Hong Kong Judgment

District Court

香港特別行政區 訴 李珮珊及另一人

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Source document

01

Holding and result

Although the right to silence is fundamental, the court will refuse costs where a defendant’s silence at investigation deprived the prosecution of explanations that later formed the basis of acquittal; here the court found objective documentary and institutional evidence (records, invoices, business‑unit awareness and acquiescence) already disclosed issues such that the defendants’ silence did not mislead the prosecution, and therefore awarding costs to both acquitted defendants was justified.

Court disposition

Costs application granted for the second and third defendants

Orders

  • The defendants’ applications for legal costs are allowed
  • If parties cannot agree the amount of costs, the matter is referred to the taxing officer/hearing officer for assessment

02

Material facts

Parties

香港特別行政區

Prosecution Counsel: 鍾偉強; 曾慶庭

李珮珊

Second Defendant Counsel: 謝華淵; 李家怡

石曉風

Third Defendant Counsel: 李詠文; 林凱欣

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal / Costs Application Following Acquittal

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
Second and third defendants submitted they were acquitted because the court found other explanations including business unit acquiescence and inability to follow procurement procedures; they did not deliberately create self-suspicion or mislead the prosecution and therefore are entitled to costs.
Respondent
The prosecution argued the acquittal related to defendants' state of mind which only they knew; both exercised their right to silence after arrest and that silence objectively created or prolonged suspicion and misled the prosecution about the strength of the case, justifying refusal of costs.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Leading judicial authority cited in judgment (张舉能 CJ judgment cited) and Archbold Hong Kong 2005

    The right to silence is a fundamental common law right and must be jealously guarded.

  2. 02

    Leading judicial authority cited in judgment (judgment of current Chief Justice 張舉能 in costs judicial review) and authorities cited therein

    The exercise of the right to silence does not automatically prevent a court from taking that silence into account when considering costs after an acquittal.

  3. 03

    Same leading authority and cited Australian example concerning undisclosed tape-recording

    Where a defendant could have explained exculpatory facts to investigators but remained silent and only revealed them at trial thereby casting doubt on the prosecution case, the court may lawfully refuse costs.

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

Although the right to silence is fundamental, the court will refuse costs where a defendant’s silence at investigation deprived the prosecution of explanations that later formed the basis of acquittal; here the court found objective documentary and institutional evidence (records, invoices, business‑unit awareness and acquiescence) already disclosed issues such that the defendants’ silence did not mislead the prosecution, and therefore awarding costs to both acquitted defendants was justified.

Obiter and limits

  • Court reiterated that the right to silence cannot be taken away or watered down but can be weighed in costs decisions in certain circumstances.
  • Court cited an Australian example where undisclosed evidence at investigation (tape recording) led a magistrate to refuse costs.
  • Observation that the business unit’s knowledge and tacit approval were likely and that some procurement breaches were "open secrets" in the institution.

Court disposition

Costs application granted for the second and third defendants

  • The defendants’ applications for legal costs are allowed
  • If parties cannot agree the amount of costs, the matter is referred to the taxing officer/hearing officer for assessment

Source and reliance status

District Court · 9 July 2021

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Judgment text

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Source document

District Court

Judgment· 9 July 2021

[2021] HKDC 825

DCCC 892/2019 [2021] HKDC 825 香港特別行政區 區域法院 刑事案件2019年第892號 ---------------------------- 香港特別行政區 訴 李珮珊(第二被告人) 石曉風(第三被告人) ---------------------------- 主審法官: 區域法院法官沈小民 日期: 2021年7月9日 出席人士: 鍾偉強大律師及曾慶庭大律師,為外聘檢控官,代表香港特別行政區 謝華淵,若瑟資深大律師帶領李家怡大律師,由李賴律師事務所延聘,代表第二被告人 李詠文大律師,由法律援助署委派的羅拔臣律師事務所延聘帶領林凱欣大律師由羅拔臣律師事務所以義助服務形式延聘,代表第三被告人 控罪: [1] 、[5] 、[6] 、[7] 及 [8] 偽造 (Forgery) [2] 公職人員行為失當罪 (Misconduct in public office) alternatively [3] 欺詐罪 (Fraud) [4] 及 [9] 串謀詐騙 (Conspiracy to defraud) ---------------------------- 訟費申請判決理由書 ---------------------------- 本案第二及第三被告經審訊後獲判無罪,現向法庭申請訟費。第二被告聘請私人律師替其辯護,而第三被告雖獲法援署協助,但她個人仍需負擔部份訴訟費用。 本席不打算在此重新細說罪名不成立的理由(請參閱本席較早前所頒下的判詞),簡單而言,本案牽涉欺詐的指控 — 一班中大職員(第二和第三被告)為學院一些小型工程進行揀選承辦商的時候,未有按照中大的採購指引行事,結果在某些工程項目上,把工程全批予案中另一被告(第一被告)所擁有的公司。 若按照採購指引行事,當書院有某項工程動工時,負責的中大職員(第三被告)需向外從獨立的承辦商徵求不同的報價,然後按指引「價低者得」的原則揀選承辦商。 案中出現的情況是,第三被告揀選了第一被告,然後着第一被告呈交一些「友情報價」,目的為要符合指引所規定的報價數目。當這些工程項目交予身為院務主任的第二被告審批時,她卻沒有披露與第一被告之間的親戚關係(第一被告其實是第二被告的妹夫),違反了指引需要披露的要求。 在法庭前的證據卻顯示有另一種情況出現的可能性,工程由於種種原因需要「先開工、後補單」的情況,究其原因包括工程緊急又或者實際上遇上困難找到適當數目的報價,因此未能按照採購指引行事。 更為重要的是,法庭認為作為代表中大最高負責人,也是在這個選購程序中最後把關的商務組職員,在決定批出有關工程撥款的時候,對以上「先開工、後補單」的情況並非不知情,更是默許其他同事這樣做;又或者法庭不能排除這個可能性。 法庭主要是基於以上原因判她們兩人無罪,至於第二被告,法庭認為也有可能,她在審批這些工程的時候,由於工作繁忙,而未有察覺自己正在處理涉及其妹夫的工程項目,因而未有作出披露。 以上都是涉及判處無罪的理由,但當考慮訟費的時候,一般原則是,勝方可獲堂費,除非出現以下的情況: (1)- 獲判無罪的原因純粹屬於一些非重要的技術性問題; (2)-

被告的行為屬於自招嫌疑又或是誤導了控方以為針對他的證據較實際為強。 與訟雙方同意以上第一點並不適用於本案,而所爭議的是第二點。 代表第二被告的謝資深大律師陳詞指出法庭認為「第二被告當時根本是沒有意識到她正在處理涉及她親戚的申請」,因此,第二被告從來沒有刻意作出自招嫌疑的行為。 在總結階段,謝資深大律師指法庭的事實裁定是第二被告沒有故意犯罪、沒有刻意作出自招嫌疑的行為、及並沒有不誠實。情況是並不存在任何因素來剝奪第二被告可獲訟費的權利。 代表第三被告的李大律師指出縱然法庭裁定了第三被告所面對的控罪涉及相關的六項採購工程均為「先斬後奏」及「弄虛作假」的,這並不直接等於說第三被告這樣的行為就是自招嫌疑。 李大律師續說法庭亦意識到案中第三被告所牽涉的六項採購項目並非其蓄意作出先斬後奏及弄虛作假的行為,之所以會有此情況出現,完全是因為太多實際上遇到的困難及限制而導致幾乎不可能依足程序做事。商務組的默許及或給予第三被告默許的感覺,故或令第三被告誤以為這樣的做法沒有問題。 控方反對兩名被告的訟費申請,主要的理由是法庭判處無罪的理由多少與她們的心態及思維有關,這些又只有她自己才知悉;再者她們兩人被廉署人員拘捕後,在警誡下均行使其緘默權。綜合而言,控方的立場是兩名被告的行為屬於自招嫌疑,亦有誤導了控方以為針對她們的案情比事實的更強。 首先,辯方似乎也不爭議第二和第三被告在相關的工程項目所做的,並沒有依從中文大學所定的採購規則行事(包括需要透露兩者之間的親戚關係);表面來看,這些行為極其需要一個合理的解釋,原因正正就是這些行為本身有可疑。 進一步說,被告們做了一些可疑的行為,引致自招嫌疑;她們行使緘默權,這當然是她們的權利,但客觀的效果 — 有人會指出 — 就誤導了控方以為針對她們的證供比實際為強。 從以上引申出一個需要考慮的問題是,當被告們只是行使她們憲法所賦予的緘默權時,在獲判無罪後,其訟費申請應否被拒? 其實,控辯雙方所呈遞的多個案例多少都有觸及這個問題,但本席認為控方所呈遞的當中一個案例較為全面處理了這個問題,該案由現任首席大法官張舉能(當年任職高院大法官時)審理的一宗訟費司法覆核案,現引述相關的判詞: “27. - ..........I totally agree that the right of silence is a fundamental part of the common law and the criminal law (I include here the absence of any affirmative duty of disclosure of the defence prior to trial - indeed an accused may choose to keep silent even at trial and simply put the prosecution to proof of its case). The right must be jealously guarded. It cannot be taken away or watered down, whether in form or in content, and whether directly or indirectly.

............. 28. - However, this does not mean that under no circumstances can the refusal or failure to disclose one’s defence or proffer an explanation at the investigation stage, done in the exercise of the right of silence, be taken into account by the court in considering costs following an acquittal..................... ” 簡單而言,法庭一方面仍然強調被告人在憲法上的緘默權,但另一方面,在某些情況下,法庭可合理地拒絕獲判無罪的被告人之訟費申請。什麼構成「某些情況」,首席大法官沒有逐一列出個別例子,但透過引述Archbold Hong Kong 2005 編者的話,本地與及澳洲的案例闡述相關的原則。 本席所理解的原則如下: 「當一名被告人可向執法人員解釋時卻選擇不作解釋,日後若基於相同解釋而獲判無罪,法庭在這情況下拒絕有關的訟費申請並不一定會被視為不合情理,一切視乎權衡個別案件的實際情況。」 其中一個首席大法官所引述的例子值得一提的是 — 澳洲案例: “There the defendants used a tape-recording of some conversations in cross-examination of the informant’s witnesses, which managed to raise sufficient doubt in the mind of the magistrate to secure their acquittal. The existence of the tape-recording had never been mentioned before the cross-examination. The magistrate took that into account and refused the defendants costs.” 就以首席大法官所處理的該宗上訴案例而言,他最終駁回司法覆核的申請,他在判詞第43段這樣說: “………..by his remaining silent during the police investigation, i.e. not proffering an explanation for what had happened and/or not placing any reliance on the available documents that only he could give an explanation on (劃線本席附加), which when eventually done at trial had the effect of casting doubt on the victim‘s evidence and the prosecution case, he had by his own conduct

brought suspicion on himself and/or misled the prosecution into thinking the case against him was stronger than it was—the ‘positive reasons’ for making a different order referred to in the authorities already discussed above. ” 從以上的例子來看,被告人所持有可脫罪的解釋,除非他在調查階段向執法人員透露,否則執法當局不可能預先掌握相關情況。換句話說,若果被告人沒有說出來,控方並不可能知道的。 但本案有所不同,被告們所謂沒有依從採購指引行事這一點,似乎是公開的秘密 — 商務組的職員是知悉及默許的(法庭裁定)。 其實從廉署人員所檢取有關工程項目的檔案中也可以找到相關的文件證據,例如當中所夾附獲選承辦商的發票(即是工程竣工向中文大學發出要求付款的文件),有出現日期比申請表的時間還要早的情況,這顯示出未有符合採購指引行事的問題;這點至少令廉署調查人員作出較深入的調查,以了解商務組的職員對此所持的態度。 若深入調查,廉署人員也不難找到2016年9月份的工程項目(5),當中商務組同事寫下以下的評語: “The college has been reminded that prior approval should be obtained before a spending commitment is made.” 但事實顯示當評語發出後,商務組仍有批出多項「先斬後奏」的工程項目(即是沒有按照採購指引行事)。因此,法庭不能排除商務組對此有知悉及默許被告們的做法。 所以當控方指這些是屬於只有被告們自己才得悉的心態和思維時,這似乎並不與事實相符,而從以上段落所引述的來看,這些證據卻又是顯而易見。 有一點值得一提的是,當第四被告以控方證人身份作供,指出其偏離採購指引行事的做法其實獲得其上司院務主任Andrew Lau的同意,本席曾向控方查詢Andrew Lau的情況,獲代表控方的鍾大律師告知當局沒有對劉先生作出任何檢控。 本席的關注是,明顯第四被告事前曾向廉署作出一份證人陳述書,當中所表述的應與其庭上所說的一致。鍾大律師説他曾就此事與律政署的代表開會,而客觀的情況顯示本案第一至第三被告的審訊如期進行。 對於這些所謂違規的事項 — 被告們沒有依從採購指引行事 — 控方並非完全蒙在鼓裏而要待有關被告提供解釋才能得知。本席認為被告們在本案行使其緘默權並沒有誤導控方以為針對她們的證據較實際為強,而當控方掌握了整體情況後(例如若廉署能作出更加深入的調查),她們所做的(有上司的同意或更高層的默許) 客觀地來說難以構成自招嫌疑。 基於以上所述,本席認為批准兩名被告人訟費的申請是合理的;因此,本席批准辯方的申請,若雙方未能就訟費金額達成協議,則交由聆案官審理。 ( 沈小民 ) 區域法院法官

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Judgment of Chief Justice 張舉能 on costs judicial review (as cited in reasons)

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Archbold Hong Kong 2005 (as cited)

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Australian case concerning undisclosed tape-recording (as cited in judgment)

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