TRIVENI PRASAD RAMKARAN VERMA versus THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

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TRIVENI PRA5AD RAMKARAN VERMA

v.

THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

September 7, 1976

[P. N. BHAGWATI AND S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, JJ.]

Gold Control Rules, 1963, w/1ether b1c/udes smuggled gold within their

ambit.

The appellant was found carrying smuggled gold with foreign markings, con cealed on his person. He was convicted by the Presidency Magistrate under Section 135(b) read with Section 135(ii) of the Customs Act, 1962, and Rule 126H (2)(d) read with Rule 126 P(2)(iv) of the Gold Control Rules, 1965. the High Court upheld the convictions. The appellant contended that th~ gold allegedly recovered from him was smuggled gold, and hence not covered by the Gold Control Rules, 1963.

Dismissing the appeal the Court,

HELD : The Gold Control Rules, 1963, seek to control and regulate deal- ings in gold, and are applicable alike to smuggled gold as to non-smuggled gold, and the inhibition of Rule 126 H(2) (d) that no person other than a licensed dealer shall acquire gold except in accordancd with a permit or authori sation granted by the Administrator, is not confined in its operation to non smuggled gold but applies equally in relation to smuggled gold. The object and purpose of the restrictions imposed by the Gold Control Rules, 1963, would be smuggled gold.

frustrated by excluding [523 A-D; 524 B-C]

their abmit and coverage,

from

Aravinda Mohan Sinha v. Prohlad Chand Samenta AIR 1970 Cal 437 over-

ruled.

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 264 of

1971.

(Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 19/20th August, 1971 of the Bombay High Court in Cr.A. No. 650 of 1970 with Crl. Rev. No. 886/70).

B. R. Agarwala and P. B. Agarwal, for the appellant.

H. R. Khanna and M. N. Shroff, for the respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

BHAGWATI, J.-The appellant was tried before the Presidency Magistrate, 25th Court, Mazgaon, Bombay for offence under clauses (a) and (b) of section 135 read with section 135(ii) of the Customs Act, 1962 and Rule 126H(2) (d) read with Rule 126P(2) (iv) of the Gold Control Rules 1963. The prosecution case against the appel Inspector lant was that on 7th September, 1965 about 3.45 p.m. Tilwe, who was at the material time Senior Grade Inspector of Cus toms attached to Gold Circle, Central Excise, Bombay, received in formation that two persons would be coming down from a building known as Hira Mahal, situated at Kalbadevi Road, and they will be carrying gold in the handle of a cane basket and also in their shoes 17-l 104SCI/76

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520

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1977) 1 S.C.R.

for

ln~pect<;>r Tilwe, on receipt of this information, sent Inspector N1cham and both of them kept guard outside Hira Mahal building from about 8.00 p.m. Around 8.45 p.m., the appellant accompanied by his material uncle's son Dwarkaprasad, his son Dalip aged 9 years and his servant by the name of Mahadev, came out of Hira Mahal building. The appellant was carrying a basket in his hand and after coming out of the building, the appellant and his companions got into a Victoria and proceeded towards Victoria Terminus Station. Inspec tor Tilwe and Inspector Nichani followed these persons and when the appellant and his companions got down from the Victoria and entered the platform, Inspector Tilwe accosted them and took them to the office of the Assistant Station Master and searched them there in the selected by presence of three panchas. Two of the panchas were Inspector Tilwe while tJ1e third volunteered to act as Pancha. On taking search, it was found that the shoes worn by the appdlant and Dwarkaprasad had specially made cavities and four gold biscuits with foreign markings were found in the shoes of each of these two per sons. The basket carried by the appellant also contained 27 gold biscuits with foreign markings concealed in the handle which was made of brass and which had a specially made cavity in it for concertling gold biscuits. While the search was going on, one Ticket Collector called Tharandas Bhatia arrived on the scene and he also witnessed the search. Inspector Tilwe seized the gold biscuits which were recovered from. the appellant and Dwarkaprasad, in the reasonable belief that they were smuggled and hence liable to confiscation under section 111 of the Customs Act, 1962. This search and seizure was recorded in a Panchanama Ex. X, which was witnessed by the three first panchas. class Railway Tickets for the journey from Bombay to Kanpur, one Reservation Card and two Platform Tickets and so also were the basket and the shoes seized under the same Panchanama Ex.X. the Inspector Tilwe then took the appellant and Dwarkaprasad to Central Excise Office and recorded their statements in the presence of Inspector Nichani under section 107 of the Customs Act, 1962. The statement of the appellant which is marked Ex. W was written by Dwarkaprasad in Hindi and was signed by the appellant. The appel lant admitted in his statement that he was carrying smuggled gold concealed in the handle o fthe basket and shoes for being handed over to a firm called M/s Pannalal Durgaprasad at Kanpur and that he had been doing this work for the last six months ever since his business as a goldsmith was closed down. Another statement of the appellant was also subsequently recorded by Inspector Tilwe on 22nd November, 1966 at the shop of the appellant and this statement was written by one Maganlal, an employee of the appellant, in Gujarati and was signed by the appellant. Both the appellant and Dwarka prasad were thereafter prosecuted for offences under clauses ( 1) and (b) of section 135 read with section 135(ii) of the Customs Act, 1962, and Rule 126H(2)(d) read with Rule 126P(2).(iv) of the Gold Control Rules, 1963. Dwarkaprasad pleaded gmlty to the charge and was convicted and we are not concerned in this appeal with the conviction and sentence recorded against him. The appel-

Inspector Tilwe also seized from the appellant two

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TRlVENI PD. RAMKARAN VERMA v. MAHARASHTRA (Bhagwati, J.) 5 2 1

lant denied the charge and hence he was tried before the learned Presidency Magistrate. The only evidence led on behalf of the prosecution against the appellant was that of 'Inspector Tilwe and· Tharandas Bhatia. None of the panchas was examined as a witness to prove the search and seizure. The learned Presidency Magistrate observed that in view of the fact that Tharandas Bhatia had not signed the Panchanama Ex.X nor his statement had been recorded by the Customs Authorities or the Railway Police, and his nanie had also not been shown as a witness in the complaint, it would not be desir able to rely on his evidenc_e against the appellant. But the learned Presidency Magistrate found the evidence of Inspector Tilwe satisfac tory and convincing and on the strength of this evidence, he held the charge proved against the appellant and convicted the appellant of the offence under clause (b) of section 135 read with section 135(ii) of the Customs Act, 1962 and Rule 126H(2)(d) read with Rule 126P(2) (iv) of the Gold Control Rules, 1963 and sentenced him to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two months and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- or in default to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two months for each of these two offences. Since there was no evidence to show that the appellant himself had smuggled the seized gold into India, he was acquitted of the charge under clause (a) of section 135 read with section 135 (ii) of the Customs Act, 1962.

The appellant preferred an appeal against his

11nd sentence but the High Court agreed with the view taken by the learned Presidency Magistrate and dismissed the appeal of the appellant. Hence the present appeal with special leave obtained from this Court.

conviction

It is true that the conviction of the appellant rests solely on the evidence of Inspector Tilwe. There were three panchas who witness ed the Panchanama Ex. X regarding search and seizure of gold from the appellant but unfortunately none of the three panchas could be examined, as they were not traceable in spite of efforts made by, the prosecution. Two of the panchas undoubtedly remained present in the course of the adjudication proceedings but that was in December 1967. The trial before the learned Presidency Magistrate commen ced in April 1969 and evidence was given by Inspector Tilwe in December 1969 and at that time none of the three panchas could be traced and brought for the purpose of giving evidence. The state ment of Inspector Tilwe that "all the three panchas are now not traceable in spite of great efforts" was not challe;nged in cross-examin ation and we must, therefore, proceed on the basis that none of the three. panchas was available and if that be so, no adverse inference the can be drawn against the prosecution for not examining any of three panchas. Tharandas Bhatia was no doubt examined but the learned· Presidency Magistrate preferred not to rely on his evidence and we think, he was right in doing so. Inspector Nichani could, of course, have been examined as a witness, since he was present at the time of search and seizure, but his non-examination cannot help the appellant, since he was also an Inspector in the Customs Department like Inspector Tilwe and once Inspector Tilwe gave evidence, it would not have added to the weight of prosecution evidence by also examin-

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

[1977] 1 s.c.R.

It may also be noticed that the case of

~g him. . The prosec~tion case against the appellant must, therefore, ~ the ultimate analysis ~tand or fa~ by the evidence of Inspector 11lwe. The learned Presidency Magistrate as well as the High Court accepted the evidence of Inspector Tilwe and we do not se1~ any reason to interfere with the concurrent view taken by both thes1~ courts as regards the appreciation of his evidence. It was not the case of the appellant that he and Dwarkaprasad along with Dalip and Mal!adev did not proceed from Hira Mahal building to Victoria Terminus or that they were not taken by Inspector Tilwe to the office of the Assis tant StatiQn Master for purpose of search or that gold was not found as a result of the search, but his defence was that the seized gold was found from Dwarkaprasad and not from him and that both the basket and the shoes belonged to Dwarkaprasad and he had nothing to do with the same. Now, it is difficult to see why Inspector Tilwe should have falsely implicated the appellant if, in fact, the seized gold was found only from the person of Dwarkaprasad and the appellant was completely innocent. the appellant was that Mahadev was the servant of Dwarkaprasad and it was Dwarkaprasad who was going from Bombay to Kanpur along with his servant Mahadev and the two Railway Tickets from Bombay to Kanpur were meant for Dwarkaprasad. But it is diffic1Jlt to understand why in that event there should have been two first class Railway Tickets. Mahadev could not possibly be travelling by first class along with his master. The fact that there were two first class Railway Tickets shows that the appellant and Dwarkaprasad were going to travel from Bombay to Kanpur. This is also borne out from the statement Ex. H given by the appellant to Inspector Tilwe. The appellant tried to wriggle out of the statement Ex. H by showing that it was taken from him under threat and was not a voluntary state ment containing the true facts. But it is evident from the contents of the statement Ex. H that it is a genuine documep.t. There are several details in the statement Ex. H which could never have been dictated by Inspector Tilwe. There is inherent evidence in the con tents of the statement Ex. H showing that the statement is true. ' It was admitted in the statement Ex. H, that the appellant was carrying gold from Bombay to M/s Pannalal Durgaprasad at Kanpur and this statement is clearly supported by the seizure of two First Class Railway Tickets from Bombay to Kanpur. It is true that the reservation card seized at the time of search did not show in whose name the• reserva tions were made and it would have been better, if the prosecution had summoned the railway authorities to produce the Reservation Chart of the train for the purpose of showing in whose name the reservations were made. But even so, the fact that the reservation card was seized from the appellant shows that the appellant was travelling from Bombay to Kanpur. We do not see any cogent reasons for ta~ing a different view from that taken concurrently by the learned Presidency Magistrate and the High Court in regard to the evidence of Inspector Tilwe and we think this evidence is sufficient to found the conviction of the appellant.

The appellant, however, contended that even i;f it be held that gold was found from the person of the appellant, as alleged by the

TRIVllNI PD. RAMKARAN VERMA v. MAHARASHTRA (Bhagwati, J.) 523

prosecution, it was smuggled gold and hence not covered by the Gold Control Rules, 1963 and, in the circumstances, no offence under Rule 126H(2) (d) read with Rule 126P(2) (iv) could be said to have been committed by the appellant in acquiring such gold. The argn ment of the appellant was that the Gold Control Rules, 1963 apply only in relation to what may be called legal gold or non-smuggled gold and smuggled gold is outside their scope and ambit and hence acquisition of smuggled gold would not constitute an offence under the Gold Control Rules, 1963. This is an argument of despair and cannot be sustained even for a moment. Rule 126H(2) (d) pro vides, inter alia, that no person other than a licensed dealer shall buy or otherwise acquire or agree to buy or acquire gold, not being orna ments, except in accordance with a permit granted by the Administra tor or in accordance with such authoriation as the Administrator may make in this behalf. The word 'gold' is defined in clause (c) of the Explanation to Rule 126A to mean gold, including its alloy, whether virgin, melted, remelted, wrought or unwrought, in any shape or form, of a purity of not less than nine carats and include any gold coin (whether legal tender or not), any ornament and any other article of gold". This definition does not restrict the meaning of the It is wide enough to in word 'gold' to legal or non-smuggled gold. The clude any kind of gold, whether smuggled or non-smuggled. restrictions imposed by the Gold Control Rules, 1963 could not have been intended merely to apply to legal gold. The object and purpose of the restrictions would be frustrated by excluding from their ambit and coverage smuggled gold. The Gold Control Rules, 1963 seek to control and regulate dealings in gold and 'gold' within the meaning 0£ these rules must include not only non-smuggled gold but also smuggled gold. We fail to see on what principle of construction can smuggled gold, which is 'gold' within the meaning of the definition, be excluded from the operation of these Rules. There is no scope for inferring any such exclusion nor is there anything in the Rules which supports such exclusion. Take, for example, Rule 126 B which says that a dealer shall not make or manufacture any article of gold other than ornament. Can it be suggested for a moment that this Rule does not prohibit a dealer from making. or manufacturing articles out of smuggl ed gold? Then: again, look at Rule 126 C. It provides, inter alia,. that no dealer shall make, manufacture or prepare any ornament hav ing gold of a purity exceeding fourteen carats. Can a dealer make an ornament of smuggled gold having purity exceeding fourteen carats without committing a breach of this Rule? Rule 126-1 provides that every person shall make a declaration to the Administrator as to the quantity, description and other prescribed particulars of gold owned by him. How can a person, who has smuggled gold, say that he is not bound to make a declaration under this Rule? The object of re quiring a declaration is that the Government should know what is the gold possessed by each person, so that dealings in gold can be control led and regulated and this object would be thwarted if smuggled gold were not subject to the requirement of declaration. Then again consider Rule 126 D which says that no person shall make advance or grant any loan to any other person on the hypothecation, pledge, mortgage or charge of any gold other than ornament, unless such gold,

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[1977] 1 S.C.R.

has been included in a declaration. If smuggled gold were outside the scope of this rule, it would be open to ai person to advance moneys on the security of smuggled gold without involving any violation of this rule. That surely could not have been the intention of the Govern ment in making the Gold Control Rules, 1963. We are aware that there is a decision of the Calcutta High Court in Aravinda Mohan Sinha v. Prohlad Chand Samenta(1) where a Divisi'On Bench has taken the view that "declaration under Ru!~ 126 P is in respect of legal gold as opposed to smuggled gold and no question of declaration in respect of smuggled gold can arise under Gold Control Rules, 1963," but we do not think this decision represents the correct law on the point. We are of the view that the Gold Control Rules 1963 are applicable alike to smuggled gold as to non-smuggled gold, and the inhibition of Rule 126H(2) (d) that no person other than a licensed dealer shall acquire gold except in accordance with a permit or authorisation granted by the Administrator is not confined in its operation to non-smuggled gold but applies equally in relation to smuggled gold. The learned Pre sidency Magistrate and the High Court were, therefore, right in con victing the appellant under Rule 126 H(2) (d) read with Rule 126 P(2) (iv) of the Gold Control Rules, 1963.

Since the appellant is convicted of the offence under Rule 126P (2)(iv) of the Gold Control Rules, 1963, the sentenc.: of imprison ment to be imposed on him cannot be less than .six months and the High Court was right in enhancing the sentence to six months imprisonment. But so far as the sentence of fine is concerned, we do not think that the facts and circumstances of the case justify a heavy fine of Rs. 3,000/- for each of the two offences for which the appellant is convicted. It appears from the statement of the appellant Ex. H that he was a carrier of gold for M/s Pannalal Durgaprasad of Kanpur and the purchase price of Gold was provided substantially by this Kanpur firm and the appellant was merely to receive some com mission. The appellant was a goldsmith who had lost his business for the last six months and perhaps economic necessity drove him to carry on this nefarious activity. The sentence of imprisonm,~nt which has been imposed on the appellant would be suf-Jicient deterrent to him and many others who indulge in this anti-social activity which is calculated to disrupt the economy of the country. We feel that in the circumstances, the ends of justice would be met if the sentence of fine is reduced from Rs. 3,000/- to Rs. 500/- for each of the two offences.

We accordingly confirm the conviction of the appellant as also the sentence of imprisonment imposed on him but reduce the sentence of fine from Rs. 3,000/- to Rs. 500/- for each of the two offences for which the appellant is convicted with a direction that in default of payment of fine, the appellant will ~uffer rigorous i_mp.ris~mment for a period of two months. The appeal 1s allowed to this hm1ted extent.

H

M.R.

(1) A.I.R. 1970 Cal 437

Appeal partly allowed.