M/S. JEEWANLAL (1929) LTD., CALCUTTA versus ITS WORKMEN

I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

717

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19 61 Garment

v. Its Workmen .

tribunal did not take into account the fact that the appellant has no reserves and that it had borrowed large loans. We do not see how that would enable the Cleaning Works appellant now to agitate a question which is purely a question of fact. Mr. Sen realised the difficulties in his way because, since his client had claimed the pri- vilege of s. 21 the Tribunal was fully justified in not Ga1endragadkar J. discussing the figures in its a ward. He, therefore, faintly suggested that we niay remand the case subject to any order as to costs that we may deem fit to make and ask the Tribunal to reconsider the matter in the light of the relevant documents, and he assured us that he would not claim privilege under s. 21 after remand. This r~quest is plainly untenable. If the appellant wanted the tribunal to consider the figures and state its conclusions in the light of the said figures in its award it need not have claimed privilege under s. 21 at the trial. It is now too late to suggest that the privilege be waived and that the matter be con- sidered afresh by the tribunal or by us in the appeal. Therefore we see no reason to interfere with the direc- tion given by the Tribunal in regard to the framing of the provident fund scheme.

The result is the appeal fails and is dismissed with

costs.

Appeal dismissed.

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M/S. JEEWANLAL (1929) LTD., CALCUTTA v. ITS WORKMEN (P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR and K. N. WANCHOO, JJ.)

Industrial Dispute-Gratuity-'Continuous service'-[ nterpre

tation of-Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (14 of 1947).

One Bhanu Bala had joined the appellant's service as a workman in 1929 and resigned in 1957· During this period of bis service he had ren1ained absent from duty without permis sion or leave for nearly 8 months between February, 1945, to

April 3.

M/s. ]eewanlal (z929) Ltd., Calcutta v. Its Worknien

718

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1962]

October, r945. Under an Award made between the company and its workmen a scheme \vas framed wherein the concerned clause was that "on voluntary retirement or resignation of an employee after r5 years continuons service gratuity at the same rate as above."

Dispute arose with regard to the question of granting gratuity to Bhanu Bala who claimed the benefit of the said clause and the company denied ihe claim on the ground that the said employee had not been in continuous SErvice for the requisite period because there was a break in his service and that affected the continuity of his employment which made his claim incompetent.

The question was as to the interpretation of the term

"continuous service" contained in the Award of r95r.

Held, that in different context the 'flme word can often have different meanings and the expression "continuous service" would always be a question of fact to be decided on the circum stances of each case whether or not a particular employee can claim continuity of service for the requisite period.

\Vhere the expression "continuous service" was statutorily defined then the definition would prevail; and where an award itself gave a definition of the expression that would bind the parties in dealing with claims arising from the award but where the award did not explain the expression "continuous service" and statutory definitions contained in other Acts were of no material assistance it would ~e necessary to examine the ques tion on principle and decide what the expression should mean in any given award.

"Continuous service", in the context of the scheme of gratuity, postulates the continuation of relationship of master and servant between the employer and employees which could come to an end either by act of parties, i.e., by resignation or termination of service, or by the operation of law; but the continuity of service would not come to an end merely because an employee was absent without obtaining leave; though there would be cases where long unauthorised absence may reasonably give rise to an inference that such service was in tended to be abandoned by the employee.

For the purpose of gratuity mere participation in an illegal strike could not be said to cause breach in the continuity of service though it may be a good cause for its termination, pro vided the relevant provisions in the Standing Orders in that be half were complied with.

Bttckingham and Carnatic Co. Ltd. v. Workers of the Bucking

ham and Carnatic Co. Ltd., [r953] S.C.R. 2r9, distinguished.

Rudge Budge Municipality v. P.R. Mukherj<e, [r953] I L.L.J.

r95, referred to.

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1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

719

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.

264 of 1960.

Appeal by special leave from the Award dated October 12, 1959, of the Industrial Tribunal, Bombay in Reference (IT) No. 81 of 1959.

S. T. Desai, Sukumar Ghose and B. N. Ghose, for

the appellant.

C. L. Dhudia and K. L. Hathi, for the respondents. 1961. April 3. The Judgment of the Court was

delivered by

r961

M/s. JeCwanlal (r929) Ltd., Calcutta v. Its Workmen

GAJENDRAGADKAR, J.-This appeal by special leaveGajendragadkar J.

is directed against the award passed by the industrial tribunal in a matter which was referred to it under s. 36A(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, for interpretation of certain terms of the award made by the said tribunal on April 28, 1951, in Reference No. 168 of 1950. It appears that a dispute had arisen between the appellant M/s. Jeewanlal (1929) Ltd. and its workmen in regard to certain demands made by the respondents against the appellant in 1950. The said dispute was referred for adjudication as a result of which an award was passed which, inter alia, pro- vided for a gratuity scheme. Some provisions of this award have been referred for interpretation in the present reference.

On August 31, 1957, resignation submitted by the appellant's employee Bhanu Bala was accepted by the appellant. The said employee had joined the appel lant's service in 1929 but there was a break in the continuity of his service for nearly St months because he had remained absent from duty without permis sion or leave from February 14, 1945 to the end of October, 1945. According to the appellant the said employee was not entitled to any gratuity under the scheme framed by the award. Even so the appellant offered him Rs. 1,165 and odd on compassionate grounds. The employee was not willing to accept that amount because he claimed that he was entitled to Rs. 2,282.50 nP. by way of gratuity. The demand thus made by the employee led to an industrial dis pute which was taken by the employee before the

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720

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1962]

,_ \

I...

6 '

v.

.

'9

(x92 9) Ltd., Calcutta

First Labour Court at Bombay under s. 33C of the M/s. f"wanlal Act. The Labour Court entertained the application, decided the point in dispute in favour of the employee and directed the appellant to pay hirb. Rs. 1,781 ·80 nP. as gratuity. The appellant then moved the Bom- Its Workmen bay High Court for a writ under Arts. 226 and 227 Gajendr~-;,dkar ;. on the ground that the Labour Court had no juris- diction to entertain the application made before it by the employee. This writ petition was allowed and the order passed by the Labour Court was quashed. It was at this stage that the Government of Bombay referred the question of interpretation of the term "continuous service" contained in the award of 1951 to the Industrial Court under s. 36A(l) of the Act. That is how the Industrial Court was possessed of the matter. It has held that the words "continuous service" as used by the tribunal when it framed the a ward in question mean service not broken or inter rupted by the termination of the contract of employ ment by either the employer or the employee or by It is this interpretation the cor operation of law. rectness of which is challenged by the appellant in its present appeal.

I ..

The relevant part of the gratuity scheme which was framed by the tribunal in the earlier reference reads thus:

(i) On the death of an employee while in the ser vice of the company or on an employee becoming physically or mentally disabled to continue further in service half a month's wages for each year of service subject to a maximum of ten months' wages to be paid to him or to his heirs, executors, assigns or nominees as the case may be.

(ii) On the termination of his service by the com pany after five years' continuous service-Gratuity at the same rate as above.

(iii) On voluntary retirement or resignation of an employee after 15 years' continuous service-Gra tuity at the same rate as above.

As we have already seen the employee Bhanu Bala resigned and his resignation was accepted in August, 1957. He claimed the benefit of cl. (iii) whereas the

" ,,,..,

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I'

l S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

721

appellant contended that the said employee had not been employed in continuous service for the requi- M/s. Jeewanlal site period because there was a break in his service (rgag) Ltd., between February 14, 1945, to the end of October, Calcutta •. 1945, and that affected the continuity of his employ- ment which made his claim incompetent under Its Workmen cl. (iii). This contention has been rejected by the Gajend;;;;;;dkar J. tribunal.

'9

6 '

Mr. S. T. Desai contends that in interpreting the words "continuous service" in cl. (iii) we should compare the provisions of s. 49B(l) along with the explanation in the Indian Factories Act, 1934 (XXV of 1934) as well as s. 79(1) along with explanation (1) in the Indian Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948) prior to its amendment in 1954; and he argues that un authorised absence from work should normally cause a break in service so that if an employee, after un authorised absence from work, is allowed to resume after such unauthorised absence he should not be en titled to claim continuous service in view of the break in his service. In ·support of this argument reliance has been placed on the decision of this Court in Buckingham and Carnatic Co. Ltd. v. Workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Co. Ltd. (1). In that case this Court has held that the continuity of the service of the workers was interrupted by the illegal strike and so they were not entitled to claim .J;iolidays with pay under s. 49B(l) of the Indian Factories Act. It would, however, be noticed that the said decision turned upon the definition of the word "strike" in s. 2(q) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, read with the relevant provision of s. 49-B of the Indian Fac tories Act, 1934; and there can be no doubt that in a different context the same words can and often have different meanings. As this Court has observed in Budge Budge Municipality v. P.R. Mukherjee('), "the same words may mean one thing in one context and another in different context. This is the reason why decisions on the meaning of particular words or collec tion of words found in other statutes are scarcely of

(1) [1953] S.C.R. 219.

(2) [1953] 1 L.L.J. 195, 198.

91

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722

StJPREM:ll: COtJRT REPORTS

[1962]

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61

1 9

much value when we have to deal with a specific M/s. feewanlat statute of our own; they may be helpful but cannot be taken as guides or precedents". Therefore, the mean- ing attributed to the words "continuous service" in the context of the Factories Act may not have a material

(Igzg) Ltd., Catrntta v.

Its W°'kmen bearing in deciding tho point in the present appeal. . d

G

a;en raga ar

dk 1 .

h

. .

b d

The same comment falls to be made in regard to the argument ase on t e defimt10n of the expres- sion "continuous service" contained ins. 2(eee) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 194 7. The said section pro vides that "continuous service" means uninterrupted service and includes service which may be interrupted merely on account of sickness or authorised leave or an accident or a strike which is not illegal, or a lock out or a cessation of work which is not due to any fault on the part of the workmen. This definition is undoubtedly relevant in dealing with the question of continuous service by reference to the provisions of Industrial Disputes Act but its operation cannot be automatically extended in dealing with an interpreta tion of the words "continuous service" in an award made in an industrial dispute unless the context in which the expression is used in the award justifies it. In other words, the expression "continuous service" may be statutorily defined in which case the defini tion will prevail. An a ward using the said expression may itself give a definition of that expression and that will bind parties in dealing with claims arising from the award. Where, however, the award does not explain the said expression and statutory definitions contained in other Acts are of no material assistance it would be necessary to examine the question on principle and decide what the expression should mean in any given award; and that is precisely what the tribunal had to do in the present case.

"Continuous service" in the context of the scheme of gratuity framed by the tribunal in the earlier reference postulates the continuance of the relation ship of master and servant between the employer and his employees. If the servant resigns his employment service automatically comes to an end. If the em ployer terminates the service of his employee that

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I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

723

1 •

1

61

9

(r929 ) Lid., Calcutta

. d-dk "' raga ar

v. Its Workmen

again brings the continuity of service to an end. If the service of an employee is brought to an end by M /s. Jeewanlal the operation of any law that again is another in- stance where the continuance is disrupted; but it is difficult to hold that merely because an employee is absent without obtaining leave that itself would bring to an end the continuity of his service. Simi- G larly, participation in an illegal strike which may "1 incur the punishment of dismissal may not by itself bring to an end the relationship of master and ser- vant. It may be a good cause for the termination of service provided of course the relevant provisions in the standing orders in that behalf are complied with; but mere participation in an illegal strike cannot be said to cause breach in continuity for the purposes of gratuity. On the other hand, if an employee conti- nues to be absent from duty without obtaining leave and in an unauthorised manner for such a long period of time that an inference may reasonably be drawn from such absence that by his absence he has aban- doned service, then such long unauthorised absence may legitimately be held to cause a break in the con- tinuity of service. It would thus always be a question of fact to be decided on the circumstances of each case whether or not a particular employee can claim continuity of service for the requisite period or not. In our opinion, therefore, the view taken by the tri- bunal is substantially right though we would like to make it clear that in addition to the cases where according to the tribunal continuity of service would come to an end there would be the class of cases where long unauthorised absence may reasonably give rise to an inference that such service is intended to be abandoned by the employee. With this modifica- tion wo confirm the award and dismiss the appeal. There would be no order as to costs.

Appeal dismissed.

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