UBUSHINJACYAHA v BUCYENSENGE

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v BUCYENSENGE

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-07-17 - Case/document no.: RS/REV/RP 00072/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v BUCYENSENGE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE - RS/REV/RP 00072/2024/CA (Mukandamage, P.J) 17 Nyakanga 2025] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya – Ikimenyetso gishya – Ikimenyetso gishya ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ubushinjacyaha bwakurikiranye uregwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi bumurega icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, nyuma yuko acyetsweho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana witwa N.A. w’imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17) y’amavuko akamutera inda yavutsemo umwana w’umuhungu. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rusanga hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uregwa yakoze icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, hanyuma rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) rumugabanyirije, kubera ko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu butabera ku buryo buzwi. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi rwamuhamije icyaha kandi nta bimenyetso simusiga bihari bikimuhamya nta n’iperereza rukoze, ndetse ko nta raporo ya Muganga yakozwe igaragaza ko umwana yasambanyijwe, kandi ko yasabye ko hakorwa ikizamini cya ADN kugirango harebwe ko umwana wabyawe bafitanye isano ariko ntibyakorwa. Urwo Rukiko narwo rwaciye urubanza rusanga ubujurire nta shingiro bufite, kuko hari ibimenyetso birimo imvugo ze zagaragayemo kwivuguruza hamwe yemera ko yabonanye n’umwana ubundi agahakana ndetse n’ubuhamya butandukanye. Ku bijyanye n’ikizamini cya ADN, urukiko rwasanze atari ngombwa kuyikoresha, kuko icyaha aregwa ari icyo gusambanya umwana, ko na raporo ya Muganga itari ngombwa, kuko umwana yabyaye akaba atari kubyara atakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina. Uregwa nanone yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, urubanza rwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kubera ivugurura ry’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza. Mu bujurire bwe, yavuze ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha rushingiye ku bimenyetso bishidikanywaho, ko hakozwe amakosa akabije hemezwa ko yasambanyije umunyeshuri we kandi yaraherukaga kumwigisha mu mwaka wa 2013, ko yasabye ko hakorwa ikizamini cya ADN ariko urukiko rukabyirengagiza, asaba kugirwa umwere. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rugumishaho imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe. Uregwa yasubirishijemo urwo rubanza ingingo nshya avuga ko nyuma y’uko urubanza ruciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukaba itegeko, hari ikimenyetso cyabonetse kigizwe n’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba rwemeje ko umwana wabyawe na N. A. atari uwe, agasaba ko urubanza rwasubirwamo hashingiwe kuri icyo kimenyetso. Ubushinjacyaha bwo buburana buvuga ko ibyo urega asaba nta shingiro bifite, kubera ko urubanza rwo kwihakana umwana ntaho ruhuriye n’urubanza rumuhamya icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. Buvuga kandi ko atanga asaba gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kitavuguruza ibindi bimenyetso byashingiweho ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, kereka iyo aza kuba aregwa icyaha cyo gutera inda.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: Mu gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ikimenyetso gishya ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Ikirego nticyakiriwe. Amategeko yakoreshejwe: Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, Ingingo ya 197 n’iya 203. Imanza zifashishijwe: Shema Charles & Bashangire Grâce vs I&M Bank Rwanda Plc, RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020. Mulindahabi Fidèle vs ATRACO, RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019. Ubushinjacyaha vs Mutabazi Innocent, RS/REV/RP 00035/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/04/2025.

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 03/11/2016, Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yacyetsweho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana witwa N. A. w’imyaka cumi n’irindwi (17) y’amavuko akamutera inda yavutsemo umwana w’umuhungu ku wa 06/08/2017, bivugwa ko yasabye uwo mwana kumutwaza ibijerekani by’inzoga, bagera iwe akamusambanya. [2] Nyuma y’iperereza, Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi burega Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, busaba ko ahamwa n’icyo cyaha, agahanishwa igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko giteganywa n’ingingo ya 190 n’iya 191 z’Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ryakurikizwaga icyo gihe. [3] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yaburanye ahakana icyaha avuga ko umwana aregwa gusambanya atari akiri umunyeshuli, ko atazi aho atuye nawe atazi iwe, ko yamubonye ari kumwe n’abandi bana bamutwaje ibinyobwa. Yasabye ko imvugo z’abatangabuhamya zitahabwa agaciro, kubera ko ibyo bavuga byose ari ibyo babwiwe, kandi ko hakorwa ikizamini cya ADN hagati ye n’umwana wavutse kuko yabisabye ntibikorwe, maze mu gihe icyo kizamini cyaba gikorwa akarekurwa agakurikiranwa ari hanze. [4] Mu rubanza n° RP 00216/2017/TGI/GIC rwaciwe ku wa 21/12/2017, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi rwasanze hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste

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yakoze icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, birimo imvugo ze yemera ko umwana yageze iwe mu nzu n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Muhawenayo Sixbert. Ku byerekeye gukora ikizamini cya ADN no gufungurwa akaburana ari hanze, urukiko rwasanze nta shingiro bifite, kuko icyaha Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yarezwe atari ugutera inda umwana, ahubwo ari ugusambanya umwana akamutera inda, hanyuma rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20) rumugabanyirije, kubera ko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe mu butabera ku buryo buzwi. [5] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi rwamuhamije icyaha kandi nta bimenyetso simusiga bihari bikimuhamya nta n’iperereza rukoze, ndetse ko nta raporo ya Muganga yakozwe igaragaza ko umwana yasambanyijwe, kandi ko yasabye ko hakorwa ikizamini cya ADN kugirango harebwe ko umwana wabyawe bafitanye isano ariko ntibyakorwa, asaba kurenganurwa. Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko ubujurire bwa Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste nta shingiro bufite, kuko ikizamini cya ADN asaba atari ngombwa, kubera ko adakurikiranyweho gutera inda, ahubwo akurikiranweho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, ko kuba raporo ya Muganga itarakozwe byatewe n’uko umwana N. A. yari yabyaye, kandi ko uyu amushinja hamwe n’abatangabuhamya. [6] Mu rubanza n° RPA 00074/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 24/05/2018, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubujurire bwa Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste nta shingiro bufite, kuko hari ibimenyetso birimo imvugo ze zagaragayemo kwivuguruza hamwe yemera ko yabonanye n’umwana ubundi agahakana, imvugo z’umwana wahohotewe, ubuhamya bwa Muhawenayo Sixbert, ubwa Rukimbira Donatien, n’ubwa Bihoyiki Laurence bigaragaza ko yakoze icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. Ku bijyanye n’ikizamini cya ADN, urukiko rwasanze atari ngombwa kuyikoresha, kuko icyaha aregwa ari icyo gusambanya umwana, ko na raporo ya Muganga itari ngombwa, kuko umwana yabyaye, akaba atari kubyara atakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina, maze rwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza rwajuririwe. [7] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, urubanza rwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kubera ivugurura ry’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza. Mu bujurire bwe, Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yavuze ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha rushingiye ku bimenyetso bishidikanywaho, ko hakozwe amakosa akabije hemezwa ko yasambanyije umunyeshuri we kandi yaraherukaga kumwigisha mu mwaka wa 2013, ko yasabye ko hakorwa ikizamini cya ADN ariko urukiko rukabyirengagiza, asaba kugirwa umwere. Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko ubujurire bwa Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste nta shingiro bufite, kuko hari ibimenyetso bimuhamya icyaha. [8] Mu rubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe ku wa 15/05/2020, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze koko umwana N. A. yaratwaje Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste inzoga, amugejeje iwe amujyana mu nzu, amuha inzoga, aramusambanya, ko n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Muhawenimana Sixbert n’ubwa Bihoyiki Laurence bugaragaza ko yakoze icyo cyaha, maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, rugumishaho imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe. [9] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yasubirishijemo urwo rubanza ingingo nshya, urubanza ruhabwa nº RS/REV/RP 00072/2024/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 07/07/2025, Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yunganiwe na Me Uwimabera Béata, naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Uwizeye Jean Marie, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu.

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[10] Mu myanzuro no mu miburanire, Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste avuga ko nyuma y’uko urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA ruciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukaba itegeko, hari ikimenyetso cyabonetse kigizwe n’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba rwemeje ko umwana Niyokwizera Alexis wabyawe na N. A. atari uwe, agasaba ko urubanza rwasubirwamo hashingiwe kuri icyo kimenyetso. Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ibyo Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste asaba nta shingiro bifite, kubera ko urubanza rwo kwihakana umwana ntaho ruhuriye n’urubanza rumuhamya icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. [11] Ikibazo kigomba kubanza gusuzumwa ni icyo kumenya niba ikirego cya Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste gisubirishamo urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/05/2020 kigomba kwakirwa. II. ISESENGURWA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA Kumenya niba ikirego cya Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste gisubirishamo urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/05/2020 kigomba kwakirwa  Ku byerekeye igihe cyo gutanga ikirego [12] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste n’umwunganira bavuga ko yatanze ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA yubahirije ibihe biteganywa n’ingingo ya 203 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, kuko urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY ashingiraho nk’ikimenyetso gishya rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba ku wa 21/11/2024, hanyuma atanga ikirego ku wa 26/11/2024, ni ukuvuga hashize iminsi itanu (5). [13] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko harebwe igihe ikimenyetso gishya cyabonekeye n’igihe Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yatangiye ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ibihe biteganywa n’itegeko byubahirijwe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [14] Ingingo ya 203 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ibikurikira: “Igihe ntarengwa cyo kuregera gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya rwaciwe burundu ni amezi abiri (2) kuva igihe impamvu ituma urwo rubanza rusubirwamo yabonekeye”. [15] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, nk’uko Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste abivuga, urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY ashingiraho nk’ikimenyetso gishya asaba ko urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/05/2020 rusubirwamo rwaraciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba ku wa 21/11/2024, atanga ikirego ku wa 26/11/2024, akaba rero yarubahirije igihe cy’ amezi abiri (2) giteganywa n’itegeko.  Ku byerekeye ikimenyetso bivugwa ko ari gishya [16] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste n’umwunganira bavuga ko ikimenyetso gishya ashingiraho asaba ko urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/05/2020

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rusubirwamo ari urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba ku wa 21/11/2024 haburana Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste na N. A., aho yareze yihakana umwana Niyokwizerwa Alexis aregwa ko yabyaye. [17] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste n’umwunganira bavuga ko ikirego cyo kwihakana umwana wabyawe na N. A. yagitanze nyuma y’uko mu nkiko yanyuzemo zose aregwa icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana N. A. akamutera inda yasabye ko hapimwa ADN hagati ye n’umwana Niyokwizera Alexis kugirango hamenyekane isano bafitanye ariko ntabyemererwe, akaba yaratanze icyo kirego ahanini agamije kubona uburenganzira bwo gupimwa ADN yagiye yimwa kugira ngo byemezwe ko atari we se w’umwana. Bavuga ko muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba rwafashe icyemezo cy’uko hapimwa ADN, hanyuma N. A. nyina w’umwana arakimenyeshwa ntiyacyubahiriza, maze rusanga hari ugushidikanya ku kuba Niyokwizera Alexis yarabyawe na Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste, rwemeza ko atari we se w’umwana, bagasaba ko icyo kimenyetso cyakwakirwa, maze urubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rugasubirwamo. [18] Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste n’umwunganira bavuga kandi ko urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY ari ikimenyetso gishya, kuko cyabonetse nyuma y’uko urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA ruciwe, ko atashoboraga kukibona igihe yaburana urwo rubanza kuko yari afunze, kandi ko ari kamarampaka kuko rutesha agaciro ibimenyetso byashingiweho n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kubera bishidikanywaho, aho abatangabuhamya Bihoyiki Laurence na Rukimbirana Donatien bemeza ko yasambanyije umwana N. A. akamutera inda yavutsemo umwana. [19] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ikimenyetso Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste atanga asaba gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kitavuguruza ibindi bimenyetso byashingiweho ahamwa icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, kereka iyo aza kuba aregwa icyaha cyo gutera inda. Avuga kandi ko atari buri gihe ko iyo umwana asambanyijwe aterwa inda, ko n’iyo Niyokwizera Alexis yari gupimwa bitari gukuraho ko Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste yasambanyije umwana N. A., kuko icyaha yarezwe ari icyo gusambanya umwana kandi ari na cyo giteganywa n’amategeko, ko gutera inda ari ingaruka zo gusambanywa. Asanga rero urubanza rwo kwihakana umwana rutahuzwa n’urubanza nshinjabyaha, ikirego yatanze kikaba kitagomba kwakirwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [20] Ku birebana no gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ingingo ya 197, mu gace ka 5°, y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ibikurikira: “Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: (…) 5° iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo”. [21] Mu rubanza n° RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020, Shema Charles na Bashangire Grâce baburana na I&M Bank Rwanda Plc, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko uburanisha ikimenyetso gishya, agomba kugaragariza Urukiko ko atigeze amenya ko gihari, cyangwa ko yari azi ko gihari ariko akaba atarashoboraga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga.

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[22] Na none, mu rubanza n° RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019, haburana Mulindahabi Fidèle na ATRACO, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ikimenyetso gishya kigomba kuba ari kamarampaka, ni ukuvuga ko cyashoboraga gutuma umucamanza afata icyemezo gitandukanye n’icyo yafashe. [23] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, mu manza zivuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwarasobanuye neza ingingo ya 197, agace ka gatanu (5°), y’Itegeko nº 27/2019 yavuzwe haruguru, ruvuga ko ikimenyetso gishya ari ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi ko n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Iyi mirongo igaragara muri izi manza zombi yashingiweho mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, harimo n’urubanza nº RS/REV/RP 00035/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/04/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Mutabazi Innocent. [24] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba atari ikimenyetso gishya mu buryo buteganywa n’ingingo ya 197, agace ka 5°, y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, kuko Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste atabasha kugaragaza ko atigeze amenya ko icyo kimenyetso gihari, cyangwa ko yari azi ko gihari ariko akaba atarashoboraga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, agahamwa icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana N. A., ahubwo bigaragara ko icyo kimenyetso kitari gihari aburana, hanyuma amaze kuburana aba aribwo atanga ikirego cyo kwihakana umwana Niyokwizera Alexis mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba. [25] Urukiko rurasanga rero atari ngombwa gusuzuma niba urubanza nº RC 00066/2024/TB/BY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Byumba ari ikimenyetso cya kamarampaka cyashoboraga gutuma umucamanza afata icyemezo gitandukanye n’icyo yafashe mu rubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste asaba ko rusubirwamo. [26] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, rushingiye ku ngingo 197, agace ka 5º, y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, ku mirongo yatanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru, no ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rurasanga ikirego gisubirashamo ingingo nshya urubanza nº RPAA 00520/2018/CA cyatanzwe na Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe, kuko kitujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [27] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste gisubirishamo urubanza n° RPAA 00520/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 15/05/2020 ingingo nshya kitakiriwe; [28] Rutegetse ko Bucyensenge Jean Baptiste asonerwa gutanga amagarama y’urubanza, kuko yaburanye afunzwe.