Gentiana Zefi v The Commissioners for HMRC

Neutral Citation: [2026] UKFTT 00178 (TC) FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL TAX CHAMBER Case Number: TC09772 By remote video hearing Appeal reference: TC/2023/09956 HIGH INCOME CHILD BENEFIT CHARGE-liability for charge-penalties for failure to notify liability-whether telephone call to Child Benefit Office constituted notice of liability- who is an “officer of the board”-whether notice must be in writing Heard on: 11 July 2025 Judgment date: 28 January 2026 Before TRIBUNAL JUDGE MARILYN MCKEEVER MR LESLIE HOWARD Between GENTIANA ZEFI and Appellant THE COMMISSIONERS FOR HIS MAJESTY’S REVENUE AND CUSTOMS Respondents Representation: The Appellant did not attend and was not represented For the Respondents: Miss Vicki Halfpenny, litigator of HM Revenue and Customs’ Solicitor’s Office DECISION INTRODUCTION 1. The Tribunal originally heard the case on 11 July 2025. The form of the hearing was V (video). All attendees attended remotely on the Teams platform. The documents to which we were referred are a Hearing Bundle of 242 pages and a High Income Child Benefit Charge (HICBC) Generic Bundle of 878 pages. At the end of the hearing we gave Directions for written submissions from HMRC on who was an “officer of the board” and what constitutes “notice” for the purposes of section 7 Taxes Management Act 1970 (TMA). We considered HMRC’s further submissions dated 31 July 2025 (the Further Submissions) and the Appellant’s additional comments and made a decision which was released on 28 August 2025 (the Decision). Prior notice of the hearing had been published on the gov.uk website, with information 2. about how representatives of the media or members of the public could apply to join the hearing remotely in order to observe the proceedings. As such, the hearing was held in public. 3. HMRC appealed against the decision on 23 October 2025. In accordance with Rule 40 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Tax 4. Chamber) Rules 2009 (the “Rules”) we considered whether to review the decision under Rule 41. We decided to carry out a review in accordance with Rule 41 and concluded that there was an error of law in the decision. Having informed the parties that we were minded to set aside the decision and remake it, we invited, and received, written submissions from both parties, which we have takin into account in making this revised decision. REVISED DECISION This is Ms Zefi’s appeal against assessments to the HICBC and penalties imposed 5. under schedule 41 Finance Act 2008 for failure to notify her liability to tax under section 7 TMA. 6. Ms Zefi had applied to postpone the hearing on 3 July 2025 on the grounds that she had to look after her mother who was ill. She did not provide any evidence. The application was refused, but Ms Zefi renewed the application, by email, on the day before the hearing explaining that her mother lived in a different country and providing a copy of her flight details for the following day (the day of the hearing). 7. HMRC objected to the postponement. The case had been postponed on a previous occasion without evidence. The initial application, on this occasion, had been made a week before the hearing, yet the Appellant had remained in the UK and was proposing to fly out on the day of the hearing. There were up to seven flights a day to the Appellant’s destination and she could have gone after the hearing (which was listed for the morning only) or the next day, given that she had already waited a week and had provided no details of her mother’s illness. HMRC’s officers who were witnesses had made themselves available and it would be unreasonable to postpone the hearing. 8. Having considered the Appellant’s application and HMRC’s objections, we considered that it was in the interests of justice to proceed with the hearing in accordance with Rule 33 of Rules. 9. In Ms Zefi’s response to the Further Submissions, she objected to the fact that we had proceeded with the hearing in her absence. We have set out above our reasons and the authority for doing so. If Ms Zefi wishes to pursue her objection she can do so as part of her appeal rights set out at the end of this decision. THE ASSESSMENTS 10. HMRC made discovery assessments under section 29 TMA in relation to the HICBC totalling £2,625.00 for the three tax years 2016/17 to 2018/19 inclusive. 11. HMRC also charged penalties amounting to £525.00 under schedule 41 Finance Act 2008 for the same tax years as a result of the Appellant’s failure to notify her liability to the HICBC under section 7 TMA. 12. The liability to tax and the penalties were notified to the Appellant on 26 January 2023. The penalties were varied on review (reducing them) and the review conclusion letter was issued on 31 July 2023. 13. Ms Zefi appeals against the assessments, penalties and interest. The Tribunal has no jurisdiction in relation to interest and we do not consider it further. THE LAW 14. The HICBC was introduced by Finance Act 2012 and had effect from 7 January 2013. 15. Essentially, the HICBC clawed back Child Benefit paid to high earners, if they continued to claim Child Benefit. The HICBC is an income tax charge on individuals who, or whose partners, receive Child Benefit where the Adjusted Net Income (ANI) of the claimant or their partner exceeds £50,000 in a tax year (for the years in question). 16. An income tax charge of 1% of the Child Benefit received by the household arises for every £100 by which the ANI of the person liable to the HICBC exceeded £50,000. Consequently, where that person’s ANI reached £60,000 in a tax year, the HICBC amounts to 100% of the Child Benefit received in their household. Where the ANI of the liable person is between £50,000 and £60,000, they will still receive some Child Benefit, so they may want to continue to claim. The claim may be cancelled at any time. 17. A person who is liable for the HICBC and who has not received a notice to file a self- assessment tax return under section 8 TMA must notify HMRC of their chargeability to income tax under section 7 TMA. 18. Section 7 TMA provides, so far as material: “7(1) Every person who is chargeable to income tax or capital gains tax for any year of assessment, and falls within subsection (1A) or (1B), shall, subject to subsection (3) below, within the notification period, give notice to an officer of the Board that he is so chargeable. 7(1A) A person falls within this subsection if the person has not received a notice under section 8 requiring a return for the year of assessment of the person's total income and chargeable gains. … 7(1C) In subsection (1) “the notification period” means (a)in the case of a person who falls within subsection (1A), the period of 6 months from the end of the year of assessment, … 7(3) A person shall not be required to give notice under subsection (1) above in respect of a year of assessment if for that year (a)the person's total income consists of income from sources falling within subsections (4) to (7) below, (b)the person has no chargeable gains, and (c)the person is not liable to a high income child benefit charge.” 19. By virtue of section 7(5) TMA a person whose income falls under PAYE does not normally have to notify liability under section 7, but this does not apply if the individual is liable for the HICBC by virtue of section 7(3)(c). 20. As the assessments were Discovery Assessments, they must comply with the provisions of section 29 TMA. Section 29 currently provides, so far as material: “29 Assessment where loss of tax discovered. (1) If an officer of the Board or the Board discover, as regards any person (the taxpayer) and a [year of assessment]— [(a) that an amount of income tax or capital gains tax ought to have been assessed but has not been assessed,] (b) that an assessment to tax is or has become insufficient, or (c) that any relief which has been given is or has become excessive, the officer or, as the case may be, the Board may, subject to subsections (2) and (3) below, make an assessment in the amount, or the further amount, which ought in his or their opinion to be charged in order to make good to the Crown the loss of tax.” Further conditions apply where the taxpayer has submitted a tax return, but they do not 21. apply in the present case as Ms Zefi did not submit a return. 22. Section 29 TMA previously provided that an officer could make a discovery assessment where income or capital gains had not been assessed to tax. The Court of Appeal in the case of The Commissioners for HMRC v Jason Wilkes [2022] EWCA Civ 1612 (Wilkes) decided that under the previous version of section 29 HMRC could not make discovery assessments in relation to the HICBC as it is a free-standing charge to income tax and not an amount of income on which tax had not been charged. While Wilkes was progressing through the courts many HICBC cases which relied on discovery assessments, including Ms Zefi’s, were put on hold, pending the outcome of the appeal. Following the Court of Appeal decision in Wilkes, section 29 TMA was amended by 23. section 97 Finance Act 2022 to its present form which allows discovery assessments to be made where an amount of income tax (as opposed to an amount of income) has not been assessed. The 2022 changes were retrospective as well as prospective, provided the discovery assessment was a “relevant protected assessment”. In the context of the HICBC, an assessment would be a relevant protected assessment unless it was subject to an appeal notice which was given to HMRC on or before 30 June 2021 and satisfied certain other conditions; broadly that the appeal raised the issue in Wilkes, or had been paused pending the outcome of Wilkes. 24. In the present case, the assessments were made and appealed in 2023, that is, long after the cutoff date of 30 June 2021 and so Wilkes can have no application. The assessments are protected assessments and the current version of section 29 TMA applies. 25. Under section 36(1A)(b) TMA an assessment involving a loss of income tax attributable to a failure of a person to notify liability under section 7 TMA may be made up to 20 years after the end of the tax year in question. Schedule 41 of the Finance Act 2008 (schedule 41) provides for penalties where a 26. person has failed to notify liability under section 7 TMA. 27. The maximum penalty for a non-deliberate failure is 30% of the Potential Lost Revenue-broadly- the amount of income tax which should have been charged. HMRC may reduce the penalty, to a minimum of 20%, in the case of a “prompted” disclosure to reflect the degree of co-operation with HMRC. Reductions are made for “telling” HMRC about the failure, “giving” help to quantify the tax and “allowing access” to records to check how much tax is unpaid. THE FACTS 28. Ms Zefi is an employee and had always been taxed under PAYE. She had never been required to submit a tax return. She began claiming Child Benefit from 17 August 2015, after the introduction of the 29. HICBC. The claim form which applied at the time contained prominent information about the HICBC and emphasised that it applied if the claimant or their partner earned over £50.000. Ms Zefi’s ANI was below £50,000 at this point. 30. On 15 February 2018 Ms Zefi telephoned the Child Benefit Office. The Hearing Bundle contained a full transcript of the conversation, and we summarise the salient points below: (1) Ms Zefi stated she wanted to inform them about a change of circumstances in that her income was now above £50,000. She believed that, as a result, she was no longer entitled to Child Benefit. (2) The “Advisor” explained that Ms Zefi remained entitled to Child Benefit and informed her of the consequences: (3) “…you have got the option of opting out of receiving payments, so because of the tax charge that was brought in back in 2013, for every £100 you go over 50,000, you’d pay back 1% of any child benefit received, so a tax charge, so for example if you were going to be on 52,000 you’d pay back 20% but keep 80% so you know a lot of people may continue the payments, when you reach 60,000 that’s when you pay back 100% of any child benefit received, um do you know what your incomes likely to be, the new net income or? Is it between 50, more than 60, do you know what it’s going to be?” (sic) (4) Ms Zefi informed the Advisor that her income was now £54,000. (5) The Advisor indicated that about 40% of the payments would be paid in tax and Ms Zefi could opt out of payments or continue to receive Child Benefit but, in this case, she would need to submit a self-assessment tax return each year to pay the tax. (6) The Advisor told Ms Zefi that, if she did not opt out, she would receive the full amount of Child Benefit but would have to pay back a percentage, through the tax return, depending on her income. She also explained that payments would continue unless and until Ms Zefi informed them that she no longer wished to receive payments, even if her income exceeded £60,000 and she would have to pay back 100% of the Child Benefit. She made it clear that there would be no automatic adjustment, it was up to Ms Zefi to continue claiming or opt out. (7) Ms Zefi told the Advisor that she would “leave it as it is then” i.e. continue to claim. (8) The Advisor than told Ms Zefi she would need to register for self-assessment via the gov. UK website and complete a tax return. She told her the form was called an SA1 and that it could be downloaded from the website. She also advised her that she could contact the “tax office” if she had further enquiries. Finally, she advised Ms Zefi of the self-assessment deadlines for the then current (9) tax year i.e. 2017/18. 31. We find that, as a result of this conversation: 32. The Advisor understood that Ms Zefi was proposing to continue to claim Child Benefit and so was liable for the HICBC for the tax year (2017/18) and 33. Ms Zefi understood that if she continued to claim Child Benefit she was entitled to receive it, but that some or all of it would have to be paid back in income tax depending on her income. 34. Ms Zefi chose to continue claiming Child Benefit. 35. Ms Zefi appeared to understand that she would need to complete a self-assessment tax return in order to pay the income tax charge. Given subsequent events, she may not have fully grasped what she needed to do. 36. Ms Zefi did not submit a tax return. 37. HMRC issued a “nudge” letter to her on 15 November 2019 advising her to check whether she was liable for the HICBC. A further nudge letter was sent on 16 December 2019. 38. Ms Zefi took no action. 39. Officer Matthew Savory “discovered” the loss of tax on 10 May 2021. He was working on a project to identify taxpayers who were liable to the HICBC but had not notified HMRC of their liability and had not registered to receive self-assessment tax returns. HMRC’s internal Risk Intelligence Service had provided a dataset identifying Child Benefit claimants who were earning over £50,000 and who had not responded to the 2019 nudge letters. Officer Savory’s role was to establish if the claimant had failed to notify their liability. He did this by cross-referencing income details obtained from PAYE records with Child Benefit Office records and checking whether the high earner had registered for self-assessment. 40. On 10 May 2021, he carried out a compliance check on the Appellant. Using the various data available to him, he established that Ms Zefi’s income in the tax years ended 5 April 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 was respectively £46,685, £54,409, £62,269 and £67.640. Also, that her income was higher than her partner’s income, that her ANI was over the threshold, that she had been claiming Child Benefit, and that she had not registered for self- assessment or notified her liability. 41. He concluded that the Appellant was liable for the HICBC in the tax years 2016/17 (£473), 2017/18 (the full amount of the Child Benefit which was £1,076) and 2018/19 (£1,076) and there had, accordingly, been a loss of tax in those years totalling £2,625. 42. On 11 May 2021, Officer Savory wrote to Ms Zefi indicating that she was liable for the HICBC, setting out the amount of tax due for each of the relevant years and explaining that interest and penalties might also be due. 43. In response to this letter, Ms Zefi telephoned HMRC and told them that she had contacted the Child Benefit Office when her income went above the £50,000 limit. We assume this was a reference to the February 2018 telephone call. She stated that she had been told to register for self-assessment and complete tax returns. She was, however, confused as to why HMRC had not cancelled the claim and was told the fact she was liable for the HICBC did not affect her eligibility for Child Benefit. 44. Ms Zefi cancelled her claim for Child Benefit on 1 June 2021. 45. On 18 June 2021 HMRC wrote to the Appellant saying they had decided she was liable for the HICBC and that they were going to issue assessments. 46. On 15 July 2021 the Appellant telephoned HMRC asking about the next steps. She was informed that cases were paused and that they would be in touch “soon”. We infer that the pause was the result of the Wilkes case and that HMRC were awaiting the final outcome before proceeding with the assessments. 47. There was no further contact until 9 January 2023 when HMRC wrote to Ms Zefi explaining that they had not written to her because they were considering whether she was affected by the Wilkes case which was under appeal. They also informed her that the amendments to the legislation (section 29 TMA) meant that they could now deal with her case. On the same day, HMRC issued letters stating that they would be issuing assessments for the HICBC and penalty assessments on the basis that disclosure was prompted but non- deliberate. The penalty rate to be charged was 27% in each year. 48. On 26 January 2023, Ms Zefi telephoned HMRC and was recorded as being upset and confused about the charges. The adviser explained how the HICBC was calculated, that she was liable for it and also explained the penalties and interest. The adviser further explained that as assessments had been raised, she would have to appeal the HICBC and penalty charges if she disagreed. Further information was given about appeal process and what needed to be done. 49. Assessments to the HICBC and failure to notify penalties were issued on 26 January 2023. 50. Ms Zefi appealed the assessments to HMRC. HMRC issued their view of the matter letter upholding the HICBC and penalties on 21 March 2023. 51. Ms Zefi made a late request for a review which was accepted by HMRC. HMRC issued their review conclusion letter on 31 July 2023 upholding the HICBC assessments but reducing the penalty assessments. The penalty percentage was reduced to the minimum 20% for each year so that the total penalties were reduced to £525. The revised penalty assessments were issued on 15 September 2023. 52. The Appellant appealed to the Tribunal on 8 September 2023 which is outside the 30 day time limit. HMRC do not object to the late appeal and, to the extent necessary, we give permission to appeal out of time. THE ISSUES TO BE DETERMINED 53. The issues for us to determine are whether: (1) The Discovery Assessments have been properly raised and are in time. (2) HMRC have correctly assessed the penalties for failure to notify chargeability. If penalties are due, whether the Appellant has a reasonable excuse for failing to (3) notify her chargeability to the HICBC and/or whether there are any special circumstances such that HMRC should reduce or cancel the penalties. 54. The burden of proof is on HMRC to show that it is more likely than not that it has discovered a loss of tax and that the penalties have been correctly charged. THE HICBC ASSESSMENTS 55. It is clear that the Appellant is, in principle, liable for the HICBC. Her ANI for the relevant years was above the £50,000 threshold. She is the higher earner in the household. She had not declared her liability to the HICBC in a tax return. Having carried out the checks described above, Officer Savory was able to determine that the HICBC was due and had therefore discovered that there was an amount of income tax which ought to have been assessed in the relevant years that had not been assessed. 56. We find that the Officer made a valid discovery of a loss of tax. In her grounds of appeal, Ms Zefi says she was not informed about the possibility of 57. appealing the assessment in 2021 and that she was told, when she contacted HMRC that all cases were on hold. She believed that the matter was closed given the fact that she heard nothing between May 2021 and January 2023. She also believed that she was being treated less favourably than those who had appealed at the time (in 2021) as they were not being pursued under the discovery assessment procedure because of Wilkes. 58. Ms Zefi could not have appealed in 2021 because she had not been issued with assessments at that time. The delay in making the assessments arose because HMRC was awaiting the outcome of Wilkes. It was only those who had already been assessed and who appealed by the June 2021 deadline who could take advantage of the original wording of section 29 TMA which meant that HMRC was unable to issued discovery assessments to them. 59. As assessments were not issued to the Appellant until January 2023, Wilkes has no application to her case and the retrospectively amended section 29 applies. Accordingly, HMRC are entitled to assess her under the discovery assessment provisions. THE PENALTY ASSESSMENTS 60. HMRC also assessed Ms Zefi, under schedule 41, for penalties for failure to notify her liability to HICBC under section 7 TMA. The penalties were assessed on the basis that Ms Zefi’s behaviour was non-deliberate but prompted. The penalties were calculated at 27% of the Potential Lost Revenue but reduced to the minimum 20% on review. The amounts of the penalties finally charged were £94.60 for 2016/17, £215.20 for 2017/18 and £215.20 for 2018/19. THE 2016/17 PENALTY 61. HMRC issued a penalty notice for 2016/17 under schedule 41 in respect of the Appellant’s failure to notify her liability to the HICBC under section 7 TMA. As discussed above, the penalty was calculated on the basis that disclosure was prompted, the behaviour was non-deliberate and the minimum penalty percentage was charged. Paragraph 20 of schedule 41provides that no penalty is due if the taxpayer has a 62. “reasonable excuse” for their failure to notify. 63. There is extensive case law on what constitutes a reasonable excuse. The Upper Tribunal in Christine Perrin v HMRC [2018] UKUT 0156 (TCC) set out guidance on the approach we should adopt. The Tribunal said at [81]: “81. When considering a “reasonable excuse” defence, therefore, in our view the FTT can usefully approach matters in the following way: (1) First, establish what facts the taxpayer asserts give rise to a reasonable excuse (this may include the belief, acts or omissions of the taxpayer or any other person, the taxpayer’s own experience or relevant attributes, the situation of the taxpayer at any relevant time and any other relevant external facts). (2) Second, decide which of those facts are proven. (3) Third, decide whether, viewed objectively, those proven facts do indeed amount to an objectively reasonable excuse for the default and the time when that objectively reasonable excuse ceased. In doing so, it should take into account the experience and other relevant attributes of the taxpayer and the situation in which the taxpayer found himself at the relevant time or times. It might assist the FTT, in this context, to ask itself the question “was what the taxpayer did (or omitted to do or believed) objectively reasonable for this taxpayer in those circumstances?” (4) Fourth, having decided when any reasonable excuse ceased, decide whether the taxpayer remedied the failure without unreasonable delay after that time (unless, exceptionally, the failure was remedied before the reasonable excuse ceased). In doing so, the FTT should again decide the matter objectively, but taking into account the experience and other relevant attributes of the taxpayer and the situation in which the taxpayer found himself at the relevant time or times.” 64. Although Ms Zefi did not specifically claim to have a reasonable excuse, we have considered her grounds of appeal to see if they disclose a reasonable excuse. 65. She states that the Child Benefit framework is very complex, confusing and misleading, with no actions from HMRC to clarify to citizens that money received must be returned once the threshold is reached. 66. Although there is a degree of complexity, Ms Zefi has received explanations on multiple occasions of how the system works, how and when the charge arises and has been told that she must submit tax returns to pay the charge. This information was set out in the Child Benefit Claim Form itself. It was carefully explained in the telephone call of 18 February 2018 when Ms Zefi 67. decided to continue to claim and was informed she must complete tax returns. She was again advised to check her liability for HICBC in the two nudge letters sent in 68. December 2019 but did not respond. 69. Following the opening letter of 11 May 2021, she contacted HMRC and referred to her contact with the Child Benefit Office when her income went above £50,000 and said that they (the Child Benefit Office) had told her to register for self-assessment and file tax returns. 70. Despite this, Ms Zefi submits she was never notified that she should complete a tax return in the relevant years. 71. There is ample case law which indicates the obligation to notify liability rests on the individual and HMRC is not required to send a notice to file. In any event, as set out above, Ms Zefi had been told on several occasions that she needed to submit tax returns. 72. Ms Zefi says she was told to do nothing for 18 months. She was indeed informed that all HICBC cases were on hold, but this was only after the opening letter in May 2021. This cannot be an excuse for her failure to notify her liability before that date. In summary, the Appellant’s Notice of Appeal does not contain any information which 73. could be considered a reasonable excuse for her failure to notify her liability to the HICBC. 74. Nor do we have any grounds for interfering with HMRC’s decision that there are no special circumstances which would justify a further reduction in the penalty. 75. The penalty for 2016/17 is due. THE 2017/18 PENALTY AND THE 2018/19 PENALTY 76. HMRC raised the penalty assessments because the Appellant had failed to notify her liability to the HICBC. In their Statement of Case, HMRC had asserted that the telephone call to the Child Benefit Office on 18 February 2018 could not have constituted notification. We asked for submissions as to why this was the case and this was the subject of the Further Submissions. Had the Appellant given notice to an officer of the board? 77. The first question is, who is an officer of the board. 78. The Child Benefit Office (CBO) is a department of HMRC. Section 118 TMA 1970 defines “the Board” as “the Commissioners of Inland 79. Revenue”. Section 1 of Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005 (“CRCA”) allows for 80. the appointment of Commissioners for HMRC. Section 2 of CRCA 2005 sets out the meaning of an “Officer of Revenue and Customs” 81. as follows: “2 Officers of Revenue and Customs (1) The Commissioners may appoint staff, to be known as officers of Revenue and Customs. (2) A person shall hold and vacate office as an officer of Revenue and Customs in accordance with the terms of his appointment (which may include provision for dismissal). (3) An officer of Revenue and Customs shall comply with directions of the Commissioners (whether he is exercising a function conferred on officers of Revenue and Customs or exercising a function on behalf of the Commissioners)”. Section 7 of CRCA, and the accompanying schedule, make it clear that Officers of 82. HMRC have responsibility for matters which include Child Benefit. In the Further Submissions, HMRC concede that staff of the CBO, meeting the relevant 83. conditions in CRCA, may be considered Officers of the Board. 84. Miss Halfpenny observes that staff in the CBO deal only with child benefit and do not have responsibility for income tax or capital gains tax. Similarly, an officer in an income tax department would not have responsibility for administering child benefit. 85. At the hearing, Miss Halfpenny submitted that notification to the CBO was not notification to HMRC and referred to the case of Daniel Simmonite v HMRC [2023] UKFTT 00721 (TC) which also concerned a failure to notify liability to HICBC. The Tribunal said at [45]: “45. Whilst we can understand why Mr and Mrs Simmonite might have a genuine belief that notification to HMRC's Child Benefit Office satisfied any obligation they might have to notify HMRC, we find that – as a matter of strict law – it did not. The notification made on the phone by Mrs Simmonite to the Child Benefit Office was to stop payment of child benefit. We find that Mrs Simmonite told the officer to whom she spoke that she stopped her claim because of a liability to HICBC. However, we find that notification to the Child Benefit Office cannot be treated as notification to HMRC for the purposes of s7 TMA . HMRC undertakes a wide range of functions, some of which do not relate to the assessment and collection of tax (such as the administration of child benefit, SMP and SSP, and childcare payments). Given this wide range of functions, we find that notification under s7 can only be treated as effective if made to the correct department within HMRC.” 86. With respect, we do not agree. Section 7 provides: “7(1) Every person who is chargeable to income tax … for any year of assessment, … … shall … give notice to an officer of the Board that he is so chargeable” 87. There is no requirement that notification must be given to a specific officer or an officer in a specific or relevant department. The requirement is simply to give notice to an officer of the board. 88. While the data recorded in one department may not automatically be shared with other departments, data can be and is shared where it is relevant. As set out at [33] onwards above, Officer Savory was able to make his “discovery” by cross-referencing the household’s income tax data with the data provided by the CBO, thereby establishing that the Appellant was liable for the HICBC. Had such a programme been implemented in 2013, HMRC could have determined who was liable for the charge from the outset, avoiding the need to recover the tax some years later, the shock to taxpayers being presented with unexpected assessments to tax, interest and penalties and the time and resources spent on the many appeals to this Tribunal. 89. We conclude that a staff member of the CBO is an officer of the board under the CRCA and accordingly, notification of liability to the CBO is capable of being notification to an officer of the board for the purposes of section 7 TMA. Must notice under section 7 TMA be in writing? 90. In the Further Submissions HMRC argued that, even if the phone call did constitute notice, it did not meet the formal requirements as it was not in writing as required by the definition of “notice” in section 989 Income Tax Act 2007. Section 989 provides, so far as material: “notice” means notice in writing…” 91. The definitions in section 989 apply “for the purposes of the Income Tax Acts”. 92. The schedule to the Interpretation Act 1978 defines “the Tax Acts” as the Income Tax Acts and the Corporation Tax Acts”. 93. The same schedule defines the “Income Tax Acts” as “all enactments relating to income tax, including any provisions of the Corporation Tax Acts which relate to income tax.” 94. Section 118 TMA defines “the Taxes Acts” as meaning “this Act [the TMA] and: (a) The Tax Acts…” In the Decision, we considered that it followed that the TMA is not one of the Tax Acts 95. and so cannot be one of the Income Tax Acts. Accordingly, we concluded that the definition in section 989 Income Tax Act 2007 does not apply to the TMA. 96. Miss Halfpenny did not provide any other reference to a requirement for writing, either at the hearing or in the Further Submissions and we found, in the Decision, that notice under section 7 TMA may be given orally and there is no requirement that the notice be in writing. In their application for permission to appeal, HMRC referred to the Upper Tribunal 97. case of Commissioners for HM Revenue and Customs v Inverclyde Property Renovations LLP and anor [2020] UKUT 161 (TCC) (Inverclyde). The Tribunal in Inverclyde considered the relationship between the TMA and the Taxes Acts. At [38] and [39], the Tribunal said: “38. In our view these authorities provide ample support for the proposition that the word “enactment” is at the very least capable of referring to a section of an Act and not solely to a whole Act. As we understood it, the LLPs did not disagree with this general proposition, but contended that it did not assist with the interpretation of the definition of the Income Tax Acts in the 1978 Act because of the express distinction drawn in TMA section 118(1) between the Tax Acts (consisting of the Income Tax Acts and the Corporation Tax Acts) on the one hand and “this Act” on the other. We do not accept that this is so. The definition of “the Tax Acts” now in the Interpretation Act 1978 was previously in section 526(1) of the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1970, enacted at the same time as TMA. In its original form, the definition of “the Taxes Acts” in TMA section 118(1) was “this Act” and the Tax Acts as defined in section 526(1). Nothing turns on the chronology of the various statutes and consolidations, except that at the time of the 1970 consolidations, the meaning of the word “enactment” as used in successive Interpretation Acts and as explained in Wakefield and District Light Railway must have been well known to the draftsman. The words “all enactments relating to income tax” ought therefore, in our view, to be read as referring not only to whole Acts relating to income tax but also to any section of an Act, including TMA, relating to income tax. That construction is reinforced by the fact that the definition of the Income Tax Acts and the reference to every section of an Act taking effect as a substantive enactment are currently contained in the same legislation, namely the latest iteration of the Interpretation Act. 39. Nor, in our view, is any doubt cast on the above analysis by the reference in TMA section 118(1) to “this Act”. If, as we have held, the reference to the Tax Acts includes sections of TMA relating to income tax, any overlap with the scope of “this Act” is of no practical significance. 39. Nor is the reference to “this Act” otiose. As was pointed out by senior counsel for HMRC, TMA contains – and has since its inception contained – provisions capable of applying to other taxes, most obviously capital gains tax. There is accordingly no compelling reason to treat the expressions “this Act” and “the Tax Acts” in section 118(1) as mutually exclusive.” 98. HMRC submit that this is binding authority that section 989 Income Tax Act 2007 applies to the TMA and therefore notice under section 7 TMA must be in writing. 99. Mrs Zefi contends that the Decision was correct in that notice under section 7 need not be in writing. Even if writing is required, she contends that the requirement was satisfied because HMRC made a written record of the notification, the call having been recorded and transcribed. Mrs Zefi asserts that the written record was made at the time of notification and all the required information was provided on the call. 100. Having considered Inverclyde and the submissions of the parties, we have concluded that we made an error of law in deciding that a notice under section 7 TMA need not be in writing. The TMA, or at least, some of the provisions of it, including section 7 is one of the “Income Tax Acts”. It follows that notice under that section must be in writing as required by section 989 Income Tax Act 2007. 101. We have considered Mrs Zefi’s contention that the notice was in writing as HMRC had made a record of it. First, there is no evidence that the CBO made a contemporaneous written record of the call. It is more likely that the recording was transcribed for the purpose of the hearing. In any event, section 7(1) TMA requires the chargeable person to give the notice (which we have found must be in writing). That requirement is not, in our view, satisfied by another person (HMRC) making a written note of an oral notification. There are good reasons for this. For example, the written note may not accurately reflect the oral notice. 102. HMRC disputed a number of other findings in the Decision, including whether the phone call constituted notice at all. Mrs Zefi contends that the requirements for proper notice were satisfied. 103. We do not need to consider these matters further as, even if the phone call was “notice”, it could not be a valid notice under section 7 TMA, as it was not in writing. 104. We conclude that the Appellant failed to meet her obligation to notify HMRC of her liability to the HICBC under section 7 TMA. 105. The discovery assessments in relation to the HICBC charge were issued on 26 January 2023. HMRC submit that they are in time as section 36(1A)(b) provides: “(1A) An assessment on a person in a case involving a loss of income tax… (b) attributable to a failure by the person to comply with an obligation under section 7… May be made at any time not more than 20 years after the end of the year of assessment to which it relates…”. 106. All the assessments are therefore in time. 107. The penalty assessments were made on 26 January 2023. Paragraph 16(4) of schedule 41 provides for the time limit for making a penalty assessment: “(4) An assessment of a penalty …must be made before the end of the period of 12 months beginning with: (a)the end of the appeal period for the assessment of tax unpaid by reason of the relevant act or failure in respect of which the penalty is imposed; or (b) if there is no such assessment, the date on which the amount of tax unpaid by reason of the relevant act or failure is ascertained.” 108. The Penalty Assessments were made on the same day as the substantive assessments and are therefore in time under paragraph 16(4)(a). 109. We have found that Ms Zefi failed to meet her obligation under section 7 TMA to give notice of her liability to the HICBC and that the assessments and penalties were issued within the permitted time limits. Accordingly, the penalties for failure to notify assessed under schedule 41in relation to 2017/18 and 2018/19 are due. 110. Mrs Zefi contends that the error of law is not material and does not justify setting aside the decision. We do not agree. It is clear from the above revised analysis that a notice that is not in writing is not a notice at all for section 7 TMA purposes. Accordingly, Mrs Zefi failed to notify her liability. The failure to notify affects the time limits applicable to the assessments and penalties. This means that our findings in the Decision that certain assessments and penalties were out of time were erroneous. Now that we have corrected the error, we have found that all the assessments and penalties were in time. This is clearly a material change which justifies setting the Decision aside. 111. Mrs Zefi submits that revising the Decision would be disproportionate and unfair. We consider that the overriding principle of justice and fairness requires us to come to the correct decision. It is regrettable that HMRC did not mention Inverclyde in the Further Submissions but having drawn our attention to it in the Notice of Appeal, we are persuaded that we made an error of law in the Decision and it is just and fair to correct it. DECISION 112. For the reasons set out above, we have decided that the assessments for the HICBC and the penalties for non-notification of liability were validly made and in time for all relevant years. 113. We therefore dismiss the appeal. RIGHT TO APPLY FOR PERMISSION TO APPEAL 114. This document contains full findings of fact and reasons for the decision. Any party dissatisfied with this decision has a right to apply for permission to appeal against it pursuant to Rule 39 of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Tax Chamber) Rules 2009. The application must be received by this Tribunal not later than 56 days after this decision is sent to that party. The parties are referred to “Guidance to accompany a Decision from the First- tier Tribunal (Tax Chamber)” which accompanies and forms part of this decision notice. Release date: 28 January 2026 13