THE UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS versus MESSRS. BHAN MAL GULZARI MAL AND OTHERS

1959

t1t••a: Ltd ·

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eve ;.en The State of Biha•

Subba Rao f.

' 1959

December x6.

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service, as the State Government renewed the licence for 1953-54. In this state of record we must hold that the respondents failed to prove that the petitioner D was guilty of repeated failure to comply with the pro- visions of the Act. On the basis of the said finding, the respondents would have no power to take action under s. 25(l)(c) of the Act.

The foregoing discussion establishes that neither the necessary condition to enable the Government to take action under s. 25(1)(c) of the Act has been estab, lished nor the State Government had afforded reason• able opportunity to t}J.e petitioner within phe meaning of the second proviso to s. 25(1),

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In the result we accept the petition and issue a writ of certiorari against the respondents quashing the order of the Government of Bihar dated September 1, 1955, cancelling miner's licence No. 261-H of 195~ granted in favour of the petitioner. The respondents will pay the costs to the petitioner.

Petition allowed,.

THE UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS v. MESSRS. BHAN A MAL GULZARI MAL AND OTHERS (B. P. SINHA, C.J., P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, K. SuBBA RAo, K. C. DAs GuPTA AND J.C. SHAH, JJ.)

. Iron and Steel Control-Notification issued by.Controller fixing maximum price of steel-Constitutional validity~Iron and Steel (Control of Production and Distribution) Order, r94r, cl. IIB Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, r946 (XXIV of r946), ss. 3, 4-Constitution of India, Arts. I9(I)(f) and (g).

The respondent company was registered a stock-holder under the Iron and Steel (Control of Production and Distribution) Order, r94r, issued by the Central Government in exercise of its powers under r. 81(2).of the Defence of India Rules. On Decem ber ro, 1949, the Iron and Steel Controller issued a notification under cl. nB of the Order decreasing the prices already fixed for all categories of steel by . Rs. 30 per hm: . Criminal .cases were started against the. company' its three directors; its . general

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manager and two sales-men under cl. nB, read with s. 7 of the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, on the allega- ·

v.

The Union of India tion that they had sold their old stock of steel for prices higher than those prescribed by the said notification. The respondents Bhan• Mal moved the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution for quashing the said criminal proceedings. Their contention was Gulzari Mal that cl. nB of the Order was invalid and unconstitutional as it violated Arts. l9(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. It was also urged that the said clause was ultra vires the powers conferred on the Central Government by s. 3 of the Act, under which the order must now be deemed to have been issued. The High Court held that the cl. nB violated Arts. l9(1)(f) and (g) of-the Consti tution. The Union of India appealed.

_ Held, that neither cl. nB of the Iron and Steel (Control of Production and Distribution) Order, 1941, nor the impugned notification-violated -Art. 19(1)(!) and (g) of the Constitution and their validity was beyond question.

The clear implication of the constitutional validity of ss. 3 and 4 of the Essential Supplies (Temporary powers) Act, 1946, as found by this Court in Harishankar Bagla v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, [1955] l S.C.R. 380, is that if the Central Government, instead of exercising its own authority under s. 3 of the Act, chooses by a notified order to authorise the Controller to pass appropriate orders, the notified order cannot be challenged on the ground that it suffers from the vice of excessive delegation.

All that the Iron and Steel (Control of Production and Distribution) Order, l94r, seeks to do is to prescribe an integrated scheme for the guidance of the Controller and other specified authorities in effectuating the policy laid down by s. 3 of the Act and it is obvious that cl. nB of the Order by authorising the fixation of the maximum price for the different categories of iron and steel directly carries out that legislative object, namely, equitable distribution of the goods at lair prices. The power conferred on the Central Government by s. 3 and on the specified authority by s. 4 of the Act is canalised by the policy clearly enunciated by s. 3, and cl. nB which seeks to further canalise the exercise of that power cannot be said to confer on the dele gate uncanalised- or unbridled power or suffer from excessive delegation. It is apparent, therefore, that cl. rrB read by itself cannot · violate Art. 19 of the Constitution and there is no basis for the argument that by conferring such powers as it does on the Controller, it unreasonably restricts the exercise of fundamental rights under Art. 19(1)(!) and (g) of the Constitution.

It may, however, still be open to a party to show that a price structure fixed by the Controller by a particular notification violates Art. 19 of the Constitution. But before this can be successfully done, he must be able to show not merely that a particular stock-holder suffered loss in respect of particular

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transactions bnt that in a large majority of cases, if not all, the impugned notification is likely to adversely affect the fundamen- tal right of the dealers under Arts. l9(1)(f) and (g) of the Consti- The Union of India ~tioo.

M/s. Dwarka Prasad' Laxmi Narain v. The State of Uttar

~ Bhana, Mal Pradesh, [1954] S.C.R. 803 and The State of Rajasthan v. Nath Mul Gul,zari Mal and Mitha Mal, [1954] S.C.R. 982, distinguished.

x959

Harishankar Bagla v. The State of Madhya Pradesh, [1955]

I S.C.R. 380, explained and applied. CRIMINAL APPELLATE

JURISDICTION: Criminal

Appeals Nos. 36 to 38 of 1955.

Appeals from the judgment and order dated the 14th February, 1955, of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench), Delhi, in Criminal Writs Nos; 36-D, 37~D and 52-D of 1954.

0. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, N. S.

Bindra and R.H. Dhebar, for the appellants.

N. 0. Chatterjee, A. N. Sinha and N. H. Hingorani,

for the respondents.

1959. December 16. The judgment of Sinha, C. J., Gajendragadkar, Das Gupta and Shah, JJ., was delivered by Gajendragadkar, J. Subba Rao, J., delivered a separate judgment.

GAJENDRAGADKAR J.-These three appeals which Gaj•ndragadkar J.

have been filed in this Court with certificates issued by the Punjab High Court under Art. 132(1) of the Constitution are directed against the orders passed by the said High Court by which cl. llB of Iron and Steel (Control of Production & Distribution) Order, 1941 (hereinafter called the Order) has been declared unconstitutional and ·inoperative, and _the criminal proceedings commenced against M/s. Bhana Mal Gulzari Mal and others under the said clause llB read with s. 7 of the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946 (Act XXIV of 1946) (hereinafter called the Act) have been quashed. M/s. Bhana Mal Gulzari Mal Ltd., is a private limited company having its registered office at Chawri Bazar, Delhi. Since 1948, it has been registered as a stockholder by the Iron and Steel Controller (hereinafter called the Cont- roller) under cl. 2(d) of the Order.· It appears that,

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under cl. IIB of the Order notifications had been d. issued from time to time giving a schedule of base 10 d prices m respec o iron an , 1949, the Controller issued a notification under cl. II B decreasing by Rs. 30 per ton the prices already fixed for all categories of steel. Several criminal cases GaJ'1fdragadkar J. were instituted (Nos. 385.410 of 1954) against the said company, its three directors, its general manager and

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two salesmen (hereinafter called respondents 1 to 7) 1

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on the allegation that they had sold their old stock of steel for prices higher th.an those prescribed by the said notification of December 10, 1949. When the respondents had thus to face several criminal proceed. ings they filed three writ petitions in the Punjab High Court against the Union of India, the State of Punjab and others (hereinafter called the appellants). By their Writ petition No. 36 of 1954 (23-3-54) they prayed for a direction, order or writ restraining the appellants from enforcing or giving effect to cl. l lB or the said notification, as well as a writ or order quashing the criminal proceedings commenced against them. The decision in this writ petition has given rise to Criminal Appeal No. 36 of 1955. Writ Petition No. 37of1954 (23.3-54) prayed for a similar order specifically in respect of the criminal cases Nos. 385- 410 of 1954 then pending against the respondents, and asked for an interim stay of the said proceedings. The order passed on this writ petition has given rise to Criminal Appeal No. 37 of 1955. It appears that under some of the criminal proceedings filed against the respondents orders for search had been passed by the trial Magistrate on May 12, 1953. These orders were challenged by the respondents by their Writ Petition No. 52-D of 1954 (7-4-54). An appropriate writ was asked for quashing the warrants issued under the said orders. From the orders passed on this writ petition, Criminal Appeal No. 38 of 1955 In all these writ petitions the respondents' arises. contention was that cl. UB was invalid and unconsti- tutional as it violated Arts. 19(1)(f) and (g) as well as Art. 31 of the Constitution .. They also urged that the said. clause was ultra vires the powers

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conferred on the Central Government by s. 3 of the Act. The notification issued by the Controller on , December 10, 1949, was challenged by the respondents The Union of India on the ground that it was issued under a clause which Bhan: Mal was invalid and was otherwise unreasonable and void. Gulzari Mal In substance the High Court has upheld the respond- ents' plea that cl. l lB is ultra vires as it is violative Gajendragadkar J. of the fundamental rights guaranteed under Arts. 19 (l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. In the present appeals the appellants seek to challenge the correct- ness of this conclusion. Thus the main point which calls for our decision in this group of appeals is whether cl. llB of the Order is valid or not.

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The impugned clause forms part of the Order which has been issued by the Central Government in exercise of its powers conferred by sub-r. (2) of r. 81 of the Defence of India Rules. Before considering the appellant's contention that cl. llB is valid it would be necessary to refer briefly to the parent Act, and to trace the vicissitudes through which it has passed, to examine its material provi sions and their effect on the controversy in the present appeals. It is well-known that on Septem ber 29, 1939, the Defence of India Act was passed to provide for special measures to ensure the public safety and interest and the defence of British India and the trial of certaii;i offences. The Act and the Rules framed thereunder were enacted to meet the emergency which had arisen as a result of the Second World War. Rule 81(2)(b) of the Rules authorised the Central Government inter alia, so far as appears to it necessary or expedient for securing the defence of British India or the efficient prosecution of war or for maintaining supplies and services essential to the life of the community, to provide by order for controlling the prices or rates at which articles or things of any description whatsoever may be sold or hired and for relaxing any maximum or minimum limits otherwise imposed on such prices or rates. This Act was followed by Ordinance No. XVIII of 1946, which was promulgated on September 25, 1946. Olausefl 3 and 4 of this Ordinance are relevant for our

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purpose. Clause. 3(1) provides inter alia that the . Central Government, so far as it appears to it neces- The Union °! India sary or expedient for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity, or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, may by notified order provide for regulating Gajendragadkar ]. or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution thereof, and trade and commerce therein; sub-cl. 2(c) adds inter alia · that without prejudice to the generality of the powers conferred by sub.s. (1), an order made thereunder may provide for control ling the prices at which any essential commodity may be bought or sold. This Ordinance was issued to provide for the continuance during a limited period of powers to control the production, supply and distribu tion of, and trade and commerce in, certain com modities which were treated as essential for national economy. The essential commodities which were covered by the Ordinance were defined by cl. 2(a) as meaning any of the classes of commodities specified ; they included iron, steel and coal. Having provided for the delegation of the specified powers to the Central Government under cl. 3 the Ordinance provided for sub-delegation by cl. 4. Under this clause the Central Government was authorised to direct by a notified order that the power to make orders under cl. 3 shall, in relation to such matters and subject to such condi tions, if any, as may be specified in the direction, be exerciseable by (a) such officer or authority subordinate to the Central Government, or (b) such Provincial Government or such officer or authority subordinate to a Provincial Government, as may be specified in the direction. This Ordinance was later followed by the Act (Act XXIV of 1946) which was passed on Novem ber 19, 1946. The preamble to the Act, the definition of essential commodity and the provisions for deleg ation and sub-delegation which were included in the Ordinance have been re-enacted by the Act. The life of the Act thus passed was continued from time to time until the Essential Commodities Act No. 10 of 1955 was put on the statute book as a permanent measure. The provis~ons of the Defence of India Act and the

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Rules framed thereunder came into force to meet the . emergency created by the war ; but even after the war came to an end and hostilities ceased the emergency The Union of India created by the war continued and the economic pro- Bha=~ Mal blems facing the country needed the assistance of Gulzari Mal similar emergency provisions. That explains why those provisions have continued ever since 1939.

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The Order of which cl. llB is a part was issued on July 26, 1941, by the Central Government in exercise of the powers conferred on it by r. 81(2) of the Defence of India Rules which correspond to the provisions of s. 3 of the Act. It may be pointed out that as a result of the combined operation of cl. 5 of Ordinance XVIII of 1946 and s. 7 of the Act, the Order must now be deemed to have been issued under s. 3 of the Act. It is necessary to examine briefly the broad features of the scheme of this Order. The Controller specified in the Order is the person appointed as Iron and Steel Controller by the Central Government and includes any person described by cl. 2(a) of the Order. The Order applies to all iron and steel of the categories specified in its Second Schedule. Clauses 4 and 5 regulate the acquisition and disposal of iron or steel~ and cl. 8 requires that the use of iron and steel must conform to the conditions governing the acquisition. This clause shows that, in exercise of the powers conferrea on the Controller by the proviso to it, the Controller has to .take into account t'he requirements of persons holding stocks, the requirements of persons needing such stocks, the transport facilities available and any other factor including a strike or lock-out affecting the production or fabrication. Clauses lOB and IOC empower the Controller to direct sale of iron and steel in cases specified in the said clauses. Clause llA authorises the Controller, where he is satisfied that such action is necessary in order to co-ordinate the production of iron and steel with the demands ofiron or steel which have arisen or are likely to arise, to prohibit or require production of the said commodities in the manner indicated by sub-els. (a), (b) and (c) therein. That takys us to cl. 11 B the validity of which

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falls to be considered in the present appeals. It reads

. thus :

"11B. Powertofixprices.-(1) TheControllermay from time to time by notification in the Gazette of India fix the maximum prices at which any iron or steel may be sold (a) by a producer, (b) by Stock- holder including a Controller Stockholder and (c) by any other person or class of persons. Such price or prices may differ from iron and st2el obtainable from different sources and may include allowances for contribution to and payment from any Equalis ation Fund established by tbe Controller for equali sing freight, the concession rates payable to each producer or class of producers under agreements entered into by the Controller with the producers from time to time, and any other disadvantages.

The Controller, may also, by a general or special order in writing, require any person or class of persons enumerated above to pay such amount on account of allowances for contribution to any Equalisation Fund, within such period and in such manner as the Controller may direct in this behalf. (2) For the purpose of applying the prices notified under sub-clause (1) the Controller may himself classify any iron and steel and may, if no appro priate price has been so notified, fix such price as he considers appropriate :

Provided that the Controller may direct that the maximum prices fixed under sub-clause (1) or (2) shall not apply to any spPcified stocks of iron or steel and may, in respect of such stocks specify the maximum prices at which such iron or steel may be sold and communicate the same in writing to the persons concerned and any person or persons hold ing such stocks of iron and steel for which prices have been so specified shall, at the time of the sale of such iron or steel or pai;t thereof, mention the number and date of the order of the Controller in every Cash Memo, Bill or other document evidencing the sale or disposal out of the respective stocks to which the order of the Controller applies.

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(3) No producer or stockholder or other person shall sell or offer to sell, and no person shall acquire Th th t any iron or stee a a price excee mg prices fixed under sub-clause (1) or (2)."

1959 -. - d. e Umon o n i& v. Bhana .Mal Clause 12 gives power to the Central Government to Gulzari Mal give directions to the Controller or other authorities in respect of the procedure to be followed by them -in Gajendragadkar f. exercising their powers and generally for the purpose of giving effect to the .provisions of the Order. It would thus be seen that in issuing this Order the Central Government have prescribed a self-sufficient scheme for regulating the production, supply and distribution of steel and iron at fair prices. The Controller is required to take an over-all view of the needs of national economy in respect of steel and iron and to to effectuate the policy of the Act. The appellants' con- tention is that if cl. llB is considered in the light of the scheme which the Order has in view it cannot be said that the said clause is violative of Arts. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution.

issue appropriate directions in order

Before we address ourselves to the question about the vires of cl. llB it is necessary to make it clear that the validity of ss. 3 and 4 of the Act has not been disputed before us, and indeed it cannot be disputed, . in view of the decision of the Court in Harishankar Bagla & Anr. v. The State of Madhya Pradesh (1). The challenge to the vires of cl. llB has, therefore, to be examined on the basis that ss. 3 and 4 of the Act are valid. It is relevant to set out the implications of this position. When it is assumed that ss. 3 and 4 are valid it necessarily means that they do not suffer from th~ vice of excessive delegation. When the Legislature delegated its authority to the Central Government to provide by order for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution of steel and iron, it had not surrendered its essential legislative function in favour of the Central Government. The preamble to the Act and the material words used in s. 3(1) itself embody the decision of the Legislature in the matter of the legislative policy, and their effect is to lay

(I) (c955] I S.C.R. 380.

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down a binding rule of conduct in the light of which d. the Central Government had to exercise its powers conferred on it by s. 3. The Legislature has declared its decision that the commodities in question are essential for the maintenance and progress of national economy, and it has also expressed its determination em eres o na 10na economy i 18 expe ient that the supply of the said commodities should be maintained or increased as circumstances may require and the commodities should be made available for equitable distribution at fair prices. The concept of fair prices which has been deliberately introduced by the Legislature in s. 3 gives sufficient guidance to the Central Government in prescribing the price structure for the commodities from time to time. With the rise and the said commodities or fluctuations in the supplies thereof, the chart of prices may, in the absence of well planned regulation, prove erratic and prejudicial to national economy, and without rational and well-planned regulation equitable distribution may be difficult to achieve; and so the Legislature has empowered the Central Government to achieve the object of equitable distribution of the commodities in question by fixing fair prices for them. Thus, when it is said that the delegation to the Central Government by s. 3 is valid, it means that the Central Government has been given sufficient and proper guidance for exercising its powers in effectuating the policy of the statute.

fall of national demand

for

Similarly the validity of s. 4 postulates that the powers conferred on the sub-delegate do not suffer from the vice of excessive delegation. Sub-delegation authorised by s. 4 is also justified because, like the delegate under s. 3, the sub-delegate under s. 4 "has been given ample guidance to exercise his powers when he is authorised by the Central Government in that behalf. If the Central Government chooses to exercise its powers under s. 3 itself it may pass appropriate orders to give effect to the policy of the Act in respect of matters covered by s. 3(1) and (2). When it adopts such a course the Central Government would have exercised its own authority under s. 3; and the exercise

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of its power cannot be challenged on the ground that it suffers from the vice of excessive delegation. h Similarly where by a notified order passed by the Central T e Unio;, Government under s. 3 the.Controller is authorised to Bhana Mal pass appropriate orders, the notified order cannot be Gulzari Mal challenged on the ground that it suffers from the vice of excessive delegation. In our opinion, this position is Ga;endragadkar J. implicit in the assumption that ss. 3 and 4 are valid.

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What does the Order purport to do? It purports to prescribe a scheme for the guidance of the Controller or other authorities specified in it when they exercise. their powers and attempt to effectuate the policy of the Act. There can be no doubt that in exercising its powers under s. 3 the Central Government could itself have prescribed a price structure for steel and iron ' from time to time. Similarly, if by a notified order issued under s. 3 the Central Government had autho rised the Controller to do so, he could have himself prescribed a price structure in respect of steel and iron from time to time. Instead of passing a bare nctified order authorising the Controller to take appropriate steps to effectuate the policy of the Act, the Order ·purports to give him additional guidance by making several relevant provisions in regard to the produc tion, supply and safo of steel and iron. The several clauses of the Order constitute an integrated scheme which would enable the Controller to take steps to give effect to the policy laid down by s. 3 of the Act. Clause llB itself provides for the fixation of maximum prices for iron and steel. First of all the Controller has to classify iron and steel into different categories according as they are tested or untested ; an Equalisa tion ]'und has to be established by him for equalising freight, and he has to take into account the concession which is payable to each producer or class of producers under existing valid agreements and any other dis advantages. He is empowered to require the parties concerned to make a contribution to the -Equalisation Fund, and the maximum prices which he has to fix have to be fixed separately for the producers, the stockholders including the controlled stockholders and other persons or class of persons. Having fixed

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'959 · maximum prices as prescribed by cl. 12 the proviso confers power on the Controller to grant exemptions - k to spec1 e stoc. s o iron an stee ia mg un er t e said proviso. After thus prescribing the procedure for fixing the maximum prices and after indicating some of the factors which have to be considered in Gajendragadkar J. fixing the maximum prices, sub-cl. (3) of cl. 11 B imposes a statutory prohibition against the specified persons from selling or offering to sell iron and steel at a price exceeding the maximum price fixed under sub-cl. (2).

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It is obvious that by prescribing the maximum prices for the different categories of iron and steel cl. llB directly carries out the legislative object prescribed in s. 3 because the fixation of maximum prices would make stocks of iron and steel available for equitable di,,tribution at fair prices. It is not difficult to appreciate how and why the Legislature must have thought that it would be inexpedient either to define or describe in detail all the relevant faetors which have to be considered in fixing the fair price of an essential time to time. In prescribing a commodity from schedule of maximum prices the Controller has tci take into account the position in respect of production of the commodities in question, the demand for the said commodities, the availability of the said commodities from foreign sources and the anticipated increase or dec rease in the said supply or demand. Foreign prices for the said commodities may also be not irrelevant. Having regard to the fact that the decision about the maximum prices in respect of iron and steel would depend on a rational evaluation from time to· time of all these varied factors the Legislature may well have thought that this problem should be left to be tackled by the delegate with enough freedom, the policy of the Legislature having been clearly indicated bys. 3 in that behalf. The object; is equitable distribution of the com modity, and for achieving the object the delegate has to see that the said commodity is available in sufficient quantities to meet the demand from time to time at In our opinion, therefore, if cl. llB is fair prices. considered as a part of the composite scheme evidenced

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:1959

by the whole of the Order and its validity is examined ~n the light o~ the provisions of ss. 3 and 4 o~ the Act, The Unio;;of India it would be difficult to sustain the plea that 1t confers v. on the delegate uncanalise<l or nnbridled power. We Bhana Mal are inclined to hold that the power conferred on the Gulzari Mal Central Government by s. 3 and on the authority specified by s. 4 is canalised by the clear enunciation Gajendragadkar 1 · of the legislative policy ins. 3 and that cl. llB seeks further to canalise the exercise of the said power ; and so it is not a case where the validity of the clause can be successfully challenged on the ground of excessive delegation. We have referred to this aspect of the matter at some length because it appears to have influenced the final conclusion in the judgment under appeal. As we will presently indicate the argument before us has, however, centred on the question as to whether the clause has violated Art. 19 of the Con- stitution.

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It was faintly argued that cl. llB should have referred to the prices of some specified year as basic prices of the commodities and should have directed the Controller to prescribe the maximum prices in respect thereof by reference to the said basic prices. In support of this contention reliance is placed on the provisions of s. 3 of the English Prices of Goods Act, 1939. It appears that s. 1 of the said Act prohibits sale of price-regulated goods at more than permit ted price, and s. 3 defines the expression " basic price" as the price at which in the ordinary course of business in the case of which those goods were to be sold, agreed to be sold or offered for sale at the 21st day ofAugust, 1939. Section 4 defines the permitted increases. It is in the light of the operation of ss. 3 and 4 that the prohibition enacted by s. 1 becomes effective under the act. Reference is also made to the American Emergency Price Control Act 1942, under which the administrator is directed, in fixing prices, to give due consi~eration so far as practicable to prices prevailing during a designated base period and to make adjustments for relevant factors of general applic ability (Vide: Yakus v. United States (1)). In our

(1).(1943) 321 u. s. 414.

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opinion, the analogy of the two statutes cannot effect- ively sustain the argument that in the absence of a · 1 llB · 1t must necessan y correspon mg prov1s10n m c . be held to be unconstitutional. In deciding the nature and extent of the guidance which should be given to the delegate Legislature must inevitably take Gajendmgadkar J. into account the special features of the object which it intends to achieve by a particular statute. As we have already indicated the object which was intended to be achieved and the means which were required to be adopted in the achievement of the said object have been clearly enumerated by the Legislature as a matter of legislative decision. Whether or not some other matters also should have been included in the legis lative decision must be left to the Legislature itself. The question which we have to consider is whether the power conferred on the delegate is uncanalised or unguided. The answer to this question must, we think, be in favour of the appellants. Having regard to the nature of the problem which the Legislature wanted to attack it may have come to the conclusion that it would be inexpedient to limit the discretion of the delegate in fixing the maximum prices by reference to any basic price. Therefore, we must hold that cl. llB is not unconstitutional on the ground of excessive delegation. It is of course true that though cl. llB may not be unconstitutional on the ground of excessive delegation its validity can still be attacked on the ground that it violates Arts. 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. Mr. Chatterjee realised that failure to appreciate the effect of this Court's decision in Bagla' s case (1) consti tuted the main judgment , under infirmity in the appeal; and so he did not press the argument about excessive delegation. He contended that cl. llB was void because it violated Arts. 19,l)(f) and (g) inasmuch as the power conferred on the Controller by the said clause puts an unreasonable restriction on the res pondents' fundamental rights guaranteed under Art. 19. In support of this argument he has relied on the deci sions of this Court in M/s. Dwarka Prasad Laxmi Narain v. The;- State of Uttar Pradesh & Two Ors.(•)

(1) [1955] 1 S.C.R. 380.

(•) [1954] S.C.R. 803,

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) in effect concludes

and The State of Rajasthan v. Nath Mal and Mitha Mal (i). On the other hand, the learned Solicitor- . General has contended that the decision of this Court The Union of India in the case of Harishankar Bagla (2 Bhan: Mal the controversy between the parties in the present Gulzari Mal appeals. We will presently refer to these decisions; but before we do so we may mention the material Gajendragadkar J. facts on which the contention is raised. The challenge to the validity of the criminal proceedings pending against the respondents can be made on three alter- native grounds ; it can be urged that ss. 3 and 4 of the Act are ultra vires, and if that is so neither the Order subsequently issued nor cl. llB nor the fixation of 'Ve have already shown that prices would be valid. this form of challenge has not been adopted by the respondents. It can also be urged that either the whole of the Order issued by the Central Government or cl. llB in particular is invalid as offending Arts. l9(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. It is with this argument that we are at present concerned; or, alter- natively it can be urged that the actual fixation of prices by which a flat reduction of Rs. 30 per ton was directed is itself unreasonable and violative of Arts. l9(l)(f) and (g). Now in regard to the challenge to cl. llB on the ground that it violates Art. 19 it is difficult to see how this clause by itself can be said to violate Art. 19. In so far as the argument proceeds on the assumption that the authority conferred on· the Controller by cl. llB is uncanalis.ed or unbridled or unguided, we have already held that the clause does not suffer from any such infirmity. Therefore reading cl. 11 B by itself we do not see ·how it would be possible to hold that the said clause is violative of Art. 19. In fact, if ss. 3 antl 4 are valid and cl. llB does nothing more than prescribe conditions for the exercise of the delegate's authority which are consistent with s. 3 it is only the actual price structure fixed by the Controller which in a given case can be successfully challenged as violative of Art. 19. Let us therefore consider whether it is open to the respondents to challenge the said price structure in the present appeals.

(1) [1954] S.C.R. 982.

(2) [1955] l S.C.R. 380.

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In their writ petition the respondents had challenged d. the validity of the notification issued by the Controller • on December 10, 1949, mamly, if not wholly, on the ground that it was issued under cl. 11 B which itself

. v. Bhana Mal Gulmi Mal was void. It is true that in the course of the argu ments it appears to have been urged before the High Gajemiragadhar f. Court that the flat deduction of Rs. 30 per ton directed by the impugned notification is unreasonable, and in its judgment the High Court has characterised the said deduction as being confiscatory. It also appears that the price for sale by registered producers of untested articles was Rs. 333 per ton whereas the price for sale by controlled stock holders is Rs. 363 and the price at which the respondents could sell was Rs. 378 per ton. As a result of the deduction of Rs. 30 directed by the impugned notification the respondents were required to sell at Rs. 348 per ton. It is alleged on their behalf that they had purchased the commodity from the controlled stockholders at the rate of Rs. 363 per ton and in consequence compelling them to sell the commodity at the reduced price means a loss of Rs. 15 per tqn. This part of the respondents' case has not been tried by the. High Court and since it was a matter in dispute between the parties it could not be tried in writ proceedings; but apart from it the peti tions do not show that the respondents seriously challenged the validity of the notification on this aspect of the matter. Besides in considering the validity of the notification it would not be enough to show that a particular registered stockholder suffered · loss in respect of particular transactions. What will have to be proved in such a case is the general.effect of the impugned notification on all the classes of dealers taken as a whole. Ifit is showri that in a large majority of cases, if not all, the impugned notification would adversely affect the fundamental right of the dealers guaranteed under Arts. 19(l)(f) and (g) that may constitute a serious infirmity in the validity of the notification. In the present proceedings no case has been made out on this ground and so we cannot embark upon an enquiry of that type in appeal.

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· It still remains to consider the decisions of this z959 Court on which Mr. Chatterjee has relied. In the case Th u -. - of M/s. Dwarka PrasadLaxmi Narain( 1 ) the provision • nia;o of cl. 4(3) of the Uttar Pradesh Coal Control Order, Bhana Mal 1953, was held to be void as imposing an unreason- Gulzari Mal able restriction upon the freedom of trade and busi- ness guaranteed under Art.19(1)(g) of the Constitution, Gajendragadkar J. and not coming within the protection affordt>d by cl. (6) of the article. It is significant that in dealing with the validity of the impugned clause the court has expressly stated that the vires of ss. 3 and 4 of the Act were not challenged. The impugned clause, it was, however, held, had conferred on the licensing authority unrestricted power without framing any rules or issuing any directions to regulate or guide his discretion. Besides the power could be exercised not only by the State Coal Controller but by any person to whom he may choose to delegate the same and it was observed that the choice can be made in favour of any and every person. It is because of these features of the impugned clause that this Court held that the clause cannot be held to be reasonable. It is difficult to see how this decision can help the respondents in attacking, cl. llB. We have already indicated that the powers exerciseable by the Controller under cl. l IB are in terms made subject to the general power of the Central Government to give directions prescribed by cl. 12. Incidentally we may point out that though cl. 4(3) was struck down by this Court els. 7 and 8 which empower the Coal Controller to prescribe the terms and prices on which the commodity in question , could be sold were upheld as valid. Mr. Chatterjee contends that in upholding these two clauses this Court has taken into account the formula prescribed by Schedule III and it appeared to the Court that the application of the formula did not on the whole lead to any unreasonable result. Besides the explanation to cl. 8 also provided some guidance to the authority fixing the price structure and that guidance was also taken into account by this Court in upholding the validity of the two impugned clauses. That no doubt is true ; but, in our opinion, it would be unreasonable

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to suggest, as Mr. Chatterjee sought to do, that in the d' absence of provisions like the explanation to cl. 8 or the formula to Schedule III cl. 11 B m the present oase should be struck down as void. Such a contention finds no support in the decision in the case of M/s. Dwarka PrascuZ Laxmi Narain (1 ).

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n the case of Nath Mal(•), this Court struck down the latter part of cl. 25 of the Rajasthan Foodgrains Control Order, 1949. In this case again it is signific the impugned clause ant that the challenge proceeded on the specific and express assumption that s. 3 of the Act was valid. Now it appears that the impugned clause empowered the Government to requi sition the stock at a price lower than the selling price thus causing loss to the persons whose stocks are freezed while at the same time the Government was free to sell the same stocks at a higher price and make a profit. The case of the responrlcnt which illustrated this vicious tendency of the impugned clause was treated as a typical case which showed how business of grain-dealers would be paralysed by the operation of the clause. It was on this view about the effect of the clause in general that the offending portion was struck down under Art. 19(l)(g) of the Constitution. It was held also to contravene Art. 31(2). This decision again does not assist the respondents' case because, as we have already pointed out, the validity of the impugned notification has not been challenged on any such gr_ound in the present proceedings.

That takes us to the decision of this Court in the case of Harishankar Bagla (') on which the appellants In that case this Court has held that strongly rely. ss. 3 and 4 of the Act are not ultra vires. It appears that s. 6 of the Act was held to be ultra vfres by the Nagpur High Court from whose decision the appeal arose. Thi8 Court reversed that conclusion and held that s. 6 of the Act also was valid. The appellant had challenged not only ss. 3, 4 and 6 of the Act but also the impugned Control Order. This order was the Cotton Textile (Control of Movement) Order, 1948. Section 3 of the Control Order in particular was

(1) [1954] S.C.R. 803,

(2) [1954] S.C.R. 98>.

(3) [1955] I S.C.R, 380.

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challenged as infringing the rights of a citizen guaran- z959 . -. - teed under Arts. 19(l)(f) and (g). Broadly stated this t The Union of India · 1 O d transpor sect10n o except under and in accordance with a general permit Bhan:· Mal or special transport permit as prescribed by it. The Gulzari Mal argument was thf!,t the power conferred bys. 3 consti- tuted an unreasonable restriction on the fundamental Gajendragadkar J. rights of the citizen under Arts. 19(l)(f) and (g) and that in substance it suffered from the same vice as cl. 4(3) of the Uttar Pradesh Coal Control Order which had been struck down by this Court in the case of M/s. Dwarka Prasad LaxmiNarain(1). This argument was rejected and it was observed that the impugned clause was not at all similar to cl. 4(3) with which this Court was concerned in the case of .111/s. DwarkaPrasad Laxmi Narain( 1 ). The appellants contend that the reasons given by this Court in upholding s. 3 of the Order applied with equal force to cl. llB in the present appeals. It cannot be said that there is no force in this contention. In the result we hold that neither cl. l lB of the Order nor the impugned notification issued by the Controller on December 10, 1949, violate the respon- dents' fundamental rights under Arts. 19(l)(f) and (g), and so their validity cannot be successfully challenged. The orders passed by the High Court on the writ petitions filed by the respondents before it would, therefore, be set aside and the said petitions dismissed . SuBBA RAO J.-I have had the advantage of perus ing the judgment of my learned brother, Gajendra I agree with his conclusion. gadkar, J.

The question raised in this case is whether cl. llB of Iron and Steel (Control of Production And Distribution) Order, 1941, violates the fundamental rights enshrined in Art. 19(l)(f) and (g) of the Constitution. In view of the decision of this Court in Harishankar Bagla v. The State of Madhya Pradesh( 2 ), which is binding on us, I agree with my learned brother that cl. llB of the said Order is valid. I do not propose to express my view on any other question raised in this appeal. , Appeals allowed.

(r) [1954] S.C.R. 803

(2) [1955] I $.C.R. 380.