SHREE RAJA KANDREGULA SRINIVASA JAGANNADHA RAO PANTHULU BAHADUR GARU versus STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

714

SHREE RAJA KANDREGULA SIUNIV ASA JAGAN· NADHA RAO PANTllULU BAHADUR GARU v. STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

October 9, 1969 [J. M. SHELAT, C. A. VAIDIALINGAM AND I. D. DUA, JJ.] Madras Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) Act XXX a/ 1947, ss. 3(2) and 8-Classification of land based on the settkment register without factual inquiry-Jurisdiction of Civil Couris, if excluded.

A

B

Sub-section (2) of s. 3 of the Madras Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) Act XXX of 1947 authorises the State Government to fix the rates of rent c payable in respect of •ach class of ryoti land in each villa&e in the estate after considenng the recommendations of the special officer and the remarks of the Board of Revenue thereon and by virtue of s. 8(1) no order under this sub-section is liable to be questioned in a court of law. The appellants filed a suit questioning the legality of the notifica- tion reducing the rates of rent in respect of the delta dry ryo~ lands in a village. They contended that the class of land had been determined to be delta dry land exclusively on the basis of the settlement which did not contain any entry with respect to the village in question. that the settlement register could not be considered to be conclusive, and that proper factual inquiry was necessary, because, tht: determination affected the appellant's proprietary rights. The trial court decreed the suit. The High Court held that the civil courts had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit Allowing the appeals,

register D

'

.!

HELD : The Special Officer had an obligation, under s. 2 of the Reduction of Rent Act, to determine in respect of a village the average rate of cash rent per acre fot each class of ryoti land in existence at the time of the commencement of the Act, such as, wet, dry and garden. Thi& bad to be determined on the tasis of relevant material. The Special Officer, however, proceeded to found his determination only on the report of the Special Assistant which only took into account the entry the settlement register with respect. to soil of another village. Thio; the really meant that the determination of the Special Officer was solely based on the settlement register containing no entry in regard to the and cannot constitute vill~e in question. This material is irrelevant a rational basis fdr founding thereon the determin'1tion of the Special Officer. His determination must. therefore. be held to be based on no evid•nce, with._lhe result that it must be held to be in viol'1tion of the fundamental principles of judicial procedure. A fortiori the order of the· Government made under s. 3(2) exclusively on the basis of the recommendation of the Specia1 Officer must in consequence be held to be not in conformity with the provisions of the Reduction of Rent Act and. therefore. outside the pu'rview of s. 3(2) of that Act. Section 8( l) would ac.cordingly be the jurisdiction of civil courts cannot be excluded. [724 F-725 CJ

inaoplicable and

in

Secretar;v of State v. Mask and Company.

(1940) 67 I.A. 222 and 0. K. Muthuswamv Mudaliar & Ors. v. State of Madras. C.A. Nos. 1011-1017.'65, dt. 31-7-68, referred to.

...

DhuJahhai and Ors. v. State of Madhya Prade.<h & Ors.

S.C.R. 662, followed.

[19681

E

F

G

H

PANTHULU. v. A. P .. STATI! (Dua, J.)

715

A

CIVIL APPllL~ATJ> lUIUSDICTIOJ'! :. Civil Appeals NP&. 1619

and 1620 of 1968.

Appeals from the judgment and order dated April 17, 1964 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Appeal Suits Nos. "21 of 1959 and 362 of 1958 respectively.

B

lants (in both the appeaJs) ~

D. Narsaraju, B. Parthasarathy and .Subbiz Rao •. 'fbi th~ appel- . · · · .4. V. Ra,,gam, fortespondentsNiis; 1•3.: (in b<iththe.appeals). K; R. Chaudhuri and K~· Ril;tindrti Chtiudruri, ·for re8pc)iident .. ·

No, 6 (iii. bOlli the appe~)• .

· .

.. .

·

·

·

·

·

D

c

The Judgment of the Court was delivered b)'. Dwi, J. These two appeaJs (Civil Appehls Nos. 1619 and 1620 of 1968). on certificate by· the High Court arise out of the same suit and are directed against a common judgment and . . decree of the High Court disposing of . two cross-appeaJs pre- sented in that Court and will, therefore, be disposed of by one judgment. The principal question canvassed lies within a narrow It relates to the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts to compass. entertain and decide· the present suit questioning ·. the . legality of the notification Ex. A-13 dated November 2, 1949 reducing the rates of rent in respect of the delta dry ryoti lands in village Kalipatnam under the Madras Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) E Act XXX of-1947, (hereafter called the Reduction of Rent Act). The trial Court decreed the suit in part but the High Court to which both parties preferred appeals held that the Civil Courts It is this short question had no jurisdiction to entertain the suit. which requires determination in these appeals.

·

F

G

It is unnecessary to state at length the past history of the landed estate in question. The necessary relevant facts in brief may only be . mentioned. Shree Raja Kandregula Srinivasa Jagannadha Rao Panthulu Bahadur was the Inamdar of village Kalipatnam in Narsapuram Taluk in the West Godavari District. · On Nov~mber 2, 1948, the Government · issued a notification (Ex. A-13) under s. 3(2) of the Reduction of Rent Act redu cinp; the rates of rent payable in respect of delta dry ryoti lands in Kalipatnam village. J'!le Inam Settlemer.t Officer, Vijaya wadha, then took proceedings to determine whether Kalipatnam was an "inam estate" as defined in s. 2(7) of the Ma4fas Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act XXVI of 1948. After inquiry he made the order dated May 31, 1950 inam . estate. (Ex. A-1) holding that the suit village was an H Feeling aggrieved by these two orders the appellant ~instituted the suit, out of which !he present appeals arise. The. short question canvassed before 'ils, as observed earlier, is whether the Civil Courts have jurisdiction to entertain the suit.

<

M3 Sup. Cl/70-1 s

716

SCJPUMJ! COURt- Rl!POR·TS

[1970] 2 S C.R

It may be stated at the outset that

the appellant's counsel. conceded at the bar that the question as to the kind of grant can only be decided by the .1:'ribunal appoint~ .unde~ the Reduction of Rent Act and Civil Courts have no 1unsd1cllon to adjudicate upon such a controversy. The suit challenging the validity of Ex. A-1 declaring Kalipatnam village as an mam estate was accordingly conceded to be incompetent. Challenge 10 Ex. A-1 was thus not pressed in this Court. It was, how ever, s11bm!tted that any finding by ti. Civil C0urt on the 'kind of atant would have to be QQJnpletely ignored by the Tribunal while considering this question under the Reduction of Rent Act. The submission seems to us to be justified.

Wo are thus left only with the relief sought in respect of Bit. A·l3. The appellant questioned the validity o( this noti fication on the ground that it cannot be considered in law to have been made under s. 3 ( 2) of the Reduction of R1,,at Act so as to be immune from challenge in the Civil Courts. ln order to appreciate and deterraine this argument it is desirable to tum lir!it to the provisions of the Reduction of Rent Act. Tbls Act was enacted in order to pr->vide for the reduction of rent5 payable by ryots in estates governed by the Madras Estates Land Act, 1908 appmximately to the level of the assessments levied on lands in ryotwari areas in the neighbourhood and for· the collcction of such rents exclusively by the State Government. the State The purpose of collection of rent exclusively by Government was aclded in 1951 with retrospective effect. The heading of the Act, as originally enacted, was changed, on the creation of Andhra Pradesh, to, A.P. (Andbra Area) Estates Land (Reduction of Rent) Act XXX of 1947. Suitable adap tations necessitated by the creation of the separate Andhra Pra desh were also duly made. Section 2 of this Act which empowers the State Government to appoint a .Special Officer for any estate or estates for the purpQSe of rromunending fair and equitable rates of rent for the ryoti land pmvidcs as under :

"Appointment of Special Ofiicer to recommend rates of rent in estates.

2(a) (1) The State Government may app<>fut a Special Officer for any estate or estates for the purpose of reoomm~ndin~ fair and equitable rates of rent for the ryoti land in such estate or estates.

(b) The Special Officer so appointed shall also ~lllJ;De!ld fair and equitablo 'l'iltes of rent .for Ill lands in suc11 estato or estatos which bocime ryOli lands . after the cQllll!lancomtnt ·of the Act

A

B

c

D

E

F

.G

H

PANTHULU v. A. P. STATE (Dua, J.)

717

(2) The Special Officer shall

respect of each village referred to as "principal village") in an estate : -

(hereinafter

in

first determine

in this section

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

(a) the average rate of cash rent per acre pre vailing at the commencement of this Act for each class of ryoti land which was in existence in the princi pal village at such commencement, such as wet, dry and garden;

Provided that where no cash

rents are prevalent in the principal village in respect of any class of land, the Special Officer shall determine the average rate of cash rent per acre prevailing at such commencement for.suer class of land in the nearest village in the estate in which cash rents are prevalent for such class of land and in which conditions are generally similar to those obtaining in the. principal village, or where there is no s11ch village in the estate, in the nearest ·village in the nearest estate in respect of which village both the requirements specified above are satisfied;

(b) the average rate of assessment per acre prevailing at such commencement in respect of each of the said classes of land in the nearest conditions are ·general!v similar to the principal village.

ryotwari area in which, those obtaining in ·

rates of cash

( 3 ) The Special Officer sliall then compare

the rent as determined under average clause (a) of sub-section (2) with the average rates of assessment as determined under clause (b) of that sub-section, and after making due allowance for any difference in' the conditions prevailing in the two cases. and a.lso in. cases to clalISe (a) of sub-section (2), for any difference in the conditions prevailing in the village referred to in that proviso and in the principal village, determine (i) the extent, if any, to which the rates of rent payable for each class of ryoti land in the principal village should, in his opinion, be reduced and (ii) the rates of' rent payable for each such class of lands after such reduc tion.

the proviso

falling

under

Explanation I. The Special Officer shall have power only to determine that the rents payable for. any class of ryoti land in the principal village shall be reduced; and he shall have no power t<> determine that such rents shall be enhanced.

718

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(1970] 2 S.C.R.

Explanation 2. The extent of reduction, if any, determined by the Special Officer under this sub-section shall also apply where rent in the principal village is paid in kind or on the estimated value of a portion of the crop or at rates varying with the crop; whether in cash or in kind, or partly in one of these ways and partly in another, or partly in one or· more of these ways and partly in cash. In every such case the Special Officer shall also determine the rent payable, whether in kind or in cash or partly in kind and partly in cash, as the case may be.

(3-A) In the case of lands in an estate which became ryoti lands after the commencew.ent of this Act, the Special Officer shall determine for each class of such lands in the principal village rates of rent per acre payable therefor under this A~t. The rates of rent so determined shall be the same as those fixed ryoti under sub-section (2) of section 3 for similar lands in the same village;

the

rates of

Provided that where the

rent payable in respect of ryoti lands in the principal village have not been fixed under sub-section (2) of section 3, or where there are no similar ryoti lands in the principal village, the rates of rent so determined shall be the same as those fixed under sub-section (2) of section 3 for similar ryoti lands in the rtearest village in the estate, or, 1f there is the nearest no such village. in the nearest village in estate in which conditions are generally to similar :hose obtaining in the principal village.

("') Where the conditions in a group of two or more villages in an estate are generally the Special Officer may perform the functions under sub sections 2, 3 and 3-A in respect of such group of villages as a whole, instead of separately respect cf each village in the group."

similar

in

Section 3 so far as relevant for our purpose may now

be reproduced.

"Power of State .Government to reduce rates of rent after considering Special Officer's recommendations.

3 (I) "After completing his work sh~ll submit his

in any estate, recommenda- the Special Officer tions to ihe State Government through the Board of Revenue specifying in case of ryoti lands which were in existence at the commencement of this Act, ( i) the

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

PANTIIULU v. A. P. STATE (Dua, J.)

719

if any,

to which the rents for ea.ch

cla_ss of exient, such lands in each village or group of VIilages m the estate, should in his opinion, be reduced and (ii) the rate of rent payable for each such class after . such reduction, and in the' case of lands in each village or group o~ villages in the estate which became ryoti land after the commencement of this Act, the rate of rent determined ··by him in accordance with the pro visions of sub-section (3-A) of section 2.

( 2) After considering the recommendations of t4e Special Officer and the remarks of the Board of Reve nue thereon, the State Government shall, by order pub lished in the Fort. St. George Gazette, fix the rates of rent payable in respect of each class of ryoti land in each village in the estate."

"Provided that where the rate of rent so fixed in res pect of any class of ryoti lands which were in existence at the commencement of this Act, or in respect of any class of lands which became ryoti lands in any fasli year after such commencement exceeds the rate of rent pay able in respect thereof at such commencement or in that fasli year, as the case may be, only ihe latter rate of rent shall be payable in respect of such land.

· It is not necessary to reproduce the rest of the sections. Section 7 empowers the State Government to make rules to carry out the purpose of the Act and s: 8 ousts the jurisdiction of the Courts of Law to question the validity of, certain orders and proceedings. ' Section 8 reads as under :

"Validity of certain orders anJ proceedings not to be ques

tioned.

8. The .validity of the following orciers and proceed mgs shall not be liable to be ques,;oned in any Court of Law.

( i) any order made under sectiOill 3 sub-section ( 2) ; (ii) any recovery ' of rent effected by the Provincial Government under section 3 sub-section ( 4) or any payment made by them to the landholder . under the same sub-section;

(ii-a) any order i;nade under sectiOillS 3a and 3c;

720

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1970] 2 s.c.R.

(iii) any detennination of the net income Of average net income or average net income made under section 5, rnb-section (2)."

A

The precise question requiring decision by us is whether the present suit questioning the validity of the fixation of rent in Ex A-13 is excluded from the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts by B virtue of s. 8(i). There is no dispute that clause (i) is the only relevant clause to be consider~d in this connection. The appel lant's learned counsel submitted that the exclusion of jurisdiction of the Civil Co1f18 cannot be extended to orders which were not made in strict compliance with the provisions of s. 3 (2) because unless so made they cannot be considered to be hit by According to the respondent's learned counsel, on the other hand, C Ex. A-13 was made pursuant to the power conferred by s. 3(2) and is therefore covered by s. 8(i). He further submitted that there being a complete machinery provided by the statute itself for challenging the orders made in proceedings taken thereunder, the Civil Courts are precluded from considering the correctness of those orders. According to him ss. 3A and 3B provide for recti- D fication of errors committed by the Special Officer ·and that looking at the statutory scheme it must be held that an order purporting to be made under s. 3 ( 2) of the Reduction -Of Re~t Act is immune from challenge in the Civil Courts.

s. 8 ( i) . ·

'·

E

The general prinoiple on which the jurisdiction of Civil Courts can· successfully be excluded in respect of decisions by special Tribunals is well settled. The difficulty usually arises in its appli cation to given cases. As observed by the Privy Council in Secretary of State v. Mask and Company(') the exclusion of the jurisdiction of the Civil Courts must either be explicity expressed ;Further even if the jurisdiction is so excluded or clearly implied. the Civil Courts have jurisdiction to examine into the cases where F the provisions of the Act have not been complied with or the statutory Tribunal has not acted in COtnformiiy with the funda mental principles of judicial procedure. It is unnecessary to refer to other cases dealing with this question. We need only refer to the recent decision of this Court in Dhulabhai and others v. The State of Madhya Pradesh .and another( 2 in which after an ex haustive discussion of the case Jaw the legal position was sum marised by the Court speaking through Hidayatullah, C.J. as follows :

G

)

" ( 1) Where the statute gives a finality to the orders of the special tribunal the Civil Courts' jurisdic- tion must be held to be excluded if there is ade- quate remedy to do what the Civil Courts would

· - - - - (!) [1940] 67

I.A. 222.

(2)

[1968] 3 S.C.R. 662.

H

A

B

c

D

E

·F

G

H

PANTHULU v. A. P. STATE (Dua, J.)

721

(2)

normally do in a suit. Such provision, however, does not exclude those cases where the. provi sions of the particular Act have not been com plied with or the statutory tribunal has not acted in conformity with the fundamental principles of judicial procedure.

Where there is an express bar of the jurisdiction of the court, an e::amination of the scheme of the particular Act to find the adequacy or the sufficiency of the remedies provided may be rele vant but is not decisive to sustain the jurisdiction of the civil court.

Where there is no express exclusion the ex amination of the remedies and the scheine of the particular Act to find out the intendment be inquiry comes necessary and the result of the In the latter case it is neces may be decisive. sary to see if the statute creates a special right or a liability and provides for the determination of the right 6r liability and further lays down that all questions about the said right and liability shall be determined by the tribunals so constitut ed, and whether remedies normally associated with actions in Civil Courts are prescribed by the said statute or not.

(3)

Challenge io the provisions of the particular Act ·as ultra vires cannot be brought before Tribunals constituted under that Act. Even the High Court camnot go into that question on a revision or re• ference from the decision o{ the Tribunals.

(4)

When a provision is already declared unconsti tutional or the unconstitutionality of any provi sion is to be challenged, a suit is open. A writ of certiorari may include a direction for refund if the claim is clearly within the time prescribed by the Limitation Act but it is not a compulsory remedy to replace a suit.

(~) Where the particular Act contains no machinery for refund of tax collected in excess of constitu tional limits or illegally collected a suit. lies. ( 6) Questions of the correct.ness of the ·assessment apart from its constitutionality are for the deci sion of the authorities and a civil suit does not lie if the orders of the authorities are declared to be final or there is an express prohibition in the

722

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(1970] 2 S.C.R.

particular Act. In either case the scheme of the particular Act must be examined because it is relevant enquiry.

(7) An exclusion of the jurisdiction of the Civil Court is not. readily to be inferred unless the conditions above set down apply."

According to the appellant's counsel the first proposition covers the present case. He submitted that there is no statutory definition to which one can turn for the purpose of determining wet, dry and garden lands as contemplated by the Reduction of Rent Act. The matter has therefore necessarily to be decided by holding an inquiry into the factual position. This, the counsel argued, was not done. We were taken through the relevant portions of Ex. B-24 which is a report from the Special Assistant to the Special Officer for rent reduction. It is observed therein that there are no wet or garden lands in village Kalipatnam and that the entire land is delta dry in which wet paddy is raised under Kalipatnam project channel. The ryots pay to the Government Rs. 5/- per acre by way of water It \'las emphasised by the appellant's learned counsel that rate. the fact that wet paddy is raised in this land, which is described as delta dry and that water rate is paid to the Government, must conclusively show that the land is not delta dry but wet. It is the. factual position and not bare entry in the settlement register which should be the guiding factor. Support for this submission was also sought from the recent unreported decision of this Court in O. K. Muthuswamy Mudaliar & Ors. v. State of Madras('), in which the following observations occur :

"The mere fact that the lands are registered dry does not- affect their value. The lands aTe fertile and are cultivated with wet crop. They are irrigable with the waters of the river Bhavani. There is abundant supply of water throughout the year. The landowners had the .right to take wateT for the irrigation of 400 acres." In this connection the appellaint's learned counsel also criticised

the following observation in the judgment of the High Court :

"In the Statements Ex. B-5 and Ex. B-6, furnished by the plaintiff himself, the classification of the land is shown as dry though it is also mentioned that the lands If a pro were cultivated with double crop of paddy. prietor owns a certain land but does not own the water source from which water is being taken for irrigating that land, he will not be in a position to classify it as wet land for the benefit of claiming re.nt for himself in the same way as he would be if he owned a water source and supplied wBter therefrom as a guaranteed supply to

A

B

c

D

E

F•

G

H

A

B

c

D

E

F

G

H

PANTHULU v. A. P. STATE (Dua, J.)

723

lands registered under that sour~e as ayacut. In the pre sent case, water, was Government water which was brought from Government project."

On behalf of the appellant it was submitted that this c'.)serva tion is un.sound and is not supportable by any provision of Jaw. The respondent's counsei was unable to support this ob•ervation of the High Court.

Reverting to Ex. B-24 Kalipatnam village was compa~ed with In regard to that village Losaragutlapadu, an adjacent village. also it is mentioned that there is an extensive wet cultivation in delta dry land under project channels as in Kalipatnam. Shri J. Sarnbamurthy, to whose inspection note dated July 1, 1948 refer ence is made in Ex. B-24 appeared as D.W. 5 and the counsel In cross-examination he deposed took us through bis statement. as follows :

"I cannot say whether there are 4,000 acres of land which are double· crop land. There are some lands in which double crops are grown. I cannot say · their extent. There are small extents of garden lands. There are single crop lands under extension channel. All these lands are treated as dry lands rents reduced. The Kali patnam is at the tail end of the delta .... The Losaragut lapadu is in Bhirnavaram taluk. Y anamadula Drain intervenes Kalipatnam and Losaragutlapadu. Gollavani thippa lands have come under cultivation previously. It I cannot say whether there is part of Losaragutlapadu. are 11,000 acres of land uncultivated in Losaragut lapadu. Probably it is forest area. There were small extents of land in Muthyalapalli llllld Vempa under the Project Channel. Ex. B-4 shows that there are lands of double crop. Under the Act the plaintiff has to furnish a statement of lands etc. The plaintiff's a!!e!lt furnished Exhibit B-6.

-

The

soil of Losaragutlapadu was

examined. This is contained in Exhibit B-24. The Settlement Officer classifi.ed the soils under contained Diglot Regis·· ters. An extract of it is contained in Exhibit B.24. I cannot say readily now without reference to Settle ment Manual what the figures given in th.e Diglot Regis ter are relating to the soils. That statement contained the Losaragutlapadu. A similar in the file relates statement for Ka!ipatnam was not taken. There is no such statement for that village. I did not write to the Settlement Department to prepare such a statement for suit village. T do not know whether the Government

to

724

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(1970) 2 S.C.R.

analise the soil through Agricultu:ai Department before the project was started .......... I examined the soils at one or two places and I consulted the Settlement Re I cannot say whether those one or. i;ister at 'that time. tlrn places were under extension project. remember I have taken d.~scription of the soil from the Settlement Register and Manual. . . . . . I do not know about the c0nstruction of the project.''

I

\

Shri J. Satyanarayana, Tahsildar, who appeared as D.W. 7 stated in his cross-examination that the lands in Kalipatnam were sancti0ned with two crops, though he could not say whether they were under cultivatfon since 1948. He was also unable to say whether the settlement register from Kalipatnam was avail able in Taluk Office. According to him water rate in the year 1958 was increased 50% for all lands including Kalipatnam. The ce.ss was also increased proportionately. He was unable to in explain the figures given under the description of the soil Ex. B-24. and indeed he expressed his ignorance the about existence of any regbter for Kalipatnam on this subject.

The appellant's argument strongly pressed before us was that the class of land had been determined to be delta dry land exclusi>ely on the basis of the settlement register which did not contain any entry with respect . to Kalipatnrun. The entry in the settlement register with respect to the soil of Losaragut Japadu could not be taken to cover the soil in Kalipo.tnam in the absence of evidence that the soil in these two villages was simila~ in this respect. Stress was also Jed on the submission tha• description in the settlement register could not be considered to be conclusive and that proper factual inquizy was necessary because the determination affects appellant's -·proprietary rights. The submission appears to us to possess merit. The Special Officer had an obligation under s. 2 of the Reduction of Rent Act to determine in respect of Kalipatnam village the average rate of cash rent per acre for each class of ryoti land in existence at the time of the commencement of the Act, such as, wet, dry and gard~. This had to be determined on the basis of relevant material. The Special Officer, however, proceeded to found his determination only on the report of the Special Assistant (Ex. B-24) which, as discussed above, only took into account the entry in the &ettlement register with respect to the soil of Losara gutlapadu. This really means that the determination of the Special Officer is solely based on the settlement register containing no entry in regard to Kalipatnam. This material is irrelevant and cannot constitute a rational basis for founding;·thereon the determination of the Special Officer. His determination must, therefore, be held

the

A

B

c

D

E

r

G

K

PANTHULU v. A. P. STATE (Dua, J.)

725

A

B

C

to be based on no evidMce, with the result that it must be held to be in yioiation of the fundamental principles of judicial procedure. A fortiori the order ci the Government made under s. 3(2) ex dusively on the basis of the recommendation of the Special Officer must in consequence be held to be not in conformity with the provisions of the Reduction of Rent Act and, therefore, outside the purview of s. 3(2) of that Act. Section 8(i) would accord ingly be inapplicable and the jurisdiction of Civil Courts cannot be excluded. The notification Ex. A-13 must, therefore, be struck dow.n as contrary to Jaw and ultra vires the Reduction ol Rent Act.

We accordingly allow the appeals with costs and strike down the report of the Special Officer as also the notification Ex. A-13. As observed earlier challenge to Exhibit A-1 was not pressed at the hearing by the appellant. It would be open to the authorities concerned to proceed to reduce the rent in accordance with law. One set of costs.

Y.P.

Appeals allowed.