BIREN DUITA AND OTHERS versus CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF TRIPURA AND ANOTHER

8 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

295

BIREN DUITA AND OTHERS

v.

1964

July, 23

CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF TR.IPURA AND ANOTHER

(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, C.J., K. N. WANCHOO, M. HIDAYATULLAH, J. <;:. SHAH AND N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR; JJ.)

Detention Order-Review-Continuation of dettntfon beyond 1iz months-Order, if must be recorded in writing and communicated to the deten,,-Defence of India Rules, 1962, RR. 30 (l)(b),

30A(8).

The Administrator of the Union Territory of Tripura passed orders detaining 68 persons, including the appellants and the petitioners, under R. 30(I)(b) of the Defence of India Rules, 1962. While gradually releasing 45 of them be purported to detain the appellants and tho petitioners under R. 30A(8) of the said Rules, The appellants moved the Judicial Commissioner under Art. 226 of the Constitution and their case was that the decision to continue them in detention was J?Ot recorded in writing nor was it communicated to them and was, therefore, invalid in law. The Judicial Commissioner dismissed the said application!. The petitioners moved this Court under Att. 32 of the Constitution and their case was also the same. The first review held on February 1 S, 1963, in respect of all the 68 detenus was reoorded as follows.-

"On review of the detention order in respect of all the detenus respect of detent11 at

CC. decided S. Nos. l, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13."

to cailcel orders

in

It was urged on behalf of the respondent that the order by implication continued the detention of the appellants and the petitioners and. such detention was confirmed by subsequent orders.

Held: (i) The order did not comply with the provisiot11 of R. 30A(8) of the Defence of India Rules and the detenus before this Court mmt be set at liberty.

Decision to continue a detenu in detention must not only be recorded in wNting but such writing must clearly and unambiguously indicate that decision.

Subsequent reviews under the Rule could not validate the illegal continuance of the detention after the expiry of six months from the date of the original order of delenlion.

Decision recorded under R. 30A(8) is in tho nature of an independent decision and further detention can be justified only if the doci1ion Is recorded u required by it

1964

Biren Dutta v. C.C. of Tripura

296

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

Even assuming that an order passed under R. 30A(8) could in a proper case imply the decision to• continue the detention of some of the detenus, the present case could not be said to be one 1uch.

(ii) Assuming, though not deciding, that a decision recorded under R. 30A(8) of the Rules was not in law required to be communicated to the detenue, it was just and proper that the decision should in every case be communicated to the detenu.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal

Nos. 87-91 of 1964.

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 18, 1964, of the Judicial Commissioner's Court for Tripura in Criminal Misc. (Habeas Corpus) Petitions Nos. )5, 20, 25, 26 and 28 of 1963, and Habeas Corpus Petitions Nos. 24 and 27 of 1963.

AND

Writ Petitions Nos. 43, 42, 40, 41, 65 and 80 of 1964.

Petition Under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for

the enforcement of the fundamental rights.

R. K. Garg, S. C. Agarwala, D. P. Singh and M. K.

Ramamurthi, for the appellants and petitioners in all.

H. N. Sanyal, Solicitor-General, D. R. Prem and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondents (Except Respondent No. 2 in W.P. 43 of 1964).

D. Goburdhun, for respondent No. 2 (in W.P. 43 of

1964).

July 23, 1964, The

Judgment of the Court was

delivered by

Gajendragadkar c. I.

'GAJENDRAGADKAR, C. J.-These Criminal Appeals and Writ Petitions have been placed for hearing together in a group because they raise common questions of law.

the Chinese

As is well-known, after

the northern border of India on the 8th September, 1962, the President issued a Proclamation under Art. 3 5 2 of the Constitution on the 26th October, 1962. This proclama tion declared that a grave emergency existed which posed a threat to the security of India. On the same day, an Ordi-

attacked

1964

Biren Dutta v. C.C. of Tripurt

Gajendragadkar C.J.

8 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

297

nance was promulgated by the President. This Ordinance was subsequently modified by Ordinance No. 6 of 1962 on the 3rd of November, 1962. The President also issued an Order under Art. 359 ( 1) suspending the rights of citizens to mow any court for the enforcement. of the rights con the ferred by Articles 21 and 22 during the pendency of 1962, emergency proclamation. On the 26th October, the Rules framed by the Central Govern:nent under the Defence of India Act (hereinafter called 'the Rules') were published. Rule 30 of the Rules as originally framed was subsequently modified on the 6th December, 1962 and Rule 30-A was added. Later, an Act was passed on the 12th D1~cember, 1962, and s. 48(1) of this Act provided for the repeal of the earlier Ordinances. Even so, s. 48 (2) provided for the continuance of the Rules framed under the the Ordinall!ces, so that the relevant Rules framed under Ordinances have to be taken as Rules framed under the latter Act.

It appears that Mr. Mukerjee who was

the Adminis trator of the Union Territory of Tripura at the relevant time, cons.idered the material placed before him as such Administrator and was satisfied that a group of Com munists had· been agitating amongst the tribals residing in the area and inciting them against the Government, and he cairu! to the conclusion that their activities were likely to endanger the security of the State. Acting on this view, he directed that 68 persons should be detained under Rule 30 (1) ( b) and passed appropriate orders in that behalf. Later, Le was satisfied that 45 out of these 68 persons need not be detained any longer; and so, he ordered their release from, time to time. That left 23 persons under detention and it is with the cases of .these :p persons that we are concerned in the present group of criminal appeals and writ petitions.

12 out of these 23 persons moved the Judicial Commis sioner of Tripura under Art. 226 of the Constitution and prayed that the orders of detention under which they conti nued to be detained at the time of their petitions were illegal and .should be set aside and they should be ordered to be heard released

applications were

forthwith. These

Biren Dutta v. :.c. of Tripura Gajend1·agadkar C.J.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1g64j

the learned Judicial Commisioner and were together by Against his decision, Criminal ultimately dismissed. Appeals Nos. 87-91 of 1964, and 106 and 107 of 1964 have been filed by the detenues, with special leave granted to them by this Court on petitions made by them in that behalf. It appears that the detenues Mohan Chaudhury joined in Cr. As. and Jagabrata Sen Gupta who have Nos. 87-91/1964, have also preferred separate criminal appeals Nos. 106 and 107/1964 indiviaually. That is how this group of appeals is concerned with the cases of 12 detenues who had moved the Judicial Commissioner under Art. 226; and their grievance is that the view taken by the Judicial Commissioner in regard to the points of law raised by them before him, is not correct,

The Writ Petitions deal with cases of 11

remaining detenues and they joined the detenues who have preferred appeals before us by special leave in contending that the continuance of their detention is invalid and that a similar plea raised by the appellants before the Judicial Commis sioner should have been upheld by him. That is how the criminal appeals and the writ petitions between them raise common questions of law.

Mr. Garg who appeared for the appellants and the petitioners, as well as the learned Solicitor-General who appeared for the respondent, the Chief Commissioner of Tripura, agreed that it would not be necessary to consider the facts in each individual case for the purpose of decid It would ing the common questions of law raised by them. be enough if we refer to the facts in one case, because facts in other cases are exaotly similar and there would be no point of distinction on facts as such. We would, therefore, the case of the detenu Biren refer to the faciS relevant to Dutta.

Biren Dutta was detained on the 25th. December, 1962, and an order issued in that behalf was duly served on him. the On the 26th December, 1962, he was transferred Hazaribagh Jail. The respondent's case is that on the 15th February, 1963, the case of Biren Duitta was reviewed under R. 30A(8) and it was decided to continue his deten-

to

..

8 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

299

tion. Subsequently, his case was .reviewed on the 3rd July, 1963, 5th September, 1963, and 11th March, 1964, and on each occasion, it was decided to continue his detention.

On the other hand, Biren Dutta's contention before the Judicial Commissioner was that an order of review had not been passect as required by R. 30A( 8) and had not been communicated to him. It was urged on his behalf that Rule 30A ( 8) requires that the decision to continue the detention of a detenu must be reduc~d to writing and must be communicated to the detenu, and the argument was that since these two conditions prescri~ed by the relevant Rule had not been complied with, the continuance of the detenu's detention was invalid in law.

1964

Birtn Dutta v. C.C. of Tripw

Gajendragadlu. C.J.

The Judicial Commissioner has negatived

the conten tions thus raised by the detenu. He has found that the decision to continue the detenu's detention reached by the respondent under R. 30A ( 8) had in fact been reduced to writing, and in support of this contention, he bas referred to the fact that the original file containing a record of the decision bad been produced on behalf of the respondent before the Judicial Commissioner, but since the respondent's learned Advocate was apparently not prepared to allow the lawyer of the detenu inspection of the said record, the rourt did not consider the evidence supplied by it. 'IJie argument urged by the d1ttenu that the said record may have been subsequently manufactured, was reje,cted by the Judicial Commissioner. The Judicia1 Commissioner also considered the fact that the affidavit made on behalf of the respondent showed that when the cas,ps of the detenues were considered by him from time to time, he actually ordered the release of some of them. This fact, according to the Judicial Commissioner, showed respondent had applied his mind to the cases of all the detenues and since he released some of them, it followed that in regard to the rest he was satisfied that their detention should be continued. 'The Judicial Commissioner was apparently inclined to take the view that the relevant Rule did not seem clearly to require that the appropriate authority under R. 30A ( 8) should be reduced to writing, but he thought it unnecessary to make a definite finding

reached by

the decision

that the

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1g64]

1964

Birtn Dutta •• • C. of Tripura ---. Ja/endragadkar C.J.

on this issue, because he was satisfied that in the case of Biren Dutta, the decision in question had been reduced to writing. The arg=nt that R. 3,0A ( 8) requires that the said decision should be communicated to the detenu was It is on rejected by the learned Judicial Commissioner. these findings that he rejected the petition filed by Biren Dutta and 11 other detenues and held that the continuance of their detention was justified in law.

When these matters were argued before this Court on the 6th May, 1964, an interim order was passed directing the Tripura Administration that the Chief Secretary to should forthwith transmit to this Court the original files in respect of the detenues concerned and that the Minister, or the Secretary or the Administrator who reviewed the cases of the detenues and had arrived at a decision that their detention should be continued, should file an affidavit in this Court on or before the 8th June, 1964, and that the affidavit should state all material facts and should indicate whether the decision arrived at was duly communicated to the detenues or not. Accordingly, the original files have been produced before us and additional affidavits have been filed. The learned Solicitor-General fairly conceded that he would allow Mr. Garg for the appellants an oppor tunity to inspect the files inasmuch as he was not going to raise any question of priVI1ege in respect of them. It is the in the light of the minutes made on these files principal points raised before us now fall to be considered.

that

Mr. Garg contends that the scheme of the Rules clearly shows that the original order of detention passed under the to continue R. 30(1)(b), as well as the decision detention of the detenues reached by the appropriate in writing authority under R. 30A(8) must be the and must comply with the provisions of Art. 166 of Constitution. He also urges further requires that the relevant decision reached by the appro priate authority must be communicated to the detenu. In support of his argument that the relevant decision under R 30A(8) must comply with _Art. 166 and must be com municated to the detenu, Mr. Garg has the decision of this Court in Dattatreya Moreshwar Pangarkar

that R. 30A( 8)

relied on

recorded

1964

Biren Dutta v. C.C. of Tripurlb

Gajendragadkar C. J.

8 S.C.R

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

301

v. The State of Bombay('), and Bachhittar Singh v. State of Punjab('). He has also invited our attention the observations made by Raghubar Dayal J. in S. Partap v. State of Punjab(").

to

that

The learned Solicitor-General has conceded

the order directing the detention of a citizen under R. 30( 1) to ( b), as well as the order incorporating the decision continue the detention under R. 30A(8) must be in writing. He, however, challenges the correctness of Mr. Garg's con tention that these orders must comply with Art. 166, and he disputes his case that the decision reached under R. 30A ( 8) must be communicated to the detenu. In support of his case he has referred us to the decision of this Court in Mohammad Afzal Khan v. State of Jammu and Kashmir('), in as well as the decision of the Bombay High Court Pralhad Krishna Kurne v. The State of Bombay(') and that of the Allahabad High Court in Nandan Singh Bhist v. State of U.P.(').

the decision

We do not think it necessary to consider the question as to whether the orders .passed under R. 30 (1 )(b) and the record of the decision reached under R.30A ( 8) should It also comply with Art. 166 of the Constitution or not. appears to us to be unnecessary to decide in the present group of cases whether recorded under R. 30A(8) should be communicated to the detenu. We are satisfied that the decision to continue the detention of the detenues which, it is urged on behalf of the respondent, was reached by him under R. 30A(8), has not been recorded in writing as required by the said Rule; and there is no other evidence on record to show that such a decision had It will be then been reached and reduced recalled that in the present proceedings, is common ground between the parties that there has to be an order in writing indicating the decision of the appropriate authority reached by him after reviewing the case of the detenu that the continuance of his detention should be ordered. Rule an 30A ( 8) provides that every detention order made by

to writing. it

(1) [1952] S.C.R. 612 (3) A.I.R. 1964 S .C. 72 S I.L.R. 1952 Born. 134

(2) [19621Supp.3 S.C.R. 713 (4) A.l.R. 1957 S.C. 173 (6) A.l.R. 1964 All. 327

1964 Binn Dutta ... C.C. of Tripura

Gaiendragadl<ar C.J.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

officer empowered by the Administrator and confirmed by him under clause (b) of the sub-rule ( 6) and every det~n­ the Administrator himself shall be tion order made by reviewed at intervals of not more than six months by the Administrator who shall decide upon such review whether the order should be continued or cancelled. The question is shown by the which we have to decide is whether it minutes made on the file produced before us by the res pondent that he did decide that it was necessary to continue the detention of the detenues before us. The minutes made on the file are no doubt a written record of his decision, and so, the requirement that whatever is decided under R. 30A(8) should be reduced to writing is satisfied; but the question is do these minutes show that the cases of the to detenues before us were considered and a decision continue their detention was reached by the respondent on the relevant occasion, and that presents a very narrow problem for our decision in relation to the construction of the said minutes.

to The first occasion on which the respondent claims have reviewed the cases of the detenues before us was on the the 15th February, 1963. On that date, he made following order:-

"On review of the detention order in respect of all detenus CC decided to cancel detention orders in respect of detenues at S. No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13."

It is urged by the learned Solicitor-General that this order shows that the appropriate authority considered the cases of all the detenues and decided to cancel the detention of some of them, and that, he suggests, should be construed to mean that he decided to continue the detention of detenues other than those whose release he ordered. There is no doubt review of all that this order makes a reference detenues and, prima facie, it would be open to the Solicitor General to contend that this part of the order shows that the cases of all the 68 detenues must have been considered by the appropriate authority. In this connection. we would like to emphasise the fact that in exercising its power under

to the

1964 .,, C.C. of Tripura

Biren. Dutla

Gajendragadkar C.I.

8 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

record

if the detention of result of

R. 30A ( 8), the appropriate authority should its decision clearly and unambiguously. After all, the libe~ty <>f the citizen is in question and the detenue is intended to be continued as a the decision reached by the appropriate authority, it should say so in clear and unambiguous terms. But assuming that an order passed by the appropriate authmity under R. 30A ( 8) can in a proper case be construed to mean his implied decision to continue the detention of some detenues, while releasing some others, we find it difficult to hold that such an implied decision can be inferred from the present order. It is relevant to remember that this order was passed on the 15th February, 1963, and the six months' period within which review had to be made under R. 30A(8) would have expired on the 25th June, 1963. It is quite likely that even before the six months' period eXpired, the authority consi dered the matter and came to the conclusion that any further detention of the detenues specified in the order was not justified, and so, even before thr. six months' period ex pired, he directed released. That undoubtedly shows that the authority was considering the question very carefully and as soon as he felt satisfied that further detention of the said detenues would be unneces sary, he ordered their release forthwith; but this very consi deration suggests that he may have considered the cases of only such detenues as forthwith. Besides, there is nothing to show that after the 15th Feb ruary, 1963, and before the 25th June, J 963, he considered the matter in respect of the detenues before us and held that the continuance of their detention was justified after the expiration of six months. It is necessary to emphasise that the decision recorded under R. 30A ( 8) is in the nature of an independent decision which authorises the further deten In other tion of the detenu for a period of six months. words. the initial order of detention is valid for siit months and the detention of the detenu thereafter can be justified only if a decision is recorded under R. 30A ( 8). That being the nature of the decision which is required to be recorded under R. 30A(8), we are unable to hold that the memorandum in question can be reasonably said to include the a decision that the continuance of the detention of

that they should be

should be

released

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[rg64]

C.J.

filed by

It is true that in the additional affidavit

detenues before us was thought to be necessary by the appro- priate authority after the expiry of the period of six months.

1964 Biren Dutta "· the C.C. of Tripura Gai•ndragadkar respondent it has been stated as a submission by him that "as a result of the said review (15/2/63) the detention of Biren Dutta as well as others whose detention orders were not cancelled, continued." This undoubtedly is a matter of argument; it being the respondent's contention that since the order detaining some detenues was cancelled, logically it follows that the detention of the others was ordered to respondent had continue. But even assuming stated in his additional affidavit clearly and unambiguously that he had decided on the 15th February, 1963, that the detention of the detenues before us should be continued, we would not have attached much significance to such a state ment, because what we have to consider is the order passed on the 15th February, 1963. and not what the authority making the order thought it meant or intended it to mean; and so, it comes back to the question of the construction of the order itself. We have carefully considered the argu ments urged before us by the Solicitor-General, but we are to satisfy the unable to hold that this order can be said requirements of R. 30A(8) at all. We are satisfied that this order cannot be construed to contain a written record of the decision of the respondent that the detention of the detenues before us should be continued after the expiry of six months from the date of the original order of detention.

that the

Then as to the next order passed on the 3rd July, 1963, the position is still worse. It appears that on ihe 15th May, 1963, the Superintendent of Police, Tripura recom mended that some of the detenues should be released, because he thought there was no longer any justification for their continued detention. This matter was discussed between the Superintendent of Police and the Chief Secre tary on the 6th June, 1963, and eventually as a result of the conference held between the Chief Minister and the Chief Commissioner an order was passed on the 3rd July, 1963. This order shows that the cases of the persons whose release had been recommended by the Superintendent of Police were considered. These detenues were 25 in

1961

Biren Dutta v. C.C. of Tripura

Gajendragadkar C.1.

8 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

number. During the course of the discussion between the Chief Minister and the Chief Commissioner, the Chief Minister appears to have suggested that instead of releasing all the aforesaid 25 detenues together it would be better if they were released in batches, but ultimately, the order passed by the Chief Minister which was assented to by the Chief Commissioner was that all of them may be released In other words, at the sarue time on the 6th July, 1963. reading the letter written by the Superinteudent of Police to the Chief Commissioner on the 15th May, 1963, and the record of the discussion that took place between the Chief Secretary, the Chief Minister and the Chief Commissioner on the 3rd July, 1963, it is clear that the only cases which the , authorities considered were the cases of 25 detenues whose release had been recommended by the Superinten dent of Police. It is common_ ground that the detenues before us were not included in the said list of 25 detenues, and so, there is no scope for suggesting that at this time the cases of the detenues other than th~se who were released were concerned. That being so, we must hold that like the earlier order passed on the 15th February, 1963, the order passed on the 3rd July, 1963, is also of no assistance to the respondent, because neither order can be reasonably construed as containing a decision of the appropriate authority reached under R. 30A(8) to continue the deten tion of the detenues before us. This conclusion necessarily means that the requirement of R. 30A(8) has not been complied with and that inevitably makes the continuance of the detention of the detenues before invalid in law. The fact that those cases were reviewed subsequently on the 25th September, 1963 and 11th March. 1964, and the decision of the authority was in fac,t communicated to them, would not validate the illegal continuance of the detention of the detenues after six months had expired from the date of their original detention.

to We have already indicated that we do not propose consider in these proceedings the two other points ofJaw urged by Mr. Garg; but before we part with these matters, we would like to emphasise that even assuming that the the appropriate authority under decision recorded by

51 S.C.-20.

1961

Biren Dutl'1 v. C.C. of Tripura

Ga/mdragadkar C.J.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1964]

R. 30A( 8) is not, as a matter of law, required to be com municated to the detenu, it is desirable and it would be fair and jusit that such a decision should in every case be com If the appropriate authority municated te> the detenu. ronsiders the question about the continuance of the deten tfon of a particular detenu and decides that such continu ance is justified, we see ne> justification for failing to com municate the said decision to the detenu concerned. If the requirement as to such communication were held te> be necessary as a matter of law, ne>n-communicatie>n would render the continuance of the detention invalid; but that is a matter which we are ne>t deciding in these cases. We are only emphasising the fact that it would be fair that such a decisie>n should be communicated to the detenu.

In the result, the appeals and writ petitions are allowed and the detenues ce>ncemed ordered to be set at liberty at once.

Appeals and Writ Petitions allowed.

1964

Jaly, 24

K. HUTCH! GOWDER

v

RICHOBDAS FATHAIMULL '\ND COMPANY

(K. SUBBA RAO AND N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAll., JJ.)

Madras Agriculturis's Relief Act-D!bt incurred after commencement of Act-Final Decree-Scaling dow~Madras Agriculturists .'?elief Act, 1938 (Mad. 4 of 1938), rs. 13, 19.

The respondent, who was the assignee-mortgagee of a mortgage deed executed on February 15, 1945 by the appellant for a certain sum payable with interest, filed a suit for the recovery of the sum with Interest. The suit ended in a compromise under which a decree was passed and certain payments were made towards the decree. In due course the respondent moved for the passing of a final decree. The appellant applied for scaling down of the debt under the Madras Agriculturists Relief Act. The respondent, inter alia, contended in his objections filed against this application that as the debt sought to be scaled down was incurred subsequent to the date of commencement of the Act, the decree could not be scaled down under s. 19(2) of the