of the Appellant as independent evidence of a disability.

The Tribunal gave no reasons justifying or explaining that conclusion. It seems that the Tribunal was not declining to act upon the statement of the wife as a whole but only these two passages. Presumably the Tribunal was not concluding that on no occasion could a wife give independent evidence of a disability suffered by her husband, such a proposition is so absurd that I would not infer that this is what the Tribunal was intending to convey. The Tribunal might have thought that the wife was merely relying upon self-reports by the plaintiff in the same way as the psychiatrist. But that is clearly not correct. The wife was conveying what she perceived to be the change in the plaintiff's social behaviour since the incident at the hotel. The perception would not necessarily be limited to self-report by the plaintiff. No doubt her conclusion was based on, not only what the plaintiff said, but also his behaviour, demeanour, and any perceived change in his pre injury routine. 38 True it is, as the Tribunal pointed out, there was no material from any of the plaintiff's friends or acquaintances as to any perceived change in the plaintiff's behaviour. But the absence of that material did not mean that the Tribunal should simply disregard the statement of the wife out of hand because in some unstated way it lacked objectivity. 39 I have already noted that the Tribunal had determined that there should not be a hearing. There was no argument before me as to the consequence of such a decision. However, I am troubled by the fact the Tribunal can of its own motion determine that a hearing is not warranted and yet reject material before it that is prima facie reliable and relevant to the determination of the appeal. Presumably, before the Tribunal decides to proceed without a hearing, it has considered the material before it and reached the view that the appeal can be determined on the basis that the material is generally credible and should be acted upon by the Tribunal. Having come to that decision, it seems to me to be unfair for the Tribunal to proceed to determine the appeal by refusing to act on the material before it or some part of it. 40 If in the present case the Tribunal had some concern as to whether to accept the plaintiff's wife's statement because of her lack of objectivity, it should, in my opinion, have given the plaintiff the benefit of a hearing in respect of her evidence. If the Tribunal were not prepared to take that step, then it should act upon the wife's statement as being some evidence of the disability claimed by the plaintiff. The refusal to take into account the statement of the wife, especially for the reason stated by the Tribunal, is in my opinion an error of law and would warrant the setting aside of the decision.

Erroneous line of reasoning 41 However this is not the only error of law that is revealed by the reasons of the Tribunal and about which complaint is made. Towards the end of the reasons of the Tribunal the following is stated:

The Appellant is employed as a fitter and turner. He is not a paid union official. Therefore, stepping down from his voluntary duties as a union representative cannot be regarded as a disability affecting his work performance. The injury sustained by the Appellant is commonly called a 'black eye'. I would imagine this type of injury would not be unheard of in the robust pursuit of union endeavours and should not cause a person of firm resolve, such as a union representative in the metal industry, too much psychological distress.

The plaintiff submitted that views expressed in the passage of the reasons were so extraordinary that they revealed that the Tribunal had prejudged the matter. 42 The passage contains a number of errors. Firstly, the fact that the plaintiff was required to step down as a union representative may or may not be a disability affecting his work performance, but it is capable of amounting to a significant adverse effect on social relationships within the terms of cl 5(e). In any event the disabilities referred to in the clause are merely indicative of the types of disabilities that might result from the compensable injury of shock. They are not, and do not purport to be, an exhaustive list of the relevant disabilities. This is an interpretation of the clause that the Tribunal had seemed earlier in its reasons to accept and was the effect of the judgment of the Chief Judge of the District Court quoted two pages earlier. The fact that a person by reason of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder could no longer continue to hold a position on some board or committee for a charitable organisation could clearly amount to a disability within the terms of the clause. I can see no reason to distinguish between that situation and being unable to act as a voluntary union representative. 43 Next the description of the injury suffered by the plaintiff as being a "black eye" was inaccurate and inconsistent with the earlier finding that it had left scarring for which the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The common notion of a "black eye" does not include any permanent scarring nor does it require any significant medical treatment such as the insertion of sutures. With respect, I believe that the Tribunal was attempting to trivialise the injury for the sake of its argument that it was not the type of injury that would result in a psychiatric disorder to the type of person that the plaintiff was. 44 In any event the type of injury suffered is irrelevant to the issue of whether the plaintiff was suffering from shock. I would have thought it was common knowledge that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can occur even though no injury was occasioned to the victim. It is the effect upon the person of the traumatic situation in which he or she finds himself at the time the act of violence is committed. If the line of reasoning set out in this paragraph of the reasons was in any way relevant to the task of the Tribunal, the relevant starting point was the nature of the incident in which the plaintiff was injured and its effect upon him at the time of the injury. 45 However, the Tribunal's way of reasoning in this passage set out above is based upon assumptions of fact for which there was not the slightest evidence before the Tribunal. There is a limit to what material the Tribunal can take into account in determining the appeal in accordance with s 38. Generally the Tribunal is bound to consider only the material before the assessor. Of course all decision makers take into account to varying degrees general knowledge and the common experiences of persons within the community. The law relating to the evidence of matters of common knowledge is contained in s 144 of the Evidence Act. Even allowing for some considerable latitude to the Tribunal in the matters it can take into account in determining an appeal, especially as it is not bound by the laws of evidence, it was unfair, in my opinion, for the Tribunal to act upon the assumptions it made in that paragraph without one jot of evidence to support them. 46 I do not believe that there is any common knowledge available to a court or tribunal about how persons behave "in the robust pursuit of union endeavours" or the type of person who is "a union representative in the metal industry" or the effect of injuries or a traumatic event on the psychiatric well being of such a person. It seems to me simply to be a case of stereotyping of the worst kind. But even if there were some basis upon which those findings might fairly be made as a matter of generality, there was no basis upon which those findings could be applied to the plaintiff or the situation in which he found himself at the hotel when the injury was occasioned to him. 47 However, I do not have to decide whether these findings amount to an error of law on the face of the record, or indicate pre-judgment vitiating the determination of the appeal, as the plaintiff contends or amount to a denial of procedural fairness. There is a respectable argument that they amount to all three. There is in my view a clear error of law that runs throughout the whole of the Tribunal's findings and warrants the quashing of the order.

Requiring "real" evidence to prove the injury 48 The Tribunal stated in its reasons the following:

The Tribunal is not prepared to simply 'rubber stamp' claims of this nature without having before it real evidence. Whilst I accept the Appellant presented with stated symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, there needs to be a co-existing disability. Unlike physical conditions which can be readily diagnosed, shock, within the meaning of the Act, requires more than self-serving statements, it requires factual evidence to establish a victim has suffered a disability.

This statement of the approach being adopted for the determination of the appeal before the Tribunal in my opinion reveals that the Tribunal was unduly restricting the material that it would consider in determining a claim for compensation based upon a psychiatric disorder, such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The restriction imposed is not one found in the Act and is not one that can be supported as a general proposition. 49 The Tribunal proceeded to consider the claim by drawing a distinction between "real evidence" and "self-serving statements". It appears that the Tribunal did not consider that the psychiatric report was "real evidence' and neither, apparently, was the statement of the wife. The Tribunal determined that it required "factual evidence" to prove the disability. I am unsure whether there was a perceived difference between "real evidence" and "factual evidence". However, the latter form of evidence, according to the Tribunal's reasons, would have been found in evidence from work supervisors or from persons with whom the plaintiff socialised before the assault, but not apparently in the statement from the plaintiff's wife. 50 The refusal to give any credence to the psychiatric report so far as evidence of the disability is concerned cannot be supported as a general proposition. I can understand that the Tribunal might give less-weight to matters in the report which are based upon self-report by the claimant. It is a matter of degree. But to go further and assert that the Tribunal will never allow the claim unless there is material from some particular class of witness that the Tribunal is prepared to accept as objective is in my view erroneous as a matter of law. 51 I appreciate that there might be cases where by reason of the circumstances in which the act of violence occurred and having regard to the nature of the act of violence relied upon there might be some scepticism about a finding that the claimant was suffering a psychiatric disorder of the kind with which the Act is concerned or that the disability resulting from such a disorder was as significant as suggested in the material placed before the Tribunal. If that were the case, it is hard to see how the Tribunal could proceed without a hearing. But putting that consideration to one side, the Tribunal might not be prepared to accept the psychiatric opinion for good and valid reasons, including that the evidence was based upon self-reports that the Tribunal did not accept as reliable. The Tribunal might justifiably in such case not be prepared to act on the material without some objective evidence of the significance of the disability claimed. But that is not how the Tribunal approached the present claim. 52 The Fund accepted that if the Tribunal had limited itself in a general way there would have been an error of law on the face of the record. It argued that the Tribunal was not making such a general statement but only commenting upon the particular case before it. I am conscious that I should not read the reasons of the Tribunal with a view to finding error and that I should not be concerned with "looseness in the language...…nor with unhappy phrasing" of the reasons given: Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic (1993) 43 FCR at 287. Further, I should take into account that:

"the reasons of an administrative decision-maker are meant to inform and not to be scrutinised upon over-zealous judicial review by seeking to discern whether some inadequacy may be gleaned from the way in which the reasons are expressed": Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu (1996) 185 CLR 259 at 272. 53 However, it seems to me to be patently clear, from the passage of the reasons quoted above and the approach taken by the Tribunal generally throughout its reasons, that the Tribunal was expressing a general view as to the way claims for shock under the Act should be determined. That approach constitutes an error of law on the face of the record.

The orders of the Court are that:

(a) The record of the proceedings of the Tribunal in respect of the Determination dismissing the claim for compensation for shock be removed into this Court. (b) The determination of the Tribunal of 17 August 2001 dismissing the claim for compensation for shock be quashed. (c) The matter be remitted to the Tribunal to be heard and determined according to law. (d) The defendant pay the plaintiff's costs of these proceedings. **********

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