BUGINGO v. ECOBANK RWANDA PLC N’UNDI

BUGINGO v. ECOBANK RWANDA PLC N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-03-08 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00011/2022/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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BUGINGO v. ECOBANK RWANDA PLC N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INJUST/RCOM 00011/2022/SC (Ntezilyayo, P.J., Cyanzayire na Kalihangabo, J.) 08 Werurwe 2024] Amasezerano – Amasezerano y’ubwishingire (Acte de cautionnement solidaire) – Amasezerano y’ubwishingire afatwa nk’amasezerano akozwe n’uruhande rumwe, ari narwo rugomba kuyashyiraho umukono, agira agaciro n’ubwo atashyizweho umukono na Notaire, kuko kwemera kwishingira bidakurikiza imihango yihariye. Amasezerano – Amasezerano y’ubwishingire – Ubwishingire ntibureba inguzanyo ivuguruye (loan restructuring and consolidation) iyo umwishingizi atabimenyeshejwe ngo abyemere. Amasezerano – Amasezerano y’ubwishingire – Umwishingizi avanwaho inshingano zo kwishyura iyo bigaragaye ko uwatanze inguzanyo yagize uruhare mu gutuma atakaza amahirwe yo kuyisimbura (subrogation) mu gihe yari yarangije kwishyura mu mwanya w’uwahawe inguzanyo. Amasezerano – Amasezerano y’ubwishingire – Umwishingizi yategekwa gufatanya n’uwo yishingiye kwishyura, hashingiye gusa ku masezerano ya mbere ajyanye n’umwenda yari yishingiye. Incamake y’ikibazo: ECOBANK RWANDA Plc yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi irusaba gutegeka ko yishyurwa umwenda ungana na 18.093.283 Frw n’inyungu zawo, indishyi zitandukanye, ndetse inasaba irangiza rubanza ry’agateganyo, aho ivuga ko yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul inguzanyo ingana na 9.000.000 Frw ku wa 12/08/2005, Bugingo

Claude aba umwishingizi w’iyo nguzanyo. Ku wa 12/10/2011 iyo nguzanyo iravugururwa (loan restructuring and consolidation), umwenda uba 18.093.283Frw, ndetse impande zombi zumvikana ko uzishyurwa mu mezi 200 abarwa guhera ku wa 31/10/2011 kugeza ku wa 30/06/2028 hongeweho inyungu zibariwe kuri 16% ku mwaka. ECOBANK Rwanda yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi irega Kadogi Jean Paul kutubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye. Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwafashe icyemezo rushingiye ku kuba igihe amasezerano y’ubwishingire yashyiriweho umukono, amasezerano y’ibanze yari ariho, bityo ko Bugingo Claude yishingiye ibyo azi neza byaje gushyirwa mu nyandiko nyuma, maze rwanzura ko kuba amasezerano y’ubwishingire atarajyanywe kwa Notaire, atari impamvu yayatesha agaciro. Bugingo yajuriye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko hemejwe ko ari umwishingizi kandi atari byo, kuko amasezerano amugira umwishingizi yagombaga gukorerwa imbere ya Notaire, ariko ko yanze kwemeza umushinga w’ubwishingizi wari wakozwe, avuga kandi ko n’iyo amasezerano y’ubwishingire atateshwa agaciro no kuba atarasinyiwe imbere ya Notaire, yagateshwa n’uburangare bwa ECOBANK kuko yari yarahawe ingwate ku rwego rwa mbere, yagombaga kuvamo ubwishyu. Urukiko rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, rushingiye ku kuba amasezerano y’ubwishingire avugwa mu rubanza ari inyandiko bwite, ibiyakubiyemo bikaba ari inshingano ku bayagiranye gusa, byumvikanisha ko agaciro kayo kadakomoka ku kuba yarakorewe imbere ya Notaire, ahubwo gaterwa no kuba buri ruhande rwarayemeye rukayashyiraho umukono.

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Bugingo yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, biremerwa. Bugingo Claude yiregura avuga ko yari yemeye kwishingira Kadogi Jean Paul ashingiye ku buryo byari bisanzwe bikorwa kuko umukozi washakaga gufata inguzanyo yishingirwaga n’undi mukozi mugenzi we, kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku mushinga w’amasezerano y’ubwishingire (draft), kandi impande zombi zitarayasinyiye imbere ya Notaire. ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yireguye ivuga ko n’ubwo Bugingo Claude atemera amasezerano y’ubwishingire kubera ko atashyizweho umukono n’impande zombi no kuba atarasinyiwe imbere ya Notaire, yirengagiza ko inyandiko yiswe “Acte de cautionnement solidaire” yashyizeho umukono, igaragaza ko ariwe wenyine wasinye iyo nyandiko, ibyo bikaba ubwabyo bigaragaza ko ari inyandiko ikozwe n’umuntu umwe, ikubiyemo kwiyemeza k’uyikoze, ikanagaragaza ibyo yiyemeje ku buryo bitari ngombwa gusinywaho n’urundi ruhande, kandi ko ntaho biteganyijwe mu mategeko ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire agomba kwemezwa na Notaire. ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ivuga kandi ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire yakozwe hashingiwe ku byari biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 552 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 ry’Urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, ibyerekeye imirimo nshinganwa cyangwa amasezerano yateganyaga ko uwishingiye undi, aba yiyemeje imbere

y'ugomba kwishyurwa, kuzamwishyura mu gihe ugomba kwishyura azaba atabikoze. Bugingo Claude avuga ko nyuma y’uko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yemeye gukorera Kadogi Jean Paul loan restructuring and consolidation, itigeze imenyesha umwishingizi mu gihe we yari yaremeye kuzishingira umwenda wa 9.000.000Frw gusa, bityo kuba umwishingizi afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa amakuru ku mpinduka zibaye ku nguzanyo yishingiye, ntashobora kugira ibyo yishyuzwa hashingiwe ku mwenda atamenyeshejwe ihindagurika ryawo. ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, mu kwiregura ku birebana no kuba itaramenyesheje Bugingo Claude

impinduka ku mwenda no kutishyura k’uwishingiwe, ivuga ko ibyo Bugingo avuga nta shingiro bifite kuko byose yabyemeye mu nyandiko y’ubwishingire yo ku wa 05/08/2005 yashyizeho umukono, aho mu ngingo ya 8 hateganyijwe ko umwishingizi yemeye kwishingira umwenda w’iremezo kimwe n’izindi mpinduka zose zabaho kuri uwo mwenda, aho ibyo binahura n’ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 556 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 CCLIII yavugaga ko ubwishingire bw'umwenda w'ibanze busesuye bugera no ku ngereka zawo zose. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Amasezerano y’ubwishingire afatwa nk’amasezerano akozwe n’uruhande rumwe, ari narwo rugomba kuyashyiraho umukono, agira agaciro n’ubwo atashyizweho umukono na Notaire, kuko kwemera kwishingira bidakurikiza imihango yihariye.

2. Ubwishingire ntibureba inguzanyo ivuguruye (loan restructuring and consolidation) iyo umwishingizi atabimenyeshejwe ngo abyemere.

3. Umwishingizi avanwaho inshingano zo kwishyura iyo bigaragaye ko uwatanze inguzanyo yagize uruhare mu gutuma atakaza amahirwe yo kuyisimbura (subrogation) mu gihe yari yarangije kwishyura mu mwanya w’uwahawe inguzanyo.

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4. Umwishingizi yategekwa gufatanya n’uwo yishingiye kwishyura, hashingiye gusa ku masezerano ya mbere ajyanye n’umwenda yari yishingiye.

5. Umwishingizi ntiyategekwa gufatanya n’uwo yishingiye kwishyura mu gihe bigaragara ko hari ingingo ziri mu masezerano zimurenganya (abusive clause).

Ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane gifite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 42; Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/7/1888 ry’urwuge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, ingingo ya 555. Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RCAA 0075/09/CS rwa Murorunkwere na Utamuliza n’undi., rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ku wa 16/11/2012; Urubanza RCOMA 0138/12/CS, rwa Gaju na Access Bank, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ikirenga, ku wa 16/05/2014. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 12/08/2005, BCDI yahindutse ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul inguzanyo ingana na 9.000.000Frw, Bugingo Claude aba umwishingizi w’iyo nguzanyo. Ku wa 16/11/2010, Kadogi Jean Paul yandikiye ECOBANK RWANDA Plc ayisaba ivugururamwenda (demande de restructuration du crédit), maze ku wa 12/10/2011 iyo nguzanyo iravugururwa, umwenda uba 18.093.283Frw, ndetse impande zombi zumvikana ko uzishyurwa mu mezi 200 abarwa guhera ku wa 31/10/2011 kugeza ku wa 30/06/2028 hongeweho inyungu zibariwe kuri 16% ku mwaka. [2] ECOBANK RWANDA Plc yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi irega Kadogi Jean Paul na Bugingo Claude kutubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye, irusaba kubategeka kwishyura umwenda bayibereyemo ungana na 18.093.283Frw n’inyungu zawo, indishyi zitandukanye, ndetse inasaba irangiza rubanza ry’agateganyo. [3] Ku wa 13/03/2019, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi

rwaciye urubanza RCOM 01329/2019/TC, rwemeza ko Kadogi Jean Paul yishe amasezerano yagiranye na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, rwemeza kandi ko Bugingo Claude yabaye umwishingizi wa Kadogi Jean Paul ku nguzanyo ingana na 9.000.000 Frw yavuzwe haruguru, maze rubategeka gufatanya kwishyura ECOBANK Rwanda Plc umwenda ungana na 23.529.792 Frw akubiyemo umwenda remezo n’inyungu zawo, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka angana na 700.000Frw, ingwate y’amagarama yatanze irega ingana na 20.000 Frw, na 1.000.000Frw yishyuye Umuhanga. Rutegeka kandi Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura Rudasingwa Justin (Umuhanga) ikiguzi cya 1.000.000Frw, runategeka ko urubanza rurangizwa by’agateganyo ku birebana n’ikiguzi cyishyuwe umuhanga.

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[4] Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwafashe icyemezo rushingiye ku kuba igihe amasezerano y’ubwishingire yashyiriweho umukono, amasezerano y’ibanze yari ariho, bisobanuye ko Bugingo Claude yishingiye ibyo azi neza byaje gushyirwa mu nyandiko nyuma, maze rwanzura ko kuba amasezerano y’ubwishingire atarajyanywe kwa Notaire, atari impamvu yayatesha agaciro. [5] Urukiko rwasanze kandi ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yarahuje inguzanyo Kadogi Jean Paul yari asigayemo n’umwenda yari afite kuri konti isanzwe nk’uko yabiyisabye, maze bibyara umwenda ungana na 18.093.283Frw, bityo rwemeza ko umwenda remezo Kadogi Jean Paul yari ayifitiye icyo gihe ungana na 18.093.283Frw, ariko hakwiyongeraho inyungu ukangana na 23.529.792 Frw nk’uko wabazwe n’Umuhanga kuko utanagombaga gukomeza kubarirwa inyungu nyuma yo guhanagurwa (written off). [6] Bugingo Claude yajuriye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko hemejwe ko ari umwishingizi kandi atari byo, kuko amasezerano amugira umwishingizi yagombaga gukorerwa imbere ya Notaire, ariko ko yanze kwemeza umushinga w’ubwishingizi wari wakozwe. Asobanura ko n’iyo amasezerano y’ubwishingire atateshwa agaciro no kuba atarasinyiwe kwa Notaire, yagateshwa n’uburangare bwa ECOBANK Rwanda Plc kuko yari yarahawe ingwate ku rwego rwa mbere (hypothèque au premier rang) na Kadogi Jean Paul, yagombaga kuvamo ubwishyu, kandi ko iyo Banki irangaye ntibikorwe gutyo, umwishingizi ntacyo

yishyuzwa nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko yagengaga ubwishingire icyo gihe. Asoza asaba indishyi zitandukanye. [7] Ku wa 16/04/2021, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza RCOMA 00319/2020/HCC, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Bugingo Claude nta shingiro bufite, rugumishaho imikirize y’urubanza RCOM 01329/2019/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 13/03/2019. Rwamutegetse guha ECOBANK Rwanda Plc indishyi z’ibyo yatakaje mu rubanza ku rwego rw’ubujurire zingana na 500.000Frw y’igihembo cy’Avoka na 100.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [8] Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwafashe icyo cyemezo rushingiye ku kuba amasezerano y’ubwishingire avugwa mu rubanza ari inyandiko bwite, ibiyakubiyemo bikaba ari inshingano ku bayagiranye gusa, byumvikanisha ko agaciro kayo kadakomoka ku kuba yarakorewe imbere ya Notaire, ahubwo gaterwa no kuba buri ruhande rwarayemeye rukayashyiraho umukono, kandi ko uyu murongo ari nawo wemejwe mu rubanza RCAA 0075/09/CS,1 aho Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze ko kuba amasezerano atarajyanywe kwa Notaire, bitaba impamvu yo kuyatesha agaciro mu gihe abayakoranye bayakoze ku bushake kandi nta gahato, ndetse ko bitakwitwa ikimenyetso cy’uburyarya (mauvaise foi). [9] Ku bijyanye no kuba ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yaba yaragize uburangare bwo kutavana ubwishyu mu ngwate yo ku rwego rwa mbere (hypothèque au premier rang) yari yahawe kuko byari gutuma umwishingizi atirengera ingaruka z’amasezerano nk’uko byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 576 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/ 1888 576 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 ry’Urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano ryakoreshwaga icyo gihe, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 12 y’inyandiko y’ubwishingire rusanga Bugingo Claude yararetse uburenganzira ateganyirizwa n’iyo ngingo, bityo akaba atabuburanisha kandi yarabutakaje mu

1 Urubanza RCAA 0075/09/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ku wa 16/11/2012 haburana Murorunkwere Mariam na Utamuliza Zainabu na Masumbuko Assumani.

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masezerano yakoze afatwa nk’itegeko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano. [10] Ku wa 15/05/2021, Bugingo Claude yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko urubanza RCOMA 00319/2020/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/04/2021 rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Nyuma yo gusuzuma ubusabe bwe, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire nawe yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga amusaba ko urwo rubanza rwasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Amaze kubona raporo yarukorewe, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yafashe icyemezo ko rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rwoherezwa mu bwanditsi bwarwo, ikirego gihabwa RS/INJUST/RCOM 00011/2022/SC. [11] Iburanisha ryabaye ku wa 07/02/2024, Bugingo Claude ahagarariwe na Me Cyiza Clément, ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ihagarariwe na Me Habakurama François Xavier, naho Kadogi Jean Paul atitabye, ariko yarahamagajwe ahatazwi mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, aburanishwa adahari. [12] Ibibazo bigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibi bikurikira: A.Kumenya niba inyandiko y’ubwishingire bw’umwenda watanzwe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yakozwe na Bugingo Claude ifite agaciro; B.Kumenya niba Bugingo Claude yategekwa gufatanya na Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura umwenda yahawe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc; C. Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa n’ababuranyi. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA A.

Kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubwishingire bw’umwenda watanzwe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yakozwe na Bugingo Claude afite agaciro [13] Me Cyiza Clément uhagarariye Bugingo Claude avuga ko uwo ahagarariye yari yemeye kwishingira Kadogi Jean Paul ashingiye ku buryo byari bisanzwe bikorwa kuko umukozi washakaga gufata inguzanyo yishingirwaga n’undi mukozi mugenzi we. Asobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku mushinga w’amasezerano y’ubwishingire (draft), kandi impande zombi zitarayasinyiye imbere ya Notaire nk’uko byari biteganyijwe mu masezerano yiswe “acte de cautionnement solidaire” agaragaza ko Notaire yagombaga kwemeza ko asinyiwe imbere ye abanje kureba niba ibyangombwa byose byatanzwe. [14] Me Uwizera Zeno uhagarariye ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yireguye avuga ko n’ubwo Bugingo Claude atemera amasezerano y’ubwishingire kubera ko atashyizweho umukono n’impande zombi no kuba atarasinyiwe imbere ya Notaire, yirengagiza ko inyandiko yiswe “Acte de cautionnement solidaire” yashyizeho umukono, mu ngingo yayo ya mbere igaragaza ko ariwe wenyine wasinye iyo nyandiko, ibyo bikaba ubwabyo bigaragaza ko ari inyandiko ikozwe n’umuntu umwe, ikubiyemo kwiyemeza k’uyikoze, ikanagaragaza ibyo yiyemeje ku buryo bitari ngombwa gusinywaho n’urundi ruhande, kandi ntaho biteganyijwe mu mategeko ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire agomba kwemezwa na Notaire.

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[15] Akomeza asobanura ko mu rwego rw’amategeko, amasezerano y’ubwishingire yakozwe hashingiwe ku byari biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 552 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 ry’Urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, ibyerekeye imirimo nshinganwa cyangwa amasezerano yateganyaga ko uwishingiye undi, aba yiyemeje imbere y'ugomba kwishyurwa, kuzamwishyura mu gihe ugomba kwishyura azaba atabikoze. Ibyo bikanashimangirwa no kuba banki yaremeye kuyashingiraho, igatanga umwenda ndetse na Bugingo Claude akaba adahakana ko umukono uri kuri iyo nyandiko ari uwe. Asoza kuri iyi ngingo avuga ko Bugingo Claude nawe ubwe yivuguruza kuko ku kibazo kirebana n’uko amasezerano yavuguruwe, yemera ko yishingiye umwenda ungana na 9.000.000Frw, nyamara agahindukira akavuga ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire nta gaciro afite, bityo akaba asanga iyi ngingo yashingiyeho asaba ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane idakwiye guhabwa ishingiro.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Ingingo ya 42, igika cya 1, agace ka 3o y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, iteganya ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire ari amwe mu masezerano ashobora kubamo uburiganya, akaba agomba kugaragazwa n’inyandiko. [17] Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura ko uwishingiye undi aba yiyemeje imbere y'ugomba kwishyurwa kuzamwishyura mu gihe ugomba kwishyura ubwe azaba atabikoze.2 Ndetse ko amasezerano y’ubwishingire afatwa nk’akorwa n’uruhande rumwe igihe cyose bireba kwishingira.3 [18] Abahanga mu mategeko nka Philippe Malaurie na Laurent Aynès basobanura kandi ko ibisabwa mu kwemeranya ku masezerano y’ubwishingire bitarenze ibisabwa ku bundi bwoko bw’amasezerano. Bavuga ko umwishingizi nta nyungu aba ategereje mu masezerano, ko akenshi afata ibyo yiyemeje nk’ibintu byoroshye kuko ideni riba rifitwe n’uwo yishingiye ku buryo butaziguye. Basobanura ariko ko uburemere bw’ingaruka z’ubwishingire, rimwe na rimwe zitunguranye, busaba kubyitondera no gushishoza mbere yo kwemera kwishingira kugira ngo wumve neza ibikubiyemo. Banasobanura ko kwemera kwishingira usaba umwenda bigomba gukorwa mu buryo budashidikanywaho kugira ngo hashobore gutangwa ideni runaka, ko ariko bidasaba imihango yihariye; nta magambo yagenwe akoreshwa, nta nzira idasanzwe iteganyijwe, ndetse si ngombwa ko n’ijambo ‘amasezerano y’ubwishingire’ rigaragaramo. Berekana ko bihagije kuba uwishingiye agaragaza ko agamije kuzishyura igihe uwishingiwe azaba atishyuye umwenda. Ni yo mpamvu ari ngombwa kugenzura niba nta nenge iri muri uko kwishingira.4

2 Philippe Simler, Cautionnement: Garanties autonomes Garanties indemnitaires, 5e Ed. (Lexis Nexis SA, 2015), p. 15 : “Celui qui se rend caution d'une obligation se soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation si le débiteur ne s'y satisfait pas lui-même.” 3 Olha O. Cherednychenko, Fundamental Rights, Contract Law and the Protection of the Weaker Party: A Comparative Analysis of the Constitutionalisation of Contract Law, with Emphasis on Risky Financial Transactions (sellier. european law publ., 2007), p. 302, states that “….the suretyship contract is traditionally considered to be a one side contract as far as the surety is concerned.” 4 Philippe Malaurie et Laurent Aynès, Droit des sûretés, 13e Ed. (LGDJ, 2019), p. 73-75: «Le premier type de conditions de formation, emprunté au droit commun des obligations, affecte la validité du cautionnement ; leur défaut peut donc être sanctionné par la nullité du contrat. Le second type de conditions de formation affecte la preuve du cautionnement; leur défaut rendra seulement plus difficile la tâche du créancier qui tentera d’obtenir l’exécution du cautionnement. Le consentement donné à un cautionnement n'engage pas plus que pour un autre contrat. Mais la caution ne reçoit en général pas de contrepartie, et elle considère trop souvent son engagement avec légèreté, puisque

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[19] Abahanga mu mategeko5 bavuga na none ko ku bijyanye n’ubwishingire, hari uburyo butatu bubyerekana cyangwa se bugomba kuba bwuzuye kugirango habe hari umucyo ku ruhande rw’ugomba kwishyurwa mu gukorwa kw’ayo masezerano. Ubwo buryo ni ubu bukurikira: a.Kamere y’icyiyemejwe igomba gushimangirwa bidasubirwaho. Mu kwirinda ko umucamanza yakora isobanurampamo ryagutse kubera kudasobanuka kw’imbibi z’icyasezeranywe, ubwishingire ntibukekwa, bugomba kugaragazwa mu buryo bwo kurasa ku ntego; b.Ingano yiyemejwe kwishingirwa igomba kuba idashidikanywaho. Iyo hari inyandiko iteguwe, bisaba uruhande rumwe gusinya iyo nyandiko, no kugaragaza mu magambo yiyandikiye n’umukono we w’intoki ingano y’amafaranga yishingiye mu magambo no mu mibare; c.Kuba nta nyandiko yanditswe n’intoki y’umwishingizi igaragaza mu magambo n’imibare icyo yishingiye bituma ubwishingire bufatwa nk’ubutigeze bubaho. [20] Rushingiye ku bimaze kuvugwa n’abahanga mu bika bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rusanga amasezerano y’ubwishingire agomba kuba yujuje ibi bikurikira: 1° Amasezerano y’ubwishingire agomba gukorwa mu nyandiko; 2° Amasezerano y’ubwishingire afatwa nk’amasezerano akorwa n’uruhande rumwe aho uwishinye ariwe usinya inyandiko y’ubwishingire; 3° Kwemera kwishingira ntibisaba imihango yihariye; 4° Ingano y’umwenda wishingiwe igomba kugaragazwa mu buryo budashidikanywaho. [21] Urukiko rurasanga inyandiko yiswe “Acte de cautionnement solidaire avec engagement immobilier” igaragaza ko yakozwe hagamije kwishingira umwenda Banque de Commerce, de Dévelopement et de l’Industrie (BCDI) yahindutse ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul ungana na 9.000.000Frw hamwe n’inyungu zawo zumvikanyweho n’iziteganyijwe

la dette repose sur le débiteur principal. Or, les conséquences lourdes et souvent imprévues d'un cautionnement conduisent à scruter avec attention la réalité et le contenu du consentement. On exige un consentement exprès à la garantie d'un débiteur précis. Ainsi, le cautionnement signé par un mandataire social sans précision engage la société et non le signataire. Un consentement exprès ne signifie pas un consentement formel. Aucun mot sacramentel n'est requis, aucune formule spéciale n'est imposée, pas même le mot "cautionnement". Il suffit que le contrat manifeste l'intention de payer en cas de défaillance du débiteur. À travers ce critère, les vices du consentement doivent être appréciés. » 5 Ibidem, pp. 89-90: « Pour le cautionnement, trois régimes spéciaux de preuve ou de forme imposent au créancier une certaine vigilance lors de sa formation.

1. La nature de l’engagement doit être fermement établie. Pour éviter que le juge n'interprète trop largement un contrat ambigu : « Le cautionnement ne se présume point, il doit être exprès… » 2. L’étendue de l’engagement doit être établie à travers une protection spéciale de la caution. Si un écrit est rédigé, l’article 1326 du code civil impose à celui qui s’engage unilatéralement de signer : « un titre qui comporte… la mention, écrite de sa main, de la somme… en toutes lettres et en chiffres ». Le document (l’instrumentum) signé du défendeur ne pourra établir le cautionnement et son étendue que s’il comporte cette mention. Sinon, la preuve devra être fournie par d’autres moyens, à condition qu'ils soient recevables en l’espèce.

3. Les règles législatives spéciales au droit de la consommation et au bail imposent un cautionnement assorti de mentions manuscrites dont le texte est dicté par la loi et dont l’absence est sanctionnée par une nullité et non par un simple défaut de preuve. »

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n’amategeko, kandi Bugingo Claude yayishyizeho umukono nyuma yo kwandika amagambo akurikira :’Bon pour caution solidaire et indivisible à concurrence de la somme de 9.000.000(neuf million) conformément aux clauses ci – dessus que j’ai sues, comprises et que j’approuve).’ [22] Urukiko rushingiye ku byo amasezerano y’ubwishingire agomba kuba yujuje byasobanuwe mu gika cya 20 cy’uru rubanza, rurasanga kwishingira Kadogi Jean Paul byarakozwe mu nyandiko, inyandiko y’ubwishingire igashyirwaho umukono na Bugingo Claude akanagaragaza ingano y’inguzanyo yishingiye. Rurasanga kandi ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Bugingo Claude ko yagombaga gusinyirwa imbere ya Notaire nta shingiro bifite kuko kwemera kwishingira bidakurikiza imihango yihariye, kandi yaba banki ndetse na Kadogi Jean Paul ntibagombaga kuyashyiraho umukono hashingiwe ku kuba afatwa nk’amasezerano akozwe n’uruhande rumwe, ari narwo rugomba kuyashyiraho umukono nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [23] Rushingiye kuri izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rusanga amasezerano y’ubwishingire yitwa ’Acte de cautionnement solidaire’ yasinywe na Bugingo Claude yishingira umwenda ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul afite agaciro.

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B. Kumenya niba Bugingo Claude yategekwa gufatanya na Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura umwenda yahawe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc [24] Me Cyiza Clément uhagarariye Bugingo Claude avuga ko nyuma y’uko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yemeye gukorera Kadogi Jean Paul loan restructuring and consolidation, itigeze imenyesha umwishingizi mu gihe we yari yaremeye kuzishingira gusa umwenda wa 9.000.000 Frw. Ko rero, ibyo binyuranyije n’amategeko ndetse n’umurongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RCOMA 0138/12/CS, haburana ACCESS Bank na GAJU, uvuga ko umwishingizi afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa amakuru ku mpinduka zibaye ku nguzanyo yishingiye, umwishingizi akaba adashobora kugira ibyo yishyuzwa hashingiwe ku mwenda atamenyeshejwe ihindagurika ryawo. [25] Avuga ko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc itubahirije ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano kuko nk’umwishingizi wa Kadogi Jean Paul, yagombye kuba yaramenyeshejwe ko atarimo kwishyura umwenda nk’uko byari biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 2 n’iya 4 z’amasezerano y’ubwishingire, ko Bugingo Claude yamenyeshejwe ko Kadogi Jean Paul atishyura ari uko ageze mu Rukiko. Yongeraho ko Banki yagize uburangare bukabije bwatumye itishyurwa kuko umwenda yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul wari uwo kugura inzu yagombaga kuba ingwate yayo (hypothèque au premier rang) nk’uko bigaragarira mu ngingo ya 8 y’amasezerano yo ku wa 12/08/2005 ndetse no mu

masezerano avuguruye yo ku wa 11/10/2011, ariko ikaba itarandikishije iyo ngwate bigatuma Kadogi Jean Paul ayigurisha, kandi ko iyo bigenze gutyo, itegeko riteganya ko umwishingizi ntacyo yishyuzwa kuko aba yatakaje uburenganzira bwe bwo gusimbura ugomba kwishyura (droit de subrogation) bitewe n’amakosa y’uwishingiwe. 6 Asobanura kandi ko kuba amasezerano yarateguwe na banki, igashyiramo ingingo ziyirengera zikarenganya abandi (clauses abusives), izo ngingo zitagombye gukurikizwa. [26] Asoza avuga ko mu gika cya 16 cy’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Umucamanza yemera ko mu masezerano yise ay’ubwishingire, ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yari ifite inshingano yo kumenyesha umwishingizi impinduka zose zibaye ku masezerano yishingiye, ariko abirengaho mu gika cya 19, avuga ko atabiheraho yemeza ko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ariyo yagize uburangare. [27] Uhagarariye ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, mu kwiregura ku birebana no kuba itaramenyesheje Bugingo Claude impinduka ku mwenda no kutishyura k’uwishingiwe, avuga ko ibyo uhagarariye Bugingo Claude avuga nta shingiro bifite kuko byose yabyemeye mu nyandiko y’ubwishingire yo ku wa 05/08/2005 yashyizeho umukono, aho mu ngingo ya 8 hateganyijwe ko umwishingizi yemeye kwishingira umwenda w’iremezo kimwe n’izindi mpinduka zose zabaho kuri uwo mwenda; ko ibyo binahura n’ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 556 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 ryavuzwe haruguru yavugaga ko ubwishingire bw'umwenda w'ibanze busesuye bugera no ku ngereka zawo zose. [28] Akomeza avuga ko ku bijyanye n’ukwivuguruza k’Umucamanza Bugingo Claude avuga, ntaho bigaragara mu rubanza cyane cyane ko urebye icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza RCOM

6 Reba ingingo ya ya 576 CCL III yateganyaga ko Uwishingiye undi ntacyo ashobora kwishyuzwa, iyo uburenganzira bwe bwo gusimbura ugomba kwishyurwa mu burenganzira bwe, mu ngwate ze z'ibintu bitimukanwa no mu bwizimbe bwe, atagishoboye kubukoresha kubera ikosa ry'ugomba kwishyurwa.

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01329/2019/TC, mu gika cya 53, Urukiko rwemeje ko Kadogi Jean Paul yishe amasezerano yagiranye na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, hakaba nta hantu na hamwe rwemeje ko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ariyo yayishe. Asobanura kandi ko kuba Bugingo Claude yaramenyeye mu rubanza ko uwo yishingiye atubahirije amasezerano, ntacyo byahindura kuko yaburanye ahakana inyandiko y’ubwishingire. [29] Ku bijyanye no kuba hari inzu yagombaga kugurwa na Kadogi Jean Paul, ikaba ingwate ya ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, avuga ko ibyo bidakuraho Bugingo Claude kuba yaremeye kuba umwishingizi, ko kwica amasezerano k’uwishingiwe, bijyanye no kuba hari ibyo atubahirije birimo gukoresha amafaranga ibyo atayaherewe no kutishyura umwenda nk’uko biteganyijwe mu masezerano, bidakuraho inshingano ze nk’umwishingizi zo kwishyura umwenda yishingiye igihe utishyuwe. [30] Ku birebana n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 8 n’iya 10 z’amasezerano y’ubwishingire, avuga ko amasezerano yasinywe hagati ya ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Bugingo Claude ari ay’ubwishingire atari ay’inguzanyo, kuko yari yishingiye ibizaba byananiye Kadogi Jean Paul. Avuga ko ingingo zitabogamye kuko zumvikanyweho, kandi Bugingo Claude akaba yaragombaga kubanza kubisobanukirwa. [31] Ku by’uko Bugingo Claude adafite droit de subrogation, mu gihe yaba yishyuye Banki mu mwanya wa Kadogi Jean Paul yishingiye, uhagarariye ECOBANK Rwanda Ltd avuga ko umwishingizi afite uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana uwo yishingiye kugirango agaruze ibyo yatanze. Naho ku byo guhanahana amakuru arebana n’umwenda mu rwego rwo kurengera abahabwa serivisi za banki, avuga ko bikorwa hagati y’uwahawe umwenda n’umwishingizi, ariko banki itasabwa kumenyesha umwishingizi impinduka zabaye ku mwenda.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [32] Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/7/1888 ry’urwuge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano ubu ryavuyeho, ryateganyaga amahame y’ingenzi agenga ubwishingire, anaboneka no mategeko y’ibindi bihugu. Ingingo ya 555 yateganyaga ko ubwishingire budakekwa; bugomba kwemerwa ku buryo bweruye, kandi ntibushobora kwagurwa ngo burenge inshingano uwishingiye undi yiyemeje. Ingingo ya 556 y’iryo tegeko yo yateganyaga ko ubwishingire bw'umwenda w'ibanze busesuye bugera no ku ngereka zose z'uwo mwenda, ndetse no ku magarama y’urukiko yerekeye ikirego cya mbere, kimwe n’andi yose azatangwa mu nkiko kuva igihe uwishingiye undi yamenyesherejwe ko ugomba kwishyura atishyuye umwenda we. Naho ingingo ya 576 yateganyaga ko uwishingiye undi ntacyo ashobora kwishyuzwa, iyo uburenganzira bwe bwo gusimbura ugomba kwishyurwa mu burenganzira bwe, mu ngwate ze z'ibintu bitimukanwa no mu bwizimbe bwe, atagishoboye kubikoresha kubera ikosa ry'ugomba kwishyurwa. [33] Urukiko rusanga, n’ubwo Itegeko ryo ku wa 30/07/1888 rimaze kuvugwa ryavanyweho n’Itegeko No 020/2019 ryo ku wa 22/08/2019 rikuraho amategeko yose yashyizweho mbere y’itariki y’ubwigenge, ingingo zirebana n’amasezerano y’ubwishingire zimaze kuvugwa zakomeza kugenga amasezerano y’ubwishingire yasinywe na Bugingo Claude yishingira umwenda ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yahaye Kadogi Jean Paul hagendewe ku ihame ry’amategeko ry’uko amategeko yavuyeho akomeza gukurikizwa ku bikorwa bigize amasezerano yasinywe mu gihe iryo tegeko ryariho. Ibi bikaba bivuze ko itegeko ryacyuye igihe ryubahirizwa mu gihe cyose

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amasezerano atararangira, kabone n’ubwo ibijyanye n’ayo masezerano byakomeza gushyirwa mu bikorwa na nyuma y’uko itegeko rishya ritangiriye kubahirizwa.7 [34] Kuri iri hame ryerekeye gukoresha itegeko ryavuyeho mu bijyanye n’amasezerano, Urukiko rusesa imanza rw’Ubufaransa rwemeje ko ibikubiye mu masezerano yakozwe mbere y’uko hashyirwaho itegeko rishya, kabone n’ubwo byakomeza gushyirwa mu bikorwa na nyuma yo gushyiraho iryo tegeko rishya, bikomeza kugengwa n’amategeko yariho igihe ayo masezerano yakorwaga. 8Urwo Rukiko rwemeje ariko ko iri hame ubwaryo rifite irengayobora (“irengayobora ry’irengayobora”); ruvuga ko mu by’ukuri, ihame ryo gukomeza gukoresha itegeko ryavuyeho ridakoreshwa ku bijyanye n’amasezerano iyo: -Umushingamategeko yateganyije mu buryo butomoye ko itegeko rishya rigomba guhita ryubahirizwa; -Umucamanza atemeje ko hakurikizwa itegeko ryavuyeho (ihame ry’uko itegeko ryavuyeho rikomeza gukoreshwa rigira agaciro gusa nkak’ibyemezo by’inkiko); -Kuri iyi mpamvu ya kabiri, umucamanza ashobora gukuraho iyubahirizwa ry’itegeko ryavuyeho mu bijyanye n’amasezerano. -Hari impamvu ndemyagihugu yihariye ntayegayezwa ijyanye n’itegeko rishya isobanura igituma iryo tegeko rishya rihita ryubahirizwa ku bikorwa bikubiye mu masezerano byo mu gihe kizaza [cya nyuma y’ishyirwaho y’iryo tegeko rishya].9 -Mu gihe itegeko rigena mu buryo budasubirwaho ko ibikubiye mu masezerano bigomba kujyana n’impinduka zibayeho mu mategeko, bisobanuye nyine ko bigomba gukorwa mu gihe kizaza, ni ukuvuga nyuma y’ishyirwaho ry’itegeko rishya, bigomba kugengwa n’itegeko rishya.

8 “ Les effets des contrats conclus antérieurement à la loi nouvelle, même s’ils continuent à se réaliser postérieurement à cette loi, demeurent régis par les dispositions sous l’empire desquelles ils ont été passes,” Ibidem, Arrêt du 3 juillet 1979 (arrêt de principe « Dame Museli c/ SCI Le Panorama » 3 Civ., 3 juill. 1979, n°77 15552). 9 “Cette règle connait elle-même une exception (« l’exception de l’exception »). En effet, le principe de survie de la loi ancienne ne s’applique pas en matière contractuelle: - Soit lorsque le législateur prévoit expressément que la loi sera d’application immediate. - Soit lorsque le juge écarte la survie de la loi ancienne (le principe de survie de la loi ancienne n’ayant que valeur jurisprudentielle). Dans ce deuxième cas, le juge peut écarter la survie de la loi ancienne en matière contractuelle: - Soit que le caractère d’ordre public particulièrement impérieux de la loi nouvelle justifie son application immédiate aux effets futurs d’un contrat. “Ibidem, Cass., Com., 3 mars 2009. ibikubiye mu masezerano. 89

7 Reba inyandiko: Application de la loi dans temps, iboneka kuri https://www.ladocumentationjuridique.com/prestations/conseil-et-assistancejuridiques/1445601_application-de-la- loi-dans-le-temps 8 “Soit que le contenu du contrat est si impérativement fixé par la loi que le contrat doit être assimilé à une situation légale, justifiant que ses effets futurs soient régis par la loi nouvelle.” Ibidem, Cass, avis, 16 févr. 9 , n°15/002.

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[35] Tugarutse ku kibazo kirimo gusuzumwa, Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 4 y’itegeko No 017/2021 ryo ku wa 03/03/2021 ryerekeye kurengera umuguzi wa serivisi y’imari, igena ko utanga serivisi y’imari cyangwa uhagarariye utanga serivisi y’imari agomba gukorera mu mucyo mu bijyanye n’uburyo amenyesha umuguzi wa serivisi y’imari, igicuruzwa cy’imari, serivisi y’imari atanga n’ikiguzi kijyanye na byo. Ihame ryo gukorera mu mucyo rikaba rikurikizwa ku nzego zose mu gihe utanga serivisi y’imari yiyemeje gukorana n’umuguzi wa serivisi y’imari. N’ubwo iri tegeko ryagiyeho iki kibazo cyaramaze kuvuka, ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko bisanzwe ari ihame, nk’uko abahanga mu mategeko babigaragaza, aho basobanura ko kunanirwa kuzuza inshingano yo gutanga amakuru cyangwa guteguza, bishobora gutuma habaho gusonerwa uburyozwe bw’ubwishingire ku mpamvu zo kuba uwatanze ideni ataratanze amakuru, bigatuma haba kubura amahirwe yo gufata ingamba za ngombwa.10 [36] Mu rubanza RCOMA 0138/12/CS, rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko, ku wa 16/05/2014, haburana Gaju na Access Bank, rwifashishije abahanga mu isesengura, mu gika cya 14-15, rwasobanuye ko umwishingizi agomba guhabwa amakuru, bitari gusa igihe asinya amasezerano y’ubwo bwishingizi, ko ahubwo ayo makuru akomeza no kuyahabwa igihe ayo masezerano ashyirwa mu bikorwa, kandi ikigo cyahaye amafaranga uwagurijwe w’ibanze (débiteur principal), kikamumenyesha ko

nyirukugurizwa atubahirije inshingano ze zo kwishyura umwenda, ibigo biguriza amafaranga bikaba bifite inshingano yihariye yo guha amakuru abakiriya babyo n’abishingizi babo ndetse no gutanga ikimenyetso cy’uko byubahirije iyo nshingano. [37] Na none abahanga, bashingiye ku ngingo ya 2314 y’Itegeko ry’Abafaransa ry’imbonezamubano,12 bavuga ko umwishingizi ashobora kuvanwaho inshingano iyo uwatanze inguzanyo yatakaje cyangwa yatumye habaho kuzimira k’uburenganzira budashidikanywaho, bwari gutuma habaho amahirwe yihariye yo gusimbura ugomba kwishyurwa (subrogation), bimwongerera amahirwe yo kwishyurwa.11 [38] Urukiko rurasanga mu gusubiza ikibazo kiri mu rubanza, bisaba kumenya niba amasezerano yo ku wa 11/10/2011 avugurura umwenda hagati ya ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Kadogi Jean Paul, arebwa n’ubwishingire bwakozwe na Bugingo Claude mu masezerano y’ubwishingire yo ku wa 05/08/2005, rukabona gusuzuma iby’iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano, n’ingaruka byagira igihe yaba atarubahirijwe ku ruhande bireba. [39] Amasezerano y’ubwishingire yo ku wa 05/08/2005 yashyizweho umukono na Bugingo Claude nk’uko bigaragazwa mu magambo yanditse n’intoki ari kuri iyo nyandiko, yari agamije kwishingira umwenda ungana na 9.000.000 Frw hamwe n’inyungu zawo zumvikanyweho

10 Philippe Simler, Cautionnement: Garanties autonomes Garanties indemnitaires, 5e Ed. (Lexis Nexis SA, 2015), p. 854 : “Certaines décisions ont pourtant cru pouvoir décharger des cautions au seul motif que le créancier, en omettant de les renseigner, les avait privées de la possibilité de prendre les dispositions qui s’imposaient. […] 12 Article 2314 Code civil francois: “Lorsque la subrogation aux droits du créancier ne peut plus, par la faute de celui- ci, s'opérer en sa faveur, la caution est déchargée à concurrence du préjudice qu'elle subit.” Iyi ngingo ihuye n’ingingo ya 576 y’Itegeko ry’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano. 11 Philippe Simler, Cautionnement: Garanties autonomes Garanties indemnitaires, 5e Ed. (Lexis Nexis SA, 2015), p. 855 : “ Positivement, la caution ne peut être déchargée en application de l’article 2314 que si le créancier a perdu ou laissé perdre un droit préférentiel précis, qui aurait pu lui procurer un avantage particulier par subrogation, susceptible d'accroître ses chances de remboursement.”

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n’iziteganyijwe n’amategeko, nk’uko bikubiye mu masezerano hagati ya ECOBANK Rwanda Plc na Kadogi Jean Paul, yo ku wa 12/08/2005. [40] ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ivuga ko mu ngingo ya 8 y’amasezerano y’ubwishingire hateganyijwe ko umwishingizi (Bugingo Claude) yemeye kwishingira umwenda w’iremezo kimwe n’izindi mpinduka zose zabaho kuri uwo mwenda; ko bitari ngombwa kumumenyesha amasezerano avugurura umwenda yakozwe hagati yayo na Kadogi Jean Paul. [41] Isesengura ryakozwe ku ngingo ya mbere muri uru rubanza, rigaragaza ko ubwishingire bugomba kugaragazwa mu buryo bweruye, ingano y’umwenda uwishingiye yemeye kwishingira, bitaba ibyo ubwishingire bugafatwa nk’ubutigeze bubaho. [42] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe mu isesengura ryakozwe haruguru, ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yaragombaga guha amakuru Bugingo Claude, bitari gusa igihe asinya amasezerano y’ubwishingire, ahubwo no mu gihe cy’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo, imumenyesha ibirebana n’umwenda wishingiwe, ko nyir’ukugurizwa atubahirije inshingano ze zo kwishyura, ndetse no gutanga ikimenyetso cy’uko yubahirije inshingano zayo ziteganywa n’amategeko. Bityo, ibyo ivuga ko itagombaga kumumenyesha akaba nta shingiro bifite. [43] Urukiko rusanga iyo iryo menyesha rikorwa, Bugingo Claude akabyemera, aribyo byari gutuma afatwa nk’uwishingiye umwenda uvuguruye w’amafaranga 18.093.283 Frw ugaragara mu masezerano yo ku wa 11/10/2011. Bityo,

ubwishingire bwo ku wa 05/08/2005 bukaba butareba inguzanyo ivuguruye yo ku wa 11/10/2011. [44] Urukiko rurasanga rero mu gusuzuma niba Bugingo Claude yategekwa gufatanya na Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura umwenda yahawe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, harebwa gusa amasezerano yo ku wa 12/08/2005 ajyanye n’umwenda yari yishingiye. Bikaba ari ngombwa gusuzuma niba impamvu uhagarariye Bugingo Claude ashingiraho avuga ko atagomba kwishyura umwenda wa 9.000.000 Frw n’inyungu ziwukomokaho zifite ishingiro. [45] Mu masezerano ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yagiranye na Kadogi Jean Paul, yo ku wa 12/08/2005, Bugingo Claude yishingiye, byari biteganyijwe ko ECOBANK Rwanda Plc imuhaye inguzanyo ya 9.000.000 Frw, azaguramo inzu yo kubamo, ikazaba ingwate ku bitimukanwa, kandi ko mu gihe iyo nguzanyo yakoreshwa ku mpamvu itandukanye n’iyemeranyijweho bizatuma habaho gusesa amasezerano nta nteguza. Banki niyo yari ifite inshingano yo kugenzura ko inguzanyo ikoreshwa icyo yagenewe, kandi Kadogi Jean Paul akaba yaragomba kuyiha ububasha bwo kugurisha inzu yatanzweho ingwate. [46] Urukiko rurasanga ECOBANK Rwanda Plc itarakurikiranye ibyateganywaga mu masezerano ngo Kadogi Jean Paul yuzuze ibyo yasabwaga, yagombaga kuyiha, birimo ingwate yandikishijwe, n’icyangombwa cyo kumuhagararira mu igurisha, ndetse ikaba itarujuje inshingano yo kumenyesha Bugingo Claude amakuru yose yerekeranye n’uko umwenda wishingiwe wishyurwa. [47] Rushingiye ku bivugwa mu bika bibiri bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rusanga ECOBANK Rwanda Plc, kubera amakosa yakoze, yaratumye Bugingo Claude atakaza amahirwe yari afite yo kuyisimbura (subrogation) igihe yari kuba amaze kwishyura umwenda mu mwanya wa Kadogi

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Jean Paul, kugirango agaruze ibyo yatanze; kandi nk’uko byasobanuwe muri uru rubanza, iyo ni imwe mu mpamvu ituma uwishingiye ashobora gukurwaho inshingano yo kwishyura. [48] Naho ku byo uhagarariye ECOBANK Rwanda Plsc avuga ko mu masezerano y’ubwishingire harimo ingingo iteganya ko Bugingo Claude nk’umwishingizi nta burenganzira afite bwo gusimbura ugomba kwishyurwa, Urukiko rusanga ingingo y’amasezerano y’ubwishingire ibiteganya gutyo ari ingingo irenganya (abusive clause) uwishingiwe kubera ko nta bubasha yari afite bwo kuyanga cyangwa gusaba ko igororwa mu buryo burengera inyungu ze, bitewe n’uko amasezerano yateguwe na banki, ikayaha uwifuza kwishingira undi ngo ayashyireho umukono we gusa (adhesion contract). [49] Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura ko ingingo irenganya (abusive clause) ari ingingo yateganyijwe n’umuntu umwe mu bagirana amasezerano wenyine agategeka undi kuyemera kandi imurenganya cyangwa bigaragara ko badafite ububasha cyangwa uburenganzira bungana mu masezerano.12 [50] Bifashishije urubanza rw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Colombia, bagaragaje ko ingingo irenganya (abusive clause) iba igizwe n’ibintu bikurikira: a.Itegurwa n’uruhande rumwe rugategeka urundi kuyemera itumvikanyweho; b.Ibangamiye ihame ryo kuba nta buriganya bugomba kuba mu kugirana amasezerano; c.Uruhande rwayiteguye ni uruba rufite ububasha bwinshi mu masezerano kurusha urundi; d.Irengera inyungu

z’uwayikoze kandi ikagaragaza ukutareshya kw’impande zombi mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira n’inshingano za buri ruhande13. [51] Mu bindi bihugu, nk’Ubufaransa, amategeko ateganya ko, hagamijwe kurengera abatari abanyamwuga iyo bagirana amasezerano n’abanyamwuga, ari ngombwa kwirinda ko abanyamwuga babonerana abatari abanyamwuga bagashyira mu masezerano ingingo zibogamiye ku banyamwuga zirenganya abatari abanyamwuga. Ayo mategeko ateganya ko iyo bigenze gutyo, urukiko rwaregewe rushobora gukuraho bene izo ngingo z’amasezerano zirenganya abatari abanyamwuga.14

12 “Generally, an abusive clause has been defined as a clause that is unilaterally imposed by one of the contract’s parties, unequally affecting the other or creating a situation of imbalance between the duties and rights of the parties”. The Doctrines Of Unconscionability And Abusive Clauses: a Common Point Between Civil And Common Law Legal Traditions By Camilo A. Rodriguez-Yong in Oxford University Comparative Law Forum https://ouclf.law.ox.ac.uk/the-doctrines-of-unconscionability-and-abusive-clauses-a-common-pointbetween-civil- and-common-law- legaltraditions/#:~:text=The%20doctrine%20of%20unconscionability%20is,agreements%20and%20protect%2 0against%20unfairness.&text=Hence%2C%20the%20purpose%20of%20the,or%20unfair%20contracts%20 or%20clauses.

13 “There are typical characteristics of abusive clauses – primarily: a) that their negotiation was not individual; b) that they injure the emerging requirements of good faith, c) that they create a significant imbalance in light of the rights and obligations that are undertaken by the parties”. Expediente 5670, Corte Suprema de Justicia [Supreme Court of Justice], 2 Feb 2001, MP: CI Jaramillo (Colom). Id. 14 “Dans les contracts entre professionnels et non-professionnels ou consommateurs, sont abusives les clauses qui ont pour objet our pour effet de créer au detriment du non-professionnel ou du consommateur, un désequilibre

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[52] Iyo usomye ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 8 n’iya 10 y’amasezerano y’ubwishingire, usanga avuga ko (i) yaba Banki cyangwa Kadogi Jean Paul ntawe ufite inshingano yo kumenyesha Bugingo Claude ibijyanye n’umwenda wahawe Kadogi Jean Paul n’uburyo wagiye uhinduka, ko kandi (ii) uwishingira ari we Bugingo Claude aretse uburenganzira bwe bwo gusimbura banki (subrogation) mu gukurikirana umutungo wa Kadogi Jean Paul aho waba uri hose kugira ngo uvanwemo ubwishyu. Izi ngingo zombi zifite ibyagaragajwe mu gika cya 50 biranga ingingo irenganya, kuko: (i) zateguwe na Banki zihabwa Bugingo Claude gusa ngo azisinye; (ii) nta bubasha yari afite bwo kuziganiraho na Banki ngo nawe inyungu ze zirengerwe; (iii) Banki ni yo yari ifite ububasha bwinshi kuko iyo atazemera itari guha Kadogi Jean Paul inguzanyo yasabaga; kandi (vi) zirengera gusa inyungu za Banki, mu gihe iza Bugingo Claude zititaweho. [53] Rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rusanga ingingo zose zirenganya rumwe mu ruhande rugirana amasezerano nta gaciro zigomba kugira kuko zitubahirije ubwisanzure mu masezerano bugomba kuranga abayagirana. [54] Kuba rero mu masezerano y’ubwishingire harimo ingingo ivuga ko Bugingo Claude nk’umwishingizi, adashobora guhabwa amakuru ku mwenda yishingiye kandi ko igihe yaba amaze kwishyura ECOBANK Rwanda Plc mu mwanya wa Kadogi Jean Paul, nta burenganzira yagira bwo kuyisimbura mu burenganzira yari

ifite k’uwagurijwe kugirango asubizwe ibyo yatanze, izo ngingo zirenganya umwishingizi (Bugingo Claude), zikaba nta gaciro zigomba guhabwa. [55] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rusanga Bugingo Claude atategekwa gufatanya na Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura umwenda yahawe na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc. C. Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa n’ababuranyi [56] Mu kirego kiregera kwiregura, abahagarariye ECOBANK Rwanda Plc basabye Urukiko ko yagenerwa indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka ku rwego rw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zingana na 2.000.000Frw. [57] Me Cyiza Clément uhagarariye Bugingo Claude avuga ko indishyi zisabwa na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc nta shingiro zifite kuko ariyo yashoye Bugingo Claude mu manza z’amaherere no ku makosa yayo; ko ahubwo Bugingo Claude ariwe ukwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibyo yatakaje aribyo amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza angana na 2.000.000Frw n’ay’igihembo cy’Avoka angana na 3.000.000Frw.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [58] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, igira iti “ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza

significatif entre les droits et les obligations des parties au contrat.” Ku bindi bisobanuro birambuye harimo n’imanza zaciwe, reba: https://www.dalloz.fr/documentation/Document?id=DZ%2FOASIS%2F000183#:~:text=Dans%20les%20co ntrats%20conclus%20entre,consom.%2C%20art.; Halimi, Isabelle, Cautionnement et clauses abusives, iboneka kuri https://www.halimiavocats.com/cautionnement-et-clauses-abusives/

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kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe.” [59] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z'ikurikiranarubanza n'igihembo cy'Avoka zisabwa na ECOBANK Rwanda Plc ntazo yahabwa, kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, ikirego cya Bugingo Claude gisubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, gifite ishingiro. Ahubwo Bugingo Claude akaba ariwe ugomba kugenerwa igihembo cya Avoka, n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, yatanze mu rubanza rusubirwamo. Gusa kuko indishyi yasabye ari umurengera, izindi akaba nta bimenyetso azitangira, mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko agenewe 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 300.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [60] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Bugingo Claude asaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RCOMA 00319/2020/HCC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/04/2021, gifite ishingiro; [61] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCOMA 00319/2020/HCC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/04/2021 ihindutse kuri byose; [62] Rwemeje ko Bugingo Claude atagomba gufatanya na Kadogi Jean Paul kwishyura umwenda ECOBANK Rwanda Plc yamuhaye; [63] Rutegetse ECOBANK Rwanda Plc guha Bugingo Claude igihembo cya Avoka cya 500.000 Frw na 300.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza; yose hamwe akaba 800.000 Frw.