MANAGEMENT OF SHRI CHALTHAN VIBHAG KHAN UDYOG SAHAKARI MANDALI LTD. ETC . versus B. S. BAROT MEMBER, INDUSTRIAL COURT, GUJARAT, AND ANR. ETC.

509

MANAGEMENT OF SHRI CHALTHAN VIBHAG ~HAN UDYOG SAHAKA"RI MANDALI LTD. ETC.

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B. S. BAROT MEMBER, INDUSTRIAL COURT, GUJARAT, AND ANR. ETC.

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September 4, 1979

[S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, P. S. KAILASAM AND A. P. SEN, JJ.]

LAbour law-Dearnes.s allowance

to workers-Its nature-If could be given at 125% of incroose in the. cost of living-Depreciation, if should be a fir!t charg~ in arriving at .the capacity of the industry to pay wages.

The respondent workmen who were employees of Sugar mills in the State of Gujarat demanded grant of dearness allowance, among certain other benefits, <Jn the basis of revised scales for sugar factories in Uttar Pradesh. The Indus trial Court, Gujarat increased the dearness allowance on a graded scale spread over three years.

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On appeal the High Court set aside the award by the Industrial Court in D

respect of phasing but confirmed the award in regard' to dearness allowance and directed that the U .P. pattern should be given full effect with retrospective .effect from the date mentioned i~ the award.

The employers questioned the correctness of the High Court's judgment on the ground that (1) grant of neutralization of variable dearness allowance at 125% is far in excess of what is permissible under the industrial Jaw and (2) E . the High Court failed to take into account depreciation in arriving at the financial capacity of the industries while fixing the wage structure.

IHELD : 1. (a) Variable dearnessc allowance cannot be more than 100%

neutralization.

[5170]

(b) The purpose of dearness allowance is to neutralise a portion of

the

Neut~alization may be F

increase in the cost of living due· to rise in prices. such as to neutralize fully the increase in the cost of living or may be restricted to only a portion of the increase. Cent percent neutralization can be achieved if the increase in the cost of living is fully compensated so that the pay of the ·workers is not adversely affected. But an award of more than 100% of· increase in the cost of living would be more than neutralization and would in effect -give the worker an increased wage. The result would be that · the worker would be getting an increased wage packet whenever there is a price rise, a G result which would not have been envisaged in making provision for grant of dearness allowance.

'[5160-GJ

·

Clerks of Calcutta Tramways v. Calcutta Tramways Co. Ltd., [1956] S.C.R. '772, Ka,mani Metals and Alloys Ltd. v. Their Workmen [1967] 2 S.C.R. 463, fJengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Work, Ltd. v. ltl Workmen, A.I.R. 1969 S.C. 360, Silk & Art Silk Mills Association1 Ltd. v. Mill Mazdoor Sabha, • H [1973] 1 S.C.R. 277 and Killick Ni'xon Ltd. v. Killick & Allied Companies Employees Union, [1'975] Supp. S.C.R. 453; followed, 14-531SCI/79

510

SUPREM;E COURT REPORTS

[1980] 1 s.c.tt.

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(c) It is not correct to say that neutralization of more than 100%. dearnw allowance is based on the seasonal nature of employment in the industry. The retention allowance provided to seasonal workers in sugar 1<> mitigate the hardship of unemployment during the off season.

is [517A-B}

industry

2. (a) Section 66(1) of the Gujarat Cooperative Societies Act

lll61 requires .that taxes and depreciation should be deducted from gross profits for arriving 'at net profit. -That does not mean that wages and dearness allowance could only be determined after the net profits are arrived at. The sub-sectioa itself provides that contributions. towards provident fund and gratuity even of its employees should all'be deducted from the gross profits for arriving at the net profits. The provisibn for deducting depreciation occurs after providing for contn"bution towards provident fund and gratuity. The determination of the net profits under the section is for different purpose, namely, for appro~ prlation of the net profit as provided for in the Act and does not in any way support too contention of the appell!tnt.

[518E-F1

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(b) It is settled law that in fixing fatr wages or dearileliS allowance or for making contribution to provident fund or providing for gratuity the financial capacity of the industry to bea'r the additional burden will have to be takea into account On principle of social justice with the development of industrial law it bas now been accepted that when the industry can bear the burden, pro vision should be made for provident fund and gratuity schemes. In determin- ing the financial capacity of an industry all relevant facts will have to be taken into account. The principles followed in arriving at . the profit and loss account for income-tax and other purposes may. not be conclusive. The claim of the employer to a reasonable profit, that of the shareholders for a fair divi- E dend the interest of consumer and other re~vant factors and circumstances will have to be taken into account. It is necessary to take into account all the facts and circumstances relating to the industry for determining the financiPl capacity of the industry to pay.

[519D-Gl

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.A.hmedizbad Mill! Owneri Auociation etc. v, The Textile Labour .A.ssocill~ lion, [1966] 1 S.C.R 382, Gramophone Company Ltd. v. lt! Workmen, [1964] z LL.J. 131, Indian Link Chain Manufacturers Ud. v. Their Workmen, [1972] 1 S.C.R. 790 and Bharatkhand Textile Mfg. Co. Ltd. and Ors. v. The Textile Lab011r Association, Ahmedabad, [1960] 3 S.C.R. 329; followed.

(c) The facts that have to be taken into account in determining an overall picture of the financial capacity are the financial condition of the employer his profit making capacity, the profits earned by him in the past. extent of the reserves and the chiances of his replenishing them as welt' as the claim for capital invested by him. [521F-G]

Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. v. The Workmen and Ors., [1961}1 S.C.R. 652.

referred to.

·

(d) An employer claiming depreciation allowance is only entitled to ~e 1

D wear and tear.

• actoal or probable depreciation of the machinery etc. for the period ·due

to '!"he depr'eciation Cannot be computed on an acturial basis or In the instant ca~e~, on the ·profit and loss account i'urnisbed by the company. the accotintin& was for the PUI'pOie of min.i.mising· the profits to deprive the

CHALTHAN VIBHAG v. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kailasam, J.) 511

inflated workers their due. Such depreciation cannot be allowed. figures are left out of account the industy has/ the capacity to bear the additional burden.

[524A-B, E].

the

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(e) Even though the wage! were fixed on industry-cum-region basis it is the open to industry to plead that it has not the financial capacity increased burden. When such a plea is specifically raised, it is the duty of the industrial court to determine whether the increased bnrd~n could be borne by the particular industry.

[525 F-G]

to bear

· CiyiL ApPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 146/78.

Appeal by Special Leave from the Award dated 22-2-77 of the .

Industrial Court, Gujarat in Ref. lC. No. 53/75.

.4.ND

CIVIL APPEAL NOS. 322-324 OF 1979.

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Appeals.by special leave from the Order dated 18-10-1978 of the

Gujarat High Court in SCA No. 1036/77.

AND

SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 2939/79.

From the Judgment and Order dated 30-1-1979 of the Gujarat

High Co~rt in SCA No. 311/78.

Dr. Anand Prakash, Lwcmi Anand Prakash, A run B. Desai and E

H. K. Puri for the Appellant in CA 146/78 and 323/79.

F. S. Nariman, H. K. Puri, Anm B. Desai and Mrs. Laxmi Anand

for the Appellants'in CA 322/79. ·

A. K. Sen, Arm~ B, pes(li, V. K. Behl, H. K. Puri and Mrs. Laxmi

Anand for the Appellant in CA 324/79.

M. K. Ramamurthy and, Promod~ Swarup for the Respondents

in

C.A. 146/78 and C.A. 322/79.

S. S. Khanduja and Miss Kusum Chowdhry for the Respondent in

GA. 146/78 and 323-324/79 ..

J. G. Shah (CA 322) M. K. Ramamurthi (SLP. 2939 and' CA ~22) and A. K. Srjvastava and Vineet Kumar for the Respondents in C.A. 322 and for the Petitioner in -5LP. 2939/79.

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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by KAILASAM, J .. AJl. these appeals and special leave petition are by n

t~e management of five cooperative sugar factories in Gujarat State . . The demand of the workmen of the factories in Gujarat was for pay-;

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512

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

{1980] 1 S.C.R,

/ · A ment of the U.P. Government 1-evised scales for sugar factories in U.P.

regarding pay, dearness allowance and other benefits.

issued

The second Wage Board for the sugar industry gave its report in 1970. The Wage Board's report was due to expire on 31st October, the 1974. The Government of U.P: on 31st October, 1974, B U .P. Pattern Scales of Wages and Dearness Allowance for workmen employed in all sugar. factories working by vacuum Pan Manufacturing . Process. The Labour Minister gave the award and as a result of that award, an order was passed under section 3 sub-clause the U.P. Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. This order to U.P. Pattern of Pay, Graduated Dearness Allowance, Variable Dearness ~ Allowance came into force from 31st October, 1974 and effect was to be given to these pay-scales and dearness allowance from 1st October, retention 1974. As the sugar factories were seasonal . anowance for unskilled seasonal workmen for off-season at the rate of the 10% of the basic wage and dearness allowance payable during crushing year 1974-75 was also provided for. The demand put for D ward by the workmen in all these appeals is for p~yment according to

factories a

(b) of

relating

· the U .P. Pattern.

in

The Industrial Court, Gujarat, -increased the graduated dearness allowance of the unskilled employees from Rs. 21 to Rs. 40. But this increase was not given at one stage but was spread ' over three stages, the first stage being from 1st July, 1976 to 30th June, 1977~ the second stage being from 1st July, 1977 tp 30th June, 1978 and the third stage being from 1st July, 1978 to 30thJune, 1979 and onwards. The increased graduated dearness allowance for the first period would be Rs .. 32 per month; for the second period Rs. 36 per month and for the third period Rs. 40 per month. The existing basic wage for the unskilled employee is Rs. 110. The variable dearness allowance of Rs. 151 per month is being paid and the Court found that there was no dispute as raised in demand No. 2(c). Regarding variable dearness allowance demand Nos. 3, 4 and .5 the Court revised the rates from 83 paise per point on the rise over 301 points of All India Average Consumer Price (Base 1960=100) at Re. 1.00 per point for skilled B operatives and for . clerks drawing upto Rs. 150 per month as aske'd for in demand 5 (i) (b) and from Re. 0.95 toRe~ 1.12 for All India Aver.age Consumer Price Index for other employees as per demand No. 5(i)(d). This increase was also spread over for a 'period of three years i.e. 7 paise for the first period from 1st July, 1976 to 30th June, 1977; 5 paise for the second period from 1st July, 1977 to 30th June, 1978; and 5 paise 1for the third period f,rom ; 1st July, 1978 to 30th June, 1979 and

Industrial Workers

Index Number for

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8

CHALTHAN VffiHAG V. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kailasam, J.) 513

onwards. Regarding demand No. 7 relating to retaining allowance to be paid to the unskilled seasonal employees at the rate of · 10 per cent of the basic wage and dearness allowance payable during the crushing season 1974-75 and for subsequent years, the Court found that the demand was justified. The Court gave a retention allowance of 10%, as demanded, of the basic wage and dearness allowance payable during the crushing season 1974-75 and also for the three subsequent years.

On appeal the High Court passed an order on 18th October, 1978

as follows stating that reasons will be given later.

"(1) The impugned award is hereby quashe~ and set aside. (2) There is no justification for the phasing awarded by the Industrial Court and hence, the phasing is quashed . and set aside.

(3)

(4)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

( 5) The respective cooperative sugar societies will pay the costs of the other side. Costs quantified at Rs. 300/- in each matter. .RuJe is made absolute accordingly/in Special Civil Applications Nos. 1136 of 1977, 1148 of 1977, 602 of 1978 and 311 of 1978, Special Civil Applications Nos. 1036 of 1977 . and 1505 of 1977 are dismissed."

By this order the Court quashed the award and set it aside. It also found that there was no justification for phasing as awarded by the Industrbl Court and therefore quashed it and set it aside. It con firmed with retrospective effect the award as given by the Industrial Court. The High Court also directed that U.P. Pattern will be given full effect with retrospective effect from the da~e mentioned in the award. The reasons were given by the High Court by judgment dated 30th January, 1979.

its

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The judgment of the High Court is

·assaile<;l on

the following

grounds:-

1. The grant of neutralisation of variable dearness allowance at 125% is far in excess of what is permis sible under the industrial law.

2. The High Court erred in not taking' into account depreciation of the sugar factories in arriving at the

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514

SUPREME COURT I.EPORTS

[1980] l S.C.R.

financial capacity of the industry for the purpose of·. fixing the wage structure. In any event, it was sub mitted that as the administration of the sughr factories is governed by thel Gujarat Cooperative SOcieties Act. 1961, those provisions will have to be followed arriving at the net profits ·and for determining financial capacity of the facto~es to pay.

in . the

3. It was submitted that the Industrial Court and the Hisk Court erred in following the U.P. Pattern on the ground that it has been accepted by ·the· other States in the South zone without taking into account the relevant circumstances relating to individual factories.

· ·

4. Lastly it was contended that the High Court after it aside

quashing the impugned award and setting erred in passing a new award.

We ignore the last &Iound as we feel it is purely technical. Though the Higll Court may not be right in stating that it quashed and set a8ide the a~ard, the intention is clear from the subsequent clauses of the award. We will now proceed to deal with the other three objections.

11 is strongly urged on behalf of the appellants tb~t the High Cowt and the. Tribunal were in error in allowing neutralisation of variable dea~ess allowance of 125% which is beyond the permissible limits of the industrial law.

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It is common ground that 100% neutralisation would be achieved by granting an increase of 83 paise for rise in one point in the cost of living index. By granting an increase of o~ rupee for increase of one point the neutralisation is by 125%. Dearness Allowance .was · primarily intended as a protection of persons whose salaries are at the subsistence level to protect them against the adverse effects of the rise in prices. ~e Commission on Dearness Allowance in May, 1967 stated that historically dearness allowance was regarded as applicable to lhose employees whose salaries are at the subsistence level or at a little: above in order to enable them to face the increase in dearness of essential commodities. The National CQmtnission on Labour, 1969, it observed that unless money wages rise as fast as consumer prices B will result in an erosion of .real wages. But the extent of its impact will depend on the :maigin of erosion available at different levels of that 95% neutralisation income. The Commission . recommended

"

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CHALTHAN VIBHAG V, INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kailasam, ],) 5'15

shoulEl be ~anted agai'nst rise in cost of living to those drawing minimum wage in non-scheduled employments.

In a series of decisions, this Court has expressed the same view. It has been held that cent per cent neutralisation cannot be allowed as it would lead to a vicious tircle and add to the Urllationary spiral. It was observed that there was no reason why the industrial worker should In Clerks oj Calcutta Tram not make sacrifices like all other citizens. ways v. Calcutta Tramways Co. LtdC) this Court said "We can now take it as settled that in matters of the .grant of dearness allowance ex cept to the very lowest cla.ss of manual labourers whose income is just sufficien,t to keep boqy and soul together, it is impolitic and unwise to. . neutralise the entire rise i'n the. cost of living by dearness allowance. The .same view was ex- More so in the ca.se of the middle classas". ._ pressed in the Hindustan Motors'(2) case and was reaffirmed in Hindus tan Times Ltd. New Delhi v. Their Workmen,(3) wh~re it was ob served that the whole purpose of dearness allowance being to neutralise a portion of the increase in the cost of living it should ordinarily be o'n a sliding scale and provide for an increase on rise in the cost of living In Kamani Metals and and a decrease on a fall in the cost of living. Alloys Ltd. v. The,ir Workmen,(4-) it was held that 100% neutralisa tion is not advisable as it will lead to inflation and therefore dearness allowance is often a little less than one-hundred per cent neutralisation. In Silk & Art Silk Mills Association Ltd. v. Mill Mazdoor Sabha(') it was laid down that i'n considering a claim for dearness allowance or revision of dearness allowance amongst other factors it should be borne in mind (1) Full neutralisation is not normally given, except to the very lowest class of employees; (2) The purpose of dearness allowance being to neutralise a portion of the increase in the cost of living,* should ordinarily . be on a sliding scale and provide for an increase on the rise in the cost of livin'g and a decrease on a fall in the cost of living. In Silk·& Art Silk Mills Association Ltd. v. Mill Mazdoor Sabha(~) a grant by the Industrial Tribunal of 99% neutralisation of increase In the cost of living was confirmed as the workmen cannot be denied their subsistence wage at its real level because some other comparable con~ cern is paying at a lower rate. In Killick Nixon Ltd. v. Killick. &

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(1) [1956) S.C.R. 772. (2) 1962-II L.L.J, 352 (SC>: [1964]1 s.c:R. 234. (3) [1967] 2 S.C.R. 463. (4) (5) A.J.R. 1969 S.C. 36(), *Emphasis Supplied [1973] l S.C.R. 277.

(6)

516

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1980] 1 S.C.R.

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AUied Companies Employees Union( 1) this Court after approvii!g the propositions laid down in Bengal Chemical case (supra) proceeded to state at p. 467 : "There is, however, one thing which we must point out lest there should be some misqonception about it and that is that s.o far as the lowest paid emplo~s at or just above the subsistence level are concerned, they .are_ entitled to 100% or at any rate not less than 95% neutralisation of the rise in the cost of living and hence there should be no ceiling on dearness allowance payable to employees within the slab of first Rs. 100, unless it can be shown by the. management that the rate of neutralisation in their case is more than .100 per cent. Th~ decision is authority for the proposition that the rate of neutralisa· tion cannot be more th~n 100% even in the case of lowest paid empla. y~s. The proposition laid down in the decision cited above were reiter- ated and followed in Shivraj Fine Art Litho Works v. State Industrial Court, Nagpur & Ors.(')

The law is thus clear that dearness allowance is intended to neut- ralise a, portion of the increase in the cOst of living. Though 100% neutralisation is not advisable as it will lead to inflation, full neutralisa· tion may be permissible only in the case of theJ lowest class of employees. The management is entitled to complain if the n~utralisation is more · than 100%-.

The purpose of grant of dearness allowance is to neutralise

the increase in the cost of living due to rise in prices. Neutralisation may be such as to neutralise fully the increase in cost of living or may be restricted to neutralise only a portion of the increase. Full or cent per cent neutralisation ca'n be achieved if the increase in the cost of living is fully compensated so that the pay of the worker is not adversely affected. But ail award of more than 100% of an increase in the cost of living would be more than neutralisation and would in effect · gives the· worker an increased wage. The result would be the worker would be getting an increased wage packet whenever there is a prire rise a result which would not have been envisaged in making provision · for grant of dearness allowance.

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Mr. M. K. Ramamurthi learned counsel for the respondents submit· ted that the permissible limit of 100% neutralisation is not applicable to cases where persons are seasonally employed. The learned counSel pointed out that the sugar industry does not function for the whole year and for months it is closed and the workers are left without employ- In order to give some relief to such sea~

( B ment during the off..,season. (l) [1975] Supp. S.C.R. 453. (2) . [19781 3 S.C.R. 411.

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CHALTHAN VIBHAG V. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kaifasam, J.) 517

•

sonal workers he submitted, that the award of ~qualisation of more than 100% is ·justified. TI).is plea ca1,1not be accepted for the award of equalisation of more than 100% in these cases is not based on sea- sonal employment. To mitigate the hardship of u'nemployment during the off-season a retention allowance bas been provid·~d for the seasonal workers. The plea that the neutralisation of more than 100% is based on seasonal employment was not taken_ in the pleadings or raised be fore the courts below.

Demand No. 7 relates to claim for payment of retaining allowance for the uf!sk.illed seasonal employees in the off-season at 'the rate of 10% of their basic wage and dearness allowance payable during the The Industrial Court as regards demand crushing season 1974-75. No. 7 directed that the unskin~d seasonal employees be paid retaining allowance for the season 1975 at the rate of 10% of the basic wag~ atid dearness allowance payable during the crushing season 1974-75. The claim regarding the variabl·~ dearness allowance is demand No. 2( c) and 5 ( 1) (a) (b) . There is no reference: in the proceedings before the Industrial Court or the High Court that the variable <;earness allowance of more thap 100% equalisation was awarded due to' the seasonal employment of the workers. In the result we accept the contention of the appellants tha.t variable dearness allowance cannot be more than 100% neutralisation.

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The second ~ontention raised on ~half of the appellant~ is that i'n fixing fair wages and dearness allowance financial capacity of the co- ../' operative societies should be arrived after taking into account the depre ciation. Mr. Nariman th~ learned counsel submitted tliat i'n order to .keep an industry running it is necessary to make provision for depreci- ation as otherwise when the machinery gets worn out the industry would F grind to a halt. The learned counsel submitted that though there are certain observations by this Court in Unichemi,Laboratories Ltd. v. The WorkmenC), and Indian Link Chain Manufacturers Ltd. v. Work- men, C) that depreciation could not be taken into account in fixing the gross profits, they do not ruk out ta1cing into account the depreciation in all cases in determining the financial capacity of the Industry to bear , G the increased burden.

Before considering the decisions which bear on the question

w~ will refer to the plea of the appellants that financial capacity of sugar · industry functioning under the Cooperative Societi·~s Act should only be deci,dcd according to the provisions of s. 66 of the Gujarat Co-

m [1972] 3 S.C.R. 567. [1972] 1 S.C.R. 790. (2)

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

s1s

[1980] 1 S.C.R.

I •

A operativ<> Societies Act, 1961, Act X of 1962. Seetion 66(1) runs as

.. ~·

follows :-

"A society earning profit, shall calculate its annual net profits by deducting from the gross profits for the year, all accrued interest· which is overdue for more than six months, establishment charges, contributions, if any, towards the pro vident-fund and gratuity fund of its emplo~s, interest pay able on loan and deposits, audit fees, working expe'nses includ- ing repairs, rents, taxes and depreciation, and after providing for or writing off bad debts and loss.;:s not adjusted against any fund created out of profits. A society may, however, add to the net profits for the year, interest accrued in lhe pre~ cedi'ng years, but actually recoveree during the yeat The net profits thus arrived at, together with the amount of profits ~rought forward from the previous year shall be available for appropriation."

Relying .on the provisions of the section which requires that taxes and depreciation should be deducted from gross profits for arriving at net profits, it was submitted that in determining the financial capacity of the industry the 'net profits as prescribed in the section would have to be determined. We do not read the section as meaning that wages and dearness allowance could only be determined after the net profits are arrived at The sub-section itself provides that eontributions to wards provident fund and gratuity fund of its employees should all be deducted from the gross profits for arriving at the net profits. The provi sion for de<.lucting depreciation occurs after providing for contribution towards provident fund and gratuity. The determination of the net profits under the section is for a different purpose, namely for appro priation of the net profits as provided for in the· Act a'nd does not irr any way support'the contention of the appellants.

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In deciding the financial capacity of an industry this Court has laid down in Ahmedabad Mills Owners' Association etc. v. The Textile Labour Association,C) that "It1Pustrial adjudication must take into ac count the problem of additional burden which such wage structure would impose upon the employer and consider whether the employer can reasonably be called upon to bear sqcb burden. . ... It is a long-range plan and i'n dealing with the problem, which is difficult and delicate the financial position of the employer and! the future prospects of the industry and the additional burden which may be imposed on the consumer must be carefully examined." This Court after referring to the Reserve Bank Bulletin about the fina'ncial position of the industry

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(1) [1966] 1 S.C.R. 382

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CHALTHAN VIBHAG V. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kailasam, J.) 519

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and about cotton textile industry and other. authorities on determining the financial capacity of an industry observed that "industrial adjudica- tion cannot lean too heavily o'n such single-purpose statements or adopt any one of the tests evolved from such statements, whilst it is attempt- ing the task of deciding the financial capacity of the empLoyer in context of the wage problem." The financial capacity of the industry will have . B to be decided in the context of th~ wage problems and the methods adopted i'n determining financl.ai capacity of the industry for other purposes need not be followed. While examining the financial capa- city in detail we must ultimately base our decision on a broad view which emerges from a consideration of all relevant factors, such as financial position of the employer, the interests of the consumer etc.

c

The wages due to a worlo~r are in the nature of expenses just like payment for raw materials. In this sense the wages are expenses which have to be met whether the company works, malres a profit or not. So far as the rni'nimurn wages due to a worker. are concerned, the law requires that they should be paid first and if the industry cannot pay them it mly as well clooe. The payfl!ent of dearness allowance as prescribed under the Minimum Wage<t Act should also be provided It is settled law that in fixing fair wages m dearness for in any event. allowance or for making contribution to provident fund or providing for gi:atuity the financial capacity of the industry to bear the additional burden will have to be take·n· into account. On principle of social justice with the development of industrial law it has now been accepted that when the industry can h~ar the burden provision should be made for provident fund and gratuity scheme. In determining the financial capacity of an industry all relevant facts will have to be taken into ac" count. The principles followed in ·arriving at the profit and loss ac count for income-tax and other purposes may not be conclusive. The claim of the employer to a reasonable profit, that of the shareholders for a fair dividend and the interest of consumer and other relevant factors and circumstances will have to be taken into account. is necessary to take into account all the facts and circumstances relating to the industry for determining the financial capacity of the industry to pay.

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We will now proceed to refer in detail to the thr=e decisions of this Court which are relied on as authority for the proposition that depreci In ation should 'not be taken' into account in fixing the wage s:tructure. Gr'amophone Company Ltd. v. Its Workmen(!) to

this Court had

(I) [1964] (2) L.L.J. 131.

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520

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1980] 1 s.c.R,

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c without undue strain on the financial position of the employer.

examine the financial capacity of the employer for determining whether the industry could bear the burden of a gratuity scheme. The court found on examination of the financial position of the company that the profits that were made by the company were Rs. 7.6lakhs in 1956-57, Rs. 7.2 lakhs in 1957-58, Rs. 1.6lakhs in 1958-59, Rs. 1.491akhs in 1959-60 and Rs. 6.04 lakhs in 1960-61. On behalf of the company it was submitted that the introduction of the gratuity scheme would throw a great burden on the industry involving an initial fund of Rs. 33- or 34 lakhs and that.if provision is made for income-tax payable · and development rebate it will be seen that the company is running at a loss. The Court found that the financial position of the industry showed that the burden of payment of gratuity and provident fund can be made The court observed that the introduction of a gratuity scheme will not re quire an initial fund of Rs. 33 or 34lakhs but otily involve an additional burden of Rs. 1.5 lakhs at the most. Though the introduction of the · gratuity scheme may involve an expenditure of Rs. 1.50 lakhs a year the actual burd,en will be Rs. 60,000 as ther~ will be a reduction of the income-tax payable by about 63%. Regarding the plea of the com pany that if the amounts due to income-tax and development rebate are taken out, it would show that the company bas suffered a loss, the Court observed that the provisions for income-tax and reserv~ must take a second place as compared to provisions for a wage structure. In declining to accept the contention ·that provision for taxation and re serves should have precedence, the Court proceeded to base its deci- sion on the findip.g that the financial capacity of the industry was such This Court held that if the industry that it could bear the . burden. is in a stable condition and the burden of provident fund and gratuity does not result in loss to the employer that burden will hav:e to be borne by the employer like the burden of wage-structure in the interest of social justice.

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The statement that provision for income-tax and development rebate taking only a second place may not be understood as holding that they should on no account be taken into consideration or that a wage increase would be permissible if it would result in reduction of income-tax.. l'be decision is based on the finding that the company is in a position to bear the burden and the observations were incidental and made on the factsof the case. . It may be no~~d that there is no reference about tak- ing into account of depreciation allowance. The judgment should be understood as negativing the plea th,at the income-tax and development rebate should be taken into account to the extent of showing that the industry is runnihg at a loss.

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.CHALTHAN VIBHAG v. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kbilasam, J.) 521

A'

The second decision is Indian Link Chain Manufacturers Ltd. v. Their Workmen. e) The question arose whether in the matter of deter mining surplus the Tribunal was justified in taking the figures of depre datioh allowance and development rebate from the balance sheet and not from the income--tax assessment orders in which the figures were higher and whether for determining the ret~m on reserves the figures · B at the end of the year or the beginning of the year had to be taken. It was held by this Court thatthere was no justification for the rejection «>f the company's claim for depreciation and development rebate and the same be allowed as p:;r income-tax assessment The Court allow- In determining ed depreciation allowance and development rebate. the financial position of the company the court obsefVt:;d that it would not be appropriate to approach its capacity to bear the burden from The over-all picture of the soundness of the undertaking and its future prospects must be taken into account.* The Court adopted the principles laid down in the Bharatkha.nd Textile Mfg. Co. Ltd. & Ors. v. The Textile Labour Association, Ahmeda fJad(") which are as follows:-

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"It is not disputed that the benefit of gratuity is in the nature of retiral benefit ahd there can be no doubt that before framing a scheme for gratuity industrial adjudication has to take into a~ount several relevant facts; the fina.'1Cial condition oj the employer, his profit making capacity, the p;o{it3 earned by him in the past, the extent of his reserves and the chances of his replenishing them as well as the claim for capital in vested by him, these aYul other malfrial considerations may have to be borne in mind in determining the terms of the (Emphasis supplied). gratuity scheme."

Thus the facts that have to be taken into account in determining an overall picture of. the financial capacity are the financial condition of in tbe employer his profit making capaCity the profits earned by him ·the past, the extent of his reserves and the chances of his replenishing 'them as well as the claim for capital invested by him. After referring to the dec1sion in the Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. v. The Workmen &: Ors., ( 8

) at p. 809 the Court made the following observations : -

"It is pertinent to notice that gratuity and wages in indus- trial adjudication are plac'ed on the same footing and have priority over Income-tax and other reserves, as such in consi-

(1)

[1972] I S.C.R. 790. "'(Emphasis supplied) (2) [1960] 3 S.C.R. 329. (3) [1967] 1 S.C.R. 652.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

{1980] 1 S.C.R.

dering the financial soudness of a'n undertaking for the pur poses of. introduction of a gratuity scheme the profits that must be taken into account are those .comp1:1ted prior to the deduction_ of depreciation and other reserves."

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Indz'an Lin~ Chain Ltd., the Court at p. 807 allowed

As already pointed out in Gramophone Company's case there is no In the case under considera reference to deduction of depreciation. tion i.e. the claim of the company for a deduction on accoun,t of depreciation and development rebate at Rs. 1,61,054 and Rs. 5,822 instead of Rs. 80,190 and Rs. 3,970. On the facts of the case it is found that the industry was in a position to bear the burden.

In Unichem Laboratories Ltd. v. The Workmen(') it was found that the average gross profits of the company exceeded Rs. 40 lakhs and the additional financ;;ial burden by the revision of the wage struc ture was 1b. 5.55 lakhs. On the facts the court held that the Tribu nal was justified i.il computing gross profits without deducting tax, de preciation and development rebate. The court accepted the plea oa behalf of lb-e company that the decision in Gramophone Company Ltd. had no occasion to consider who~ther: depreciation reserve ean be deduc ted or not.

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Scr_utinising the figures given at p. 581 of the Reports the Court .found that the average net profit worked out toRs. 13,84,691.00. The depreciation that was claimed was Rs. 5,44,918 for 1965-66, Rs. 5,55,035 lor 1966-67, Rs. 7,84,824 for 1967-68, Rs. 11,11,775 for 1968-69 and Rs. 9,16,719 for 1969-70. On the facts the Court found that the company had the financial capacity. The inclusion or exclu sion o~ the depreciation allowance would not have made any difference The decisio'n may not be understood as laying d9wn a principle of law that iti no case the depreciation could be taken into account.

~F to the capacity of the industry to bear the additional burden.

It may be remembered that in Bharatkhand Textile Mfg. Co. Ltd. (s-upra) the guidelines that were indicated were that in determining the capacity to pay by the industry the financial condition of the employer, his profit making capacity, the profits earned by him in the past, the extent of his reserves and the. chances of his replenishing them as well as the claim for capital invested by him*. these and other material consi deration'S may have to be borne in mind. Thus the extent of the re- serves the chances of replenishing them as well as the claim for capital .

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[19721 3 s.c.R. 567. ' •(Emphasis supplied)

cl!ALTHAN VIBHAG V. TNDUSTRfAL COURT (Kai/asam, f.) SZJ

invested by him and as observed in Ahmedab~d i\.1illowners' Associa tion v. Textile Workers,(') will have to be taken into account. The position of the industry shoul~ be ex~ned in detnit and the decision should be based on a ~road VIew which emerges from a consideration of all relevant factors such as whether the employcr can reasonably be called upon to bear the burden and wlwther the additional burden im posed on the consumer is justified wo~ld also have to be carefully exa mined. As pointed out in the Ahmedabad Millowners Association cac;e (supra) "It is a long-range plan and in dealing with the problem, which is difficult and ddicatc the financial position of the employer and the future prospects of the indu~try and the additional burden which may be imposed on the consumer must be carcfuay examined."

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It may be that for prudent management of an industry it will be d-esirable to take into account to some extent the depreciation of the. machinery for otherwise aft~r lapse o[ years the machinery may get worn out and without provision for replacement the industry itself will come to a stop. Whether provision for such depreciation should be made and if so to what extent wi!l depend upon the facts of the case. Depre ciation allowance to the extent of mak.i'ng out a loss need not be accept ed btlt reasonable provision should be made. The three decisions of this Court referred to were giv~n on the particular facts of the case ·and may not be unJcrstootl as laying down that under no circull15tanccs deduction for depreciation, reserves etc. cou!J be made. It is of utmost importance that t~ industry must be kept going as long as it could pay the minimum wages.· It may sometimes be necessary for the worker! to make some sacrifice to keep the induo;try going. It is not wise to kil! the ~oo5e that lays the golden eggs. The c:~paci ty of the industry to beur the burden will have to be taken into account in determining . whether provision couiJ be nwd1.1 for .fixing a wage struct\Ire including . provision for contribution to provident fund, gmtuity etc. In d.:t>~rmi?­ tng the Cap~Icity of the industry to bear the burden all relcv:mt facts Wlll have to be taken into account and actual state of atTain> d.:tcnnincd. ~c proced\11";! adopted by the industry to ddcrmine the financial capa It cnnnot be taken as a City for o1h~r purposes may not be rekvant. hard ti'nd fast rule th:~t provision for depreciation, provision f?r develop ment rebate, tax liabilities should nc\-::r be allowed. While the pre servation of the industry is paramount the attempts of the management 1? show that the company is running at a loss by boosting the dcprecia t~IJn allowanc~ etc. should not be permitted. In short the real capa City of the industry to bear the extra burdcn will have to be dcte~ined.

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(I) (l%5} t•S.C.R. 382.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

l1980]I s.c.R.

fund

the depreciation

An employer claiming depreciation allow~nce is only cntitt·~d to the actual or probable depreciation of the m~c~mery, tools etc. for the The d•::precJatJon cannot be compirted period due to wear and tear. by on any. notional basis or o'n the profit and loss account furnished the company. In the cases before use the mana~ement has claimed by way of depreciation the cost of purchase of m~chinery for e~pansion In the matter relatmg to Chalthan Sugar of the manufacturing plant. Mill:; in the profit and loss account for the year ending June 30, 197S Rs. 1,07,56,523 is claimed by way of depreciation at the end of the year. The balan~ brought forward on this account from the pn.·vious year is Rs. 79,11,066. During the year, an amount of Rs. 28,45,457 In the profit and loss account for the year ending June 30, is added. 1976 1,07,56,523 toRs. 1,30,24,742. June 30, 1977 an amount of Rs. 22,97,553 is added to the dcprcci;~­ tion fund. The figures furnished by the other sugar factories follow the same pattern. During the course of argum~nts the appellants ad mitted that the amount shown as depreciation actually represented th~ cost of purchase of new machinery and balance for expansion of the manufacturing units. These amounts relate to expansion of the indus try and should be fihown in the capital account and cannot be claimed Tho.! accounting of the sugar fac as deduction due to depreciation. tories concerned is for the purpose of minimising the profits and show ing loss for the purpose of depriving the workers their due. Such de preciation cannot be allowed. But as pointed out by us the actual depreciation which should be deducted in the interest of the industry can 9e taken into account. In the 'case~ before us if the inflated figures should be left out of account we feel that the · industry has the capacity to bear the additional burden.

In the profit and loss account for the year ending"

increased from Rs.

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The High Court after referring to the decisions of this Court in Gramophone Co. and Indian Link Chain Manufacturers and the Shiv· raj Lit!w Work.r (supra)· came to the conclusion that gross profits before allowance is made for depreciation has to be taken into account fo.r the purpose of considering the paying capacity o( the industry. The HJgh CotJrt added the amount of depreciation to the net profits ns sho"'11 In the balance 6h.eet and found that Iars.! profits were available ns gross ~rolit~. . The HJgh C~urt was of the view that the position of the. fureC factoncs In South GuJarat, namely Gandcvi Bardoli nod Madhi IS not 'fhe at all gloomy so fa • tF Court found that though the price of sugarcane was fi.:ted 1 . fot cldJvery nt the factory, it has pa.id the price to the growers ex-sugarcan.e fi , thus bearing the h ·.: ~.....nng 1t . c arges or cutt1'ng sugarcane and. for Caur. ·d t 0 e actory prenuses from the field. This payment was unjustJn~

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CHALTHAN VIBI-IAG V. INDUSTRIAL COURT (Kailasam, J.) 525

and was intended fo~ the b:ncfi.t ~f ~he members of the cooperative society and resulted m showtng of a Paper Loss'. We arc unable to agree with the conclusion of the High Court that thjs payment is un justified and is for the purpose ~f benefiting its own members. It is subnitted on behalf of the factones that the sugar factories pay an extra amount to the growers to induce them to cultivate sugarcane for a profit and thereby preventing them from cultivating other crops and reducing the area under sugarcane cultivation,. The finding of the High ~ourt that this extra payment is to benefit the members of the society itself is also not borne out as there are members who arc not growers of sugarcane. The benefits by way of giving fertilisers at a ' discount etc. will not profit members who arc not growers. The High Court has not estimated the likely increase tn profits.due to incrcas.;: in the price of sugar levy along with the increase in expenditure due to· the revision of the wage structure which it has estimated at about Rs. 5 lakhs. . Further as pointed out by us earlier the High Court erred in adding back the depreciation and other reserves without determining as to what extent such allowances are permissible on the facts of the case. For Lhe rcaso·ns stated we feel that the financial capacity of the industry has not been dctcrmincu in the manner in which it ought to ha\'e been done.

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The wages arc normally fixcu on the basis of industry-cum-region. The U.P. Pattern was fi.."t.:d by the Uttar Pradesh Government on an 'ag:r~'Cmcnt bctwc<.:n the parties under section 3 (b) of the U.P. Industrial Disputes Act, l947(U.P. Act No. 18 of 1947) . The order under sec. 3(b) is proYisional in character. Section 3(d) providcs for fixing the wages nfter proper adjudication. No such adjudication took place in U.P. afler th·! passing of the order under sec. 3 (b). Even though normally the wages arc fixed on the industry-cum-region basis it is open to the industry to plead that it has not the financial capacity to bear the increased burden. When such a pica is 5pccificaJly raised it is the duty of the Industrial Court to determine whether the increased burden could be bor'ho by the particular industry. The reason given by the JnJustrial Court and the I figh Court !or following th6 U.P. Pattern i~ tiM it h:ts been accepted by various sugar factories in the southern region and a ntighbouting factory Kodinar Sugar Factory and hence there is no reason for not applying th•.} same rates to the appellant fac tories. On behalf of the appellant it was pleaded that it is not admitted that all the sugar factories in 1he southern region have accepted the U.P. Pattern. It was submitted that the case of the Kodinar is diffe rent because it was established tong time ago and is a flourishing concern. 15-~31SCi,'79

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1980]1 S.C.R,

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Jn view of the order we pro~ose to m~ke we do 'not. feel called upon to examine in detail the financial capacity of the vanous factories or to remit it to the Industrial Court for that purpose. We have found that the order of the Industrial Court and the High Court relating to the provision for variable dearness allowance of more than 100% neu tralisation is no~ sustainable ih law and will have to be set aside. Regard. ing the award relating to the retention allowance of the um;kllled workers at 10% of the basic wage and the dearness allowance payable during the crushing season, it was not chailcng~d before the High Courl Ute only question therefore which is in dispute is the increase of graded dearness allowance from Rs. 21 to Rs. 40 with effect from the date of this the awan;l. We do not think that the increase in burden under head would be beyond the financial capacity of the factories especially as we are satisfied that the claim for depreciation is highly exaggerated. Taking all the circumstances relating to the financial capacity of the factories we arc satisfied that the i:ncreaseo in the burden due to the in crease in the graduated dearness allowance will be within the capacity of the industry. We therefore find no reason for remitting the matter back to the Industrial Court. We set aside the award relating to but the grant of graduated dearness allowance at more th:tn 100% direct that it will be confined to 83 paise for increase of one point ie. limited to cent per cent neutralisation. So far as the increment of the graduated dearness allowance from Rs. 21 to Rs. 40 from the date of the award and the retention a11owance at 10% of the basic wage and dearness allowance payable duri:ng the cru~hing sr.:ason to the unskilled workers is concerned, it is confirmed .

The appeals are disposed of accordingly. Tile Appellant will pay costs of the rc~pontlents one set of Rs. 2000/- which will be divided amongst the respondents.

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ippea/s allowed partly.

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