BIMENYIMANA V KYUMBU

# BIMENYIMANA V KYUMBU

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-05-05 - Case/document no.: RCOMAA 00113/2022/CA ( - Collection: Court of Appeal

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BIMENYIMANA v. KAMUYUMBU [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCOMAA 00113/2022/CA (Nyirandabaruta, P.J., Gakwaya na Munyangeri, J.) 05 Gicurasi 2023] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’ inkiko – Ubujurire bwa kabiri – Gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe – Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Incamake y’ ikibazo: Kamuyumbu Perpétue avuga ko yagiranye na Bimenyimana Célestin amasezerano yo gukorana ubucuruzi butandukanye, maze azana igishoro kingana na 24.000.000Frw na 14.000$, naho Bimenyimana Célestin yiyemeza gucuruza, maze bumvikana ko Bimenyimana Célestin azajya amuha 1.300.000 Frw buri kwezi y inyungu, ariko ko nyuma batumvikanye kuko atagiye amwungukira nkuko bumvikanye mu masezerano, bituma amurega mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, arusaba kumutegeka kumwishyura umwenda ungana na 62.000.000Frw akubiyemo amafaranga y’igishoro hamwe n inyungu ziyakomokaho. Bimenyimana Célestin nawe yatanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, maze uru rukiko rwemeza ko nta shingiro ifite, bityo ko Kamuyumbu agomba kumwishyura umwenda yamuhaye. Bimenyimana Célestin yajuririye na none mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwamutegetse kwishyura umwenda ungana n’amadolari 14.000$ na 62.000.000 Frw, nyamara ikirego cye kitari mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi kuko inyandiko rwashingiyeho, itagaragaza igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyaba cyarabaye hagati yabo, kandi ko nta gishoro yashyize mu ma sosiyete ye kuko atari umunyamigabane wayo. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba amasezerano akomokaho umwenda uburanwa atari ay’ubucuruzi byatuma urukiko rwemeza ko nta bubasha rufite, no kumenya niba kuba umuntu atari umunyamigabane wa sosiyete bivuga ko nyirayo ataberamo undi muntu umwenda w’ubucuruzi, no kumenya kandi ko hari ubwishyu bw’umwenda uburanwa bwatanzwe. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko urubanza rukomoka ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi, ndetse n’impaka ziruburanwamo ziri mu bubasha bw’Inkiko z’Ubucuruzi, bitewe nuko nyuma y’uko hakozwe inyandiko ikomokaho umwenda uburanwa, hari ubwishyu Bimenyimana Célestin yahaye kamuyumbu perpétue. Bimenyimana Célestin yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza kandi nta bubasha rufite. Kamuyumbu yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Bimenyimana Célestin, ashingiye ku kuba yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zibanza hashingiwe ku mpamvu

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zimwe, aho inkiko zombi zashingiye ku kuba amasezerano impande zombi zakoranye ari amasezerano y’ubucuruzi aho kuba ay’imbonezamubano. Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe kiri mu bubasha bwarwo, naho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeza ko rufite ubwo bubasha rutabanje gusuzuma ngo rwemeze niba ari amasezerano y’imbonezamubano cyangwa niba ari ay’ubucuruzi. Incamake y’ icyemezo: Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Inzitizi ifite ishingiro; Amagarama y’ urubanza ahwanye n’ ibyarukozwemo. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, ingingo ya 52. Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RCOMAA 00034/2016/SC rwa Uwase Claudine vs Banki ya Kigali, B&N General Supply Company Ltd, RDB; rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23/03/2018; Urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC, Road Solution Pavement Product vsMAILCO Ltd, igika cya 24; rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020; Urubanza rubanziriza urundi mu rubanza RCOMAA 00010/2018/CA Koperative rwa Dukundumurimo (KOADU) vs King Construction and Service Company Ltd (KICOSEKA Ltd) rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/03/2021, igika cya 12; Urubanza RCOMAA 00087/2022/CA rwa Bank of Kigali vs Gate Hills Estate Ltd vs Gashumba Emmanuel, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 20/01/2023, igika cya 29; Urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC, rwa Banque Populaire du Rwanda Atlas Mara Plc vs Nkusi Evariste, igika cya 28. rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1] Mu masezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021, Bimenyimana Célestin yemeye ko afitiye Kamuyumbu Perpétue umwenda ungana na 25.000.000Frw ukomoka ku birarane by’ubwishyu yagombaga kumuha buri kwezi bungana na 1.300.000 Frw, akomoka ku masezerano (contrat) bari baragiranye, aho yamuhaye 14.000 $ na 24.000.000Frw. [2] Kamuyumbu Perpétue yareze Bimenyimana Célestin mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, arusaba kumutegeka kumwishyura umwenda ungana na 62.000.000Frw (akubiyemo amafaranga y’igishoro angana na 24.000.000 Frw, inyungu zacyo zingana na 25.000.000 Frw, 13.000.000

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Frw y’ubwishyu bw’amezi 10 atishyuye) n’ikindi gishoro kingana na 14.000$, 11.160.000 Frw y’inyungu zo gutinda kwishyura 62.000.000 Frw zibariwe kuri 18% ku mwaka, 2.502$ y’inyungu za 14.000$ zibariwe kuri 18% ku mwaka, 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi zo gusiragizwa na 5.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, kubera ko atubahirije ibyo impande zombi zumvikanyeho muri ayo masezerano. [3] Asobanura ko yagiranye na Bimenyimana Célestin amasezerano yo gukorana ubucuruzi, azana igishoro kingana na 24.000.000Frw na 14.000$, naho Bimenyimana Célestin yiyemeza gucuruza, ayo mafaranga bayashora mu bucuruzi bw’ubwikorezi (transport), igaraji, ubw’ibyuma by’ibinyabiziga (spare parts), ikinamba, coffee shop na barber shop, ko ariko kubera ko we atabonaga umwanya, bumvikanye ko Bimenyimana Célestin azajya amuha 1.300.000Frw buri kwezi, ubundi we akimenya, nyuma amusabye ko babaranwa ngo hamenyekane umubare w’amafaranga yari amaze kumugeramo, ku wa 01/04/2021 agaragaza ko amurimo 25.000.000 Frw, kandi ko hari 13.000.000 Frw y’amezi icumi (10) yari ataramwishyura, ariko atayishyuye nk’uko byari bikubiye mu masezerano bagiranye no mu nyandiko yo kwiyemerera umwenda yo ku wa 01/04/2021. [4] Bimenyimana Célestin yatanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, ashingiye ku kuba amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 aramutse ariho, yaba ari amasezerano y’imbonezamubano asanzwe, na cyane ko Kamuyumbu Perpétue atari umucuruzi. [5] Mu rubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC rwaciwe ku wa 29/04/2022, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko yatanzwe na Bimenyimana Célestin nta shingiro ifite, rwemeza ko Kamuyumbu Perpétue yahaye Bizimana Célestin umwenda w’ubucuruzi, igishoro agomba kujya yungukira kingana na 24.000.000 Frw na 14.000$ ntamuhe inyungu zacyo, ntanamusubize igishoro cye, rutegeka Bimenyimana Célestin kwishyura Kamuyumbu Perpétue igishoro yamugurije n’inyungu zacyo bumvikanye bingana na 62.000.000 Frw na 14.000$, kumuha indishyi zo gutinda kwishyura zingana na 3.810.313 Frw na 860$ , kumuha igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 1.000.000 Frw, kumuha 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 20.000 Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama , yose hamwe akamwishyura 67.030.313 Frw na 14.860$. [6] Bimenyimana Célestin yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwamutegetse kwishyura Kamuyumbu Perpétue umwenda ungana n’amadolari 14.000$ na 62.000.000 Frw, nyamara ikirego cye kitari mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, kuko inyandiko yo ku wa 01/04/2021 rwashingiyeho, itagaragaza igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyaba cyarabaye hagati yabo, kandi ko nta gishoro yashyize mu masosiyete ye kuko atari umunyamigabane wayo. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rutakoresheje uko bikwiye ingingo z’Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, kuko ibimenyetso Kamuyumbu Perpétue yarushyikirije, bitagaragazaga imiterere y’ubucuruzi ku mwenda uvugwa. [7] Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba amasezerano akomokaho umwenda uburanwa atari ay’ubucuruzi kandi niba byatuma urukiko rwemeza ko nta bubasha rufite, kumenya niba kuba umuntu atari umunyamigabane wa sosiyete ari byo bivuga ko nyirayo ataberamo undi muntu umwenda w’ubucuruzi, kumenya niba hari ubwishyu bw’umwenda uburanwa bwatanzwe, n’icyo kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zasabwe.

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[8] Mu rubanza RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC rwaciwe ku wa 18/11/2022, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko urubanza rukomoka ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi, ko n’impaka ziruburanwamo ziri mu bubasha bw’Inkiko z’Ubucuruzi, ko nyuma y’uko hakozwe inyandiko yo ku wa 01/04/2021 ikomokaho umwenda uburanwa, hari ubwishyu Bimenyimana Célestin yahaye kamuyumbu perpétue bungana na 16.300.000 Frw, kandi ko bugomba gukurwa mu mwenda wemejwe ku rwego rubanza, rutegeka Bimenyimana Célestin kwishyura Kamuyumbu Perpétue umwenda remezo ungana na 14.000$ na 45.700.000 Frw aho kuba 62.000.000 Frw, rugumishaho urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 29/04/2022, uretse ingano y’umwenda remezo igomba kwishyurwa na Bimenyimana Célestin yagabanutse, rutegeka Kamuyumbu Perpétue kumusubiza 40.000 Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama. [9] Ku wa 09/12/2022, Bimenyimana Célestin yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, ubujurire buhabwa RCOMAA 00113/2022/CA, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza kandi nta bubasha rufite. [10] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 13/04/2023, hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha yo kuba uwajuriye yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, Bimenyimana Célestin ahagarariwe na Me Nshimiyimana Moubaraka, Kamuyumbu Perpétue ahagarariwe na Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain. II.IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba ubujurire bwa Bimenyimana Célestin butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko kubera ko yatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe [11] Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain, uhagarariye Kamuyumbu Perpétue, atanga inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Bimenyimana Célestin, ashingiye ku kuba yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zibanza hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, aho mu kwemeza ko Bimenyimana Célestin atsinzwe, inkiko zombi zashingiye ku kuba amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 ari amasezerano y’ubucuruzi aho kuba ay’imbonezamubano nk’uko Bimenyimana Célestin abivuga. [12] Asobanura ko Bimenyimana Célestin atigeze agaragaza agace k’ingingo ya 52 y’Itegeko n˚ 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko yaba yarashingiyeho atanga ubujurire bwa kabiri, na ho kuba yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zibanza hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, avuga ko mu rubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC, Bimenyimana Célestin yatanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko umwenda uriho ari mbonezamubano kandi ko nta masezerano y’ubucuruzi yabayeho, urwo Rukiko rusuzuma ikibazo kirebana n’ubwoko bw’amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue, mu gika cya 9 cy’urwo rubanza, rusobanura ko utavuga ko hari igishoro nta gikorwa cy’ubucuruzi gihari, rubona kandi ko hari amasezerano Bimenyimana Célestin yashyizeho umukono, rwemeza ko ari amasezerano y’ubucuruzi, aho rwabisobanuye mu magambo akurikira:“Uyu si umwenda mbonezamubano (civile) ahubwo ni umwenda w’ubucuruzi, si amasezerano mbonezamubano avugwa muri aya masezerano, ahubwo ni amasezerano y’ubucuruzi avugwa muri iyi nyandiko y’amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 imaze kuvugwa, kuko bigaragara neza ko umwenda watanzwe ugamije gukoreshwa ubucuruzi no kungukira uwawutanze, byongeye kandi uwawuhawe ni umucuruzi ukora iyo mirimo y’ubucuruzi kinyamwuga agamije inyungu.

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Amasezerano uregwa yivugira ni amasezerano y’ubucuruzi. Umwenda watanzwe nk’igishoro cy’ubucuruzi/fond de commerce ugomba kungukira amafaranga azwi buri kwezi (1.300.000 Frw) …” [13] Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain akomeza avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi na rwo rwasuzumye inzitizi irebana n’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko harebwa niba amasezerano akomokaho umwenda uburanwa atari ay’ubucuruzi kandi niba byatuma Urukiko rwemeza ko nta bubasha rufite, mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC, rusobanura neza ko amasezerano afatwa nk’ay’ubucuruzi iyo akozwe n’umucuruzi mu nyungu z’ubucuruzi bwe, aho rwabivuze mu magambo akurikira: “Uretse no kuba ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru bigaragaza ko amasezerano impande zombi zagiranye ari ay’ubucuruzi bubyara inyungu, n’iyo byaba atari gutyo byakozwe n’impande zombi, ahubwo Kamuyumbu Perpétue yaramugurije amafaranga mu nyungu z’ubucuruzi bwe nk’uko Bimenyimana Célestin ashaka kubyumvikanisha, na byo ubwabyo byaba bigaragaza ko impaka zabikomokaho ari iz’ubucuruzi, kuko nk’uko byagarutsweho n’abahanga mu mategeko, bavuga ko amasezerano afatwa nk’ay’ubucuruzi, iyo akozwe n’umucuruzi mu nyungu z’ubucuruzi bwe kandi ko agira iyo nyito no ku wundi muntu wayakoze muri urwo rwego. Bavuga ko iyo nyito ishobora kugirwa n’impande zombi kandi ko iyo bitabaye gutyo aba afite impu ebyiri ndetse ko icyo gihe aba ari ay’ubucuruzi kandi ko ari cyo kigenderwaho mu kuyatandukanya n’amasezerano y’imbonezamubano". [14] Mu magambo make, Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain avuga ko inkiko zombi zemeje ko zifite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego cyatanzwe na Kamuyumbu Perpétue kubera ko amasezerano agibwaho impaka ari ay’ubucuruzi, kuko impaka zari zishingiye ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi. [15] Avuga kandi ko kuba ingano y’umwenda yarahindutse mu rwego rw’ubujurire bwa mbere kubera ko hari inyandiko zigaragaza amafaranga yishyuwe nyuma y’iburanisha, nta cyahindutse mu guca urubanza, kuko guhindura ingano y’umwenda bitabuza ko Bimenyimana Célestin yatsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, kubera ko ishingiro ry’urubanza ryari ukumenya niba hari amasezerano y’ubucuruzi yari hagati y’ababuranyi, kandi ko Bimenyimana Célestin atari yajuririye ingano y’umwenda, ko hari imirongo yatanzwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, zasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma impamvu zimwe, hasuzumwa icyaburanwaga mu nkiko zombi n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko kuri icyo kibazo, akaba asanga ku bibazo byasuzumwe n’inkiko zombi, zarabyumvise mu buryo bumwe, rubisobanura kimwe, runabifataho umwanzuro umwe. [16] Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain, uhagarariye Kamuyumbu Perpétue, atanga umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza RCOMAA 00081/2022/CA, aho rwasobanuye icyo gutsindwa mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe bivuze, ko “harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe”, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire na rwo rukaba rwarifashishije urubanza RCOMAA 0048/16/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/05/2017, haburana RRA na SODAR Ltd, aho urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko “mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, hatarebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo

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amwe, ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarashubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa”. [17] Avuga kandi ko hari imirongo yatanzwe mu zindi manza zikurikira: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020, haburana SANLAM AG Plc na UR, RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC hagati ya Road Solution Pavement Products na MAIL CO Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020, cyane cyane ku bikubiye mu gika cyarwo cya 24, RCOMAA 0038/16/CS-RCOMAA 0033/2016/CS haburana Bank of Kigali Ltd na Mulisa Kana Martin rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017 ku isesengura rwakoze mu gika cya 21 cy’urwo rubanza, ndetse n’urubanza RCOMAA 00010/2018/CA, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 12 cy’urubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwasobanuye neza gutsindwa mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. Asoza asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Bimenyimana Célestin budakwiye kwakirwa, kuko yatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje, hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [18] Uhagarariye Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko uwo ahagarariye yatanze ubujurire bwa kabiri ashingiye ku ngingo ya 52, igika cya kabiri, agace ka gatatu y’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, aho yavuze ko inkiko zaciye urubanza zitabifitiye ububasha. Ku birebana n’inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire bwa kabiri, avuga ko iyi nzitizi itangwa na Kamuyumbu Perpétue nta shingiro ifite, kubera ko urubanza RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC rujuririrwa rwahinduye urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC ku byerekeye ingano y’umwenda wagibwagaho impaka, aho rwemeje ko umwenda ungana na 45.700.000 Frw aho kuba 62.000.000 Frw, kandi ko inkiko zombi zashingiye ku masezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021. [19] Akomeza avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe kiri mu bubasha bwarwo rushingiye ku ngingo ya 81 y’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, naho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeza ko rufite ubwo bubasha rutabanje gusuzuma ngo rwemeze niba ari amasezerano y’imbonezamubano cyangwa niba ari ay’ubucuruzi. Avuga kandi ko ibibazo byasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 9 cy’urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC ari bimwe n’ibyasuzumwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu rubanza n˚ RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC, kuko inkiko zombi zemeje ko zifite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego zaregewe, ko ariko ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 14 n’icya 16, bitandukanye n’ibyatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [20] Ingingo ya 52, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko iteganya ko “Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ruburanisha mu rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi n’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Gisirikare iyo zujuje ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo, ariko mu gika cya gatatu cy’iyo ngingo igateganya ko “Icyakora kandi ubujurire bwa kabiri ntibushobora kwakirwa ku manza z’ababuranye bemera ibyo baregwa cyangwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe”.

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[21] Urukiko rurasanga, nk’uko byagiye bisobanurwa mu manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga11 ndetse n’uru Rukiko, zagaragaje ko mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Impamvu zigomba gutandukanywa n’icyemezo cy’Urukiko, kuko impamvu ari yo ishingirwaho mu kugaragariza no gusobanurira ababuranyi icyatumye Urukiko rufata icyemezo. [22] Ikibazo gisa n’iki cyasuzumwe kandi mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020, aho rwatanze umurongo ukurikira:” Mu kugenzura ko ingingo zaburanwe mbere ari na zo zaburanwe mu bujurire, hagomba kwitabwa ku isano remezo iri hagati y’imanza zombi kandi iyo mpamvu ikaba igaragarira mu mpamvu z’ubujurire n’umwanzuro urubanza ku rwego rwa kabiri rwazifasheho2 […]”. [23] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukomeza rusobanura ko” […] gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe bigenzurwa hashingiwe ku ngingo zatumye umuburanyi ajurira, umwanzuro wazifashwemo n’impamvu zashingiweho n’inkiko zombi, bivuze ko ibindi ababuranyi bemerewe gusaba mu rwego rw’ubujurire nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 154 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’inyungu, ibyishyuwe ku bukode n’ibindi bintu by’inyongera n’ibindi bintu byabonetse nk’indishyi z’igihombo umuburanyi yagize kuva urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere ruciwe, kimwe no kugobokesha umuburanyi mu bujurire, bidashobora gushingirwaho hasuzumwa ko umuburanyi yatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ko rero nta n’uwakwitwaza umwanzuro wabifashwemo ashaka kumvikanisha ko atatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, kuko ibyo biba bitarasuzumwe ku rwego rwa mbere, akaba rero nta gereranya rishobora kubikorerwaho harebwa imanza zaciwe ku nzego zombi kuko nta we ugereranya ibidafitanye isano3”. [24] Imikirize y’urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC rwaciwe ku wa 29/04/2022, igaragaza ko mu gusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rudafite ububasha bushingiye ku kiburanwa bwo kuburanisha urubanza rwaregewe, urwo Rukiko rushingiye ku bikubiye mu masezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue, rwasanze ayo masezerano ari ay’ubucuruzi, rusobanura ko umwenda watanzwe 11 Zimwe muri izo manza harimo: Urubanza RCOMAA 00034/2016/SC rwa Uwase Claudine vs Banki ya Kigali, B&N General Supply Company Ltd, RDB; rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23/03/2018; Urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe, rwa Road Solution Pavement Product na MAILCO Ltd, igika cya 24; rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020; Urubanza rubanziriza urundi mu rubanza RCOMAA 00010/2018/CA rwa Koperative Dukundumurimo (KOADU) vs King Construction and Service Company Ltd (KICOSEKA Ltd) rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/03/2021, igika cya 12; -Urubanza RCOMAA 00087/2022/CA rwa Bank of Kigali Vs Gate Hills Estate Ltd na Gashumba Emmanuel, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 20/01/2023, igika cya 29. 2 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00005/2020/SC rwa Banque Populaire du Rwanda Atlas Mara Plc Vs Nkusi Evariste, igika cya 28. rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020.

3 Idem, by’ubucuruzi” [….]igika cya 29

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ugamije gukoreshwa ubucuruzi no kungukira uwawutanze kandi ko uwahawe uwo mwenda ari umucuruzi ukora imirimo y’ubucuruzi kinyamwuga agamije inyungu, rwanzura ko rufite ububasha bushingiye ku kiburanwa kubera ko ibyabaye biri mu biteganywa n’ingingo ya 814 y’Itegeko N˚ 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko. [25] Mu rubanza RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba amasezerano akomokaho umwenda uburanwa atari ay’ubucuruzi ndetse niba byatuma Urukiko rwemeza ko nta bubasha rufite, mu gika cya 17, rusobanura ko kuba hari igishoro cyabyaraga inyungu za buri kwezi, byumvikanisha ko ayo masezerano ari ay’ubucuruzi, na ho mu gika cya 19, rusobanura ko n’iyo Kamuyumbu Perpétue aba yaragurije amafaranga Bimenyimana Célestin mu nyungu z’ubucuruzi bwe, impaka zabikomokaho ari iz’ubucuruzi kuko amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 yakozwe mu nyungu z’uwajuriye, rwanzura ko amasezerano akomokaho umwenda ari ay’ubucuruzi, impaka ziyakomokaho zikaba ziri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 81, agace ka 1˚ y’Itegeko N˚ 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru. [26] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ku kibazo cy’ibanze Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi zasuzumye, cyo kumenya niba amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue ari ay’ubucuruzi cyangwa niba ari ay’imbonezamubano no kumenya niba ikirego cyatanzwe kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, ikigaragara ari uko inkiko zombi zemeje ko ayo masezerano ari ay’ubucuruzi, zikaba zihuriza ku bisobanuro by’uko Kamuyumbu Perpétue yahaye Bimenyimana Célestin umwenda agiye kuwukoresha mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi kuko asanzwe ari umucuruzi kandi uwawutanze yemererwa inyungu. Izo nkiko zombi zabanje zashingiye ku byabaye n’ibiteganywa n’itegeko rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, zanzura ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Kamuyumbu Perpétue kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, nkuko bigaragara mu gika cya 9 cy’urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, no mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza RCOMA 00363/2022/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi. [27] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku birebana no gutsindwa mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu manza zitandukanye zagaragajwe haruguru, rurasanga nta gushidikanya ko ku kibazo cyo kumenya ubwoko bw’amasezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue ndetse n’icyo kumenya urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego cyatanzwe na Kamuyumbu Perpétue, Bimenyimana Célestin yaratsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [28] Ku birebana no kuba uhagarariye Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko rufite ububasha bushingiye ku ngingo ya 81 y’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, ariko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwo rwemeza ko rufite ububasha, rutabanje gusuzuma ngo rwemeze niba ari amasezerano mbonezamubano cyangwa y’ubucuruzi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa, kubera ko hagaragajwe ko mu bibazo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye, harimo ikirebana no kumenya niba amasezerano akomokaho umwenda uburanwa atari ay’ubucuruzi ndetse niba byatuma Urukiko rwemeza ko 4 Ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere y’itegeko rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko” Haseguriwe ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 27, agace ka 4˚, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ruburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere imanza zose z’ubucuruzi, iz’imari, iz’imisoro n’ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano na byo byerekeye: 1˚impaka zivutse ku masezerano cyangwa ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibigo

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nta bubasha rufite, mu gika cya 17 n’icya 19 rusobanura impamvu rusanga amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue ku wa 01/04/2021 ari ay’ubucuruzi, ari na ho rwahereye rwanzura ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 81 y’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko ikirego kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi nk’uko bigaragara mu mpera z’igika cya 19 cy’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi. [29] Ku birebana no kuba uhagarariye Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko ibibazo byasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 9 cy’urubanza RCOM 00365/2022/TC ari na byo byasuzumwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ariko ko ibisobanuro Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwatanze mu gika cya 14 n’icya 16 by’urubanza RCOMA 00363/2022, bitandukanye n’ibyatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko mu gika cya 14 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwagaragaje ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko, na ho mu gika cya 16 cyarwo, Urukiko rugaragaza imiburanire y’ababuranyi ku bwoko bw’amasezerano bagiranye ndetse no ku bubasha bw’Urukiko. Ikibazo cyasesenguwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu gika cya 9, bikaba bigaragara ko ibisobanuro byacyo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, biri mu gika cya 17 n’icya 19 by’urubanza rwajuririwe. [30] Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasuzumye kandi ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Bimenyimana Célestin afitiye Kamuyumbu Perpétue umwenda remezo (igishoro) ungana na 24.000.000 Frw na 14.000$ ku buryo yategekwa kuwumwishyura hamwe n’inyungu ziwukomokaho zikubiye mu masezerano zingana na 25.000.000 Frw na 13.000.000 Frw, 11.160.000 Frw y’inyungu zo gutinda kwishyura zibariwe kuri 18%, 2.520$ y’inyungu za 14.000$ zibariwe kuri 18%, 5.000.000 Frw y’indishyi zo gusiragizwa na 5.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [31] Mu gusesengura ibi bibazo, Urukiko rw‘Ubucuruzi rwashingiye na none ku bikubiye mu masezerano yo ku wa 01/04/2021 yabaye hagati ya Bimenyimana Célestin na Kamuyumbu Perpétue, rusanga Bimenyimana Célestin adahakana ko ari we wiyandikiye ibikubiye muri iyo nyandiko, ndetse ko atigeze avuga ko atayizi cyangwa ko atazi ibiyikubiyemo. Rushingiye ku ngingo ya 2, iya 4, iya 9, iya 14 n’iya 16 z’Itegeko n˚15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ku ngingo ya 12, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n˚22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N˚45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, rusanga umwenda remezo/igishoro ungana na 24.000.000 Frw na 14.000$; 25.000.000 Frw y’inyungu zikubiye muri ayo masezerano y’ubwishyu bwa buri kwezi ku gishoro na 13.000.000 Frw y’ubwishyu bw’amezi 10 guhera mu kwezi kwa 04/2021 bifite ishingiro, rusobanura ko Bimenyimana Célestin atsindwa kubera ko ayo mafaranga akubiye mu masezerano akurikije itegeko, akaba ari itegeko kuri we, kandi ko agomba gutegekwa kuyubahiriza, rwanzura ko umwenda agomba kwishyura ungana na 62.000.000 Frw na 14.000$. [32] Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi narwo rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba kuba umuntu atari umunyamigabane wa sosiyete ari byo bivuga ko nyirayo ataberamo undi muntu umwenda w’ubucuruzi ndetse niba hari ubwishyu bw’umwenda uburanwa bwatanzwe, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N˚45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ku ngingo ya 14 n’iya 29 z’Itegeko n˚15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ku ngingo ya 12, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko n˚ 22/2028 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo

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n’iz’ubutegetsi, no ku ngingo ya 24 y’Itegeko N˚007/2021 ryo ku wa 05/02/2021 rigenga amasosiyete, maze mu gika cya 33 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rusobanura ko kuba Kamuyumbu Perpétue atari umunyamigabane wa sosiyete za Bimenyimana Célestin bitamukuraho inshingano yo kwishyura umwenda wemejwe mu nyandiko yo ku wa 01/04/2021 kandi ko muri iyo nyandiko nta havugwamo ko sosiyete ari yo irimo uwo mwenda, ikaba itari n’umuburanyi mu rubanza. Mu gika cya 34 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasobanuye ko nta kibuza umuntu ku giti cye ufite amasosiyete kuba yagirana amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’undi kandi ntibyitirirwe sosiyete kuko sosiyete igira ubuzimagatozi n’inshingano bitandukanye n’abanyamigabane bayo. Na ho mu gika cya 37, rwasanze hari 16.300.000 Frw Bimenyimana Célestin yishyuye Kamuyumbu Perpétue, ruvuga ko ayo mafaranga yishyuwe agomba kuvanwa mu mwenda wishyuzwa, hagasigara umwenda remezo ungana na 45.700.000 Frw na 14.000$. [33] Ku birebana no kuba uhagarariye Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarahinduye ingano y’umwenda aho wavanywe kuri 62.000.000 Frw ugashyirwa kuri 45.700.000 Frw, bihita bifatwa ko uwo ahagarariye atatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabisobanuye kandi byagaragajwe haruguru, nta gereranya rishobora gukorerwa ku byaburanishijwe bwa mbere ku rwego rw’ubujurire, kuko nta we ugereranya ibidafitanye isano. Muri uru rubanza, bigaragara ko ikibazo kirebana n’ingano y’umwenda uburanwa cyavuzwe bwa mbere mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, kuba rero Bimenyimana Célestin atarigeze akizana mu mpaka zagiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, ntabwo ashobora kubyitwaza ngo avuge ko atatsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, mu gihe igereranya ryo gutsindwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, rikorwa harebwa ibibazo by’ingenzi byasuzumwe n’inkiko zombi, imitekerereze ya buri rukiko kuri ibyo bibazo, yatumye zigera ku mwanzuro zafashe kuri byo. [34] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru n’ibisobanuro byatanzwe, ibibazo byasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi byanasuzumwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bigizwe no kumenya niba amasezerano yabaye hagati y’ababuranyi bombi ku wa 01/04/2021 ari amasezerano y’ubucuruzi cyangwa y’imbonezamubano, n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ikirego cyatanzwe kiri mu bubasha bw’Inkiko z’Ubucuruzi, hamwe n’icyo kumenya niba hari umwenda ugomba kwishyurwa, izi nkiko zombi zarabitanzeho ibisobanuro mu buryo bumwe, bityo ubujurire bwatanzwe na Bimenyimana Célestin bukaba butagomba kwakirwa ngo busuzumwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. 2. Ku byerekeye amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka [35] Uhagarariye Kamuyumbu Perpétue asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Bimenyimana Célestin guha uwo ahagarariye 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 5.000.000 Frw kubera gusiragizwa mu manza. [36] Uhagarariye Bimenyimana Célestin avuga ko amafaranga Kamuyumbu Perpétue asaba nta shingiro afite, kuko ari we wamushoye mu rubanza, ahubwo ko we yazagenerwa 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 5.000.000 Frw yo gusiragizwa mu manza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[37] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko “Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikiye ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe.” [38] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, kuba Kamuyumbu Perpétue yarashatse Avoka wo kuburana no gukurikirana urubanza, amafaranga asaba guhabwa na Bimenyimana Célestin afite ishingiro, ariko kubera ko ayo asaba ari menshi kandi nta n’ibisobanuro ayatangira, mu bushishozi bwarwo rukaba rumugeneye 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego, naho 5.000.000 Frw asaba yo gusiragizwa mu manza akaba nta yo agomba guhabwa kuko urubanza rugarukiye ku nzitizi. [39] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’indishyi zo gusiragizwa mu manza asabwa na Bimenyimana Célestin atagomba kuyahabwa, kubera ko hagaragajwe ko ubujurire yatanze butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [40] Rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe na Kamuyumbu Perpétue, ifite ishingiro. [41] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Bimenyimana Célestin butakiriwe, kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [42] Rutegetse Bimenyimana Célestin guha Kamuyumbu Perpétue 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego. [43] Rutegetse ko amafaranga y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe na Bimenyimana Célestin ajurira, ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.