APADEM N’ABANDI v. DEVELOPMENT BANK OF RWANDA (BRD)

# APADEM N’ABANDI v. DEVELOPMENT BANK OF RWANDA (BRD)

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-02-13 - Case/document no.: RCOMAA 00028/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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APADEM N’ABANDI v. DEVELOPMENT BANK OF RWANDA (BRD) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCOMAA 00028/2024/CA (Munyangeri, P.J., Kamere na Ngagi, J.) 13 Gashyantare 2025] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’Inkiko – Ububasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire – Gutsindwa mu Nkiko zombie hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe – Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho, kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere arizo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi BRD irega APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Aléxis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack, umwenda remezo yayihaye (BRD yahaye APADEM) ndetse n’inyungu ziwukomokaho bingana na 281,600,717 Frw. Urwo Rukiko mu guca urubanza rwemeza kutakira icyo kirego rushingiye ku masezerano BRD na APADEM bagiranye yuko mu gihe itishyuye BRD ubwishyu bwari kubanza gushakirwa mu ngwate yatanze aho kugana inkiko. BRD yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeza ko BRD yari ifite uburenganzira bwo kuregera inkiko, rutegeka ko urubanza rwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. APADEM n’abishingizi bayo bajuriye mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi idahindutse. Nyuma yuko urwo rubanza rwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’ubucuruzi, mu iburanisha ryarwo APADEM yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego ivuga ko BRD yahinduye ikirego; Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko inzitizi idafite ishingiro, ko ikirego cya BRD gifite ishingiro, rutegeka APADEM n’abishingizi bayo kwishyura BRD umwenda remezo ungana na 220.742.862 Frw, inyungu zisanzwe zingana na 112.752.836 Frw, n’inyungu z’ubukererwe zingana na 49.877.767 Frw; yose hamwe angana na 383.373.465 Frw. APADEM n’abishingizi bayo bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bagaragaza impamvu zitandukanye z’ubujurire bwabo zirimo kuba BRD yarahinduye ikirego ariko urukiko ntirubihe agaciro, kuba inyungu zarakomeje kubarwa nyuma ya denonciation de credit, no kuba abishingizi 4 aribo rwemeje ko bagomba gufatanya na APADEM kwishyura BRD kandi byari kubazwa abanyamurwango bose. Mu guca urubanza urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire nta shingiro bufite, ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe. APADEM n’abishingizi bayo bajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, BRD itanga inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ivuga ko APADEM n’abishingizi bayo batsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, isaba ko ikirego cyabo kitakirwa kuko Inkiko zombi (Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi) zemeje ko ikirego kitahindutse ahubwo cyagutse kandi ko abasinye ku masezerano aribo bishingizi bityo bagomba kwishyura umwenda remezo ndetse n’inyungu. APADEM n’abishingizi bayo bireguye kuri iyi nzitizi bavuga ko batatsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ko impamvu zasuzumwe n’inkiko zombi zitandukanye ndetse

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n’imitekerereze y’izo nkiko kuri izo mpamvu ikaba itandukanye, bityo bakavuga ko ubujurire bwabo buri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. Incamake y’icyemezo : Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho, kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere arizo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Icyo gihe kandi ntiharebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarashubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. Inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ifite ishingiro. Amagarama ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 52 Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC; Road Solutions Pavement Products vs MAIL CO Ltd rwaciwe ku wa 29/9/2020. RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC; SANLAM Assurance Générales Plc vs UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA (UR) rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020. RCOMAA 0048/16/CS; RRA vs SODAR Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/05/2017. RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC; Road Solution Pavement Products vs MAILCO Ltd, rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] BRD yareze APADEM (Association des Parents Adventistes pour le Développement de Mayaga) n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Aléxis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack mu rubanza RCOM 01993/2018/TC (Ex-RCOM 01780/2017/TC/NYGE), iregera umwenda remezo n’inyungu zawo bingana na 281,600,717 Frw ukomoka ku masezerano bagiranye ku wa 27/09/2011 wabazwe kugeza ku wa 10/04/2017. Ku wa 23/11/2018, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko ikirego kitagomba kwakirwa kuko impande zombi zari zarumvikanye ko APADEM nitishyura, BRD izabanza gushakira ubwishyu mu ngwate yatanzwe aho kugana Urukiko. BRD yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu rubanza RCOMA 00860/2018/HCC rwaciwe ku wa 6/5/2020, urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko BRD ifite uburenganzira bwo kuregera inkiko umwenda yahaye APADEM ntiwishyure, rutegeka ko urubanza rwohererezwa Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kugira ngo ruruburanishe mu mizi. Abaregwa bajuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, mu rubanza RCOMAA 00076/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 18/06/2021, uru Rukiko rwemeza ko ubujurire

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bwabo nta shingiro bufite, narwo rutegeka Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kuburanisha urubanza mu mizi, hanyuma ruhabwa RCOM 01315/2021/TC. [2] Mu iburanisha ry’urubanza RCOM 01315/2021/TC ryabaye mu ruhame ku wa 13/12/2021, Isidore Ngendahimana, Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon na APADEM, batanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cya BRD ngo kuko nta burenganzira yari ifite bwo guhindura ikirego no kongera kugitanga ku nshuro ya kabiri, ko ibyo yakoze biyambura ububasha, ko kandi muri icyo kirego itatanze igarama. [3] Mu rubanza RCOM 01315/2021/TC rwaciwe ku wa 27/05/2022, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego yatanzwe na APADEM nta shingiro ifite, ko ikirego cya BRD gifite ishingiro. Rutegeka APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Aléxis, Sembagare Schadrack, Ngendahimana Isidore na Segatarama Siméon kwishyura BRD umwenda remezo ungana na 220.742.862 Frw, inyungu zisanzwe zingana na 112.752.836 Frw, n’inyungu z’ubukererwe zingana na 49.877.767 Frw ; yose hamwe angana na 383.373.465 Frw. Rutegeka APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Aléxis, Sembagare Schadrack, Ngendahimana Isidore na Segatarama Siméon kwishyura BRD ibihumbi magana arindwi 700,000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 100,000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [4] APADEM, Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bavuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaburanishije ikirego gitandukanye n’icyo BRD yari yatanze mbere, ari nacyo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire zategetse ko kiburanishwa. Bavuga kandi ko Urukiko rwirengagije ko inyungu APADEM igomba gutegekwa kwishyura zagombaga guhagarara umunsi yakoze dénonciation de crédit, ko ndetse Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwirengagije ibimenyetso byerekana ko rutari gutegeka abishingizi bane kwishyura bonyine badafatanije n’abandi banyamuryango. BRD yireguye ivuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite, isaba ko APADEM, Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bayishyura amafaranga y’igihembo cy’Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza. [5] Mu rubanza RCOMA 00449/2022/HCC rwaciwe ku wa 29/02/2024, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa APADEM n’ubujurire bwa Kalinda Alexis, Sembagare Shadrack, Ngendahimana Isidore, na Segatarama Siméon, nta shingiro bufite, ko urubanza RCOM01315/2021/TC rudahindutse. Rutegeka APADEM, Kalinda Alexis, Sembagare Shadrack, Ngendahimana Isidore, na Segatarama Siméon, gufatanya kwishyura BRD amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi ijana (100,000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. Ruvuga ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe ihwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. [6] APADEM, Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bajuririye uru Rukiko, ubujurire bwabo bwandikwa kuri RCOMAA 00028/2024/CA. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 05/02/2025, APADEM ihagarariwe na Me Uwiragiye Pierre Celestin, Kalinda Alexis na Segatarama Siméon bunganiwe na Me Nyandwi Etienne, anahagaraririye Sembagare Schadrack na Ngendahimana Isidore, naho Development Bank of Rwanda Plc (BRD) ihagarariwe na Me Kabera Johnson, hasuzumwa inzitizi

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y’iburabubasha yatanzwe na BRD ishingiye ku kuba abajuriye baratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

1.Kumenya niba APADEM n’abishingizi bayo KALINDA Alexis, SEGATARAMA Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na SEMBAGARE Schadrack baratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu nkiko zombi [8] Uhagarariye BRD ashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw'inkiko, ivuga ko ubujurire bwa kabiri budashobora kwakirwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kutakira ubujurire bwa APADEM n'abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack kuko batsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu nkiko zombi, cyane ko Urukiko Rukuru rw'Ubucuruzi rwasanze ibyo bajuririye nta shingiro bifite, rwemeza ko urubanza rwajuririwe rudahindutse. [9] Asobanura ko ku bijyanye n’ikibazo cyo kuba BRD yarahinduye ikirego, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, mu gika cya 12, rwemeje ko ikirego kitahindutse ahubwo cyagutse, ko ibyo ari nabyo byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu gika 19 kuko rwemeje ko ikirego kitahinduwe ahubwo cyagutse. Asobanura kandi ko ku kibazo kijyanye nuko inyungu zitagombaga gukomeza kubarwa, mu gika cya 30 cy’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko inyungu zigomba gukomeza kubarwa, ko n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu gika cya 33, ariko rwabyemeje. [10] Akomeza asobanura ko ku bijyanye n’ikibazo cy’uko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bagomba gufatanya kwishyura umwenda APADEM ibereyemo BRD, inkiko zombi zemeje ko abasinye ku masezerano, ari bo bishingizi, bakaba ari bo bagomba gufatanya na APADEM kwishyura umwenda n’inyungu zawo. [11] Uhagarariye APADEM avuga ko batatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ko rero ubujurire bwabo buri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. Asobanura ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye ibibazo byo kumenya niba BRD yarahinduye ikirego kandi itatanze igarama ku buryo kitakwakirwa no kumenya niba hari umwenda n’inyungu zawo APADEM ibereyemo BRD n’ingano yawo. Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba BRD yarahinduye ikirego kandi itatanze igarama ku buryo kitakwakirwa, avuga ko imitekerereze y’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi (raisonnement juridique) igaragara mu gika cya 9 n’icya 10, ikaba itandukanye n’imitekerereze y’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwarafashe icyemezo ku kirego cya BRD kandi gitandukanye n’icyo yari yatanze mbere nk’uko igaragara mu bika bya 1418 by’urubanza rujuririrwa. [12] Asobanura kandi ko ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba hari umwenda n’inyungu zawo APADEM ibereyemo BRD, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye niba koko amafaranga avugwa mu masezerano y’inguzanyo APADEM yarayahawe yose, mu rwego rwo kureba ayishyuwe n’asigaye kugira ngo abarirwe inyungu z’ubukerererwe, hanyuma mu gika cya 30 rwemeza ko igihe cyose uberewemo umwenda atarishyurwa nta cyabuza ko inyungu zikomeza kubarwa mu

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gihe zemejwe mu masezerano; mu gihe mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi hasuzumwe ibijyanye no kumenya niba inyungu APADEM igomba gutegekwa kwishyura zaragombaga guhagarara umunsi yakoze dénonciation de crédit, imitekerereze yarwo ikaba igaragara mu bika bya 32-33 by’urubanza rujuririrwa. Bityo ko iyo harebwe imitekerereze ya buri Rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe usanga impamvu zashingiweho n’izo nkiko zombi atari zimwe. [13] Akomeza asobanura ko ibijyanye no gusuzuma impamvu zimwe byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RC/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020, haburana Road Solution pavement products na Mailco Ltd, aho rwasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma impamvu zimwe: “Harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri Rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Impamvu zigomba gutandukanywa n’icyemezo cy’Urukiko kuko impamvu ariyo ishingirwaho mu kugaragaza no gusobanurira ababuranyi icyatumye Urukiko rufata icyemezo.” [14] Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bavuga ko batatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. Basobanura ko ku ruhande rw’abishingizi ba APADEM, impamvu zasuzumwe n’inkiko zombi ziratandukanye kuko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasabwaga kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bafatanya nayo kwishyura umwenda BRD iyirega, naho mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, abishingizi ba APADEM bajurira basaba ko hacukumburwa ibimenyetso byirengagijwe kandi byari gukuraho urujijo. Bakomeza basobanura ko ibyemezo byafashwe n’inkiko zombi bitandukanye, kuko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze ko abanyamuryango ba APADEM badakwiriye guhamagazwa cyangwa kugobokeshwa mu rubanza kuko batigeze baba abishingizi magirirane kandi APADEM babereye abanyamuryango ikaba ifite ubuzimagatozi, naho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwo ruvuga ko abishingizi ba APADEM bagomba kubahiriza amasezerano y’ubwishingire nkuko bigaragara mu bika bya 46 na 47 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, ko rero bashingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RC/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwavuzwe haruguru, basanga imitekerereze y’inkiko zombi atari imwe. Bityo ko ubu bujurire buri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [15] Ingingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya ibikurikira : “Icyakora kandi ubujurire bwa kabiri ntibushobora kwakirwa ku manza z’ababuranye bemera ibyo baregwa, cyangwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe.” [16] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa kabiri ari zimwe, kigomba gusuzumwa hasesengurwa imikirize y’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa kabiri, ingingo z‘ingenzi zasuzumwe, impamvu buri rukiko rwashingiyeho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo, byaramuka bigaragaye ko ari zimwe, ubujurire ntibube buri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

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[17] Nk’uko byafashweho umurongo mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho, kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere arizo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe1. Ibi kandi binumvikanisha ko ibyaburanwe mu rwego rwa mbere ari nabyo ubusanzwe bigomba kuburanwa mu rwego rw’ubujurire hashingiwe ku ihame risanzwe mu micire y’imanza rivuga ko umucamanza wo mu rwego rwa mbere yita ku igenzura ry’ibimenyetso n’amategeko ugereranyije n’ikiburanwa, naho umucamanza wo mu rwego rw’ubujurire akibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura niba amategeko ku rwego rwa mbere yarubahirijwe uko bikwiye hakurikijwe ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe muri urwo rubanza, byaba ngombwa agakosora aho bikenewe2. [18] Na none mu rubanza RCOMAA 0048/16/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/05/2017, haburana RRA na SODAR Ltd3, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, hatarebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarashubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. [19] Nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza RCOM 01315/2021/TC rwaciwe ku wa 27/05/2022, BRD yareze APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi irusaba gutegeka abaregwa kuyishyura umwenda remezo n'inyungu zawo bingana na 281.600.717 Frw abazwe kugeza 2017, kugeza ku wa 19/05/2021, ukaba ungana na 402.920.648 Frw. Urwo Rukiko rwasuzumye ibibazo bitatu by’ingenzi ari byo kumenya niba BRD yarahinduye ikirego ko kandi itatanze igarama ku buryo kitakwakirwa, kumenya niba hari umwenda n’inyungu zawo APADEM ibereyemo BRD n’ingano yawo, no kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bafatanya nayo kwishyura umwenda BRD iyirega. [20] Mu rubanza RCOMA 00449/2022/HCC rwaciwe ku wa 29/02/2024, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, rwasuzumye ibibazo byo kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwarafashe icyemezo ku kirego cya BRD kandi gitandukanye n’icyo yari yatanze mbere, kumenya niba inyungu APADEM igomba gutegekwa kwishyura zaragombaga guhagarara umunsi yakoze dénonciation de crédit, no kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwarirengagije ibimenyetso byerekana ko rutari gutegeka abishingizi bane kwishyura bonyine badafatanyije n’abandi banyamuryango. Ikigaragara nuko inkiko zombi zasuzumye ibibazo bimwe nubwo zitakoresheje amagambo amwe, kandi ibi binahura n’umurongo watanzwe n‘Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC rwibukijwe haruguru, aho rwasobanuye ko ibyaburanwe mu

1 Reba urubanza Nº RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 29/9/2020 haburana Road Solutions Pavement Products na MAIL CO Ltd. 2 Reba igika cya 23 cy’urubanza No RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020, haburana SANLAM Assurance Générales Plc na UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA (UR). 3 Reba igika cya 18 cy’urwo rubanza. Reba na none urubanza No RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC hagati ya Road Solution Pavement Products na MAILCO Ltd, rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020, igika cya 24.

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rwego rwa mbere ari nabyo ubusanzwe bigomba kuburanwa mu rwego rw’ubujurire hashingiwe ku ihame risanzwe mu micire y’imanza rivuga ko umucamanza wo mu rwego rwa mbere yita ku igenzura ry’ibimenyetso n’amategeko ugereranyije n’ikiburanwa, naho umucamanza wo mu rwego rw’ubujurire akibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura niba amategeko ku rwego rwa mbere yarubahirijwe uko bikwiye hakurikijwe ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe muri urwo rubanza. [21] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba BRD yarahinduye ikirego, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 12 cy’urubanza RCOM 01315/2021/TC rwasanze nta shingiro byahabwa kuko mu birego byombi bigaragara ko iregera umwenda remezo n'inyungu zawo bingana na 281.600.717 Frw abazwe kugeza 2017, naho ibyongewemo mu dukubo muri iki kirego ko ײkugeza ku wa 19/05/2021 umwenda ungana na 402.920.648 Frwײ bigaragara ko ari inyongera cyangwa impinduka zabaye ku kirego kuko BRD ivuga ko umwenda wakomeje kwiyongera mu gihe cyose urubanza rwari rutarongera koherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi; bityo Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rusanga bitafatwa ko ari ikirego cyahindutse mu gihe impamvu gishingiyeho ari zimwe, ahubwo bikaba bigaragara ko ikirego cyagutse. [22] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu gika cya 17 n’icya 18 cy’urubanza RCOMA 00449/2022/HCC, rwasanze icyaregewe mu rubanza rwajuririwe ari umwenda remezo n’inyungu zawo, akaba ari nacyo cyari cyatanzwe na BRD mu rubanza RCOM 01993/2018/TC rwagaruriwe Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. Rusobanura ko kuba umubare w’amafaranga y’umwenda n’inyungu zawo wasabwe na BRD igihe urubanza rwari rugarutse mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi uruta uwari wasabwe mbere, bisobanurwa n’imiterere y’umwenda, kuko umwenda ari inguzanyo ya banki, igengwa n’amasezerano ateganya inyungu, bikaba rero byumvikana ko igihe cyose umwenda utarishyurwa inyungu ziba zibarwa. Ndetse ko ibyo binateganywa n’ingingo ya 112 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ivuga ko ibyavutse mu iburanisha bishobora gutuma habaho ibirego bisaba inyongera ku byasabwe mbere. Mu gika cya 19, rwemeza ko rwemeranya n’ibyashingiweho n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 12, aho rwasobanuye ko ikirego kitahindutse. [23] Urukiko rurasanga kuri iki kibazo inkiko zombi zaremeje ko ikirego cya BRD kitahindutse zishingiye ku kuba icyaregewe mu rubanza RCOM 01993/2018/TC rwagaruwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rugahabwa RCOM 01315/2021/TC ari umwenda remezo n’inyungu zawo, no kuba ingano y’umwenda BRD yishyuza wariyongereye bitewe n’uko BRD yasabye ko inyungu zikomeza kubarwa, ko rero ikirego cyaguwe n’inyongera BRD yasabye. Bityo impamvu zashingiweho n’inkiko zombi kuri iki kibazo ni zimwe. [24] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba hari umwenda n’inyungu zawo APADEM ibereyemo BRD n’ingano yawo, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, nyuma yo gusuzuma ibimenyetso byose biri muri dosiye kuva mu gika cya 20-27, mu gika cya 28 rwasanze APADEM n’abishingizi bayo bagomba gufatanya kwishyura BRD umwenda yari iyisigayemo ubaze kugeza ku wa 19/05/2021, nk’uko ari yo tariki BRD yagaragaje mu kirego cyayo wabazwe n’umuhanga ungana na 383.387.687 Frw agizwe n’umwenda remezo wa 220,757,084 Frw, inyungu zisanzwe zingana na 112,752,836 Frw, n’inyungu z’ubukererwe zingana na 49,877,767 Frw ariko hakavamo 14,222 Frw yatangiwe ibisobanuro, bityo umwenda remezo ugasigara ungana na 220,742,862 Frw. Mu gika cya 30, rusanga ibivugwa n’ababuranira APADEM ko nyuma y’uko yihanangirijwe nta nyungu

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zagombaga gukomeza kubarwa nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko igihe cyose uberewemo umwenda atarishyurwa nta cyabuza ko inyungu zikomeza kubarwa. [25] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu rwego rwo gusuzuma uko umwenda n’inyungu zawo zagombaga kubarwa, cyane cyane, kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaragombaga guhagarika kubara inyungu igihe habaye gusesa amasezerano (dénonciation de crédit), mu gika cya 32 na 33 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rushingiye ku murongo wafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00008/2021/SC, SIMACO Ltd yaburanye na I&M BANK RWANDA Plc, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 25/02/2022, aho urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko gusesa amasezerano y’umwenda cyangwa kuwusiba bitavuga ko uwo mwenda n’inyungu zawo bitazishyurwa (reba igika cya 42), ko kandi inyungu zisanzwe n’inyungu z’ubukererwe zikomeza kubarirwa ku mwenda remezo wagaragajwe igihe cy’iseswa ry’amasezerano (reba igika cya 46), ko ariko inyungu zidashobora kurenga umwenda shingiro igihe inguzanyo yageraga igihe cyo kutishyurwa (reba igika cya 47), rwemeje ko ibivugwa na APADEM ko inyungu zagombaga guhagarara igihe habaye gusesa amasezerano, nta shingiro bifite. Mu yandi magambo, rwemeranyijwe n’uburyo Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwabaze umwenda n’inyungu zawo. Bityo, Urukiko rurasanga kuri iki kibazo, inkiko zombi zabanje zarashingiye ku mpamvu y’uko na nyuma yo gusesa amasezerano inyungu zikomeza kubarwa ariko zikaba zitangomba kurenga umwenda shingiro igihe inguzanyo yageraga mu rwego rwo kutishyurwa. [26] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bafatanya nayo kwishyura umwenda BRD iyirega, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, mu bika bya 35-37, rushingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingire (cautionnement) yo ku wa 12/09/2011, BRD yagiranye na Kalinda Aléxis, Sembagare Shadrack, Ngendahikana Isidore na Segatarama Siméon, aho bemeye kwishingira APADEM yari yahawe umwenda, biyemeza ko mu gihe itishyuye ubwishyu buzashakirwa mu mitungo yabo bitabaye ngombwa ko bubanza gushakirwa mu mutungo wa APADEM, rwasanze mu gihe abishingizi, bemeye nta gushidikanya ko bishingiye umwenda BRD yahaye APADEM bigaragazwa n’uko bashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubwishingire, ko rero nta mpamvu ihari yatuma abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bafatanya nayo kwishyura umwenda nk’abishingire bayo kuko ubwo bwishingire nta kigaragaza ko bwabayeho. [27] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, narwo mu bika bya 45-47, rushingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingire yo ku wa 12/9/2011, aho Kalinda Alexis, Sembagare Shadrack, Ngendahikana Isidore na Segatarama Siméon, bemeye kwishingira APADEM yari yahawe umwenda, biyemeza ko mu gihe itishyuye ubwishyu buzashakirwa mu mitungo yabo bitabaye ngombwa ko bubanza gushakirwa mu mutungo wa APADEM, no kuba batarabashije kurugaragariza ko bakoranye na BRD amasezerano y’ubwishingire bahagarariye abandi banyamuryango nk’uko babivuga, rwasanze Kalinda Alexis, Sembagare Shadrack, Ngendahikana Isidore na Segatarama Siméon bagomba gutegekwa kubahiriza amasezerano y’ubwishingire bagiranye na BRD. [28] Uru Rukiko rurasanga kuri iki kibazo, inkiko zombi zabanje zarashingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingire Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bagiranye na BRD, aho biyemereye ko mu gihe APADEM itishyuye umwenda, ubwishyu buzashakirwa mu mitungo yabo bitabaye ngombwa ko bubanza gushakirwa mu mutungo wa APADEM, no kuba nta kigaragaza ko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bemeye kuba abishingire bayo ku mwenda yahawe na BRD.

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[29] Ku byo uhagarariye APADEM avuga ko impamvu zashingiweho n’inkiko zombi ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba BRD yarahinduye ikirego atari zimwe, nk’uko zigaragara mu bika bya 9-10 by’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi no bika bya 14-18 by’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ndetse ko n’impamvu zashingiweho n’inkiko zombi ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba inyungu zaragombaga gukomeza kubarwa atari zimwe, nk’uko zigaragara mu gika cya 30 cy’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi no mu bika bya 32-33 by’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite, kuko usibye kubivuga gusa, ntabwo ashobora gusobanura aho ibyashingiweho n’inkiko zombi bitandukaniye. Ikindi kandi nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, mu rubanza RCOMAA 0048/16/CS, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma ko impamvu ari zimwe hatarebwa ko amagambo yakoreshejwe ari amwe, ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarasubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. [30] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack bavuga ko batatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, kuko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze ko abanyamuryango ba APADEM badakwiriye guhamagazwa cyangwa kugobokeshwa mu rubanza kuko batigeze baba abishingizi magirirane kandi APADEM babereye abanyamuryango ikaba ifite ubuzimagatozi, naho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwo ruvuga ko abishingizi ba APADEM bagomba kubahiriza amasezerano y’ubwishingire nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 46 na 47 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, inkiko zombi zashingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingire aba bagiranye na BRD, aho biyemereye ko mu gihe APADEM itishyuye umwenda, ubwishyu buzashakirwa mu mitungo yabo bitabaye ngombwa ko bubanza gushakirwa mu mutungo wa APADEM, no kuba nta kigaragaza ko abanyamuryango bose ba APADEM bemeye kuba abishingire bayo ku mwenda yahawe na BRD. [31] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ku bibazo inkiko zombi zasuzumye, APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack baratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu nkiko zombi ; bityo ubujurire bwabo bukaba butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

2. Kumenya niba amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza afite ishingiro [32] Uhagarariye APADEM ashingiye ku ngingo ya 34 y’Amabwiriza No 01/2014 agena ibihembo mbonera by’Abavoka n’ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, avuga ko APADEM isaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka BRD kuyishyura amafaranga angana na miliyoni esheshatu (6,000,000 Frw) y’ibihembo yishyuye Abavoka guhera mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi kugera mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire no kuyishyura amafaranga miliyoni imwe n’ibihumbi magana atanu (1,500,000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza mu nkiko zose. Avuga kandi ko APADEM isaba gusubizwa amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo ine (40,000 Frw) yatanzweho ingwate y’amagarama hatangwa ikirego ku rwego rw’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi n’ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50,000 Frw) yo ku rwego rw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

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[33] Uhagarariye BRD avuga ko amafaranga APADEM isaba nta shingiro afite kuko ari yo yatumye uru rubanza rubaho, asaba Urukiko rw'Ubujurire gutegeka APADEM n’abishingizi bayo kwishyura BRD amafaranga miliyoni icumi (10,000,000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’avoka ku manza zose zababanje. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [34] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z‘imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira : “Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe”. [35] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza Development Bank of Rwanda Plc (BRD) isaba ikwiye kuyahabwa kuko inzitizi yatanze ifite ishingiro kandi bikaba byarabaye ngombwa ko ishaka Avoka wo kuyiburanira; bityo mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba ruyigeneye amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kuri uru rwego, agomba gutangwa na APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack. Rurasanga ayo APADEM isaba ntayo igomba guhabwa, kuko ntaho yaba ashingiye mu gihe ubujurire bwayo butakiriwe. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [36] Rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe na Development Bank of Rwanda Plc (BRD) ifite ishingiro. [37] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [38] Rutegetse APADEM n’abishingizi bayo Kalinda Alexis, Segatarama Siméon, Ngendahimana Isidore na Sembagare Schadrack gufatanya kwishyura Development Bank of Rwanda Plc (BRD) amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kuri uru rwego. [39] Ruvuze ko amagarama yatanzwe ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.