Hong Kong Judgment

Court of Appeal

HKSAR v. CHOW KEUNG

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01

Holding and result

Leave to appeal against sentence was granted and, applying the totality principle and appropriate credit for guilty plea, the Court allowed the appeal to the extent of substituting sentences: retain two years imprisonment for the first burglary; for the second burglary impose two years four months imprisonment with one year six months of that term to run consecutively to the first (making three years six months for the two burglaries); retain eighteen months for the immigration offence but order fifteen months to run consecutively (remainder concurrent), resulting in a total substituted sentence of four years nine months imprisonment instead of five years six months.

Court disposition

Leave to appeal granted; appeal allowed in part and sentence reduced and substituted as particularised.

Orders

  • Grant leave to appeal and treat application as hearing of the appeal
  • Substitute sentence for first burglary: two years imprisonment (unchanged)
  • Substitute sentence for second burglary: two years four months imprisonment, with one year six months of that term to run consecutively to the term for the first burglary
  • Aggregate sentence for the two burglaries to be three years six months imprisonment
  • Leave sentence of eighteen months imprisonment for the immigration offence but order fifteen months thereof to run consecutively and the remainder to run concurrently with the three years six months for the burglaries
  • Substituted total sentence: four years nine months imprisonment

02

Material facts

Parties

HKSAR

Respondent Counsel: Mr Simon Tam SGC, Department of Justice

Chow Keung

Applicant Counsel: Applicant in person

Amounts and remedies

  • Original Total Months: 66
  • Adjusted Total Months: 57
  • First Burglary Months: 24
  • Second Burglary Months: 28
  • Second Burglary Consecutive Portion Months: 18
  • Immigration Sentence Months: 18
  • Immigration Consecutive Months: 15

03

Procedural history

  1. Posture

    Criminal Appeal Against Sentence / Application for Leave to Appeal Against Sentence; Application Treated as Hearing of Appeal in Court of Appeal

04

Questions and positions

Legal issues

Party arguments

Applicant
Applicant pleaded guilty and sought reduction of sentence as excessive in all the circumstances including his pleas of guilty.
Respondent
Prosecution accepted applicant was a repeat offender and opposed reduction, arguing sentences were warranted by seriousness, previous convictions and need for deterrence.

05

Court’s reasoning

  1. 01

    Common law (Court of Appeal sentencing principles)

    Totality principle: aggregate sentence must be just and not excessive having regard to overall criminality

  2. 02

    Common law sentencing principles

    Credit for guilty plea: guilty plea reduces sentence from starting point

  3. 03

    Common law sentencing principles

    Concurrency and consecutivity: court must determine which parts of concurrent sentences should run consecutively to reflect separate criminality

  4. 04

    Common law sentencing principles

    Previous convictions are aggravating but do not preclude adjustment for totality or for pleas

06

Ratio, limits and disposition

Ratio decidendi

Leave to appeal against sentence was granted and, applying the totality principle and appropriate credit for guilty plea, the Court allowed the appeal to the extent of substituting sentences: retain two years imprisonment for the first burglary; for the second burglary impose two years four months imprisonment with one year six months of that term to run consecutively to the first (making three years six months for the two burglaries); retain eighteen months for the immigration offence but order fifteen months to run consecutively (remainder concurrent), resulting in a total substituted sentence of four years nine months imprisonment instead of five years six months.

Obiter and limits

  • Court noted distinction in seriousness between an empty-house burglary with a T-shirt stolen and an occupied-house burglary involving substantial cash and jewellery
  • Court observed that repeat offending is an aggravating factor but does not prevent correction of an excessive total sentence when guilty pleas and overall circumstances warrant reduction

Court disposition

Leave to appeal granted; appeal allowed in part and sentence reduced and substituted as particularised.

  • Grant leave to appeal and treat application as hearing of the appeal
  • Substitute sentence for first burglary: two years imprisonment (unchanged)
  • Substitute sentence for second burglary: two years four months imprisonment, with one year six months of that term to run consecutively to the term for the first burglary
  • Aggregate sentence for the two burglaries to be three years six months imprisonment
  • Leave sentence of eighteen months imprisonment for the immigration offence but order fifteen months thereof to run consecutively and the remainder to run concurrently with the three years six months for the burglaries
  • Substituted total sentence: four years nine months imprisonment

Source and reliance status

Court of Appeal · 20 April 2007

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Judgment text

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Source document

Court of Appeal

Judgment· 20 April 2007

HKSAR v. CHOW KEUNG

bjbj

CACC 478/2006

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF APPEAL CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 478 OF 2006 (ON APPEAL FROM DCCC NOS. 718 & 912 OF 2006) ----------------------

BETWEEN HKSAR Respondent and Applicant

CHOW KEUNG hT7_ Court):

AUTONUMOUT This is an application for leave to appeal against sentence. The applicant pleaded guilty before Deputy Judge Yau in the District Court to two charges of burglary and to one of remaining in Hong Kong without the authority of the Director of Immigration. He was sentenced to a total term of five and a half years imprisonment.

AUTONUMOUT The first burglary was committed between the evening of 29 June 2006 and sometime on 30 June 2006 at a house in Kowloon Tong which had been left vacant for some years. A door had been prised open and stolen from those premises was a T-shirt. This was the first charge.

AUTONUMOUT The second burglary was more serious. These were occupied premises, a house in Devon Road, Kowloon Tong and the applicant entered those premises during the day when there was present a domestic helper. He was wearing a mask and he stole from the premises a considerable quantity of cash and jewellery to the value of about $162,000. This was the second charge. The third charge of assaulting the helper was not proceeded with.

AUTONUMOUT Not long before midnight on 29 June 2006 the applicant was intercepted by the police at the border of Lok Ma Chau. He admitted that he had entered Hong Kong unlawfully a few days before (the fourth charge) and on his person were found the items that had been stolen from the house in Devon Road.

AUTONUMOUT He is not a person of previous good character having been convicted in December 2002 of robbery, for which he was sentenced to four years and eight months imprisonment and also of remaining in Hong Kong without authority for which he was sentenced to 15 months imprisonment, nine months to run concurrently.

AUTONUMOUT In relation to each of the burglary offences the judge took a starting point of three years imprisonment and imposed a term of two years on each in recognition of the plea of guilty but ordered each to run wholly consecutively to the other. Because the immigration offence was not his first offence the judge sentenced him to a term of eighteen months imprisonment and ordered that to run wholly consecutively to the rest of the sentence making a total of five years and six months imprisonment.

AUTONUMOUT We recognise that this applicant is a repeat offender and that these offences were committed not very long after his release for a previous offence of some seriousness. Nonetheless we are troubled by the totality which we think, in the light of the pleas of guilty and the circumstances as a whole, is excessive. The nature of the two burglaries was somewhat different: the first in an empty house with a T-shirt stolen; the second being more serious given the very substantial quantity of jewellery stolen. We think a more appropriate disposition for these offences is as follows: we shall leave undisturbed the sentence of two years imprisonment in relation to the first charge; for the second charge we would adopt a starting point of three and a half years imprisonment and, giving credit for the plea of guilty, impose a term of two years and four months imprisonment in place of the two years imposed by the judge at first instance. However, we would order one year and six months of that term to run consecutively to the term imposed in relation to the first charge, making a total for the two burglaries of three years and six months imprisonment; and we would leave undisturbed the sentence of eighteen months imprisonment in relation to the last charge but order fifteen months thereof to run consecutively, the remainder to run concurrently with the term of three years and six months imprisonment for the first two offences. This makes a total of four years and nine months imprisonment, in place of the term of five and a half years imposed by the judge.

AUTONUMOUT Accordingly, we grant the applicant leave to appeal against sentence, treat the application as the hearing of the appeal and allow the appeal to the extent we have indicated, substituting the terms we have particularised. (Frank Stock) Justice of Appeal (M. P. Burrell) Judge of the Court of First Instance Mr Simon Tam, SGC of the Department of Justice for the Respondent Applicant in person

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