Kerajaan Negeri Pahang SHARIFFA SABRINA BINTI SYED AKIL
Application to transfer was dismissed because the court found, on the affidavits, that the defamatory material was downloaded and caused damage in Pahang (Temerloh), establishing a real and substantial connection to Pahang; there was no evidence of prejudice to the defendant that could not be remedied by costs; the...
Source-derived case information.
- Citation
- CB-21CY-5-04/2022 (Mahkamah Tinggi)
- Parties
- Plaintiff: Kerajaan Negeri Pahang; Defendant: Shariffa Sabrina binti Syed Akil (No. K/P: 620611-07-5536)
- Court
- High Court
- Jurisdiction
- Malaysia
- Judgment Date
- 9 May 2023
- Case Number
- CB-21CY-5-04/2022 (Mahkamah Tinggi)
- Procedural Posture
- Civil Defamation (damages and Injunction) / Interlocutory Application to Transfer Venue; Pleadings Filed
- Outcome
- Defendant's application to transfer the proceedings to the High Court Malaya at Kuala Lumpur is dismissed.
- Legal Topics
- Forum Non Conveniens, Transfer of Proceedings, Internet Publication, Presumption of Publication S.114 a Evidence Act 1950, Location of Tort, Admissibility of Affidavits
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Summary, issues, holding and outcome
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Parties
Kerajaan Negeri Pahang
Plaintiff
Shariffa Sabrina binti Syed Akil (No. K/P: 620611-07-5536)
Defendant
Procedural Posture
Civil Defamation (damages and Injunction) / Interlocutory Application to Transfer Venue; Pleadings Filed
Legal Issues
- 1 Whether the High Court should transfer the proceedings from Temerloh, Pahang to Kuala Lumpur under forum non conveniens principles
- 2 Where the cause of action for alleged online defamation arose (geographical locus)
- 3 Whether the affidavit filed for the respondent/plaintiff was inadmissible for lack of proper deponent authority
Ratio Decidendi
Application to transfer was dismissed because the court found, on the affidavits, that the defamatory material was downloaded and caused damage in Pahang (Temerloh), establishing a real and substantial connection to Pahang; there was no evidence of prejudice to the defendant that could not be remedied by costs; the affidavit objection failed as Rules of Court allow affidavits by persons with knowledge; and s.114A does not by itself determine geographic locus of publication.
Court Disposition
Defendant's application to transfer the proceedings to the High Court Malaya at Kuala Lumpur is dismissed.
Orders
- Application by defendant to transfer venue to High Court Malaya at Kuala Lumpur dismissed.
Full Case Text
Judgment text and source record
1 paragraphs
CB-21CY-5-04/2022 Kand. 19 30/09/2022 15:01:58 DALAM MAHKAMAH TINGGI MALAYA DI TEMERLOH DALAM NEGERI PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR GUAMAN SIVIL NO: CB-21CY-5-04/2022 ANTARA KERAJAAN NEGERI PAHANG … PLAINTIF DAN SHARIFFA SABRINA BINTI SYED AKIL (NO. K/P: 620611-07-5536) … DEFENDAN ALASAN PENGHAKIMAN [1] Ini adalah satu tindakan untuk tuntutan gantirugi khas terhadap Defendan sebanyak RM1,000,000.00, gantirugi teruk, gantirugi keterlaluan dan gantirugi teladan. Di samping itu Plaintif juga memohon injunksi menahan Defendan menerbitkan kata-kata fitnah kepada Plaintif. [2] Penyataan tuntutan, penyataan pembelaan, penyataan pembelaan pihak-pihak telah difailkan. 1 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal [3] Pada 23.05.2022 melalui Lampiran 7 Defendan memohon agar kes ini dipindahkan ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur. Alasan permohonan tersebut adalah disebabkan Defendan menyatakan bahawa asas kepada tindakan Plaintif tidak wujud dan tidak berlaku di Temerloh, Pahang. Sebaliknya ia berlaku di alamat B- 10-2, Pavilion Residences 2, Jalan Raja Chulan, Kuala Lumpur iaitu di mana penerbitan-penerbitan telah dibuat. Oleh itu kausa tindakan berbangkit di B-10-2, Pavilion Residences 2, Jalan Raja Chulan, Kuala Lumpur. [4] Berdasarkan kepada prinsip forum non conveniens Defendan menyatakan bahawa adalah lebih sesuai untuk tindakan ini dimulakan di Mahkamah Tinggi di Kuala Lumpur demi kepentingan dan kemudahan pihak-pihak dan saksi-saksi dalam kes ini. Di samping itu ia tidak akan memprejudiskan pihak Plaintif disebabkan kes ini masih lagi belum dimulakan perbicaraan dan hanya pliding sahaja yang telah difailkan. [5] Plaintif dalam affidavit jawapannya telah membantah permohonan ini dengan menyatakan bahawa kausa tindakan berkenaan dengan fitnah banjir tersebut yang berlaku pada sekitar Disember 2021 adalah berlaku di Negeri Pahang. Ia tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan alamat rumah di mana Defendan tinggal. Kausa tindakan berada di dalam Negeri Pahang. Plaintif juga menyatakan bahawa kausa tindakan berlaku di Temerloh, Pahang. 2 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Isu Awalan [6] Pihak Defendan telah menimbulkan isu awalan di dalam hujahan bertulis iaitu En. Grippin Anak Akeng yang merupakan Timbalan Pengarah Perhutanan (Operasi) bagi Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Pahang tidak boleh mengemukakan affidavit bagi pihak Plaintif. Ini adalah disebabkan Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia tidak berada di bawah bidang kuasa Plaintif. Sebaliknya berada di bawah bidang kuasa Kementerian Tenaga Sumber Asli yang merupakan di bawah Kerajaan Persekutuan yang tidak menjadi pihak di dalam kes ini. Affidavit Jawapan tersebut haruslah diikrarkan oleh seorang pegawai Plaintif iaitu Pegawai Kerajaan Negeri Pahang. Oleh yang demikian Affidavit Jawapan tersebut tidak boleh diterima dan perlu diendahkah oleh Mahkamah. Analisa Bantahan Awal [7] Affidavit adalah kenyataan bertulis dengan bersumpah yang diikrarkan di hadapan seseorang yang berkuasa untuk menerima sumpah. Ia adalah suatu keterangan yang digunakan bagi mengganti keterangan lisan di dalam beberapa prosiding yang dibenarkan untuk mengunakan affidavit. Aturan 41 Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah (KKM) 2012 telah mencerakinkan tatacara penggunaan affidavit dalam satu prosiding sivil. Ia meliputi format affidavit, pihak yang boleh membuat affidavit, penggunaan jurat, affidavit yang difailkan oleh orang yang buta huruf atau buta, bahasa yang digunakan dalam affidavit, affidavit yang 3 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal diikrarkan di luar Malaysia, tatacara pemfailan affidavit dan tatacara permohonan untuk memanggil pengikrar affidavit untuk diperiksa balas di mahkamah. Salah satu peruntukan yang terdapat di dalam Aturan 41 KKM 2012 ialah Aturan 41 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 yang menyatakan bahawa sesuatu affidavit hanya boleh mengandungi fakta-fakta yang boleh dibuktikan oleh deponent daripada pengetahuannya sendiri. Aturan 41 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 adalah seperti berikut: 5. Kandungan afidavit (A. 41 k. 5) (1) Tertakluk kepada Aturan 14, kaedah 2(2) dan 4(2), kepada perenggan (2) kaedah ini dan kepada apa-apa perintah yang dibuat di bawah Aturan 38, kaedah 3, suatu afidavit hanya boleh mengandungi apa-apa fakta yang boleh dibuktikan oleh deponen daripada pengetahuannya sendiri. (2) Suatu afidavit yang diangkat sumpah bagi maksud digunakan dalam prosiding interlokutori boleh mengandungi pernyataan maklumat atau kepercayaan berserta dengan sumber dan alasannya. [8] Apa yang jelas daripada peruntukan Aturan 41 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 adalah satu affidavit boleh diikrarkan oleh mana-mana pihak berkenaan dengan fakta yang diikrarkan tersebut. Ini bermakna tiada dihadkan atau dikehendaki mana-mana orang yang mengikrarkan suatu affidavit dikehendaki adalah pegawai atau petugas di bawah mana- mana agensi yang boleh memberikan affidavit tersebut. Apa yang penting ialah orang yang membuat affidavit tersebut mempunyai 4 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal pengetahun berkenaan fakta yang diikrarkan dan boleh menunjukkan bahawa fakta tersebut adalah daripada pengetahuannya sendiri. Dalam erti kata lain di bawah Aturan 41 KKM 2012 tiada peruntukan yang mengkehendaki supaya pihak-pihak tertentu sahaja yang dibenarkan memberikan affidavit bagi sesuatu pihak. Apa yang penting ialah pihak- pihak yang mengikrarkan affidavit tersebut perlu dapat membuktikan bahawa ia dibuat adalah daripada pengetahuannya sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun bagi prosiding yang melibatkan pihak Kerajaan sebagai Plaintif atau Defendan terdapat peruntukan khusus berkenaan dengan pengemukaan affidavit di dalam permohonan untuk penghakiman terus. Ini dapat dilihat di dalam Aturan 73 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 yang menyatakan bahawa bagi permohonan di bawah Aturan 14 kaedah 1 KKM 2012 atau Aturan 81 kaedah 1 KKM 2012 atau di bawah Aturan 14 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 affidavit hanya boleh difailkan oleh peguam yang bertindak bagi pihak Kerajaan dan pegawai yang diberi kuasa dengan sempurna oleh peguam yang bertindak sedemikian oleh jabatan yang berkenaan. Aturan 73 kaedah 5 KKM 2012 menyatakan seperti berikut: 5. Penghakiman terus (A. 73 k. 5) (1) Suatu permohonan terhadap Kerajaan tidak boleh dibuat di bawah Aturan 14, kaedah 1 atau Aturan 81, kaedah 1 dalam apa- apa prosiding terhadap Kerajaan ataupun di bawah Aturan 14, kaedah 5 dalam apa-apa prosiding oleh Kerajaan. 5 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal (2) Jika suatu permohonan dibuat oleh Kerajaan di bawah Aturan 14, kaedah 1, Aturan 14, kaedah 5 atau Aturan 81, kaedah 1, afidavit yang dikehendaki bagi menyokong permohonan itu boleh dibuat oleh- (a) peguam yang bertindak bagi pihak Kerajaan; atau (b) seorang pegawai yang diberi kuasa dengan sempurnanya oleh peguam yang bertindak sedemikian itu atau oleh jabatan yang berkenaan, dan afidavit itu adalah cukup sekiranya ia menyatakan bahawa mengikut kepercayaan deponen pemohon itu berhak mendapat relief yang dituntutnya dan tidak ada pembelaan kepada tuntutan atau sebahagian daripada tuntutan yang permohonan itu berkaitan atau tidak ada pembelaan kecuali tentang amaun apa-apa ganti rugi yang dituntut. [9] Di dalam kes ini adalah didapati bahawa ia bukannya suatu permohonan di bawah Aturan 14 kaedah 1 dan kaedah 5 KKM 2012 atau di bawah Aturan 81 KKM 2012. Oleh itu prinsip umum pengemukaan affidavit di bawah Aturan 41 KKM 2012 adalah terpakai di dalam kes ini disebabkan ia adalah satu permohonan untuk memindahkan prosiding dari Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Temerloh ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur. [10] Oleh yang demikian bantahan awal pihak Defendan adalah ditolak. 6 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Merit Permohonan [11] Di dalam kes ini alasan yang dikemukakan untuk pemindahan kes daripada Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Temerloh, Pahang ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur adalah seperti yang dinyatakan di para [3] dan [4] di atas. Analisa [12] Mahkamah Tinggi mempunyai budi bicara untuk memindahkan prosiding atas alasan-alasan yang mantap di bawah undang-undang. Ia diperuntukkan di bawah seksyen 25 Akta Mahkamah Kehakiman 1964 seperti berikut: “(1) Without prejudice to the generality of Article 121 of the Constitution the High Court shall in the exercise of its jurisdiction have all the powers which were vested in it immediately prior to Malaysia Day and such other powers as may be vested in it by any written law in force within its local jurisdiction. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1) the High Court shall have the additional powers set out in the Schedule: Provided that all such powers shall be exercised in accordance with any written law or rules of court relating to the same.” [13] Di bawah Jadual Pertama Akta Mahkamah Kehakiman 1964 menyatakan kuasa tambahan di antaranya adalah seperti berikut: 7 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal “11. … 12. Transfer of proceedings Power to transfer any proceedings to any other Court or to or from any subordinate court, and in the case of transfer to or from a subordinate court to give any directions as to the further conduct thereof: Provided that this power shall be exercised in such manner as may be prescribed by any rules of court. 13. …” [14] Aturan 57 kaedah 1 (4) KKM 2012 telah memperihalkan pertimbangan yang perlu dibuat semasa mendengar permohonan pemindahan prosiding seperti berikut: “1. Pemindahan prosiding ke Mahkamah yang lain (A. 57 k. 1) Jika Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi atau Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen atau Majistret berpuas hati bahawa apa-apa prosiding dalam Mahkamah tersebut boleh menjadi lebih mudah atau adil untuk dibicarakan di Mahkamah yang lain yang setara bidang kuasa, dia boleh atas permohonan mana-mana pihak, memerintahkan prosiding itu dipindahkan ke Mahkamah yang lain. (2) Pemindahan apa-apa prosiding dari- (a) Mahkamah Rendah ke Mahkamah Tinggi; atau (b) Mahkamah Tinggi ke Mahkamah Rendah, 8 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal hendaklah hanya dibuat dengan perintah Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi atas permohonan mana-mana pihak melalui saman pemula atau notis permohonan, mengikut mana-mana yang bersesuaian. (3) Pemindahan apa-apa prosiding dari- (a) Mahkamah Majistret ke Mahkamah Sesyen; atau (b) Mahkamah Sesyen ke Mahkamah Majistret, hendaklah hanya dibuat dengan perintah Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen atas permohonan mana-mana pihak melalui saman pemula atau notis permohonan, mengikut mana-mana yang bersesuaian. (4) Sebelum membuat apa-apa perintah untuk memindahkan apa- apa prosiding dari- (a) Mahkamah Tinggi ke Mahkamah Tinggi lain yang setara bidang kuasa; (b) Mahkamah Rendah ke Mahkamah Tinggi; (c) Mahkamah Tinggi ke Mahkamah Rendah; atau (d) Mahkamah Rendah ke Mahkamah Rendah yang lain, Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi atau Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen atau Majistret, mengikut mana-mana yang berkenaan, hendaklah mengambil ke dalam pertimbangan sama ada Mahkamah Tinggi atau Mahkamah Sesyen yang akan mendengar kes itu terletak di atau berdekatan dengan tempat yang- (A) kausa tindakan itu berbangkit; (B) defendan, atau seorang daripada beberapa defendan, bermastautin atau mempunyai tempat perniagaannya; (C) fakta yang berdasarkan kepadanya prosiding itu wujud atau yang dikatakan telah berlaku; (D) tanah yang pemilikannya dipertikaikan itu terletak; atau 9 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal (E) bagi sebab-sebab lain yang wajar demi kepentingan keadilan bahawa prosiding itu patut dipindahkan. (5) Dalam Aturan ini, "Mahkamah Rendah" ertinya Mahkamah Majistret atau Mahkamah Sesyen.” Isu forum non conveniens [15] Prinsip forum non conveniens ialah boleh diringkaskan sebagai tempat yang paling sesuai untuk perbicaraan dijalankan dengan mengambil kira kepentingan pihak-pihak dan keadilan. Perkara ini telah dinyatakan oleh Mahkamah Pertuanan (House of Lords) di dalam kes Spiliada Maritime Corp v Cansulex Ltd, The Spiliada [1986] 3 All ER 843 yang mana menyatakan bahawa prinsip forum non conveniens seperti berikut: “In cases where jurisdiction has been founded as of right, ie where in this country the defendant has been served with proceedings within the jurisdiction, the defendant may now apply to the court to exercise its discretion to stay the proceedings on the ground which is usually called forum non conveniens. That principle has for long been recognised in Scots law; but it has only been recognised comparatively recently in this country. In The Abidin Daver [1984] 1 All ER 470, [1984] AC 398 Lord Diplock stated that, on this point, English law and Scots law may now be regarded as indistinguishable. It is proper therefore to regard the classic statement of Lord Kinnear in Sim v Robinow (1892) 19 R (Ct of Sess) 665 at 668 as expressing the principle now applicable in both jurisdictions. He said: 10 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal '… the plea can never be sustained unless the Court is satisfied that there is some other tribunal, having competent jurisdiction, in which the case may be tried more suitably for the interests of all the parties and for the ends of justice.' For earlier statements of the principle, in similar terms, see Longworth v Hope (1865) 3 Macph (Ct of Sess) 1049 at 1053 per the Lord President (McNeill) and Clements v Macaulay (1866) 4 Macph (Ct of Sess) 583 at 592 per the Lord Justice-Clerk (Inglis), and for a later statement, also in similar terms, see Société du Gaz de Paris v SA de Navigation 'Les Armateurs Français' 1926 SC (HL) 13per Lord Sumner. I feel bound to say that I doubt whether the Latin tag 'forum non conveniens' is apt to describe this principle. For the question is not one of convenience, but of the suitability or appropriateness of the relevant jurisdiction. However, the Latin tag (sometimes expressed as forum non conveniens and sometimes as forum conveniens) is so widely used to describe the principle, not only in England and Scotland, but in other Commonwealth jurisdictions and in the United States, that it is probably sensible to retain it. But it is most important not to allow it to mislead us into thinking that the question at issue is one of 'mere practical convenience'. Such a suggestion was emphatically rejected by Lord Kinnear in Sim v Robinow (1892) 19 R (Ct of Sess) 665 at 668 and by Lord Dunedin, Lord Shaw and Lord Sumner in the Société du Gaz case 1926 SC (HL) 13, 19, and 22 respectively. Lord Dunedin said, with reference to the expressions forum non competens and forum non conveniens: 'In my view, “competent” is just as bad a translation for “competens” as “convenient” is for “conveniens“. The proper translation for these Latin words, so far as this plea is concerned, is “appropriate“.' 11 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Lord Sumner referred to a phrase used by Lord Cowan in Clements v Macaulay (1866) 4 Macph (Ct of Sess) 583 at 594, viz 'more convenient and preferable for securing the ends of justice', and said: '… one cannot think of convenience apart from the convenience of the pursuer or the defender or the Court, and the convenience of all these three, as the cases show, is of little, if any, importance. If you read it as “more convenient, that is to say, preferable, for securing the ends of justice,” I think the true meaning of the doctrine is arrived at. The object, under the words “forum non conveniens” is to find that forum which is the more suitable for the ends of justice, and is preferable because pursuit of the litigation in that forum is more likely to secure those ends.' In the light of these authoritative statements of the Scottish doctrine, I cannot help thinking that it is wiser to avoid use of the word 'convenience' and to refer rather, as Lord Dunedin did, to the appropriate forum.” [16] Mahkamah Persekutuan telah menerima pakai penghakiman di dalam kes Spiliada Maritime Corp (supra) di dalam kes American Express Bank Ltd v Mohamad Toufic Al-Ozier & Anor [1995] 1 CLJ 273 dan menyatakan seperti berikut: “The doctrine of forum non conveniens appears to have originated in Scotland and has finally found full acceptance by the House of Lords in Spiliada Maritime Corp v. Consulax Ltd (The Spiliada) [1986] 3 All ER 843 after a series of decisions, as described and set out so well in that very interesting and readable joint article by R H Hickling and Assoc. Prof. Wu Min Aun [1994] 3 MLJ xcvii. 12 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal The main judgment in the Spiliada was delivered by Lord Goff, who adopted the dictum of Lord Kinnear in Sim v. Robinow [1892] 19 R (ct. of Sess.) 665, 668 as being the fundamental principle in regard to this doctrine ie. that "there is some other tribunal, having competent jurisdiction, in which, the case may be tried more suitably for the interests of all parties and for the ends of justice." Lord Goff cautioned that the word "conveniens" in forum non conveniens meant suitability or appropriateness of the relevant jurisdiction and not one of convenience. We are in entire agreement with the fundamental principle so expressed. In our view, where an application by a defendant for stay of proceedings is concerned, in applying the said doctrine, the defendant would have to satisfy the Court that "some other forum is more appropriate" per Lord Templeman in the Spiliada. Where on the other hand, leave to issue and serve out of jurisdiction a notice of writ of summons under O. 11 r. 1 of the RHC is involved then according to the reasoning of Lord Templeman, the plaintiff, (not the defendant, be it noted) would have to satisfy a Malaysian Court that, by comparison, that Malaysian Court is the most appropriate forum to try the action. Thus, it will be seen that in the instant case the burden lay on the bank customers, the plaintiffs to satisfy the High Court below that Malaysia was the most appropriate forum. Having regard to the reasoning of the learned Law Lords in the Spiliada and the learned joint article aforesaid, we are of the considered view that in all cases of either a defendant's application for stay of proceedings or a plaintiff's application for leave to serve out of jurisdiction under O. 11 r. 1 of RHC, or for setting aside such leave, it will be obligatory for a Malaysian Court to consider in any event, a most important factor ie. whether "it would be unjust to the plaintiff to confine 13 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal him to remedies elsewhere". It is indispensable when a Malaysian Court considers all cases in connection with forum non conveniens. The most important factor described above does arise, of course, out of a great variety of factors that a Malaysian Court ought to consider in applying the said doctrine; the prominent one being that whether any particular forum is one with which the action has the most real and substantial connection. One can easily visualize a large number of factors which overlap with one another”. [17] Mahkamah di tanah air telah menggunakan prinsip forum non conveniens yang dapat dilihat di dalam kes Sova Sdn Bhd v Kasih Sayang Realty Sdn Bhd [1988] 2 MLJ 268. Di dalam kes tersebut mahkamah mencadangkan Defendan-Defendan untuk membuat permohonan bagi memindahkan kes tersebut disebabkan pihak-pihak berada di Kuala Lumpur. YA Hakim Lim Beng Choon di halaman 271 menyatakan seperti berikut: “However, that is not the end of the matter since the defendants have also contended that this court is not the proper or convenient forum to determine the dispute between the parties. To this contention, I agree. It is quite obvious that in creating a branch of the High Court in Malaya in each state, the legislature had two things in mind: (i) to enable the parties of a civil suit to have easy access to a branch of the High Court in Malaya located in a state where either the plaintiff or the defendant resides. When a person is sued for breach of contract or for that matter a tortious act when the breach or the tort was committed in the state where he resides, it is certainly unreasonable to require him to travel all the way, say, 14 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal to Kuala Lumpur to defend himself. Apart from the expense incurred, the defendant may have to remain in Kuala Lumpur perhaps one week to participate in the civil proceedings. No doubt he would be compensated in terms of costs should he succeed in defending himself but the inconvenience caused may outweigh the amount of costs awarded to him; (ii) the obvious reason for the setting up of a branch of the High Court in Malaya in every one of the 11 states is to facilitate the disposal of cases in Malaya and to cut down, even if it is not yet possible to obliterate, the backlog of cases pending in any one or more of the branches of such High Court. For the reasons as stated above, I do not think that the present civil proceedings should be dealt with by this court. I am also of the view that it is for the defendants to apply to this court for a transfer of the civil suit and the application made by the plaintiffs under Order 81(1) to the High Court in Malaya at Penang or Kuala Lumpur since the cause of action arose in Penang but the parties have their places of business in Kuala Lumpur.” [18] Di dalam kes Dayasar Corp. Sdn Bhd. v C.P. Ng & Co [1990] 2 CLJ Rep 11 pula mahkamah mendapati bahawa adalah lebih sesuai untuk kes itu dibicarakan di Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuching disebabkan Defendan dan saksi-saksi berada di Kuching. YA Hakim Abu Mansor Ali menyatakan seperti berikut: “By this I rule that since the defendant/respondent company is residing in Kuching, the matter should really be filed in Borneo High Court in particular Kuching. 15 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Considered from the point of view of convenience, I also held that Kuching would be more convenient with the defendant residing there and the witnesses being there.” [19] Kini prinsip forum non conveniens telah dijadikan sebahagian daripada Kaedah-kaedah Mahkamah yang menyebabkan masalah yang timbul seperti dalam kes Dayasar Corp. Sdn Bhd. (supra) tidak akan timbul lagi apabila pemindahan perlu dibuat di dalam bidang kuasa tempatan yang berbeza seperti yang terdapat di Aturan 57 kaedah 1 (4) KKM 2012 seperti berikut: “Hakim Mahkamah Tinggi atau Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen atau Majistret, mengikut mana-mana yang berkenaan, hendaklah mengambil ke dalam pertimbangan sama ada Mahkamah Tinggi atau Mahkamah Sesyen yang akan mendengar kes itu terletak di atau berdekatan dengan tempat yang – (A) kausa tindakan itu berbangkit; (B) defendan, atau seorang daripada beberapa defendan, bermastautin atau mempunyai tempat perniagaannya; (C) fakta yang berdasarkan kepadanya prosiding itu wujud atau yang dikatakan telah berlaku; (D) tanah yang pemilikannya dipertikaikan itu terletak; atau (E) bagi sebab-sebab lain yang wajar demi kepentingan keadilan bahawa prosiding itu patut dipindahkan.” [20] Di dalam affidavit sokongan permohonan ini Defendan telah menyatakan bahawa kes ini perlu dipindahkan ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur disebabkan beliau beralamat di Kuala Lumpur. 16 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal [21] Persoalannya ialah adakah alasan-alasan tersebut mempunyai asas undang-undang. Adakah wajar mana-mana pihak meletakkan kepentingan peribadi atau kekangan masa atau jarak perjalanan bagi menjustifikasikan permohonan untuk pemindahan sesuatu prosiding. Mahkamah juga perlu menimbangkan dalam tindakan saman fitnah untuk melihat dimanakah kenyataan fitnah itu dilontarkan bagi menentukan dimanakah kausa tindakan dilakukan. Di dalam kes ini adalah didapati bahawa fitnah yang dikatakan dilakukan oleh Defendan kepada Plaintif dilakukan di dalam media sosial. Ia membawa maksud perkataan-perkataan tersebut mungkin disediakan di tempat yang lain dan diedarkan ke seluruh media maya. Oleh itu bagaimanakah dapat ditentukan sama ada perbuatan fitnah tersebut dilakukan di tempat kediaman Defendan iaitu di Kuala Lumpur ataupun dilakukan di Pahang. Bagi menjawab persoalan ini Mahkamah mendapat panduan daripada keputusan di dalam kes Dow Jones & Company Inc v Gutnick (2002) 194 ALR 433 di mana Mahkamah Tinggi Australia menyatakan seperti berikut: “[44] In defamation, the same considerations that require rejection of locating the tort by reference only to the publisher's conduct, lead to the conclusion that, ordinarily, defamation is to be located at the place where the damage to reputation occurs. Ordinarily that will be where the material which is alleged to be defamatory is available in comprehensible form assuming, of course, that the person defamed has in that place a reputation which is thereby damaged. It is only when the material is in comprehensible form that the damage to reputation is done and it is damage to reputation which is the principal focus of defamation, 17 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal not any quality of the defendant's conduct. In the case of material on the World Wide Web, it is not available in comprehensible form until downloaded on to the computer of a person who has used a web browser to pull the material from the web server. It is where that person downloads the material that the damage to reputation may be done. Ordinarily then, that will be the place where the tort of defamation is committed.” Ia juga telah dirujuk oleh YA Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman di dalam kes Lim Guan Eng v FZ Sdn Bhd & Anor [2015] 8 MLJ 469. [22] Selain daripada itu Mahkamah juga merujuk kepada keputusan Mahkamah Persekutuan di dalam kes Chan Kwon Fong & Anor v Chan Wah [1977] 1 MLJ 232 bagi melihat bagaimanakah kausa tindakan diputuskan bagi perbuatan fitnah yang dibuat dari luar Malaysia. Dalam kes tersebut YA Hakim Raja Azlan Shah menyatakan seperti berikut: “It is necessary, in my view, to ascertain the rule of private international law which defines the conditions of civil liability in this country for an act done abroad. As the law stands it must be accepted that an action of tort will lie in Malaysia for a wrong alleged to be committed in a country outside Malaysia if two conditions are fulfilled. Firstly, the wrong must be of such a character that it would have been actionable if it had been committed in Malaysia. Secondly, it must not have been justifiable by the law of the country where it was committed.” [23] Oleh itu perkembangan di dalam teknologi maklumat telah mengembangkan serta meluaskan pertimbangan berkenaan bidang 18 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal kuasa Mahkamah mendengar suatu kes tort misalnya tuntutan fitnah. Ini adalah disebabkan sempadan bidang kuasa telah melepasi bidang kuasa wilayah dan kini telah meliputi keseluruhan maya. [24] Dahulu, isu bidang kuasa Mahkamah di dalam kes tort adalah berdasarkan kepada tort yang berlaku di luar bidang kuasa sesebuah negara. Misalnya di dalam buku Clerk & Lindsell on Tort 18th Edition Sweet & Maxwell 2000 di halaman 266 menyatakan seperti berikut: “Jurisdiction: Common law Where the defendant is domiciled in a country party neither to the Brussels nor the Lugano Convention, he may be served with a claim form if he is simply present in England. However, if the claim has little or no substantive connection with England, the defendant can apply for a stay of proceedings on grounds of forum non conveniens. Exceptionally, the availability of legal aid (or some other form of financial aid in bringing proceedings) may be a factor in determining issues of forum non conveniens. A court may properly consider “ … whether the [claimant] can establish that substantial justice will not in the particular case be done if the [claimant] as to proceed in the appropriate forum where no financial assistance is available”. Where a tort is committed in England, leave may be sought to serve the claim form abroad. RSC, Ord. 11, r. (i)(f) provides that, for the purposes of jurisdiction, a tort is committed in England if either damage was sustained within the jurisdiction or resulted from an act committed within the jurisdiction.” [25] Pada masa yang sama Mahkamah semasa memutuskan dimanakah kausa tindakan bagi fitnah yang dilakukan melalui media sosial perlu mengambil kira peruntukan di bawah s. 114A Akta 19 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Keterangan 1950. Ia adalah bagi membolehkan gambaran menyeluruh berkenaan dengan dimanakah penerbitan dilakukan yang akan memberi kesan kepada kausa tindakan dan bidang kuasa Mahkamah yang akan mendengar kes tersebut. Seksyen 114A Akta Keterangan 1950 seperti berikut: “114A Presumption of fact in publication (1) A person whose name, photograph or pseudonym appears on any publication depicting himself as the owner, host, administrator, editor or sub-editor, or who in any manner facilitates to publish or re-publish the publication is presumed to have published or re-published the contents of the publication unless the contrary is proved. (2) A person who is registered with a network service provider as a subscriber of a network service on which any publication originates from is presumed to be the person who published or re-published the publication unless the contrary is proved. (3) Any person who has in his custody or control any computer on which any publication originates from is presumed to have published or re- published the content of the publication unless the contrary is proved. (4) For the purpose of this section- (a)"network service" and "network service provider" have the meaning assigned to them in section 6 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 [Act 588]; and (b)"publication" means a statement or a representation, whether in written, printed, pictorial, film, graphical, acoustic or other form displayed on the screen of a computer.” 20 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal [26] Mahkamah merujuk kepada kes Peguam Negara Malaysia v. Mkini Dotcom Sdn Bhd & Anor [2021] 3 CLJ 603 : “[44] It must be to resolve this difficulty that the Malaysian Parliament enacted s. 114A of the Evidence Act. The provision as the wordings suggest aims at presuming responsibility of publication on the Internet platform provider by dedicating specifically s. 114A to such a subject. To better appreciate the law, it is useful to reproduce here that provision in extensor: Presumption of fact in publication 114A. (1) A person whose name, photograph or pseudonym appears on any publication depicting himself as the owner, host, administrator, editor or sub-editor, or who in any manner facilitates to publish or re- publish the publication is presumed to have published or re-published the contents of the publication unless the contrary is proved. (2) A person who is registered with a network service provider as a subscriber of a network service on which any publication originates from is presumed to be the person who published or re-published the publication unless the contrary is proved. (3) Any person who has in his custody or control any computer on which any publication originates from is presumed to have published or re-published the content of the publication unless the contrary is proved. (4) For the purpose of this section: (a) "network service" and "network service provider" have the meaning assigned to them in s. 6 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 [Act 588]; and 21 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal (b) "publication" means a statement or a representation, whether in written, printed, pictorial, film, graphical, acoustic or other form displayed on the screen of a computer. [45] The presumption may be invoked against any person whose name appears on the publication as either the owner, host, administrator, editor, or sub-editor. It is beyond argument that Malaysiakini as the first respondent depicted itself as the host to the publication and by virtue of s. 114A(1), Malaysiakini is presumed to have published the impugned comments. We will deal with the possible presumption against the second respondent later. … [49] From the above speech, it is apparent that the challenges in identifying cybercriminals trickle down to tracing the offenders who naturally can hide behind the cloak of Internet anonymity. Although the email address, IP address, location, owner of the computer can be traced, the verification of the identity of the sender or commentator remains difficult. This warranted a provision on presumption based on the "owner honest principal" to ease the burden of proof in respect of certain facts. At first blush, the principal actor such as the Internet owner etc should be the first target to be imputed with liability. [50] However, the Minister in his statement did caution that the Public Prosecutor must be able to prove the existence of the basic facts before invoking that presumption.” [27] Adalah jelas dalam kes Peguam Negara v Mkini Dotcom (supra) di atas ia melibatkan isu penghinaan Mahkamah. Namun Mahkamah ini perlu melihat bagaimana penggunaan seksyen 114A Akta Keterangan 22 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal 1950 dalam kes-kes yang melibatkan penyebaran kenyataan melalui media sosial. Hal yang sama juga telah disentuh oleh Mahkamah Rayuan dalam kes YB Dato’ Hj Husam bin Hj Musa v Mohd Faisal bin Rohban Ahmad [2015] 3 MLJ 364. [28] Apa yang jelas daripada peruntukan seksyen 114A Akta Keterangan 1950 tersebut ialah berkaitan dengan anggapan penerbitan. Ia bukannya anggapan berkenaan dimanakah pernerbitan itu dibuat. Seksyen 114A Akta Keterangan 1950 ini boleh digunakan bagi mengaitkan seseorang dengan bahan yang diterbitkan. Oleh itu ia tidak boleh digunakan sebagai sandaran untuk menyatakan bahawa disebabkan Defendan berada di Kuala Lumpur dan semasa kenyataan fitnah itu dikatakan dibuat melalui media sosial ia berlaku di Kuala Lumpur disebabkan dengan menggunakan anggapan di bawah s. 114A Akta Keterangan 1950 penerbitan itu dapat dikatikan dengan Defendan masa kausa tindakan berlaku di Kuala Lumpur dan bukan di Pahang. Seksyen 114A Akta Keterangan 1950 digubal bukan untuk maksud yang sedemikian. [29] Jika diteliti kepada kes Daw Jones & Company Inc (supra) di atas Mahkamah juga perlu mengambil kira bahawa dalam kes tersebut menyatakan bahawa kausa tindakan adalah berlaku apabila kenyataan tersebut dimuat turun. Apa yang akan berlaku sekiranya kenyataan tersebut dimuat turun oleh seseorang yang bukannya berada di Negeri Pahang? Adakah kausa tindakan berlaku di tempat tersebut dan ia memberikan bidang kuasa untuk kes itu didengar walaupun ianya bukan di negeri Pahang sedangkan isu yang timbul di dalam kenyataan 23 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal yang didakwa fitnah itu adalah melibatkan Negeri Pahang. Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa di dalam kes ini berdasarkan affidavit-affidavit yang dikemukakan, kenyataan-kenyataan yang dikatakan fitnah tersebut telah dimuat turun di Negeri Pahang. Oleh itu senario bahawa penerbitan berlaku di luar daripada Negeri Pahang tidak timbul dalam kes ini. Ini menyebabkan kausa tindakan tersebut berdasarkan kepada kes Daw Jones & Company Inc (supra) dan Lim Guan Eng (supra) adalah berada berlaku di dalam Negeri Pahang. [30] Mahkamah juga meneliti alasan yang dikemukakan oleh Defendan untuk kes ini dibicarakan di Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur. Di antara alasan yang dikemukakan ia akan memudahkan saksi-saksi untuk memberi keterangan semasa perbicaraan. Mahkamah berpendapat alasan tersebut tidak dapat diterima disebabkan kejadian banjir yang dinyatakan dalam fitnah tersebut berlaku di Negeri Pahang dan saksi-saksi Plaintif berada di Negeri Pahang tanpa menolak fakta bahawa terdapat juga saksi-saksi Defendan yang berada di luar Negeri Pahang yang perlu hadir semasa perbicaraan di Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Temerloh. Mahkamah tidak mendapat petanda daripada affidavit-affidavit yang dikatakan oleh Defendan menunjukkan bahawa sekiranya perbicaraan ini dijalankan di Negeri Pahang ia akan menimbulkan kesulitan kepada Defendan yang tidak boleh diperbaiki dengan kos. Apa yang jelas tiada sebarang keterangan yang menunjukkan bahawa ia akan memprejudiskan pihak Defendan. 24 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal [31] Peguam Defendan yang bijaksana telah merujuk kes Dr Zakir Abdul Karim Naik lwn. Raveentharan Subramaniam [2021] 1 CLJ 63. Di dalam kes tersebut permohonan telah dibuat untuk memindahkan prosiding fitnah dari Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Pulau Pinang. Permohonan tersebut telah dibenarkan atas alasan Defendan telah membuat dan mengemaskini Facebook miliknya yang menjadi isu dalam fitnah tersebut di Pulau Pinang. Defendan juga tinggal di Pulau Pinang serta beramal di Pulau Pinang. Apa yang menarik di dalam kes tersebut ialah Pesuruhjaya Kehakiman telah memberikan pemerhatian seperti berikut: “[29] Mahkamah berpendapat bahawa dalam kes ini tiada kepastian bahawa akses tersebut telah dibuat oleh plaintif di Putrajaya, dalam borderless world, mahkamah ini berpendapat bahawa plaintif boleh sahaja memuat turun dari internet di mana-mana sahaja dan tidak semestinya dari tempat kediaman beliau lebih-lebih lagi plaintif adalah seorang dae'i yang sangat terkenal bukan sahaja di Malaysia tetapi juga antarabangsa. [30] Mahkamah juga berpendapat bahawa dalam kes fitnah adalah lebih wajar penentuan kausa tindakan mengambil kira di mana fitnah dilakukan. Dalam tuntutan ini Facebook defendan di bawah gaya nama "Raveentharan Subramaniam" dibuat, dikemas kini dan digunakan di Pulau Pinang. Defendan juga tinggal dan beramal di Pulau Pinang. Mahkamah ini juga berpendapat bahawa forum yang bersesuaian adalah di Mahkamah Tinggi Pulau Pinang. [31] Mengambil kira perkara-perkara yang dibincangkan di atas mahkamah ini berpendapat adalah wajar tuntutan ini dipindahkan ke 25 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal Mahkamah Tinggi Pulau Pinang di mana defendan dan juga saksi-saksi defendan adalah berada di sana dan juga mengambil kira niat atau spirit badan perundangan semasa peruntukan s. 23(1) AMK digubal.” [32] Sebaliknya di dalam kes ini affidavit En. Grippin Anak Akeng di perenggan 7.2 telah menyatakan bahawa beliau telah mendapat akses kepada penerbitan-penerbitan yang berbaur fitnah oleh Defendan ketika berada di Negeri Pahang. Oleh itu fakta di dalam kes ini perlu dibezakan dengan kes Dr Zakir Abdul Karim Naik lwn. Raveentharan Subramaniam (supra) di mana di situ tiada kepastian dari manakah akses telah dibuat oleh Plaintif. [33] Oleh itu akhirnya diputuskan bahawa permohonan pihak Defendan untuk memindahkan kes ini ke Mahkamah Tinggi Malaya di Kuala Lumpur adalah ditolak. Bertarikh: 30hb. September 2022 (ROSLAN MAT NOR) PESURUHJAYA KEHAKIMAN MAHKAMAH TINGGI MALAYA TEMERLOH, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR 26 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal PIHAK-PIHAK: Bagi Pihak Plaintif Sakinah Ab Aziz Tetuan Hidayah Ishak & Partners Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur Bagi Pihak Defendan Amanda dan Rajesh Nagarajan Tetuan Raj & Sach Kuala Lumpur 27 S/N YudBb3Hg2EK0eHc8SjZb0Q **Note : Serial number will be used to verify the originality of this document via eFILING portal