Re BUCYESENGE MENDE

# Re BUCYESENGE MENDE

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-04-25 - Case/document no.: RS/INCONST/SPEC00006/2023/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

## Text

## Page 1

Re BUCYESENGE MENDE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC00006/2023/SC (Mukantaganzwa, P.J., Hitiyaremye, Cyanzayire, Kazungu na Kalihangabo, J.) 25 Mata 2025] Itegeko Nshinga – Ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko – Kuba icyiciro cy’ababuranira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire no mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga batemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe n’izo nkiko, naho icy’ababuranira mu zindi nkiko bo bakaba bemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe nazo, ntibinyuranyije n’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko, kuko bishingiye ku mpamvu yumvikana kandi ifite ireme, irimo ububasha bw’inkiko n’ihame rusange ryo kuba iburanisha ry’imanza rigomba kugira aho rirangirira. Itegeko Nshinga – Ubutabera buboneye – Uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha – Gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga – Kuba Umushingamategeko, mu bushishozi bwe, yarifuje gushyiraho igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, yari agamije intego ifite ireme, yo kubungabunga imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera, aho gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, byavutsa umuburanyi watsindwa uburenganzira bwo kujurira nibura rimwe, kuko imanza zaciwe n’izi nkiko zitajuririrwa. Itegeko Nshinga – Itegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite – Itegeko ryaba rinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira umuntu afite ku mutungo bwite, ni iryaba rimunyaga uburenganzira afite ku mutungo we cyangwa irituma uvogerwa nta burenganzira abitangiye, cyangwa irimubuza kuwukoresha nta nkomyi. Incamake y’ikibazo: Bucyensenge Mende yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko igika cya 4 cy'ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe iteganya ko imanza zaciwe n'Urukiko rw’ubujurire cyangwa urw’Ikirenga ntizitambamirwa, kivanwaho kuko kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Bucyesenge Mende yatanze iki kirego biturutse ku manza zabanje, zatumye agura mu cyamunara imitungo ya Valois wananiwe kwishyura Dusabe wari waramugurije 61.420 by’amadolari y’Amerika. Mbere y’uko iyo mitungo igurishwa, Umuhesha w’inkiko utari uw’umwuga yasanze Valois ayifatanyije n’Abavandimwe be biba ngombwa kubanza kubiregera mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu kugirango habanze kugaragazwa uruhare rwe. Urubanza rwaciwe ku wa 05/04/2019 rutegeka ko imitungo Valois asangiye n’abavandimwe be igabanwa, umugabane we ukagurishwa hagamijwe kurangiza urubanza. Valois na Dusabe bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 31/07/2019 urukiko rugumishaho icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu. Valois n’abavandimwe be bajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, ruca urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. Nyuma y’izo manza, Umuhesha w’inkiko utari uw’umwuga yagurishije mu cyamunara imitungo yose, igurwa na Bucyensenge Mende ku mafaranga 111,600,000, hakurwamo umugabane wa Valois hishyurwa Dusabe, asigaye ahabwa abavandimwe be. Valois n'abavandimwe be hamwe na Dusabe batanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire gisubirishamo ingingo nshya, urwo rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwari rwemeje ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. Bashyize muri sisitemu ya IECMS amasezerano y'ubwumvikane, maze ku wa 27/06/2025 Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubwumvikane yabaye hagati ya Valois n’abavandimwe be ku ruhande rumwe, na Dusabe ku rundi ruhande, asoje urubanza RC00001/2022/CA kandi ko ibiyakubiyemo aribyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa.

## Page 2

Bucyensenge Mende avuga ko amaze kumenya ko urubanza rwashingiweho agura mu cyamunara imitungo rwasimbuwe n’amasezerano y’ubwumvikane, ashatse gutambamira urwo rubanza RC00001/2022/CA kugira ngo arengere inyungu ze, azitirwa n’igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’ Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru; giteganya ko imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidatambamirwa. Iyi ikaba ariyo mpamvu yahisemo gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko icyo gika kivanwaho kuko kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Mende avuga ko itegeko ryemerera umuntu wumva ko yarenganyijwe n’ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza zaciwe n’izindi nkiko gutambamira izo manza, ariko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko Nᵒ22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kikaba kibuza uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga gutambamira urwo rubanza, binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga ko icyo gika cya 4 kibuza umuntu uburenganzira bwo gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yumva rumurenganya, ariko mu gihe uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urwaciwe n’izindi nkiko abwemerewe; asanga kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko kitareshyeshya abantu ngo kibarengere ku buryo bumwe. Mende asobanura ko icyo gika cya 4 kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko cyambura umuntu wumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha arutambamira kandi ariyo nzira yonyine yari gutuma ashobora kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rwaciye urubanza rubangamiye inyungu ze. Asoza avuga ko icyo gika cya 4 kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko kimubuza kurengera umutungo yaguze mu cyamunara harangizwa urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ntashobore kuwiyandikishaho, kubera urubanza rusubirishamo ingingo nshya rwaciwe n’ubundi n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukarutesha agaciro atarubayemo umuburanyi. Asobanura ko icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyavogereye kandi gihungabanya uburenganzira bwe kuri uwo mutungo; akaba ariyo mpamvu asaba ko icyo gika kivanwaho kugira ngo abone uko atambamira urwo rubanza. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda muri uru rubanza, asobanura ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru gishyirwa mu itegeko, umushingamategeko yari agambiriye kubuza ko imanza zitangirira mu nkiko nkuru kuko ubusanzwe Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusuzuma ibirego ku rwego rw’ubujurire gusa; naho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rugasuzuma ibibazo ku rwego rwa nyuma cyangwa ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma hashingiwe ku bubasha ruhabwa n’itegeko. Avuga ko gutambamira ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza zaciwe n’izi nkiko bidashoboka kuko byaba ari ugutangiza urubanza. Akomeza asobanura ko ibyo Urega avuga ko ibyo binyuranyije n’ihame riteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko atari byo kuko iryo hame risobanuye gufata kimwe abantu bari mu cyiciro kimwe no mu buryo bumwe. Asobanura ko kuba icyo gika gitandukanya uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe n’izindi nkiko, bidasobanuye kutabareshyeshya, kuko batari mu byiciro bimwe. Uhagarariye Leta asobanura nanone ko kuba imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidashobora gutambamirwa, ubwabyo atari ukubuza umuntu uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, kubera ko amategeko ateganya ubundi buryo yaregera ku rwego rwa mbere ibyo yashakaga kuregera mu rubanza rutambamira urundi. Agaragaza ko Urega ashobora kwiyambaza inzira yo kuregera kuvuguruzanya kw’imanza, kuko hari n’imanza zabitanzeho zaciwe n’izo Nkiko nkuru, nk’urugero urubanza RCOM00001/2016/CA rwaciwe ku wa 03/07/2020 n’urubanza RS/SPEC00002/13/SC rwaciwe ku wa 14/07/2017. Yakomeje agaragaza indi nzira Urega yakwifashisha kugirango agaruze amafaranga ye yatanze agura mu cyamunara ndetse no kuba yahabwa amafaranga

## Page 3

y’indishyi kubera ko bamushoye mu cyamunara yamara kugura bakamuca inyuma bakumvikana n’uwaterejwe cyamunara. Iyo nzira ni iyo kurega ku rwego rwa mbere umuhesha w’Inkiko na Dusabe wamusabye kurangiza urubanza. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda muri uru rubanza asoza agaragaza ko icyo gika cya 4 kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko Urega adashobora gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ngo bifatwe nko guhungabanya uburenganzira bwe ku mutungo yaguze mu cyamunara, mu gihe hari izindi nzira ashobora kwiyambaza kugira ngo aburengere. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Kuba icyiciro cy’ababuranira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire no mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga batemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe n’izo nkiko, naho icy’ababuranira mu zindi nkiko bo bakaba bemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe nazo, ntibinyuranyije n’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko, kuko bishingiye ku mpamvu yumvikana kandi ifite ireme, irimo ububasha bw’inkiko n’ihame rusange ryo kuba iburanisha ry’imanza rigomba kugira aho rirangirira. 2. Kuba Umushingamategeko, mu bushishozi bwe, yarifuje gushyiraho igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, yari agamije intego ifite ireme, yo kubungabunga imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera, aho gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, byavutsa umuburanyi watsindwa uburenganzira bwo kujurira nibura rimwe, kuko imanza zaciwe n’izi nkiko zitajuririrwa. 3. Itegeko ryaba rinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira umuntu afite ku mutungo bwite, ni iryaba rimunyaga uburenganzira afite ku mutungo we cyangwa irituma uvogerwa nta burenganzira abitangiye, cyangwa irimubuza kuwukoresha nta nkomyi. Ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo y’itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 15, 29, 34 n’iya 153. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu ryo mu wa 1948, ingingo ya 7, 10 n’iya 17. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Imbonezamubano no mu bya Politiki yo mu 1966, ingingo ya 14 n’iya 26. Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage yo mu wa 1981, ingingo ya 3, 7 n’iya 14. Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ingingo ya 6. Itegeko Nᵒ 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 52. Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe, ingingo ya 161, 162 n’iya 165. Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2019/SC, Re Feminist Action Development Ambition (FADA), rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/04/2024. RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2023/SC, Re Uwombonye Hirwa Sudi rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 12/04/2024. RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC, Re Kamanzi Anaclet rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/03/2023.

## Page 4

RS/INJUST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, Re Ngendahayo Kabuye rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 10/02/2023. RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2022/SC, Re Murangwa Edward, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/12/2022. RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC, Re Asiimwe Frank, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021. RS/ INCONST/SPEC00001/2019/SC, Re Murangwa Edward rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 29/11/2019. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Conseil de l’Europe et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Manuel de droit Européen en matière d’accès à la Justice, p. 27. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 13/12/2023, Bucyensenge Mende Claude yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko igika cya 4 cy'ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe, kivanwaho kuko kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Itegeko Nshinga muri uru rubanza. [2] Asobanura ko uwitwa Dusabe Fazil yagurije Valois Jean Marie 61.420 by’amadolari y’Amerika ($) maze mu gihe cyo kumwishyura akamuha sheki zitazigamiwe, bituma Ubushinjacyaha bumurega mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru, bumukurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gutanga sheki zitazigamiwe. Avuga ko Valois Jean Marie yahamwe n’icyo cyaha agahanishwa igifungo cy’amezi atanu, ihazabu ya 61.420 $, gusubiza Dusabe Fazil 61.420 $ ahwanye na sheki zitazigamiwe yamuhaye na 400.000Frw y’indishyi. [3] Avuga ko urubanza rubaye itegeko, Dusabe Fazil yiyambaje Umuhesha w’inkiko w’umwuga kugira ngo amurangirize urubanza maze asanga imitungo Valois Jean Marie afite ayisangiye n’abandi bavandimwe be1; arayifatira ariko anatanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu kigamije kugaragaza uruhare rwa Valois Jean Marie muri iyo mitungo kugira ngo ruzavemo ubwishyu. Urubanza rwaciwe ku wa 05/04/2019 rutegeka ko imitungo Valois Jean Marie asangiye n’abavandimwe be igabanwa, umugabane we ukagurishwa hagamijwe kurangiza urubanza. [4] Dusabe Fazil na Valois Jean Marie bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 31/07/2019 urukiko rugumishaho icyemezo cy’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu. Valois Jean Marie n’abavandimwe be bajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, ruca urubanza RCAA00017/2019/CA ku wa 03/10/2019 rwemeza ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. [5] Ku wa 14/12/2021, mu rwego rwo kurangiza urubanza, Umuhesha w’inkiko w’umwuga Niyonshuti Iddi Ibrahim yagurishije mu cyamunara imitungo ifite UPI: 3/03/04/05/1837, UPI: 3/03/04/05/1838, UPI: 3/03/04/05/1852 na UPI: 3/03/04/05/1853; igurwa na Bucyensenge Mende Claude wishyuye 111.600.000Frw; havanwamo umugabane wa Valois Jean Marie wishyurwa Dusabe Fazil, amafaranga asigaye ahabwa abavandimwe be.

1Valois Jean Felix, Valois Jean Paul, Valois Jean Pierre, Valois Marie Rose bose ni bene Kaptura Felix bakaba n’abazungura be.

## Page 5

[6] Ku wa 10/11/2022, Valois Jean Marie n'abavandimwe be batanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw'Ubujurire gisubirishamo ingingo nshya urubanza RCAA00017/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 03/10/2019; ikirego cyandikwa kuri nimero 00001/2022/CA. Iburanisha ry’urwo rubanza ryo ku wa 17/05/2023 ryarimuwe kubera ko abahagarariye ababuranyi bamenyesheje Urukiko ko bifuza gukemura ikibazo bafitanye mu bwumvikane. [7] Ku wa 15/06/2023, ababuranyi bashyize muri sisitemu ya IECMS amasezerano y'ubwumvikane, maze ku wa 27/06/2025 Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubwumvikane yabaye hagati ya Valois Jean Marie n’abavandimwe be ku ruhande rumwe, na Dusabe Fazil ku rundi ruhande, asoje urubanza nimero 00001/2022/CA kandi ko ibiyakubiyemo aribyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa. [8] Bucyensenge Mende Claude avuga ko amaze kumenya ko urubanza rwashingiweho agura mu cyamunara imitungo rwasimbuwe n’amasezerano y’ubwumvikane, yashatse gutambamira urubanza Nᵒ 00001/2022/CA kugira ngo arengere inyungu ze, akazitirwa n’igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’ Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru; giteganya ko imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidatambamirwa. Iyi ikaba ariyo mpamvu yahisemo gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko icyo gika kivanwaho kuko kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga. [9] Iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame ku wa 10/03/2025, Bucyensenge Mende Claude ahagarariwe na Me Kwizera Bernard naho Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Kabibi Speciose. Muri iryo buranisha, habanje gusuzumwa niba Bucyensenge Mende Claude afite inyungu muri uru rubanza. Ku bijyanye n’inyungu Bucyensenge Mende Claude afite muri uru rubanza [10] Nyuma yo gusuzuma ibyo uhagarariye Bucyensenge Mende Claude yanditse mu myanzuro ye ku birebana n’inyungu Bucyensenge Mende Claude afite mu rubanza, Urukiko rwafatiye icyemezo mu ntebe rushingiye ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/12/2022 harega Murangwa Edward, aho rwasobanuye ko kugira ngo rwemeze ko urega afite inyungu mu rubanza, rugomba gushingira nibura kuri imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: 1) Kuba itegeko riregwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba urega cyangwa icyiciro abarizwamo by’umwihariko, ku buryo afite inyungu ku giti cye zo gutanga ikirego. Urugero ni nk’itegeko rireba abanyamakuru, abaganga, abarimu n’abandi; 2) Kuba itegeko riregwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba abaturage muri rusange ku buryo rishobora kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwabo; ibyo akaba ari byo bihesha umuntu uwo ari we wese rishobora kuzagiraho ingaruka inyungu zo kuriregera Urukiko ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga; 3) Kuba uwatanze ikirego ari Avoka; uyu mu nyungu z’ubutabera akaba yemerewe gutanga ikirego mu rwego rwo guteza imbere amategeko cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abarebwa n’itegeko riregwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kabone n’ubwo nta nyungu we ku giti cye yaba afite muri icyo kirego. [11] Ku birebana n’iki kirego, Urukiko rwasanze igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kireba abaturage bose muri rusange na Bucyensenge Mende Claude arimo, maze rwemeza ko afite inyungu muri uru rubanza. [12] Ku birebana n’imizi y’urubanza, uhagarariye Bucyensenge Mende Claude asobanura ko kuba itegeko ryemerera umuntu wumva ko yarenganyijwe n’ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza zaciwe n’izindi nkiko gutambamira izo manza, ariko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko Nᵒ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kikaba kibuza uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe mu

## Page 6

rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga gutambamira urwo rubanza, binyuranyije n‘ingingo ya 15, iya 29 n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga. [13] Uhagarariye Leta asobanura ko nta na hamwe igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kinyuranyije n’ingingo z’Itegeko Nshinga uwatanze ikirego agaragaza. [14] Urukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kureba niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kinyuranyije n‘ingingo ya 15, iya 29(1)(c) n‘iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYACYO Kumenya niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29(1)(c) n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga [15] Uhagarariye Bucyensenge Mende Claude agaragaza ko igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru gisobanura ko gutambamira urubanza ari ugushaka ko urwo rubanza ruvanwaho cyangwa ruhindurwa bisabwe n’umuntu utararuburanye; naho ingingo ya 162 y’iryo tegeko igateganya ko umuntu utareze cyangwa ngo aregwe mu rubanza kandi arufitemo inyungu, ashobora gutambamira urubanza rumurenganya ashaka ko rusubirwamo iyo, yaba we cyangwa abo ahagarariye ntawarutumiwemo. [16] Asobanura ko kuba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kibuza umuntu uburenganzira bwo gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yumva rumurenganya, mu gihe uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urwaciwe n’izindi nkiko abwemerewe; asanga kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga2 kuko kitareshyeshya abantu ngo kibarengere ku buryo bumwe. [17] Asobanura kandi ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29(1)(c) y’Itegeko Nshinga3 kuko cyambura umuntu wumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha arutambamira kandi ariyo nzira yonyine yari gutuma ashobora kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rwaciye urubanza rubangamiye inyungu ze. [18] Asobanura nanone ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga4 kubera ko kimubuza kurengera umutungo yaguze mu cyamunara harangizwa urubanza RCAA00017/2019/CA, ntashobore kuwiyandikishaho kubera urubanza RCAA00001/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukarutesha agaciro atarubayemo umuburanyi. Akomeza asobanura ko icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyavogereye kandi gihungabanya uburenganzira bwe kuri uwo mutungo; akaba ariyo mpamvu asaba ko icyo gika kivanwaho kugira ngo abone uko atambamira urwo rubanza.

2Abantu bose barareshya imbere y’amategeko. Amategeko abarengera ku buryo bumwe. 3Buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye burimo uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. 4iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite, waba uwe ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi; Umutungo bwite, uw’umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi ntuvogerwa; Uburenganzira ku mutungo ntibuhungabanywa keretse ku mpamvu z’inyungu rusange kandi hakurikije ibiteganywa n’amategeko.

## Page 7

[19] Uhagarariye Leta asobanura ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru gishyirwa mu itegeko, umushingamategeko yari agambiriye kubuza ko imanza zitangirira mu nkiko nkuru kuko ubusanzwe Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusuzuma ibirego ku rwego rw’ubujurire gusa; naho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rugasuzuma ibibazo ku rwego rwa nyuma cyangwa ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma hashingiwe ku bubasha ruhabwa n’itegeko; ko gutambamira ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza zaciwe n’izi nkiko bidashoboka kuko byaba ari ugutangiza urubanza. [20] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Bucyensenge Mende Claude ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ngo kuko kitareshyeshya abantu bitewe n’uko uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga atabayemo umuburanyi atemerewe kurutambamira; ariko uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’urwaciwe n’urundi rukiko urwo arirwo rwose akaba abyemerewe, Uhagarariye Leta asobanura ko ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko risobanuye gufata kimwe abantu bari mu cyiciro kimwe no mu buryo bumwe. Asobanura ko kuba icyo gika gitandukanya uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe n’izindi nkiko, bidasobanuye kutabareshyeshya, kuko batari mu byiciro bimwe. Asobanura kandi ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru gifata kimwe abantu bose, kuko batemerewe gutambamira ibyemezo byafashwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. [21] Uhagarariye Leta asobanura nanone ko kuba imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidashobora gutambamirwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 1655 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ubwabyo atari ukubuza umuntu uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, kubera ko amategeko ateganya ubundi buryo yaregera ku rwego rwa mbere ibyo yashakaga kuregera mu rubanza rutambamira urundi, kuko kuri we urwo rubanza rudashobora kuba itegeko kubera ko atarebwa n’ihame rya “res judicata”. Agaragaza ko Bucyensenge Mende Claude ashobora kwiyambaza inzira yo kuregera kuvuguruzanya kw’imanza, kuko hari n’imanza zabitanzeho umurongo nk’urubanza RCOM00001/2016/CA rwaciwe ku wa 03/07/2020 n’urubanza RS/SPEC00002/13/SC rwaciwe ku wa 14/07/2017. [22] Uhagarariye Leta asobanura kandi ko Bucyensenge Mende Claude afite uburenganzira bwo kurega ku rwego rwa mbere umuhesha w’Inkiko na Dusabe Fazil wamusabye kurangiza urubanza kugira ngo bamusubize amafaranga yatanze agura imitungo mu cyamunara, kandi bamuhe n’indishyi kubera ko bamushoye mu cyamunara yamara kugura bakamuca inyuma bakumvikana n’uwaterejwe cyamunara. Akomeza agaragaza ko iyi nzira nayo yamufasha gukemura ikibazo afite atagombye kubinyuza mu guhindura itegeko. [23] Uhagarariye Leta asoza agaragaza ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko ngo n’ubwo uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite w’umuntu ari ntayegayezwa, bushobora guhungabanywa mu bihe biteganywa n’itegeko. Asobanura kandi ko kuba Bucyensenge Mende Claude adashobora gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, bitafatwa nko guhungabanya uburenganzira bwe ku mutungo yaguze mu cyamunara, kubera ko hari izindi nzira ashobora kwiyambaza kugira ngo aburengere nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

5 Ikirego cy’iremezo kigamije gutambamira urubanza gitangwa mu rukiko rwaciye urwo rubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo…

## Page 8

[24] Impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kuba uhagarariye Bucyensenge Mende Claude n’Uhagarariye Leta batemeranya ku kuba imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidatambamirwa, bivutsa uburenganzira uwumva ko yarenganyijwe n’izo nkiko mu rubanza atahamagawemo, bwo kuba yasaba ko rwongera kuburanishwa ahari kandi byemerwa mu zindi nkiko; urega akavuga ko ibyo byaba binyuranyije n’ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko, ihame ryo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, n’ihame ry’uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite, naho Intumwa ya Leta ikavuga ko ashobora kurengera ubwo burenganzira mu zindi nzira ziteganyijwe n’amategeko. a) Kumenya niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga [25] Kugira ngo hamenyekane niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kinyuranyije n’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko, bityo kikaba kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abigaragaza, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanura ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko. [26] Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi ko Itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe. [27] Ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 7 y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu6, ingingo ya 26 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Imbonezamubano no mu bya Politiki yo mu 19667 n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage8; zose zihuriza ku kuba abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amatageko kandi abarengera kimwe nta vangura iryo ari ryo ryose. [28] Ihame ry’uko abantu bareshya imbere y’amategeko risobanuye ko abantu bafatwa kimwe imbere y’itegeko, nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura. Iri hame ariko rishobora kugira imbibi (limitation) igihe hari impamvu zumvikana zishingiye ku ntego ifite ireme (legitimate or rational purpose) nk’uko byasobanuwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu manza zitandukanye zirimo urubanza RS/INJUST/SPEC00004/2021/SC rwaciwe ku wa 10/02/2023 haburana Ngendahayo Kabuye. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko abantu bari mu bihe cyangwa mu byiciro bimwe bafatwa kimwe kandi ko iyo badafashwe kimwe nta mpamvu ifite ireme kandi yumvikana byitwa ivangura. Rwagaragaje ariko ko Leta ishobora gutandukanya abantu cyangwa ibyiciro by’abantu itabangamiye ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko cyangwa iryo kutavangura, igihe ifite impamvu yumvikana, ifite ireme, ikurikije amategeko kandi igamije inyungu rusange z’abaturage9. [29] Mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00004/2019/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 26/04/2024, haburana Feminist Action Development Ambition (FADA)10, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye ko ihame ryo kureshya

6 Article 7 of the Assembly, UN General. Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly 302.2 (1948): 14-25 states: “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination”. 7 Article 26 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights/Pacte International des droits civils et politiques states: “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law”. 8Article 3 of African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Adopted 27 June 1981, OAU Doc.CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force 21 October 1986) states: “Every individual shall be equal before the law. Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection of the law.” 9Reba urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 10/02/2023, haburana Ngendahayo Kabuye na Leta y’u Rwanda, igika cya 36 na 39. 10 Reba urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2019/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 26/04/2024, haburana Feminist Action Development Ambition (FADA) na Leta y’u Rwanda, mu bika bya 41 na 43. Ni nako kandi bivugwa mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/SC rwaciwe ku wa 31/03/2023 haburana Kamanzi Anaclet na Leta y’u Rwanda, mu gika cya

## Page 9

imbere y’amategeko risobanuye ko itegeko rifata nk’abareshya abantu bari mu cyiciro kimwe kandi rigashyirwa mu bikorwa kimwe kuri bo. Bikumvikana ko abantu batari mu cyiciro kimwe badashobora gufatwa kimwe. [30] Mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 31/03/2023 haburana Kamanzi Anaclet, Urukiko rushingiye ku byavuzwe n’umuhanga mu mategeko Erwin Chemerinsky, rwasobanuye ko ibigomba gufatwa kimwe ari ibimeze kimwe, naho ibintu bitandukanye bigafatwa ku buryo butandukanye hakurikijwe itandukaniro ryabyo (Things that are alike should be treated alike, and things that are unalike should be treated unalike in proportion to their unalikeness). Mu yandi magambo, abantu bagomba gufatwa kimwe, ariko hitawe ku byiciro byabo, ku buryo abantu bari mu byiciro bitandukanye bafatwa mu buryo butandukanye. [31] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko gutambamira urubanza ari inzira y’ubujurire idasanzwe, umuntu utarareze cyangwa ngo aregwe mu rubanza kandi arufitemo inyungu, aregera urubanza rwafashwemo icyemezo mu mizi kandi rutagishoboye kujuririrwa mu rukiko rwaruciye ashaka ko ruvanwaho cyangwa ruhindurwa. Iyi ngingo iteganya kandi ko imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidatambamirwa. [32] Urukiko rusanga iyi ngingo yemerera umuntu wese utarabaye umuburanyi mu rubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma n’izindi nkiko, uretse Urukiko rw’Ubujurire n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, kurutambamira igihe arufitemo inyungu kandi yubahirije ibisabwa byose. [33] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ibyiciro bibiri; icyiciro cy’ababuranira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire no mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga batemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe n’izo nkiko, n’icyiciro cy’ababuranira mu zindi nkiko bemerewe gutambamira imanza zaciwe nazo. [34] Urukiko rurasanga kuba umushingamategeko yarabiteganyije atyo, ashingiye ku bubasha bw’inkiko no ku ihame rusange ryo kuba iburanisha ry’imanza rigomba kugira aho rirangirira, agamije kubungabunga uburenganzira bw’uwatsindwa mu rubanza rutambamira urwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga akabura aho ajuririra, bitanyuranyije n’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko, kuko bishingiye ku mpamvu yumvikana kandi ifite ireme. Bityo, igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kikaba kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga. b) Kumenya niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29(1)(c) y’Itegeko Nshinga [35] Ingingo ya 29(1)(c) y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, burimo ubwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. [36] Ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 29(1)(c) y’Itegeko Nshinga bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 10 y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu11, ingingo ya 14, igika cya 1, y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Imbonezamubano no mu bya Politiki12, ingingo ya 7,

35 kugeza ku cya 37, mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2023/SC rwaciwe ku wa 12/04/2024 haburana Uwombonye Hirwa Sudi na Leta y’u Rwanda, mu gika cya 24 n’icya 25 no mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2019/SC haburana Murangwa Edward rwaciwe ku wa 29/11/2019, mu gika cya 35. 11Article 10 of the Declaration states: “everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal”. 12 Article 14(1) of the Convenant states: “All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals.”

## Page 10

igika cya 1, agace ka (d) y’Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage13 n’ingingo ya 6 (1) y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu14. [37] Uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, bwasobanuwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, rugaragaza ko uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye buteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 (1), bugomba kumvikana hitawe ku ihame ryo kwimakaza amategeko, risaba ko habaho uburyumuburanyi yaregera inkiko kugira ngo akurikirane uburenganzira bwe mu by’imbonezamubano. Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ubwo burenganzira atari ntakuka, ko bushobora kugira imbibi, zipfa kudatuma umuntu atakaza ishingiro ry’uburenganzira bwe15. [38] Mu rubanza Lurdo v. Italie, Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwashimangiye ko uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha bushobora kugira imbibi, nko ku byerekeye ibisabwa kugirango inzira y’ubujurire yemerwe, kuko mu gushyiraho amategeko abigenga Leta ifite ububasha bwo kubikora mu bushishozi bwayo16. [39] Nanone mu rubanza rwa Stanev v Bulgarie, Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwagaragaje ko uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’inkiko bushobora kugira imbibi zemewe, kuko hashingiwe no ku miterere yabwo, busaba ko Leta ishyiraho amategeko abugenga ashobora gutandukana hakurikijwe ibikenewe n’ubushobozi bw’ibihugu n’ubw’abantu. Mu gushyiraho ayo mategeko, ibihugu bikora mu bushishozi bwabyo17. [40] Mu nyandiko yakozwe n’Inama y’uburayi (Conseil de l’Europe) hamwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu isobanura ibijyanye n’uburenganzira ku butabera (accès à la justice), abayanditse bavuga ko imbibi ku burenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’inkiko zibifitiye ububasha18, zemerwa iyo zigamije impamvu ifite ireme, mu ntego zifite ireme hakabamo n’imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera19.

13 Article 7(1)(d) of the Charter stipulates: “Every individual shall have the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal.” 14 Article 6 (1) stipule “Toute personne a droit à ce que sa cause soit entendue équitablement, publiquement et dans un délai raisonnable, par un tribunal indépendant et impartial, établi par la loi, qui décidera, (…) des contestations sur ses droits et obligations de caractère civil (…)”. 15Le droit à un procès équitable, garanti par l’article 6 § 1, doit s’interpréter à la lumière du principe de la prééminence du droit, qui exige l’existence d’une voie judiciaire effective permettant de revendiquer les droits civils. Chaque justiciable possède le droit à ce qu’un tribunal connaisse de toute contestation relative à ses « droits et obligations de caractère civil[…] .Le « droit à un tribunal », comme le droit d’accès, ne revêtent pas un caractère absolu : ils peuvent donner lieu à des limitations, mais elles ne sauraient restreindre l’accès ouvert à l’individu d’une manière ou à un point tels que le droit s’en trouve atteint dans sa substance même » ; Guide sur l’article 6, Droit à un proces équitable(volet civil), Conseil de l’Europe/Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, 2013, www.echr.coe.int. 16“La Cour rappelle aussi que le « droit à un tribunal » n'est pas absolu ; il se prête à des limitations implicitement admises, notamment pour les conditions de recevabilité d'un recours, car il appelle de par sa nature même une réglementation par l'Etat, qui jouit à cet égard d'une certaine marge d'appréciation”; Affaire Luordo v. Italie, Requete No 32190/96, Arret du 17 Juillet 2003, para 85, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-65798%22]}. 17“Le droit d’accès aux tribunaux n’étant pas absolu, il peut donner lieu à des limitations implicitement admises car il « appelle de par sa nature même une réglementation par l’Etat, réglementation qui peut varier dans le temps et dans l’espace en fonction des besoins et des ressources de la communauté et des individus” […] En élaborant pareille réglementation, les Etats contractants jouissent d’une certaine marge d’appréciation”; Affaire Stanev v. Bulgarie, Requête No 36760/06, Strasbourg, 17 janvier 2012, para 230, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-108696. 18“Le droit d’accès à un tribunal signifie que les tribunaux doivent être accessibles. Cette accessibilité peut concerner la disponibilité des tribunaux compétents […]”, le Conseil de l’Europe et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Manuel de droit Européen en matière d’accès à la Justice, p. 27. 19“Les restrictions sont autorisées si elles poursuivent un but légitime et sont proportionnées. Elles ne doivent pas porter atteinte à la substance même du droit en cause. Exemples de buts légitimes: la bonne administration de la justice […]”, ibidem, p. 125.

## Page 11

[41] Mu rubanza rwa Ernst et autres v. Belgique, abaregaga bavugaga ko babujijwe uburenganzira buteganywa n’ingingo ya 6(1) y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu yavuzwe haruguru, kuko ikirego cyabo kiregera indishyi hisunzwe ubushinjacyaha kitakiriwe, hashingiwe ku kuba uwaregwaga yari umucamanza ufite ubudahangarwa (privilège de juridiction). Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu rwabanje kugaragaza ko ubudahangarwa bw’abacamanza, nk’uburyo bugamije gutuma habaho imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera, bugamije intego ifite ireme20. [42] Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rwagaragaje kandi ko, mu rwego rwo kureba niba ubudahangarwa butabangamiye Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, ari ngombwa gusuzuma niba abarega bari bafite izindi nzira zo kurengera uburenganzira bemererwa n’ayo Masezerano21. Rwasobanuye ko gutanga ikirego cy’indishyi wisunze Ubushinjacyaha ari uburyo bwo kuregera indishyi, abarega bakaba barashoboraga kwiyambaza izindi nzira kugira ngo baharanire uburenganzira bwabo22. Urukiko rwanzuye ko imbibi zashyizwe ku burenganzira bwo kuregera urukiko, hashingiwe ku budahangarwa, zitabangamiye ireme ry’uburenganzira bwo kuregera urukiko, bikaba bitanyuranyije n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 (1) y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu23. [43] Mu bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, humvikanamo ibintu by’ingenzi bikurikira: a. Uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, ni kimwe mu bigize uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye; b. Leta ishyiraho amategeko yerekeye uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, mu bushishozi bwayo, ikurikije ibikenewe; c. Ubwo burenganzira bushobora kugira imbibi; izo mbibi zikaba zemerwa iyo zigamije intego ifite ireme. Mu ntego zifite ireme, harimo n’imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera; d. Urega ntashobora kuvuga ko yabujijwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, mu gihe afite izindi nzira zo guharanira uburenganzira bwe. [44] Ku bijyanye n’uru rubanza, Bucyensenge Mende Claude avuga ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kimwambura uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, kuko kidatuma atambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [45] Ingingo ya 153(5) y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko itegeko ari ryo rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko. Ibi bisobanuye ko Itegeko Nshinga ryemerera umushingamategeko kugena ububasha bw’inkiko akoresheje itegeko. Ashingiye kuri ubu bubasha, umushingamategeko akaba yarateganyije mu gika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ko imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zidatambamirwa.

20“Elle considère dès lors qu'en l'espèce, la mise en œuvre du privilège de juridiction applicable aux magistrats, en tant que moyen veillant au bon fonctionnement de la justice, poursuivait un but légitime”. CEDH, Affaire Ernst et autres v. Belgique, Requête No 33400/96, 15 juillet 2003, para 50. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-65779. 21“Pour déterminer si un tel privilège de juridiction est admissible au regard de la Convention, il importe, selon la Cour, d'examiner si les requérants disposaient d'autres voies raisonnables pour protéger efficacement leurs droits garantis par la Convention”, ibidem, para 53. 22“A cet égard, la Cour attache de l'importance au fait qu'en droit belge, la constitution de partie civile entre les mains du juge d'instruction est un des modes d'exercice de l'action civile et que les victimes disposent en principe d'autres voies pour revendiquer leurs droits civils”, ibidem para 54. 23“La Cour estime que se limitant à reconnaître les spécificités liées au privilège de juridiction, les restrictions apportées au droit d'accès n'ont pas porté atteinte à la substance même de leur droit à un tribuna […] la Cour conclut qu'il n'y a pas eu violation du droit d'accès à un tribunal garanti aux requérants par l'article 6 § 1”, ibidem para 56-57.

## Page 12

[46] Urukiko rusanga umushingamategeko ashyiraho iyo ngingo, yarabikoze mu bushishozi bwe, agamije intego ifite ireme yo kubungabunga imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera, kuko gutambamira urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, byavutsa umuburanyi watsindwa uburenganzira bwo kujurira nibura rimwe, kuko imanza zaciwe n’izi nkiko zitajuririrwa24. Nk’uko kandi byemejwe mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021 haburana Asiimwe Frank, uburenganzira bwo kujurira rimwe nintayegayezwa, n’ubwo nabwo bushobora gushyirwaho imbibi (limitations) hagamijwe intego ifite ireme25. [47] Urukiko rusanga kandi, Bucyensenge Mende Claude adashobora kuvuga ko yabujijwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, kandi afite izindi nzira zo guharanira uburenganzira bwe. Koko rero, nk’uko bisobanurwa na Gasasira Ephrem, gutambamira urubanza si nshinganwa ku muntu ushaka ko havanwaho urubanza rubangamiye inyungu ze, kuko aba afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ikirego imbere y’urundi rukiko rubifitiye ububasha ku rwego rwa mbere26. [48] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe, kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29(1)(c) y’Itegeko Nshinga. c) Kumenya niba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga [49] Ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite, waba uwe ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n’abandi, kandi ko utavogerwa; ko uburenganzira ku mutungo budahungabanywa uretse ku mpamvu z’inyungu rusange kandi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko. [50] Uburenganzira ku mutungo bwite buteganywa kandi mu ngingo ya 17 y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu,27 mu ngingo ya 14 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’ubw’abaturage28 no mu ngingo ya 1 y’Amasezerano y’inyongera nomero ya 1 y’amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Iburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu29. [51] Mu rubanza rwa Broniowski na Pologne, Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi rushinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu rwavuze ko umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha umutungo we nta nkomyi (peaceful enjoyment of property), ko iyo ubwo burenganzira butubahirijwe, hagomba gusuzumwa

24 Ingingo ya 52, igika cya nyuma, y’Itegeko Nᵒ 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko nk’uko ryahinduwe n’ingino ya 50 y’Itegeko Nᵒ 012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’Ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza. 25Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021 haburana Asiimwe Frank, para 26. 26“[…] La tierce opposition n’est pas une procédure obligatoire dans le chef d’un tiers qui veut faire annuler un procès qui préjudicie à ses intérêts”; Gasasira Ephrem, Manuel de Droit Rwandais, Procédure Civile et Commerciale, Printerset, 1993, p. 221. 27 Article 17 of the Declaration states: “Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property”. 28 Article 17 of the African Charter states: “The right to property shall be guaranteed. It may only be encroached upon in the interest of public need or in the general interest of the community and in accordance with the provisions of appropriate laws” 29 Article 1 states: “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law”.

## Page 13

niba ibyakozwe kuri uwo mutungo byarakurikije amategeko kandi ko byari bishingiye ku mpamvu zemewe kandi zumvikana30. [52] Urukiko rurasanga itegeko ryaba rinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira umuntu afite ku mutungo bwite, ari iryaba rimunyaga uburenganzira afite ku mutungo we cyangwa irituma uvogerwa nta burenganzira abitangiye, cyangwa irimubuza kuwukoresha nta nkomyi. [53] Urukiko rurasanga Bucyensenge Mende Claude atarashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, anenga kimwambura uburenganzira ku mutungo we. [54] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [55] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Bucyensenge Mende Claude gisaba gukuraho igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kuko kinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda nta shingiro gifite. [56] Rwemeje ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe, kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15, iya 29 (1)(c) n’iya 34 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

30 Case of Broniowski v. Poland, Strasbourg, 22 June 2004 § 148-149: “Any interference with the enjoyment of a right of property recognised by the Convention must pursue a legitimate aim. it is thus for the national authorities to make the initial assessment as to the existence of a problem of public concern warranting measures to be applied in the sphere of the exercise of the right of property”. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-61828%22]}