UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MUNYAGISHARI

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MUNYAGISHARI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2017-04-24 - Case/document no.: RP 0012/13/HCCI - Collection: High Court

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MUNYAGISHARI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU/HCCI – RP 0012/13/HCCI (Ngendakuriyo, P.J., Kanyegeri na Nsanzimana J.) 24 Mata 2017] Amategeko agenga Ibimenyetso – Ubuhamya – Ku birebana n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe, ukwivuguruza ntigufatirwa gusa ku magambo umutangabuhamya akoresha, cyangwa kudahuza neza imvugo mu gusobanura imigendekere y'ibyo atangira ubuhamya, icyangombwa, akaba ari uko ireme ry’ibyo avuga (substance) ridahinduka. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside – icyaha cy'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora Jenoside – Icyaha cyo gucura umugambi hamwe n’icy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside, mu mategeko ahana yo mu Rwanda ibyo byaha ubwabyo ntibiteganyijwe, bityo gucura umugambi wa jenoside n'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kugira uruhare mu mikorerere y’icyaha cya jenoside. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu – Kugira ngo habeho icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hagomba kugaragazwa ko habayeho ibitero, kandi ibikorwa uregwa akurikiranyweho bigomba kuba byarakozwe muri icyo gitero; byibasiye itsinda ry'abaturage batari abasirikare, ubikora akaba azi neza ko bikorwa muri uwo murongo wo kwica iryo tsinda ry'abantu batari abasirikare. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, muri uru rubanza Ubushinjacyaha bukaba bwari bukurikiranye uregwa ku byaha binyuranye aribyo Icyaha cya jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 114 , 115 na 762 z’Itegeko-Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, n'ingingo ya mbere ndetse n'iya 3(c) y'Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (Convention on the Prevention and punishment of the Crime of Genocide)1, Icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, Icyaha cy'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora Jenoside, Icyaha cy'ubwicanyi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyoko- muntu, Icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko-muntu. Ubushinjacyaha busobanura ko uregwa yifashishije umwanya yari afite w'umukuru w'interahamwe muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, acura umugambi wo gukora icyaha cya jenoside, arayikora kandi afatanya n'abandi kuyikora ndetse anakora n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bigizwe no kwica no gusambanya ku gahato. Buvuga kandi ko nyuma y'aho amashyaka menshi atangiriye mu Rwanda muri 1991, uregwa ku giti cye nk'Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND ku Gisenyi, yinjije urubyiruko rwinshi mu mutwe w'lnterahamwe. Uru rubyiruko rwari urwo mu bwoko bw'Abahutu gusa, rwatojwe ibya gisirikari, ndetse uruhare rwarwo rukaba rwari uguteza akajagari, kwica no gusahura, guhungabanya abatavuga rumwe na Leta kimwe no kwibasira abo bitaga ibyitso by'inkotanyi. Muri uru rubanza kandi Ubushinjacyaha bwagiye bugaragaza inama zitandukanye uregwa yagiye yitabira zateguraga ubwicanyi. Harimo nk’inama yayobowe n’uwitwa Joseph Nzirorera hamwe na Juvenal Uwilingiyimana, ko iyo nama yacuraga umugambi wa jenoside, abari bayirimo, kimwe na

1 Aya masezerano yo kuwa 9 Ukuboza 1848 yasinywe n'u Rwanda kandi yinjizwa mu mategeko y'u Rwanda n’Itegeko - teka No 08/75 yo kuwa 12/02/1975, bishyirwa mu igazeti ya Leta y'u Rwanda (1975), p 230.

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Munyagishari (uregwa) bemeranijwe ko hagomba gutangwa imbunda ku nterahamwe, kandi izo mbunda zikaba zari izo kwica Abatutsi, kandi ko uregwa yari ashinzwe guha amabwiriza Interahamwe y'uko izo mbunda zigomba gutangwa. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko uregwa afatanyije na Ngirabwatware wari Ministiri w'Imigambi ya Leta n'izindi nterahamwe, bakoresheje inama bumvikana ko nta mututsi n'umwe ugomba kuyizamo, hemezwa ko Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa bazira ubwoko bwabo. Nyuma y'iyo nama, Munyagishari(uregwa) afatanije na Ngirabwatware, bifashishije amabisi ya ONATRACOM batwaye Interahamwe zijya guhiga Abatutsi hirya no hino zitangira kubica. Uretse ibikorwa byo kuyobora no gutegeka zimwe mu nterahamwe yari ayoboye, Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko nawe ubwe yakoze ibikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi bo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo. Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa byo gusambanya ku gahato abagore n'abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko uregwa yaremye agatsiko k'Interahamwe kitwaga “intarumikwa" kari gashinzwe by'umwihariko gufata ku ngufu abakobwa n'abagore b’Abatutsikazi muri Gisenyi no mu nkengero zayo. Uretse ibikorwa byakozwe nako gatsiko, Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza ko uregwa nawe ubwe yakoze ibikorwa byo gusambanya ku gahato. Ku bijyanye n'uburyozwacyaha, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko kubera ko Ibikorwa bya Munyagishari byabyaye ibyaha byinshi, kandi igikorwa kimwe kikaba kigizwe n'ibikorwa bitandukanye bigize ubwabyo ibyaha byinshi, busanga harabayeho impurirane y'imbonezamugambi nk'uko Ingingo ya 83 (2) (a) y'igitabo cy’Amategeko ahana mu Rwanda ibiteganya. Ko nk'uko ingingo ya 84 y'iryo tegeko ibiteganya, uregwa yahanishwa igihano cy’icyaha kirushije ibindi gukomera. Busaba kandi ko uregwa atahabwa impamvu n'imwe nyoroshya-cyaha kuko atigeze yemera icyaha ngo asabe imbabazi, bityo abe yabigiriramo inyungu amategeko amwemerera, ko ahubwo yaruhije Ubutabera mu buryo bugaragara, harimo no kwanga kwitabira iburanisha ry'urubanza rumureba. Ubushinjacyaha bwifashishije amasezerano bwakoranye n’ Urukiko rwa ICTR busoza bumusabira igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu ku byaha byose aregwa. Uregwa we yahisemo kutitabira iburanisha no kudatanga imyanzuro yo kwiregura, ariko mu rubanza rwe harimo abavoka bahagarariye inyungu z'Ubutabera, bakaba barasabaga ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi n’icy’ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside bitakirwa, naho ku bindi byaha, basaba ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kidahabwa ishingiro kuko nta bimenyetso byabigaragarijwe. Bagaragaza kandi ubuhamya ngo bugaragaramo kutavugisha ukuri kuko hari aho buvuga ko mu bantu bashyizeho za bariyeri muri Gisenyi bakanazigenzura harimo Munyagishari, ariko nyuma bukavuga ko mu bayoboraga za bariyeri, uwo umutangabuhamya yari azi ari uwayoboraga bariyeri y'aho yari ari. Abahagarariye inyungu z’ubutabera bavuga kandi ko bijyanye n'iyicwa ry’Abatutsi batandukanye mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, Ubushinjacyaha butigeze bugaragaza amatariki nyayo Munyagishari yaba yarabonywe muri ibyo bikorwa. Ku birebana n'icyaha cya jenoside, basanga uregwa yakigirwaho umwere bitewe n'uko mu bimenyetso byatanzwe n'Ubushinjacyaha, bigizwe n'ubuhamya bw'abatangabuhamya bashinja, bitandukanye n'uko abatangabuhamya babivuze mu rukiko. Ku bijyanye n’icyaha cy'ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bavuga ko basanga Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranye Munyagishari kuri icyo cyaha bushingiye ku ngingo ya 140 y'ltegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana iteganya ubwicanyi busanzwe, bikaba bihabanye n'ingingo ya 4 y'iri tegeko Ngenga iteganya ko

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amategeko ahana adashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukira, ko agomba gufatwa uko ateye. Inkiko zikaba zibujijwe guca imanza ku buryo bugenekereje. Ku byerekeye icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, Abahagarariye inyungu z’ubutabera bavuga ko uregwa atakurikiranwa kuri icyo cyaha hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 765 y'Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana iteganya ko “icyaha cyakozwe mbere y'uko iri tegeko ngenga ritangazwa mu igazeti ya repubulika y'u Rwanda gihanwa hakurikije Itegeko ryakigengaga, keretse iri tegeko Ngenga riteganya ibihano byoroheje. Bakaba basanga uregwa atagikurikiranwaho kabone nubwo amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono kuwa 12/02/1975 mu ngingo yayo ya 3b iteganya icyo cyaha. Ko u Rwanda rwagombaga gushyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano bukoze 'harmonisation’ y'amategeko, cyane cyane amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, kugira ngo ateganye ibihano bizahabwa umuntu wese uzacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ku birebana n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe, ukwivuguruza ntigufatirwa gusa ku magambo umutangabuhamya akoresha, cyangwa kudahuza neza imvugo mu gusobanura imigendekere y'ibyo atangira ubuhamya, icyangombwa, akaba ari uko ireme ry’ibyo avuga (substance) ridahinduka, bityo kuba abatangabuhamya batibuka neza amatariki y'inama uregwa yabaga arimo nyuma y'imyaka 20 irenga bibaye, ntibivuze ko ubuhamya bwabo atari ukuri mu gihe basobanura mu buryo bwumvikana uko ibintu byagenze. 2. Kuba ibikorwa by’uregwa bigizwe n’ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi bo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, bwarakozwe hagamije kubarimbura, icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cya jenoside uregwa akurikiranyweho cyarakozwe. 3. Icyaha cyo gucura umugambi hamwe n’icy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside, mu mategeko ahana yo mu Rwanda ibyo byaha ubwabyo ntibiteganyijwe, bityo gucura umugambi wa jenoside n'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kugira uruhare mu mikorerere y’icyaha cya jenoside. 4. Kugira ngo habeho icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hagomba kugaragazwa ko habayeho ibitero, kandi ko ibikorwa uregwa akurikiranyweho bigomba kuba byarakozwe muri icyo gitero; byibasiye itsinda ry'abaturage batari abasirikare, ubikora akaba azi neza ko bikorwa muri uwo murongo wo kwica iryo tsinda ry'abantu batari abasirikare, bityo kuba uregwa yarafashe interahamwe zo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi akazipakira mu ma bisi, bagatera Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo, bagamije kubica, ndetse no kuba yari mu bayobozi batanze intwaro zitandukanye baziha interahamwe hagamijwe kwica Abatutsi bari mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zayo, bikozwe mu bitero simusiga byakorewe ahari Abatutsi benshi, icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu uregwa akurikiranyweho cyarakozwe. Uregwa ahamwa n’ibyaha byo kwica nk’icyaha cya jenoside no kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu; Ahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. Amategeko yashingiweho:

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Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y’ u Rwanda 2003, ingingo ya 17. Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3, 65 n’iya 119. Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha, Ingingo ya 85 n’iya 279. Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'imbonezamubano, iz'ubucuruzi, iz'umurimo, n'izubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 7. Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 71, 83, 97, 114, 115 n’iya 120. Ingingo ya 5 bis y'itegeko No 08/2013/OL ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza ltegeko Ngenga N° 31/2007 ryo ku wa 25/04/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa. Imanza zifashishijwe: RPA 0117/07/CS, Ubushinjacyaha vs. Cpl Ngabonziza Faustin na Sgt Biziyaremye Jean Baptiste, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/09/2010. ICTR-97-20, Procureur vs. Semanza du 15/05/2003. ICTR 98- 41-T, Ubushinjacyaha vs. Bagosora Theoneste Et.Al., rwaciwe ku wa 18/12/2008. ICTR- 07-23-S, Ubushinjacyaha vs. Kambanda Jean rwaciwe ku wa 04/09/1998. ICTR-964-T, Procureur c/ Akayesu, du 02/09/ 1998. ICTR-96-13-T, Procureur c/ Musema du 16/11/2011. ICTR-95-1-T, Procureur c/ Kayishema na Ruzindana, du 21/5/1999. Inyandiko z’abahanga: Serge Guinchard, Droit et pratique de la procédure civile, 8è édition, Paris, 2014, p. 1619. DESPORTES & Francis LE GUNEHEC Droit Penal Général, éditions ECONOMICA, 49, rue Hericart, 75015 Paûs, 14 ème édition, 2007. GIEP/OUA, Rwanda: le génocide qu'on aurait pu éviter, GIEP, 2000, Addis Abeba, Ethiopie. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Munyagishari Bernard uregwa n’Ubushinjacyaha muri uru rubanza, yahoze atuye mu Karere ka Rubavu, mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, aho yigiye n’amashuri yisumbuye mu myaka ya za 1973-19762, nyuma aza kuba umwarimu w'ishuli ndetse anamenyekana cyane nk'umusifuzi w'umupira w'amaguru3. Yakoze no mu kigo cya Sonatube i Kigali4. [2] Kuva aho amashyaka menshi atangiriye mu Rwanda muri 1991, Munyagishari Bernard yaje guhabwa akazi muri SONARWA ku Gisenyi. Yaje kuba umunyamabanga wa Banzi Wellars wari Perezida wa MRND ku rwego rwa perefegitura ya Gisenyi, ndetse anaba perezida

2 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDF mu nyandikomvugo y'iburanisha ryo ku wa 27/07/2018, urupapuro rwa 1493. 3 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDE mu nyandikomvugo y'iburanisha ryo ku wa 07/06/2016, urupapuro rwa 1424. 4 Reba ubuhamya bwa Rutabana Emmanuel yatangiye muri TPIR, ku rupapuro rwa 1175 rwa dosiye y'Ubushinjacyaha.

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w'lnterahamwe, urubyiruko rw'ishyaka MNRD, ku rwego rw'icyahoze ari perefegitura ya Gisenyi kuva muri 1992 kugeza 1994. [3] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko muri icyo gihe Munyagishari Bernard, yifashishije uwo mwanya w'umukuru w'interahamwe muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi, yacuze umugambi wo gukora icyaha cya jenoside, arayikora kandi afatanya n'abandi kuyikora ndetse anakora n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bigizwe no kwica no gusambanya ku gahato. [4] Munyagishari Bernard uregwa muri uru rubanza yahisemo kutitabira iburanisha no kudatanga imyanzuro yo kwiregura. [5] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bahagarariye inyungu z'Ubutabera muri uru rubanza, basabye ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi n’icy’ubufatanyacyaha muri jenoside bitakirwa, naho ku bindi byaha, basaba ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kidahabwa ishingiro kuko nta bimenyetso byabigaragarijwe. [6] Muri uru rubanza hasuzumwe ingingo zijyanye no kureba niba ibikorwa Munyagishari Bernard aregwa byarabayeho, niba ibyo bikorwa bigize ibyaha aregwa, hanasuzumwa ibijyanye n’uburyozwacyaha, ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ibihano yahabwa igihe ibyaha byaba bimuhama. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1.1.1. Kumenya niba ibikorwa Munyagishari Bernard aregwa byarabayeho 1.1.1. Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa bitegura jenoside II.1.1.1. Uko Ubushinjacyaha bubisobanura [7] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nyuma y'aho amashyaka menshi atangiriye mu Rwanda muri 1991, Munyagishari Bernard, ku giti cye nk'Umunyamabanga Mukuru wa MRND ku Gisenyi, yinjije urubyiruko rwinshi mu mutwe w'lnterahamwe. Uru rubyiruko rwari urwo mu bwoko bw'Abahutu gusa, rwatojwe ibya gisirikari, ndetse uruhare rwarwo rukaba rwari uguteza akajagari, kwica no gusahura, guhungabanya abatavuga rumwe na Leta kimwe no kwibasira abo bitaga ibyitso by’inkotanyi. [8] Buvuga ko ku mataliki atazwi neza ariko muri 1992, Munyagishari Bernard, abyumvikanyeho n'abantu bari bakomeye mu butegetsi bwa MRND, bagabanyije umutwe w’Interahamwe mu dutsiko tugera kuri dutanu mu mujyi wa Gisenyi. Munyagishari Bernard yagizwe perezida w'Interahamwe ku rwego rwa Peregitura ya Gisenyi, Thomas Mugiraneza akaba yari Visi Perezida w'Interahamwe. Munyagishari Bernard ubwe yayoboye umwe muri iyo mitwe y‘lnterahamwe, ine isigaye yakomeje kuyoborwa nawe ku rwego rwa Perefegitura ya Gisenyi afatanije na Omar Serushago, Thomas Mugiraneza, Thomas ISSA, Hassan Sibomana n'undi witwaga Mabuye. [9] Bukomeza buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yari umukomando wabihuguriwe abifashijwemo n'abasirikare cyane uwitwa Major Francois Xavier Uwimana wakoreraga mu kigo cya Gisirikare mu Bigogwe, ibyo bikaba byari mu mugambi mubisha wo kumara Abatutsi. Muri

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ibyo bihe byose Munyagishari Bernard yabaga yitwaje imbunda ndetse yambaye imyenda ya gisirikare ariko atarigeze aba umusirikare wa Leta wemewe. [10] Buvuga ko kuva muri 1992 kugeza Perezida Habyarimana apfuye, Munyagishari Bernard yateguye kandi anatoza umutwe w'Interahamwe. Ayo mahugurwa uwo mutwe w'lnterahamwe wahawe akaba yarawufashije mu bikorwa byo kugaba ibitero ndetse no kwica Abatutsi benshi. [11] Bukomeza buvuga ko mu kwezi kwa 12/1993, Munyagishari Bernard, ari kumwe n'abandi bayobozi b'interahamwe, bagiye mu nama kuri Hotel Meridien Gisenyi kugira ngo bategure ubwicanyi. Iyo nama yayobowe na Joseph Nzirorera hamwe na Juvenal Uwilingiyimana. Muri iyo nama yacuraga umugambi wa jenoside, abari bayirimo, kimwe na Munyagishari Bernard, bemeranijwe ko hagomba gutangwa imbunda ku nterahamwe, kandi izo mbunda zikaba zari izo kwica Abatutsi. Munyagishari Bernard yari ashinzwe guha amabwiriza Interahamwe y'uko izo mbunda zigomba gutangwa. [12] Buvuga ko hagati muri Werurwe 1994, ubwo Leta ya Habyarimana yotswaga igitutu kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa Amasezerano ya Arusha, Munyagishari Bernard, ku nshuro nyinshi yajyaga mu myigaragambyo yarwanyaga amasezerano ya Arusha ari na ko yatezaga umwuka mubi w'urwango hagati y’Abahutu n‘Abatutsi bikozwe mu mugambi wa jenoside uvugwa muri iki kirego. Muri iyo myigaragambyo Munyagishari Bernard n'Interahamwe ze bashingaga amabariyeri ku Gisenyi, batangira gufata Abatutsi babakubita, ndetse bagatera no mu ngo z'abo bakazisahura bakanazisenya. [13] Buvuga ko ku italiki ya 5/4/1994, cyangwa se mbere y'aho gato, Munyagishari Bernard yatangiye gukwiza impuha ku Gisenyi avuga ko Abatutsi baroze amazi kugira ngo Abahutu nibayanywa bapfe. Ibi akaba yarabikoze agamije guteza umwuka mubi hagati y'Abatutsi n’Abahutu kugira ngo basubiranemo, kandi rubanda rufate Abatutsi nk'abanzi. [14] Buvuga ko mu bihe bitandukanye mbere y'ItaIiki ya 7/4/1994, uwari Ministiri w'Imigambi ya Leta, Augustin Ngirabatware alias Mbiyo Mbiyo, yakoresheje inama afatanije na Munyagishari Bernard hamwe n'izindi nterahamwe ku biro bya sekeretariya ya MRND ku Gisenyi. Muri iyo nama humvikanywe ko nta mututsı n'umwe ugomba kuyizamo, hemezwa ko Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa bazira ubwoko bwabo. Nyuma y'iyo nama, Munyagishari Bernard afatanije na Ngirabwatware, bifashishije amabisi ya ONATRACOM batwaye Interahamwe zijya guhiga Abatutsi hirya no hino zitangira kubica. [15] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko taliki ya 7 Mata 1994, cyangwa se nyuma y'aho gato, mu nama yabereye mu kigo cya Gisirikale ku Gisenyi, mu rwego rwo gutegura ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya jenoside yari yarateguwe igihe kirekire na Leta yariho icyo gihe, uwitwa Col. Nsengiyumva Anatole yakoranije inama y'inzego za politiki ndetse n'inzego z'ibanze, kimwe n’Ubuyobozi bw'lntehamwe ku Gisenyi. Mu bitabiriye iyo nama harimo Munyagishari Bernard, Barnabe Samvura wari ukuriye CDR ku Gisenyi na Thomas Mugiraneza. Abari muri iyo nama bagarutse ku mugambi wo kwica Abatutsi, ndetse bemeza ko interahamwe zihabwa Imbunda zizakoreshwa muri icyo gikorwa. Col. Nsengiyumva Anatole yategetse Capt. Bizumuremyi wari Comt wa Mobile Brigade ku Gisenyi gutanga izo imbunda zihabwa abayobozi b'Interahamwe bari muri iyo nama. Izo mbunda zari zigizwe na za Karashinikov, na ’grenades’.

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[16] Buvuga ko ku italiki itazwi muri Mata 1994, Munyagishari Bernard yitabiriye inama yabereye muri 'Stade’ Umuganda ku Gisenyi yari iyobowe na Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva. Muri iyo nama haganiriwe ku bijyanye no kumenya niba Abatutsi bagomba gukomeza kwicwa cyangwa niba byahagarara. Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva yavuze ko ubwicanyi butagomba guhagarara muri Gisenyi, Bernard Munyagishari kimwe n'izindi nterahamwe bashyigikiye icyo icyemezo ndetse Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva yashimiye Interahamwe ibyo yise “akazi keza” bariho bakora ko kwica Abatutsi. Nyuma y'uko kumvikana, ubwicanyi bwakajije umurego muri Gisenyi. II.1.1.2. lbimenyetso by’Ubushinjacyaha [17] Umutangabuhamya MDA5, mu Rukiko yavuze ko ku itariki ya 07/04/1994 hakozwe urutonde rw'Abatutsi batuye muri za nyumbakumi za Rubavu, ko uwayoboraga nyumbakumi MDA yari atuyemo, yaje kumubwira ko bakoze urutonde rw'Abatutsi batuye muri ako kagali. MDA yabajije impamvu abwirwa iby'urwo rutonde kandi abona imodoka zijyana abantu, amusubiza amubwira ko abizi kuko yigishijwe na Munyagishari imbunda, ko gahunda ihari ari iyo kwica Abatutsi. [18] Umutangabuhamya MDC6 abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no Bushinjacyaha asobanura uburyo yigaga muri ESO i Butare, akaza mu biruhuko azanye amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kuzicwa, agomba kuyaha Konseye na Burugumesitiri,ari bwo Konseye yamweretse Munyagishari Bernard kuko bariho barebera hamwe iyo lisiti yabagombaga kwicwa.Yongera kumubona muri jenoside aho yari yarashinze bariyeri ebyiri ahantu hatandukanye; kuri izo bariyeri rero bakaba baragombaga kureba amarangamuntu, maze ufite iyanditseho ,‘mode 4’ agafatwa nk'inyenzi agashyirwa ku ruhande. [19] MDC abazwa mu Rukiko yavuze ko yazanye amalisiti abiri, imwe ayishyikiriza Lt Bizumuremyi, indi ayiha konseye na burugumesitiri, ko ariko muri iryo hererekanya ry'amaIisiti MUNYAGISHARI Bernard atari ahari, kuko we yari uwo hejuru cyane, ku buryo akeka ko abo bandi yahaye ayo malisiti bagomba kuba bafite uko babonanye na we kuko ari byo yashyize mu bikorwa.7 [20] Umutangabuhamya MDE mu Rukiko8 yavuze ko azi Munyagishari Bernard kuva yiga mu mashuli abanza mu mwaka wa kane ku kigo cy'amashuli cya RUBAVU aho Munyagishari Bernard yigishaga. Avuga ko igihe amashyaka yari akarishye yagiye mu nterahamwe ndetse atoranwa mu nterahamwe z‘abagomba kurinda Munyagishari Bernard wari ukuriye interahamwe mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya Gisenyi ndetse ko nawe ari umwe mubo yatoje imbunda akanamuha masotera bari ku ngoro ya 'Muvoma' ku Gisenyi kuko ariho bahuriraga. [21] MDE yakomeje avuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yabatozaga imbunda kuri sitade ku wa 3 no ku wa 6 buri cyumweru; ko icyo gikorwa cyabaga gihagarariwe na Munyagishari Bernard n'abakuru b'ingabo barimo Lt wa Compagnie Nsanzumuhire wabarizwaga muri batayo ya 42, Lt Usengumuremyi, kaporari Ntawangake na Serija Mugemangango, bakaba baratojwe gukoresha imbunda kugira ngo barwanye inyenzi ari zo nkotanyi. Asobanura kandi ko uko bitozaga ari na ko

5 Reba inyandiko ınvugo y'iburanisha yo kuwa 04/05/2016, urupapuro rwa 1360 6 Reba impapuro za 3166-3167 za dosiye y’Ubushinjacyaha 7 Reba inyandikomvugo y'iburanisha yo kuwa 19/07/2016, urupapuro rwa 1475. 8 Reba inyandikomvugo yüburanisha yo kvwa 07/08/2016, urupapuro Eva 1424

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ibikorwa bya mitingi byakomezaga aho bitaga ku ngoro ya Muvoma, ari naho bureau ya MRND yahoze, mu masangano y'umuhanda ujya kuri Bralirwa, kuri grande barriere ujya i Goma, n'umuhanda werekeza ku bitaro bya Gisenyi. Aho bakaba barahakoreye inama kuva mu kwezi kwa 2 mu mwaka wa 1993 kugeza jenoside ibaye nyirizina ku itariki 7/04/1994. Asobanura kandi ko mu gihe cya mitingi bafungaga imihanda, bakaka abantu amarangamuntu bareba ahanditse Tutsi, abafatwaga muri icyo gikorwa bajyanwaga mu kigo cya gisirikare cyitwaga ’camp Gisenyi’. [22] Yasobanuye kandi ko atari aho gusa mitingi zakorewe, ko banazikoreye ahahoze hitwa Komini Kibirira, bigisha abaturage uburyo bagomba gutandukanya Inyenzi n’Umuhutu. Ibyo gutandukanya Inyenzi n’Umuhutu, Munyagishari Bernard yabivugiye muri Komini Kibirira mu kwezi kwa 6-1993 ari kumwe n'uwitwa Tomasi wari umwungirije ndetse hari n'abitwa Fundi, Maganane, na Safari. Avuga ko bagiyeyo bari mu modoka Hiace ifite plaque lB, iyo Hiace akaba ari iyo Munyagishari Bernard yari yaratse ababikira b'i Byumba. Icyavugiwe muri iyo nama akaba ari uko mu gutandukanya Umuhutu n’Umututsi bagombaga kwifashisha izina Tutsi ryanditse mu ndangamuntu, Munyagishari Bernard akaba yarababwiye ko 'ushaka kwica inzoka ntakubite mu mutwe agakubita ahandi imucika ikagenda', ko rero bagombaga kujya bitwaza impiri yitwa « nta Mpongano y'umwanzi » ndetse anababwira ko Abatutsi bazajya bafatwa bazajya bajyanwa mu kigo cya gisirikare; maze Major Kabera arabimwerera. [23] Akomeza avuga ko indi nama yabereye ku Kabaya we atayigiyemo, ariko ko mu gitondo cy'aho abari bagiyeyo bababwiye ko ijambo Munyagishari Bernard yavugiye muri Komine Kibirira ari naryo yahavugiye, ko bagomba kumena inzoka agahanga, kandi ko uzajya afatwa azajya azanwa kuri komine ari naho ijambo ‘Commune rouge’ ryaturutse. [24] Yakomeje avuga ko muri 1993 mu kwezi kwa 11, ari kumwe na Munyagishari Bernard, Tomasi na Damasi nawe wari interahamwe ikomeye ku Gisenyi, n'uwitwa Sinyora bagiye i Kigali kuzana intwaro zo kwica Abatutsi. Asobanura ko bagiye muri Hiace ariko hari na Dayihatsu yari itwaye ibyo bikoresho itwawe na Djuma wari murumuna wa Ngeze Hassan umwanditsi w’ikinyamakuru Kangura. Ibyo bikoresho byari bigizwe n'imipanga mishya ifunze mu makarito, n'udushoka turi muri pochette twanditseho, ‘made in France’ natwo turi mu makarito, irrıigozi ya ‘cordolette’, za ‘grenades’ za M26, byari byatanzwe ku nkunga ya Kabuga Felesiyani. [25] Yavuze kandi ko ibi bikoresho babihawe na Major Mpiranyi Protais wari ukuriye Ikigo cya parakomando i Kigali wasuhuje Munyagishari Bernard amubwira ko nta gikoresho kigomba gupfa ubusa. Ibikoresho babizanye i Rubavu ahahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi biza biherekejwe n'amakarita y'abarwanashyaka ba MRND, ko bigeze i Gisenyi byatangiwe ku mugaragaro ku biro bya MRND hari abarwanashyaka bakomeye barimo Banzi Wellars, Karemera Egide, Bagandu Faustin, Zayinabo wari umugore wa Munyagishari Bernard ndetse Major Kabera na Lt Bizumuremyi. Avuga ko ibikoresho bimaze gutangwa aribwo mitingi zakaze, hatangira gufatwa ingamba zo gushyira bariyeri hirya no hino kuko bikangaga ko inyenzi zigeze muri Mutura no kwamamaza indirimo zo kwanga Abatutsi hakoreshejwe imodoka ya Bikindi Simon.

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[26] Umutangabuhamya MDD9 avuga ko muri 1992, mu gihe cy'amashyaka menshi, jenoside itaraba, mu mahugurwa bahabwaga babwirwaga ko umwanzi wateye igihugu ari Umututsi bagomba kurwanya bivuye inyuma10. [27] Umutangabuhamya witwa Higiro Theoneste11 wabajijwe mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha asobanura ko Munyagishari Bernard yari inshuti ye ndetse yarazwi cyane muri Gisenyi nk'umukuru w'interahamwe, kandi ko we n‘izindi ntagondwa z’Abahutu bashyiraga amabariyeri mu nzira ndetse n'intambara itaratera bakaba barategaga Abatutsi n‘Abahutu batavugaga rumwe nabo, bakavuga ko ari inkotanyi bakajya kubafunga, ndetse bamwe muri bo nyuma bakicwa. [28] Yakomeje avuga ko intambara itaraba Minisitiri Mbiyo Mbiyo yasuye Gisenyi inshuro nyinshi aza gutegura mitingi afatanyije na Munyagishari Bernard, izo nama zirangiye bahitaga bakodesha bus za Onatracom, bagatwara interahamwe mu ma komini kubereka aho Abatutsi bagomba kwicwa batuye, akaba ari bwo bahise batangira kwica abagogwe ndetse bakanabasahura. Habyarimana yaraye apfuye Munyagishari Bernard yatumije inama ku cyicaro cya MRND, Abatutsı bayijemo babwirwaga ko batatumiwe, kuva icyo gihe nta mututsi wari wemerewe kuba umunyamuryango wa MRND. II.1.1.3. Icyo Me BIKOTWA Bruce na Me UMUTESI Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [29] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bahagarariye inyungu z’Ubutabera, bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ku matariki atazwi neza ariko muri 1992, Munyagishari Bernard abyumvikanye n'abantu bari bakomeye muri MRND bashyizeho umutwe w'interahamwe (udutsiko tugera kuri 5) mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, twari tugamije kwica Abatutsi n'abatari bashyigikiye ivanguramoko ryari ririho icyo gihe. Bakaba banenga Ubushinjacyaha kurega Munyagishari ibikorwa butagaragaza neza amatariki byakoreweho, ntibuvuge n'utwo dutsiko dutanu (5) utwo ari two, ntibuvuge inshingano buri gatsiko kari gafite, ndetse n'abantu bari bakagize. [30] Bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza kuvuga ko mu kwezi kwa 12/1993, Munyagishari Bernard ari kumwe n'abandi bayobozi b'izindi nterahamwe bagiye mu nama kuri Meridien Gisenyi kugira ngo bategure ubwicanyi, ko iyo nama yari iyobowe na Joseph Nzirorera hamwe na Juvenal Uwiringiyimana, nyamara bakaba basanga Ubushinjacyaha butarashoboye kugaragaza itariki iyo nama yabereyeho, ndetse n'inyandikomvugo ikubiyemo ibyayivugiwemo. [31] Bakomeza bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu bihe bitandukanye imbere y'itariki ya 07/04/1994, uwari Minisitiri w'imigambi ya Leta, Augustin Ngirabatware yakoze inama afatanyije na Munyagishari Bernard hamwe n'izindi nterahamwe ku bira bya sekeretariya ya MRND ku Gisenyi, humvikanwa ko nta Mututsi n'umwe ugomba kuzizamo, ndetse hakaba hari n'izindi nama zagiye zikorwa mu rwego rwo gutegura jenoside. Nyamara Ubushinjacyaha bukaba butavuga ibyo bihe ibyo ari byo uretse kugereranya gusa, hakaba kandi nta mutangabuhamya n’umwe ugaragaza neza ko iyo nama yari ayirimo, ndetse Ubushinjacyaha bukaba budashobora kugaragaza inyandiko mvugo ikubiyemo ibyazivugiwemo.

9 Reba inyandiko mvugo y'iburanisha ryo kuwa 26/07/2016, urupapuro rwa 1483. 10 Idem, urupapuro rwa 1483-84 11 Reba impapuro za 1070-1072 na 1076-1078 rwa dosiye y’Ubushinjacyaha

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[32] Ku bijyanye n'abatangabuhamya, Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko abum\/iswe mu Rukiko baranzwe no kutavugisha ukuri, kuvuga ku byo batazi no kwivuguruza. Bavuga ko ku bijyanye n'ubuhamya bwa MDC, uyu mutangabuhamya yavuze ibyo atazi aho yavuze ku malisiti yahawe n'umusirikare mukuru wari uhagarariye ESO yashyikirije Lt Bizumuremyi, Burugumesitiri wa Nyamyumba n'uwari konseye wa Gisenyi, impamvu y'ayo malisıti ikaba yari iyo kwica Abatutsi kandi nyuma bakaba barishwe bikozwe na Munyagishari Bernard. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza ko umutangabuhamya avuga ibyo atazi kuko atagaragaza isano iri hagati y'ayo malisiti na Munyagishari Bernard cyane ko yivugiraga ko mu bo yashyikirije aya malisiti Munyagishari Bernard atari abarimo. [33] Bavuga kandi ko ikindi kigaragaza ukutavugisha ukuri k'uyu mutangabuhamya ari uko ku ruhare rwa Munyagishari Bernard mu gutanga imbunda n'intwaro ku nterahamwe kandi ari umusivili, yavuze ko interahamwe zari ize bityo zikaba zarashyiraga mu bikorwa amabwiriza zari zahawe n'abayobozi. Naho ku kibazo cyo kumenya uwari ukuriye interahamwe muri Gisenyi n'uwateguraga inama, umutangabuhamya akaba yaravuze ko Munyagishari Bernard ari we wari ukuriye ibikorwa byose by'interahamwe. Naho ku bijyanye n’uruhare rwa Munyagishari ku myitozo yahawe interahamwe, uyu mutangabuhamya akaba yaravuze ko ari we wazitozaga ko kandi na we yari azirimo, ariko nyuma akavuga ko atamenye aho zatorejwe. [34] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc, bashoje bavuga ko umutangabuhamya MDE yavuze ko hari inama yabereye kuri Centre culturel itumijwe kandi iyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard mu kwezi kwa 10/1993, igamije gushakira impuzamugambi n'interahamwe ibikoresho byakenerwa mu marondo birimo imipanga, grenades n'imbunda. Nyamara, umutangabuhamya yaje kuvuga ko atari ari muri iyi nama kuko yari ashinzwe kurinda imodoka ya Munyagishari Bernard hanze. Bityo bikaba bitumvikana uburyo yasobanura icyemezo cyafashvve muri iyo nama kandi atari ayirimo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [35] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'inama zitegura jenoside, ubuhamya bwa MDE n’ubwa Higiro Theoneste bugaragaza ko Munyagishari Bernard yabaye mu nama na za mitingi nyinshi harimo izo bakoreye ku ngoro ya Muvoma ku Gisenyi kuva 02/1993 kugeza ku itariki ya 07/04/1994, iya Kibirira mu kwa 06/1993, n'iyo ku Kabaya no mu mujyi wa Gisenyi kandi muri izo nama, Munyagishari Bernard, nk'umukuru w'interahamwe, yabigishaga uko bagomba kumenya gutandukanya Umuhutu n'Umututsi, n'uko bagombaga kumwica kuko yari umwanzi. [36] Rusanga Ikibazo cy'uko amatariki inama zabereyeho atagaragazwa bivugwa na Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bidakuraho ireme ry'ubwo buhamya kuko kuba abatangabuhamya batibuka neza amatariki y'inama nyuma y'imyaka 20 irenga bibaye, bitavuze ko ubuhamya bwabo atari ukuri mu gihe basobanura mu buryo bwumvikana uko ibintu byagenze. Rusanga kuba abatangabuhamya bavuga ibintu bimwe ariko bakagenda bahinduranya amatariki, ntacyo bihindura ku ireme ry'ubuhamya buba butanzwe. Ibi akaba ari nako Urukiko rw'lkirenga rwabyemeje mu rubanza RPA 0117/07/CS12 rwo ku wa 17/09/2010, aho rwemeje ko ku ‘birebana n'ubuhamya bwatanzwe, ukwivugiruza kudafatirwa gusa ku magambo umutangabuhamya

12 Reba Urubanza RPA 0117/07/C5 Rwaciwe Kuwa 17/09/2010, Hagati y’Ubushinjacyaha Na Cpl Ngabonziza Faustin Na Sgt Biziyaremye Jean Baptiste, Vol. |I, 2011, No 9, P.60

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akoresha, cyangwa kudahuza neza imvugo mu gusobanura imigendekere y'ibyo atangira ubuhamya, icya ngombwa, akaba ari uko ireme ry’ibyo avuga (substance) ridahinduka'. [37] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'inyandiko mvugo z'izo nama nazo zitagaragajwe atari cyo kimenyetso kamara kigaragaza ko inama yabayeho cyane ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z'ibyabaye n'ibyemejwe n'amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye.13 [38] Rusanga ubuhamya bwatanzwe na MDE bufite ishingiro kuko MOE ari umwe mu barindaga MUNYAGISHARI Bernard akaba, muri urwo rwego bajyanaga muri izo nama na mitingi, ibyo avuga akaba yarabyiboneye. Ikindi n'uko ubuhamya bwe bushimangirwa n'ubwa Higiro Theoneste yatangiye mu bugenzacyaha bwa TPIR14, nubwo atigeze abutangira mu rukiko, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 8 y'ltegeko n° 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y'u Rwanda iteganya ko Urukiko Rukuru budashobora guhamya umuntu icyaha rushingiye gusa ku buhamya bwanditse bwatanzwe mbere n'abatangabuhamya batigeze batanga ubuhamya mu iburanisha. Icyakora, Urukiko Rukuru rushobora guhamya umuntu icyaha rushingiye ku gaciro k'ubwo buhamya bwanditse iyo ubwo buhamya bufite ubundi bubushyigikira. Bityo, ubuhamya bwa Higiro bukaba bwemewe kuko bushimangira ubwa MOE. [39] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'imyitozo yahawe interahamwe hagamijwe kwica Abatutsi, ubuhamya bwa MDE bugaragaza ko mu mwaka wa 1993, buri wa gatatu na buri wa gatandatu za buri cyumweru kuri stade Umuganda habaga igikorwa cyo gutoza interahamwe imbunda gihagarariwe na Munyagishari Bernard n'abakuru b’ingabo barimo 'Lt de compagnie’ Nsanzumuhire wa batallion ya 42, Lt Usengumuremyi, Sgt Mugemangango na Cpl Ntawangake. Bityo, ubuhamya bwa MDE bukaba bufite ireme, bukwiye kwemerwa kuko bwatanzwe n'umwe mu bari mu nterahamwe, wahawe kuri iyo myitozo ndetse akaba yemera ko ari mu bayishyize mu bikorwa bica Abatutsi ku buryo yanabihaniwe. [40] Rusanga ku bijyanye no gushaka ibikoresho by'ubwicanyi, ubuhamya bwa MDE bugaragaza ko mu kwa 11/1993, we na Munyagishari Bernard, Thomas, Damas na Sinyora bagiye i Kigali kuzana intwaro zo kwica Abatutsi, zigizwe n'imipanga, udushoka, cordellettes, grenades za M26; zari zatanzwe ku nkunga ya Kabuga Felicien, bazihabwa na Major Mpiranyi Protais kandi ko ibyo bikoresho byatanzwe i Gisenyi. Bityo, ubwo buhamya bukaba bugomba kwemerwa kuko MDE yari mu bagiye kuzana izo ntwaro kandi ko yari ahari no mu gihe cyo kuzitanga. [41] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'amaIisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, ubuhamya bwa MDA na MDC bugaragaza ko hakozwe amalisiti y'Abatutsi bo ku Gisenyi bagombaga kwicwa yavuye i Butare ashyikirizwa abayobozi bo ku Gisenyi barimo Konseye, Burugumesitire na Lt Bizumuremyi, ndetse n'andi yakozwe kuwa 07/04/1994 hagamijwe gufasha mu gushyira mu bikorwa imyitozo yo kwica Abatutsi bo ku Gisenyi yatanzwe na Munyagishari Bernard. [42] Rusanga nta kigaragaza ko amalisiti y'Abatutsi b'i Gisenyi bagombaga kwicwa yavuye i Butare yashyikirijwe Munyagishari Bernard kuko hamwe umutangabuhamya MDC avuga ko ayashyikiriza abayobozi ba Gisenyi, Munyagishari Bernard yari ahari, ubundi akavuga ko atari

13 Igika Cya Mbere C'ingingo Ya 119 Y'itegeko No 15/2004 Ryo Kuwa 12/06/2004 Ryerekeye Ibimenyetso Mu Manza N'itangwa Ryabyo. 14 Reba inyandiko mvugo y'ibazwa rye hakozwe n'abagenzacyaha ba TPIR hi ku mpampuro za 1070-1078

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ahari, ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 85 y'ltegeko № 30/2013 ryo kuwa Z4/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha iteganya ko Ubushinjacyaha ari bwo bugomba gutanga ibimenyetso byemeza icyaha, rusanga nta kigaragaza uruhare rwa Munyagishari Bernard haba mu gukora cyangwa mu gukwirakwiza ayo ma lisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa yavuye i Butare. [43] Rusanga ariko ubuhamya bwa MDA aho avuga ko hari amalisiti y’Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa yakozwe i Gisenyi mu mugambi umwe n'imyitozo yari iyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard yari imaze iminsi ikorwa hagamije kuzica Abatutsi, bugomba kwemerwa kuko MDA abivuga nk'umuntu wabonye bikorwa mu gace yari atuyemo n'umuyobozi wari ukurıye nyumbakumi mu nzego z'ibanze z'icyo gihe. [44] Rusanga ku bijyanye no gukwirakwiza inyigisho z'urwango hagamijwe kwangisha Abatutsi Abahutu, ubuhamya bwa MDA, MDE, MDD bugaragaza ko mu myitozo no mu nama zitandukanye interahamwe zigishijwe ko umwanzi ari Umututsi kandi ko bagomba kumurwanya bivuye inyuma, ko Munyagishari Bernard ubwe yababwiye ko: ‘ushaka kwica inzoka ntakubite mu mutwe agakubita ahandi imucika ikagenda' kandi ko bagombaga kumena agatwe k'inzoka bakoresheje ubuhiri bitaga nta mpongano y'umwanzi15. Bityo ubu ubuhamya bwa MDA, MDE na MDD bukaba bufite ireme, kuko bavuze ibyo babayemo buri wese agaragaza icyo yabonye kandi bakaba babivuga mu buryo bwumvikana, buhuje kandi bwuzuzanya, bigaragara ko ntacyo bahimba, ubwo buhamya bukaba bwemewe. [45] Urukiko rusanga hashingiye ku ngingo ya 65 y'Itegeko №15/2005 ryo 12/05/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko “urukiko arirwo rupima ko imikirize y'abatangabuhamya ihuye n'ikiburanywa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa guhakanywa...“ rusanga ubu buhamya bwavuzwe haruguru ari ibimenyetso bihamya nta shiti ko ibikorwa bitegura jenoside muri perefegitura ya Gisenyi byabayeho. 11.1.2. Ishyirwaho n'igenzura ry'amabariyeri yafatirwagaho Abatutsi kugira ngo bicwe II.1.2.1 Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [46] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nyuma y'aho bariyeri zishyiriweho mu mujyi wa Gisenyi ndetse no mu nkengero zawo ku mataliki atandukanye ariko kuva muri Mata 1994, Munyagishari Bernard afatanije n'Interahamwe yayoboraga yagenzuye ayo ma bariyeri (supervision) yari ari hagati mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, ayari ari mu muhanda uva ku Nyundo ujya Gisenyi, n'indi yari mu muhanda ujya kuri Bralirwa aho yategekaga Interahamwe ndetse n'abaturage basanzwe b’Abahutu kwica Abatutsi. Akaba ari muri icyo gihe interahamwe nyinshi zishe Abatutsi ku Gisenyi zibatsinda kuri aya ma bariyeri. [47] Buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard, afatanije n'uwitwa Serushago Omar bagenzuye kandi bica Abatutsi by'umwihariko kuri bariyeri yari ahantu hitwa kuri 'La Corniche', ku muhanda ugabanya umupaka w'u Rwanda na Congo, iyo bariyeri ikaba yari ishinzwe Serushago Omar, kandi igamije kubuza Abatutsi kwambuka bagana mu mujyi wa Goma. Kuri izo bariyerı zose, interahamwe Munyagishari Bernard yayoboraga zabaga zigenzura indangamuntu zabahungaga, zigakuramo Abatutsi zikabajyana aho bari barise 'Commune Rouge' zikabica zikanabahamba.

15 Reba inyandiko mvugo yJburanisha ryo kuwa 07/06/2016, urupapuro rwa 1425.

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[48] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko hagati y'italiki ya 7/4/1994 na 17/7/1994, Munyagishari Bernard aherekejwe n'umubare munini w'Interahamwe , bari mu ma modoka mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, bagiye berekana aho amazu y’Abatutsi bahigwaga yari aherereye, kimwe n‘ahandi hose Abatutsi babaga bahungiye nko ku Kiliziya Gatolika ya Gisenyi, kuri College St. Fidele, mu babikira ku Gisenyi no kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo. Muri icyo gihe cyose, Munyagishari Bernard yabaga yitwaje Imbunda kandi yambaye na za grenade kimwe n‘izindi ntwaro za gakondo nk'impiri, imipanga, n'ibindi. II,1.2.2 lbimenyetso by’Ubushinjacyaha [49] Umutangabuhamya MDC abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha16 yasobanuye ko yamenye Munyagishari Bernard igihe yigaga muri ESO ariko ko yongeye kumubona muri jenoside ubwo yari yarashinze bariyeri ebyiri ahantu hatandukanye; kuri izo bariyeri rero bakaba baragombaga kureba indangamuntu, uwo basanga afite iyanditseho 'mode 4‘, yabaga ari inyenzi bakamushyira ku ruhande bagahamagara Munyagishari Bernard na Konseye Fazil bakabajyana mu mazi, aho bagombaga kubata abandi bakabajyana muri ,’Commune rouge’ aho bagombaga kubicira. [50] Umutangabuhamya MDC yavugiye mu Rukiko17 ko yamenye Munyagishari Bernard hagati y'ukwezi kwa 2 n'u kwa 4/1994, igihe yari kuri bariyeri yari imbere ya restaurant Inyenyeri, hafi y‘ahubatse isoko rya Rubavu hariho imbunda nini n'intoya. Iyo bariyeri yari yashyiriweho kugira ngo bamenye umututsi uwo ari we kuko babasabaga ibyangombwa, kandi ikaba yarakoraga amanywa n'ijoro. Iyi bariyeri bakaba barayikoragaho basimburana, bamwe bakora kuva saa kumi n'imwe z'umugoroba bakarara bakahava saa kumi n'imwe z'undi mugoroba, basimbuwe n'abandi. [51] MDC yakomeje avuga ko nk'uko inshingano bari bahawe zari izo kumenya Abatutsi n’Abahutu barebye ibyangombwa, bafataga Abatutsi bavuye za Kayove bakabashyira ku ruhande. Aho akaba ariho yamenyeye Munyagishari Bernard, ubwo bari bafashe Abatutsi 3, Munyagishari Bernard wari kumwe n'izindi nterahamwe zikomeye zitwaga Kiguru na Mabuye bagendanaga bazenguruka ku mabariyeri yari mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, babashyira mu modoka ye barabatwara. [52] Mu buhamya MDD yatangiye mu Bugenzacyaha no mu Bushinjacyaha yavuze ko ko Jenoside itangira interahamwe zashyizeho za bariyeri 3 muri Serire yari atuyemo zitangira kwica ziyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard. Avuga ko amabwiriza yose y'ibyagombaga gukorwa kuri bariyeri yatangwaga na Munyagishari Bernard, akaba ari nawe uyagenzura ku buryo Abatutsi babaga bayafatiweho, yazaga kubajyana kuri ‘Commune rouge’ aho bicirwaga. [53] Umutangabuhamya MDA mu Rukiko18 yavuze ko Munyagishari Bernard yamushyize kuri bariyeri kuri ‘Commune Rouge’ anamuha n'imbunda. Anasobanura aho andi mabariyeri yari kuri Paruwasi Gatolika y'i Gisenyi, kwa Kagemana, ku kabari kitwa ‘Bar Oscar’, kwa Sibomana Shehe, ku Karukogo, kandi ko abaziyoboraga ari Sibomana Shehe, Konseye Faziri na Munyagishari Bernard akaba ari nabo bazishinze bakazigenzura.

16 Reba impapuro zo 3166-3167 rwa dosiye y’Ubushinjacyaha 17 Reba inyandiko mvugo y'iburanisha ryo kuwa 19/07/2016, urupapuro rwa 1472. 18 Reba inyandiko mvugo y'iburanisha ryo kuwa 04•05/05/2016, urupapuro rwe 1390

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[54] Umutangabuhamya MDE19 yavugiye mu Rukiko ko Munyagishari Bernard yagenzuraga amabariyeri yabaga ariho interahamwe yari akuriye kandi ayo mabariyeri yari agamije iyicwa ry‘ Abatutsi. II.1.2.3 Icyo Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [55] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko hashyizweho amabariyeri mu mujyi wa Gisenyi ndetse no mu nkengero zawo ku matariki atari atazwi neza ariko muri Mata 1994, ko Munyagishari Bernard ku giti cye yagenzuye ayo mabariyeri yari ari hagati mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, mu muhanda uva ku Nyundo uza Gisenyi ndetse n'indi ku muhanda ujya kuri Bralirwa, ko basanga Ubushinjacyaha buhuzagurika ku mvugo aho butavuga mu buryo bweruye amatariki nyayo ayo mabariyeri yashyiriweho, abayashyizeho abo aribo, uruhare rwa Munyagishari Bernard mu kuyashyiraho n'uburyo yayagenzuye. [56] Bakomeza bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yahaye ishingano Omar Serushago zo kugenzura by'umwihariko bariyeri yo kuri la “Corniche”, nyamara bikaba bitumvikana uburyo yaba yaramuhaye izo nshingano mu gihe Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ububasha uregwa yari afite bwari bwisumbuye ku bwa Omar Serushago ku buryo uyu yari akeneye amabwiriza ya Munyagishari Bernard kugira ngo agenzure iyo bariyeri kandi yari mu bayobozi batanu bakomeye kandi bakoreye jenoside muri Gisenyi. Basobanura ko uko Ubushinjacyaha bugaragaza Munyagishari mu nyandiko itanga ikirego atari uko bimeze mu by'ukuri, kuko mu rubanza ICTR-98-39S rwaciwe kurwego rwa mbere n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda kuwa 05/02/1999, hagaragara neza ko Omar Serushago waburanye yemera icyaha yavuze ko uwatangaga amabwiriza, agatumiza n'inama yari Lt.Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva, uwundi akaba Col. Biganiro wari Commandant wa jandarumeri ya Gisenyi, hakaba na Felicien Nsengimana wari Diregiteri muri Perezidensi. [57] Ku bijyanye n'abatangabuhamya bashinja Munyagishari Bernard, Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'arc bavuga ko ubuhamya bwa MDA bugaragaramo kutaVugisha ukuri kuko hari aho yavuze ko mu bantu bashyizeho za bariyeri muri Gisenyi bakanazigenzura harimo Munyagishari Bernard, ariko nyuma aza kuvuga ko mu bayoboraga za bariyeri, uwo yari azi ari uwayoboraga bariyeri y'aho yari ari. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [58] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa MDA, MDC, MDD na MDE bugaragaza ko Munyagishari Bernard yatanze amabwiriza yo gushinga amabariyeri yo gutangira Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa kugira ngo badahunga, akagenzura uko akora, ari na ko atwara Abatutsi bazifatiweho abajyana kuri ’Commune rouge’ aho babiciraga. [59] Rusanga ibivugwa na Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi Jeanne y'uko amatariki ayo ma bariyeri yashyiriweho n'amazina y'abayagenzuraga bitagaragajwe, bitavuze ko aya ma bariyeri atabayeho kuko iby'aya ma bariyeri bivugwa na bamwe mu bahoze ari interahamwe, Munyagishari Bernard yayoboraga bazikoreyeho, ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 65 y'Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko urukiko rwita cyane

19 Reba inyandiko mvugo yiburanisha ryo kuwa 21/06/2016, urupapuro rwa 1454

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cyane ku bumenyi bw'abatangabuhamya ku byabaye, no ku buryo babivuga, uko byagenze ntacyo bihimbira, rusanga ubu buhamya bufite ireme kuko ibyo bavuze bihagije mu kugaragaza ukuri kw'ibyabaye. 11.1.3. Iyicwa ry'Abatutsi kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo II.1.3.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [60] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko mu kwezi kwa Mata 1994 nyuma gato y'urupfu rwa Perezida Habyarimana, Munyagishari Bernard ayoboye Interahamwe zirimo abitwa Omar Serushago na Hassan Ngeze, bateye ku kilixiya Gatolika ya Nyundo aho umubare munini w'Abatutci wari uri, bicamo abagera kuri 300, abandi barabakomeretsa, ndetse abandi barashimutwa bajyanwa mu mujyi wa Gisenyi aho bashorewe inzira yose abantu babashungera, mbere y'uko babajyana kubicira kuri « Commune Rouge ». Nyuma yo kwica abo batutsi bari ku Kiliziya, Munyagishari Bernard afatanije n'lnterahamwe, bashyize mu modoka imirambo yabo babajyana kuri "Commune Rouge" ari naho babashyinguye. II.1.3.2. Ibimenyetso by’Ubushinjacyaha [61] Umutangabuhamya MDE yavuze mu Rukiko20 ko yagiye mu bitero bitandukanye ari nabyo yafungiwe, ko ku itariki 10 z'ukwezi kwa 4 aribwo yongeye gukorana na Munyagishari bahuriye ku biro bya MRND ari naho bitaga ku ’ngoro ya Muvoma’ hari nka saa yine n'igice hari interahamwe n'impuzamugambi bose bahahuriye, bahaguruka berekeza kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo ahari hahungiye Abatutsi benshi baturutse hirya no hino. Bahageze basanga paruwasi yagoswe n'interahamwe zari ziyobowe n'uwitwaga Kidumu, Konseye witwaga Kabirigi n'uwitwa Jovani. Bahageze bahasanga indangamuntu nyinshi bari batse abo bantu kandi bazishwanyaguje. Mbere y'uko Munyagishari Bernard ahagera kuko paruwasi yari ifunze, nta Mututsi n'umwe wari wakishwe ariko ahageze atanga uburenganzira bwo kurasa Paruwasi. Akomeza avuga ko bahagera basanze Musenyeri Karibushi amaze gushimutwa, n'uko umwe mu basirikare bakomeye babaga muri batayo ya 42 atuma abasirikare kujya kuzana Musenyeri Karibushi kugira ngo Interahamwe zamujyanye zitamwica. [62] Avuga kandi ko Munyagishari Bernard amaze gutanga uburenganzira bwo kwica Abatutsi bari muri Paruwasi ya Nyundo habaye ikibazo cyo kwica coffre fort yari ihari kuko abenshi bari bagiye muri ‘cave’, hakaba kandi hari n'umusirikare wabaga mu ngabo z'u Rwanda ariko wahigwaga n' abasirikare bari kumwe n'izo nterahamwe yari yafache imbunda ajya hejuru ku munara wa paruwasi, akajya abarasa ababubuza kwinjira kuko yarwanaga ku buzima bwe n’ubw’Abatutsi bari muri paruwasi ya Nyundo, byatumye bamara igihe kirenga isaha barwana. [63] Akomeza avuga ko nyuma y'amasaha abiri Munyagishari Bernard yahise abona ‘renfort’ za bus 2 zuzuye interahamwe zivuye i Bushiru zitwaga ‘simusiga’ kuko zahoreraga mwene wabo Habyarimana. Zikigera ku Nyundo, zishe Abatutsi n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe na bo, baba abari kuri Paruwasi n'abari mu ngo ziyikikije. MDE yakomeje abwira Urukiko ko amasasu atangiye gucogora, bateye ‘grenades’ mu madirishya kuko abantu barimo ari benshi bacucitse, na wa musirikare wari hejuru wari wabananiye, yishwe n'imwe mu nterahamwe zavuye i Bushiru, amaze gupfa babona kwinjira muri Paruwasi no mu kibikira.

20 Reba inyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo kuwa 07/06/2016, urupapuro rwa 1424

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[64] Akomeza avuga ko hari umubikira bakuye aho kuri paruwasi azanwe na Thomasi amukuye aho bitaga mu kibikira, Munyagishari Bernard afungura imodoka amushyiramo abwira Tomasi kujya guparika ku mabutike, MDE ategekwa kujya kumurinda. Saa kumi, Munyagishari Bernard afata icyemezo ko bamanukana wa mubikira. MDE avuga ko mu ma sa kumi n'imwe z'umugoroba aribwo bageze kuri ‘Commune rouge’ batwaye wa mubikira, bahageze Munyagishari Bernard ahamagara uwitwa Fundi araza afite n'ubuhiri n'inyundo ikura imisumari aramubwira ngo ‘twara uyu mugore w'inyenzi w'umututsi ngo ntibajya bashaka ngo ntibanabyara ndamuguhaye genda umurongore nushaka unamwice ' Fundi aramusubiza muri aya magambo : ’Chef ntabwo namurongora ahubwo reka ngende murangize.’ Akomeza avuga ko Fundi yazamuye uwo mubikira mu rutoki rwari aho kuri Commune rouge, hashize nk'iminota 10, Fundi agaruka akenyeye igitambaro cya wa mubikira mu mutwe avuga ko yamwishe. [65] Umutangabuhamya MDH yavugiye mu Rukiko21 ko ku gitero cyo kuri ‘diocese' ya Nyundo hagiyeyo amamodoka ageze kuri 6 y'interahamwe zari ziyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard. [66] Ku bijyanye n'iyicwa ry’Abatutsi kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo, nta cyo Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi babivuzeho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [67] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa MDE n'ubwa MDH bugaragaza ko kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo no mu nkengero zayo, hakorewe ubwicanyi hakoreshejwe ibitero by'interahamwe zo ku Nyundo, izaturutse mu mujyi wa Gisenyi, n'izaturutse i Bushiru, hicwa Abatutsi benshi cyane. Ibi bitero bikaba byari biyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard. [68] Urukiko rusanga ubwo buhamya bufite ireme kuko buvugwa n'abari muri ibyo bitero bayobowe na Munyagishari Bernard, bityo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 65 y'ltegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, ubuhamya bwabo bukaba bwemewe. 11.1.4. Guhiga no kwica Abatutsi mu mujyi wa Gisenyi II.1.4.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha babivugaho [69] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko talihi ya 7/4/1994 cyangwa se nyuma y'aho gato, MUNYAGISHARI Bernard yishe umugabo w’Umututsi witwaga Augustin Karimunda wakoraga muri Bralirwa. Amaze kumwica, we n'uwitwa Gaca wari Interahamwe yayoborwaga na Munyagishari Bernard, bashimuse uwitwaga Mariya wari umugore wa Karimunda, bamutwara kuri 'Commune Rouge’ baramwica ndetse barahamushyingura. [70] Buvuga kandi ko italiki ya 10/4/1994, Munyagishari Bernard na Bugingo Augustin wari Burugumesitire wa komine Nyamyumba bagendanaga mu nzira bagenzura uko ubwicanyi bwakorwaga n'Interahamwe bari muri minibus. Muri uko kugenzura no kuyobora ubwicanyi bwakorwagaga, bafashe umugabo w’Umututsi witwaga Joel Safari wari wakomeretse cyane mu gitero cyari cyabereye iwe mu rugo, bamushyira mu modoka hamwe n'abandi bagore babiri

21 Reba inyandiko mvugo y'iburanisha ryo kuwa 15/09/2016 na 22/09/2016, urupapuro rwa 1507 na 1526

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b'Abatutsi bari bafashwe, umwe muri abo bagore yari umufasha w'uwitwa Longin wari umusifuzi wa Rayon Sport ku Gisenyi. Nyuma gato MUNYAGISHARI Bernard naBurugumesitiri Bugingo Augustin bajyanye abo bagore babiri na Joel Safari kuri ‘Commune Rouge’ ari naho babiciye. [71] Bukomexa buvuga ko taliki itazwi neza ariko hagati ya 7/4/1994 na 17/7/1994, Munyagishari Bernard yashimuse uwitwa Nyampeta, wari uzwi no ku izina rya Munyampeta wari umucuruzi uzwi cyane ku Gisenyi, amushyira mu modoka, amujyana kuri ‘Commune Rouge’ ari naho yamwiciye. Interahamwe zari ziyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard, zishe undi mugore w’Umututsikazi witwaga Kanzayire Solange wari umufasha wa Kamanzi Straton. Interahamwe zimaze kumwica, zasahuye inzu ye. [72] Busobanura ko mu kwezi kwa kane 1994, Munyagishari Bernard ari kumwe n'igitero cy'lnterahamwe kigizwe na Serushago Omar ndetse n'undi wari uzwi ku izina rya Thomas Mugiraneza bagabye igitero kuri College St. Fidéle ku Gisenyi. Munyagishari n'izo nterahamwe bishe abanyeshuri benshi b'Abatutsi aho muri St. Fidele ndetse abandi babapakira mu mamodoka bajya kubicira aho bari barise kuri ‘Commune Rouge’ ari naho babahambye. [73] Buvuga ko hagati ya taliki ya 7 n'iya 10 Mata 1994, Serushago Omar wayoborwaga na Munyagishari Bernard, akaba n’Umuyobozi w'Interahamwe ku Gisenyi, yayoboye igitero kinini cy'Interahamwe cyari kigabwe muri Rwandex Gisenyi aho Abatutsi benshi bari bihishe ndetse n'abakozi b'icyo kigo. Omar Serushago ndetse n'izo nterahamwe bari kumwe bishe abagera kuri 20 muri icyo gitero ku munsi wa mbere. [74] Busoza buvuga ko ku italiki itazwi neza ariko hafi yo mu ma taliki ya 30/04/1994, Munyagishari Bernard ari kumwe n'Interahamwe na Serushago Omar, Thomas Mugiraneza na Hassan Gitoki bagabye igitero gikomeye kuri Rwandex-Gisenyi aho Abatutsi benshi bari bihishe. Bakigera aho kuri Rwandex, Munyagishari Bernard n'Interahamwe bari kumwe bakubise ndetse bica umuzamu w’Umututsi warindaga aho kuri Rwandex wari ugerageje kubahagarika ngo batinjira. Nyuma y'aho bakuyemo Abatutsi bane, abagore babiri n'abagabo babiri, baranzwe n'abajandarume bari babazi, babajyana kuri ‘Commune rouge’ ari naho babiciye. II.1.4.2. lbimenyetso by’Ubushinjocyaha [75] Umutangabuhamya MDH avuga ko muri 1994 Munyagishari Bernard yishe umugore wa Mafene kuri Merdien Hotel amurashishije pistolet, naho uwitwaga Munyampeta yamujyanye kuri ‘komini rouge’ amurasirayo, nyuma abohoza imodoka ye ya Hilux kuko yahinduranyaga imodoka nyinshi, uwo yamaraga kwica yafataga imodoka ye. Avuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yasahuye kwa Baganahe Leonidas wari ufite depot ya byeri, kwa Rwemarika, Bwanafeza Munyampeta bari bafite amangazini. Avuga ko biraraga mu Batutsi, bafite ibikoresho birimo udushoka, amacumu, byari byaratanzwe na Kabuga abiha Munyagishari Bernard, byakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi. Akomeza ashinja Munyagishari Bernard urupfu rwa Mariko wakoraga muri depot za byeri ndetse n’urw’umuryango we, bapakiye mu modoka ye bakabajyana kuri ‘Commune rouge’ babicirayo. [76] Umutangabuhamya MDD avugako Munyagishari Bernard yagabye igitero mu rugo rwa Kamanzi Straton yica umugore we witwaga Solange. Akomeza avuga ko, Munyagishari Bernard ari kumwe na Sinyora, Safari, Makabutura, Niyonsaba Jean Marie Vianney na Hassan Gitoki

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bafatanije kwica Munyampeta, bamusahura ibintu byinshi birimo n'imodoka baje kujya bagendamo. Akomeza avuga ko hari abandi bitwa Thomas, Mabuye, Twagirayezu na Sibomana J. Bosco bayoboraga indi mitwe y'interahamwe ariko bose bakuriwe na Munyagishari Bernard bafataga Abatutsi bakabica bakabajyana kuri ‘Commune rouge’ [77] Umutangabuhamya MDK avuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yishe Kalimunda wakoraga kuri Brasserie ahurujwe n'umugore waje kubabwira ko mu nzu ye hinjiyemo inyenzi. Asobanura ko, Munyagishari Bernard yajyanyeyo n'abasiIikaIi barahagota, bamusaba gukingura, arabyanga, boherezayo amasasu, bafunguye urugi basanga bamwishe. Bamanuka baza gushaka wa mugore wahuruje bagira ngo bamwice kuko yari yababwiye ko ari inyenzi, bajyayo baziko ari inyenzi yambaye imyenda ya gisilikali basanga ari Kalimunda w'umuturanyi, uwo mugore aza kubacika yigira i Gonna ntacyo babashije kumutwara. [78] Umutangabuhamya MDA avuga ko tariki ya 7/4/1994 saa kumi n'imwe Munyagishari Bernard ari kumwe na Michel, Sibomana Shehe, Fiacre, Mabuye bazanye umupadiri witwaga Ntagara bamuvanye kuri Paruwasi ya Gisenyi bamujyana kuri ‘Commune rouge’ bamuha amasuka ngo yicukurire umwobo, kugera aho ageza igihe ari bubonere icyobo kimukwiye. Ubwo arangije yabikoze uko yabitegetswe amaze kubona icyobo kigeze mu ijosi ajyamo bamurasa mu mutwe. Akomeza avuga ko baje gutwara umukecuru witwaga Mututsikazi n'umukobwa we witwa Fifi babajyana mu byahi n'umuhungu we. Bagiye no ku kigo Padiri Ntagara yubakiye abapfakazi cyarimo abantu 20, haza Daihatsu yarimo Munyagishari Bernard n'izindi nterahamwe, barafata babajyana mu Byahi ahitwa ka Rukoko. [79] MDA yakomeje avuga ko kuri iyi tariki ya 7 saa sita z'amanywa, igitero cya Munyagishari Bernard cyaje iwe kiramushorera, ageze ku kaburi (ku irimbi/Commune rouge), asanga harunze amahiri, imbunda, imipanga byo kwica Abatutsi. Munyagishari Bernard akaba yari ahagaze kuri ‘Commune rouge’ hari konseye Fazili na Nsabimana Shehe wari konseye wa Byahi. Munyagishari Bernard akaba yarababwiye ko ikigambiriwe ari uko hagiye kuzanwa amasuka n‘ibitiyo na equipes 2 zo gucukura ibyobo byo guhambamo Abatutsi. Konseye Fazili yazanye uwitwa Mabumba Assumani avuga ko ari we uribuyobore abantu agiye kohereza bari bucukure ibyo byobo, kuko imirambo y'abantu yari yandagaye mu mihanda mu Mujyi wa Gisenyi. Asobanura ko babwiraga Abatutsi ko babajyanye muri ‘Commune rouge’, bigatuma bava aho bari bihishe bibwira ko bagiye kubahisha, bakabatemagurira aho amaraso akirirwa atemba mu muhanda nk'amazi. [80] Yavuze kandi ko nyuma y'aho haje urutonde rw'abashoferi harimo Bagoyi Hassan, Habarurema Saidi, Rubayita, Rutari, Rutene, Bizimana Djumapili alias Gacwe, Munyagishari Bernard wari kumwe n'abo bari bafatanyije barimo Fiacre na Bizimana, bazanye mu ma modoka yabo bamwe mu banyeshuli ba ‘Saint Fidele’ kuri ‘Commune rouge '. Bamwe muri aba banyeshuli bakaba barishwe imodoka zigenda, abandi bakabazana bambaye ubusa bakabicira kuri ‘Commune rouge’, bo bagashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza bahawe yo guhamba abishwe, kuko iyo Munyagishari Bernard yasangaga uhagaze wahuraga n'ibyago. [81] Yakomeje ko vuga ko hari umusaza bitaga Nyamunaga Tharcisse wari utuye munsi ya Electrogaz, amaze kwicwa atabwa mu rwobo aho ngaho hamwe n'izindi nzirakarengane zahaguye. Avuga kandi ko Umukobwa witwa Cecile, wotsaga inyama muri Bar Oscar ku muhanda ujya ku kibuga cy‘indege yishwe na Munyagishari Bernard saa moya z'ijoro amwicira mu gahanda kinjiriraga mu kaburi ariyo ‘komini rouge’. Avuga ko hari Umututsi witwa Rwemarika nawe

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wishwe na Munyagishari Bernard n'undi witwaga Kagemana nawe wishwe na Munyagishari Bernard na bagenzi be. [82] Yavuze kandi ko igitero Munyagishari Bernard yari ayoboye cyateye kwa Rufoko Emmanuel kimwicisha grenades. Iki gitero cyagiye kandi no kwa Kajeguhakwa gitera grenade ku nzu, abana 4 be bahasiga ubuzima, Kajeguhakwa we akaba yari yaragiye Congo. Asoza avuga ko ku Gisenyi hishwe 8000 mu gihe cy'ibyumweru 2, kandi ko ababishe bari bayobowe na Munyagishari Bernard, hakaba n'abandi biciwe muri Segiteri ya Byahi. II.1.4.3 Icyo Me BIKOTWA Bruce na Me UMUTESI Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [83] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko basanga ku bijyanye n'iyicwa ry’Abatutsi batandukanye mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, Ubushinjacyaha butigeze bugaragaza amatariki nyayo Munyagishari Bernard yaba yarabonywe muri ibyo bikorwa. Naho ubuhamya bwatanzwe n'abantangabuhamya bashinja Munyagishari Bernard ku bijyanye n'ihigwa n’iyicwa ry'Abatutsi mu mujyi wa Gisenyi bakaba ntacyo babuvuzeho. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [84] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa MDA, MDD, MDH na MDK bugaragaza ko :  Munyagishari Bernard ubwe yishe umugore wa Mafene, umukobwa witwa Chantal, uwitwa Cecile, Kanzayire Solange, Munyampeta Esron, Padiri Ntagara, Rwemalika na Kagemana.  Munyagishari Bernard yagendaga apakira mu modoka Abatutsi bafatiwe ku ma bariyeri yagenzuraga, akabajyana kuri ‘komine rouge’ aho bagombaga kwicirwa.  Munyagishari Bernard yayoboye ibitero byishe abanyeshuri bo kuri Saint Fidéle, Abatutsi bari kuri Rwandex, Mariko n'umuryango we, Kalimunda Augustin, Nyamunaga Tharcisse n'abana bane ba Kajeguhakwa.  Munyagishari Bernard yashyizeho abagombaga gucukura ibyobo byo gushyinguramo abishwe, n'abashoferi bagombaga gutwara imodoka zigenda zitora imirambo yabishwe muri Gisenyi ndetse n'abazima bagombaga kwicirwa kuri ‘Commune rouge’. [85] Rusanga ibivugwa na Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi Jeanne y'uko amatariki ibyo bikorwa byabereyeho atagaragazwa, bitavuze ko ubwicanyi buvugwa n'aba batangabuhamya butabayeho, cyane ko bamwe muri bo bahoze ari interahamwe Munyagishari Bernard yayoboraga, biyemerera ko bagize uruhare rutaziguye muri ubwo bwicanyi, ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 65 y'Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko urukiko rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bw'abatangabuhamya ku byabaye, no ku buryo babi\/uga, uko byagenze ntacyo bihimbira, rusanga ubwo buhamya bufite ireme kuko ibyo bavuze bihagije mu kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye. 11.1.5. Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa byo gusambanya ku gahato abagore n'abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi

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II.1.5.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [86] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yaremye agatsiko k'Interahamwe kitwaga “Intarumikwa" kari gashinzwe by'umwihariko gufata ku ngufu abakobwa n'abagore b’Abatutsikazi muri Gisenyi no mu nkengero zayo. Icyo gikorwa yagifatanyije n'uwari umugore we (cyangwa ihabara rye) witwaga Zainabu Mukundufite Fiziri, ari kumwe n'agatsiko k'Interahamwe z'abagore zakoranaga na Zainabu Mukundufite, zari zishinzwe kwica urubozo mu myanya ndangagitsina y'abagore n'abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi, bakoresheje ibyuma bya fer â béton’, ndetse bakabicengeza mu bitsina by'abo batutsikazi, barangiza bakabica bakanashinyagurira imirambo yabo. [87] Hagati ya taliki 7/4/1994 na 17/7/1994, Munyagishari Bernard yashimuse umukobwa witwaga Frangoise wari umunyeshuri, akaba yari umukobwa w'uwitwaga Emmanuel amubeshya ko agiye kumuhisha ngo aticwa, amushyira mu nzu ye amaramo ibyumweru bitatu, ariko Munyagishari Bernard amusambanya ku gahato muri icyo gihe cyose yamaze muri iyo nzu. Uwo mukobwa Francoise nyuma yaje kwicwa na Munyagishari Bernard, umurambo we awujugunya ahitwa "mu makoro” mu mujyi wa Gisenyi. II.1.5.2. Ibimenyetso by’Ubushinjacyaha [88] Umutangabuhamya MDE avuga ko hari umukobwa witwaga Chantal waturutse muri ’College lnyemeramihigo’ yiruka afite ubwoba bwinshi agwa mu gaco kabo, Munyagishari Bernard amubaza amazina ye aramwibwira, avuga ko avuka i Gitarama ko yabanaga na Padiri wasomaga misa aho muri College. Munyagishari Bernard yahise ategeka Thomasi kumushyira mu modoka, MDE ashingwa kumurinda. Icyo gihe bari bategereje ko imodoka ya Dayihatsu bazanye na yo imanuka kuko yari yagiye itoratora Abatutsi hirya no hino kugira ngo baze kujyanwa aho bitaga kuri, Commune rouge'. Nko mu ma sa tanu iyo modoka yabagezeho irimo Abatutsi bageze ku 9 b'abakobwa gusa, umugabo wari urimo yari umwe. Mu bari babashoreye harimo abitwa Safari, Buhinja, Gilbert, bari interahamwe zikomeye n'abandi benshi atabasha kuvuga umubare kuko aba ari abari bakuriye abandi mu gikorwa cyo gushaka Abatutsi. [89] MDE akomeza avuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yahise abwira Djuma ko akomeza ajyana abo bari bafashe kuri ‘commune rouge’ naho we, Munyagishari, Thomas na Damasi bajya kuri ‘Tam Tam’ yari Bar-restaurat y'umuhungu wa Habyarimana. Bahageze Munyagishari afata wa mukobwa amujyana muri Bar yari na restaurant ariko itarimo ikorerwamo imirimo icyo gihe, asaba uwitwaga Bosco kumuha imfunguzo, ubwo Thomas na Damasi bagiye mu mujyi, we asigara hanze n'imbunda, Munyagishari Bernard we yinjira mu nzu na wa mukobwa. [90] Akomeza avuga ko hashize nk'isaha basohotse ariko umukobwa asohoka ari kurira, Munyagishari Bernard amubaza niba yamumenye, undi amusubiza ko yamumenye amusaba kumubabarira. Mu gihe Munyagishari Bernard yari ategereje ya modoka, yambwiye MDE gufata uwo mukobwa bakaba bagenda buhoro buhoro kugira ngo bahure na ya modoka. Akibivuga imodoka yahise iza irimo Thomas gusa, MDE agumaho, Munyagishari Bernard na Thomas na wa mukobwa bagenda muri iyo modoka, nyuma amaze kurambirwa abona ya modoka iragarutse irimo wa mukobwa, bageze ku mugezi wiciwemo abantu benshi, Munyagishari abwira wa mukobwa ngo amanukemo aranga, amusunikiramo ananirwa koga, Munyagishari Bernard ategeka MDE kumurasa, apfira muri ayo mazi.

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[91] Hari n'abandi batangabuhamya babajijwe mu Bushinjacyaha no mu Bugenzacyaha ariko batabonetse ngo batange ubuhamya bwabo mu rukiko abo ni abakurikira:  Nsengiyumva Theoneste asobanura ko azi Munyagishari Bernard ari umukuru w'interahamwe muri Gisenyi dore ko na we yari umujandarume bapakira abakobwa n'abagore beza, babanje kubamarana ibyumweru bibiri mu ngo zabo babafata kungufu nyuma bakabica bakabashyira muri minibus hiace y'umukara bakajya kubahamba muri ‘commune rouge’ cyangwa bakabatwara ari bazima bakabica bahageze22.  Twagiramungu Hussein ashinja Munyagishari Bernard ko yamubonye atwara mushiki we witwaga Nyiramanzi Esperance akamusambanyiriza ku imbuga yarangiza akamwica23.  Umutangabuhamya Karuhije Amil alias Kivenge ashinja Munyagishari Bernard ko yasambanyaga abagore ku ingufu yajyanye umugore witwaga Nyiramwiza yari umugore w'umututsikazi baramusambanya.24  AZ.X ashinja Munyagishari Bernard ko yanasambanyaga abagore b’Abatutsikazi, barangiza bakabica bagahita babajyana muri commune rouge25.  Masumbuko Jean Damascene ashinja Munyagishari Bernard ko YâSambanyaga abagore ku ingufu.26 II.1.5.3. Icyo Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [92] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc ntacyo bavuga ku bikorwa byo gusambanya ku gahato abari n'abategarugori b'Abatutsikazi Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranyweho byagaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ndetse no ku buhamya bwatanzwe na MDE cyangwa ubugaragara muri dosiye y'Ubushicyaha. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [93] Urukiko rusanga Ubushinjacyaha nta kimenyetso bwatanze kigaragaza ibikorwa burega Munyagishari Bernard bigizwe no kuba yarashyizeho itsinda ry'intarumikwa ryari rishinzwe gufata ku ngufu abagore n’abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi no kuba yarasambanyije ku gahato umukobwa witwaga Françoise. [94] Rusanga ahubwo ubuhamya bushingirwaho n'Ubushinjacyaha nk'ibimenyetso bugaragaza ibikorwa bitandukanye n'ibyo Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye bigizwe no kuba:  Barapakiraga abakobwa n'abagore beza, babanje kubamarana ibyumweru bibiri mu ngo zabo babafata ku ngufu nyuma bakaza kubashyira muri minibus Hiace y'umukara bajya kubahamba kuri commune rouge cyangwa bakabicirayo babajyanye ari bazima;

22 Reba ku rupapuro rwa 1871 rwa dosiye y'Ubushinjacyaha. 23 Reba ku mpapuro za 1090•1091, 1989, 1982 - 1984 za dosiye y’Ubushinjacyaha. 24 Reba kv mpapuro zo 3104 -3185 za dosiye y'Ubushinjacyaha. 25 Reba ku mpapuro za 1209-1210, 1214 1215, 1218-1219, 1234-1235. za dosiye y'Ubushinjacyaha. 26Reba ku rupapuro rwa 1067 rwa dosiye y'Ubushinjacyaha.

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 Munyagishari Bernard yaratwaye uwitwa Nyiramanzi Esperance akamusambanyiriza ku mbuga yarangiza akamwica;  Munyagishari Bernard yaratwaye umugore w'umututsikazi witwaga Nyiramwiza bakamusambanya. [95] Rusanga ingingo ya 85 y'Itegeko №30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko Ubushinjacyaha ari bwo bugomba gutanga ibimenyetso byemeza icyaha. [96] Ingingo ya 3 y'ltegeko No15/2005 ryo 12/05/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw'ibyo aburana. [97] Ingingo ya 279 y'Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryavuzwe hejuru, iteganya ko ku bindi bidateganyijwe muri iri tegeko bijyanye n'imiburanishize, hakurikizwa Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y'imanza z'imbonezamubano, keretse mu gihe amahame ateganywa n'iryo tegeko adashobora gukoreshwa mu miburanishirize y'imanza nshinjabyaha. [98] Ingingo ya 7 y'Itegeko N.° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'imbonezamubano, iz'ubucuruzi, iz'umurimo, n'izubutegetsi iteganya ko umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine. [99] Rusanga hashingiwe kuri izo ngingo zavuzwe haruguru no kubyanditswe n'abahanga mu mategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha nka Henri —D. Bosly na Daniel Vandermeersch bavuga ko umucamanza asuzuma gusa ibikorwa yaregewe kandi ko atemerewe guca urubanza ku bikorwa ataregewe mu buryo buteganywa n'amategeko n‘iyo uregwa yaba abyiyemerera27, rusanga rero nta kimenyetso Ubuchinjacyaha bwatanze kigaragaza ko ibikorwa Munyagishari Bernard aregwa bigizwe no kuba yarashyizeho itsinda ry'intarumikwa ryari rishinzwe gufata ku ngufu abagore n'abakobwa b’Abatutsikazi no kuba yarasambanyije ku gahato umukobwa witwaga Françoise byabayeho. 11.1.6. Umwanzuro rusange ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa Munyagishari Bernard aregwa [100] Rusanga nyuma yo gusuzuma ibikorwa byose Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyagishari Bernard, ibyagaragarijwe ibimenyetso ko byabayeho ari ibikurikira:  Kwitabira inama na za mitingi zitegura jenoside zabereye ahantu hatandukanye mu cyahoze ari perefegitura ya Gisenyi zigirwagamo ko umwanzi ari Umututsi, ugomba gutandukanywa n‘Umuhutu, hagafatirwamo n'ingamba z'uko bagomba kwicwa;

27 Cette juridiction doit statuer sur tous les faits dont elle est valablement saisie quel que soit le procédé de saisine. mais la Juridiction ne connaît que de ces faits-lá. Toutefois, le juge ne peut pas connaître d'autres faits même avoués par le prevenu, si il n'en n'est pas valablement saisi.’ Droit de la procédure pânale. édition La CHARTE, 2ème êdition, BRUDGES,2001, p 906-907.

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 Gutoza interahamwe gukoresha imbunda agamije kuzica Abatutsi hifashishijwe inzego za Gisirikari;  Kujya i Kigali kuzana intwaro zigizwe n'imipanga, udushoka, cordellettes, grenades za m26 zagombaga gukoreshwa i Gisenyi mu iyicwa ry'Abatutsi, akanaziha interahamwe zagombaga kuzikoresha.  Gukoresha lisiti z'Abatutsi mu buryo bwo korosha iyicwa ryabo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo.  Gushinga no kugenzura bariyeri zari zigamije gufata Abatutsi kugira ngo bicwe.  Kwica ubwe Abatutsi batandukanye no kuyobora ibitero byishe Abatutsi kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo no mu nkengero zayo, Kuri Saint Fidele, kuri Rwandex - Gisenyi, no mu ngo zabo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi;  Gucukuza ibyobo byo guhambamo Abatutsi bishwe, no gushyiraho abashoferi bagomba kumufasha gutwara imirambo y'abishwe cyangwa abazima bagomba kujya kwicirwa kuri Komine rouge. 11.1. Kumenya niba ibikorwa Munyagisharl Bernard aregwa bigize ibyaha aregwa II.2.1. Ku bijyanye n'icyaha cya jenoside 11.2.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [101] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko umugambi cyangwa ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cya jenoside cyangwa icyo bita ‘’mens rea“, ugaragarira mu byo Inkiko Mpuzamahanga zemeranwaho (ICTR na ICTY) ari cyo umugambi wihariye (specific intent). Ibi akaba ari byo Inkiko zita „intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethinical, racial or religious group28, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu rubanza rwa Sylvestre Gacumbitsi n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa ICTR29. [102] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko Urukiko rwa ICTR rusobanura ko, umugambi ugaragarira ku bushake bwo gukora icyo cyaha, ku magambo akoreshwa mu ikorwa ryacyo, ku bikorwa by'ubugome biherekeje uwo mugambi byo kugirira nabl abibasiwe, ku mubare munini w'abicwa, kwibasira agatsiko k'abantu bo mu bwoko runaka, ari na ko ukora icyo cyaha avangura abatibasiwe, konona no kwibasira imitungo y'abicwa, gukoresha imvugo itesha agaciro abibasiwe bari mu gatsiko kicwa, intwaro zakoreshejwe, gutegura ubwicanyi, ndetse no gukomeretsa no kwica bikorwanywe ubugome ndenga kamere30.

28 Igitabo cy'amategeko ahana y'u Rwanda nayo ibisobanura mu ngingo ya 114 ko ari ari ibikorwa byateguwe bigamije kurimbura abantu cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu ku bwoko, kw'ibara ry'uruhu, cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo baricyo haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa ibihe by'Intambara. 29 The Tribunal jurisprudence conclusively establishes that genocidal Intent can be proven through inference from the facts and circumstances of a case. By its nature, intent is not usually susceptible to direct proof. Only the accused himself has first-hand knowledge of his own mental state, and he is unlikely to testify that his own genocidal intent. Intent thus must usually be inferred (Sylivestre Gacumbitsi Appeals Judgment Para 40). 30 It is possible to infer the genocidal Intent Inherent in a particular act charged from tha parpetrator'a deeds and utterances considered together, as well as from the general context of the perpetrafion of other culpable acts

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[103] Bukomeza buvuga to ku bijyanye na specific intent, mu rubanza rwa Prosecutor vs.Golan Jelisic, Urukiko rwa ICTY rwerekana ko iyo habayeho kwica ugamije kurimbura imbaga uba ufite umugambi wa genocide, mu gihe bikozwe hagamije kumaraho ubwoko bwose cyangwa igice kandi baziza abantu kuba babarizwa muri iryo tsinda ry'abantu.31 [104] Buvuga na none kandi ko nk'uko amategeko y'u Rwanda abiteganya mu ngingo ya 114 y'Igitabo cy'amategeko ahana cyavuzwe hejuru, Munyagishari Bernard yari afite umugambi wo gukora iki cyaha cya jenoside kandi awuhuriyeho n'abantu benshi bavugwa muri iki kirego, nk'uko abatangabuhamya batandukanye bagaragaje ko yagize umugambi wihariye mu bikorwa byateguwe, bigamıje kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwoko bw’Abatutsi. [105] Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside biteganywa mu ngingo ya 114 ya y'Igitabo cy'amategeko ahana y'u Rwanda, Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranywaho igikorwa cyo kwica abantu bahuriye ku itsinda runaka giteganywa mu gaka ka 2° k'iyo ngingo. Inkiko Mpuzamahanga zagiye zisobanura ko umuntu ahanirwa gukora icyaha cya genoside iyo yakoze ibikorwa bigaragara mu ngingo ya 2(2) ya Sitati y’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (actus reus), iyo yabikoze ku bushake, yabigambiriye kandi afite umugambi wasobanuwe haruguru wo kurimbura, bose cyangwa se igice cyabo.32 11.2.12 icyo Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Mutesi Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [106] Ku birebana n'icyaha cya jenoside, basanga uregwa yakigirwaho umwere bitewe n'uko mu bimenyetso byatanzwe n'Ubushinjacyaha, bigizwe n'ubuhamya bw'abatangabuhamya bashinja, bitandukanye n'uko abatangabuhamya babivuze mu rukiko. Ibyo bikaba bigaragazwa cyane cyane n'urubanza ICTR 98-39-S rwaciwe n'urwego rwa mbere ku ya 05/02/1995 aho bagaragaje ko Omar Serushago waburanye yemera icyaha yavuze ko uwatangaga amabwiriza, agatumiza inama yari

systematically directed against the same group, notwithstanding that the said acts were committed by the same offender or by others. Other factors, such as the scale of atrocities committed, their general nature, in a region or a country, or furthermore, the fact of delibarelely and systematically targeting victims on account of their membership In a particular group, while excluding members of other groups, can enable the Chamber to infer the genocidal Intent ( a particular Evidence of genocidal Intent can be inferred from “the typical targeting of the group or their property; the use of derogatory language lowaid members of the targeted group; the weapons employed and the axlent of bodily injury; the methodical way of planning, the ayatemaltc menner of killing”. Gacumbitsi Appeals Judgment, Para. 40 quoting Gacumbitsi Trial Judgment, Para4. 252 and 253“. 31 “As recalled by the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY In Jelisic, the Statute defines the specific intent required for the crime of genocide as "the intent to accomplish certain specific types of destroying the targeted group. Pursuant to the Statute, therefore, a specific intent implies that the perpetrator seeks to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such, by means of the that enumareted under Article 2 of the Statute”. In order to pray a specific intent, it must be established that the enumerated acts were against a group refered to under Article 2 of the Statute and committed with the intent to destroy in whole or in part, the said group as such’. (Rutaganda Appeals Judgment. Para. 524.) 32 « A person commits the crime of genocide (Article 2 {3} (a) of the Statute) li' lie or she commits one of the acts enumerated In Aticle 2(2) of the Statute facfus reus) with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such {"genocidal intent. Furthermore, even if an accused has not committed genocide himself, his responsibility may be established under one of the mode of responsibility provided for in article 6 (1) and (3) of the Statute. Where a person is accused of having planned, instigated, ordered or aided and abetted the commission of genocide by one or more persons pursuant to Article 6 (1) of the Statute, the Prosecutor must establish that the accused's acts or omissions substencially contributed to the commission of acts of genocide » /Prosecutor vs. Nahimana Ferdinand, Appeals judgment, Para 524.)

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Lt. Col. Anatole Nsengiyumva, ayo mabwiriza agachyirwa mu bikorwa na Appolinaire Biganiro wahoze ari Komanda wa Jandarumori wa Gisenyi, abifashijwemo na Felicien Nsengimana wahoze ari Diregiteri muri Perezidansi ya Repubulika. [107] Bavuga kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje ububasha mu buryo butazigiye MUNYAGISHARI Bernard yari afite kuri Omar Serushago, ku buryo uyu yari akeneye amabwiriza y'uregwa kugira ngo agire icyo akora. Ikindi kandi akaba ari uko n'abandi batangabuhamya baranzwe no kutavugisha ukuri, kuvuga ku byo batazi, kwivuguruza ndetse no kuvuguruzanya nk'uko babigaragarije urukiko, ku buryo basanga urukiko rutabishingiraho. Bakaba basanga urukiko rwagendera ku ngingo ya 165 igika cya mbere y'ltegeko no 30/2013 ryo kuya 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza nshinjabyaha iteganya ko gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [108] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 114 y'ltegeko Ngenga Ns 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana isobanura ko icyaha cya genoside ari ”kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira, cyakozwe mu buryo bwateguwe, kigamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry'uruhu cyangwa kw'idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by'Intambara: 1° kwica abo abantu; 2° kubatera ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe; 3°kubashyira, ubigambiriye, mu mibereho ishobora gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo; 4°gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara, 5°kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje". [109] Rusanga muri ibi bikorwa biteganywe n'Itegeko bigize icyaha cya jenoside, icyo Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyagishari Bernard ari kuba yarakoze icyaha cya jenoside mu buryo buteguwe, agikora yica Abatutsi agamije kubarimbura bose, abaziza ubwoko bwabo mu gihe cy'intambara. [110] Rusanga mu bikorwa Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranyweho ibyagaragajwe ko byabayeho kandi yitabiriye harimo ibikorwa bigaragaza neza itegurwa ry'ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi b'i Gisenyi no mu nkengero zaho aho Munyagishari Bernard nk'umuyobozi w‘interahamwe ku rwego rwa Perefegitura ya Gisenyi yagiye yitabira inama na za mitingi zitegura jenoside zabereye ahantu hatandukanye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi zigirwagamo ko umwanzi ari umututsi, ko agomba gutandukanywa n'umuhutu, hagafatwa n'ingamba z'uko agomba kwicwa ndetse Munyagishari Bernard abifashijwemo n'inzego za gisirikari yatoje interahamwe yari ayoboye gukoresha imbunda n'ixindi nMaro za gakondo hagamijwe kuzica Abatutsi.

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[111] Rusanga kandi muri urwo rwego rwo gutegura ubwicanyi bw‘Abatutci bo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no nkengero zawo hagamijwe kunonosora uwo mugambi, Munyagishari Bernard na bagenzi be bavuzwe haruguru bagiye i Kigali kuzana intwaro zigizwe n'imipanga, udushoka, cordellettes, grenades za M26 zagombaga gukoreshwa i Gisenyi mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi, akanaziha interahamwe zagombaga kuzikoresha; ibikoresho bimaze kuboneka asaba ko hakorwa amalisiti y’Abatutsi mu buryo bwo koroshya iyicwa ryabo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu kengero zawo, aza no gushinga no kugenzura bariyeri zari zigamije gufata Abatutsi kugira ngo bicwe. [112] Rusanga kandi hari n'ibikorwa byo kwica nyirizina Munyagishari yakoze byagaragajwe, aho ubwe yishe Abatutsi bo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, cyangwa agategeka zimwe mu nterahamwe yari ayoboye kwica. Munyagishari Bernard nk‘umuyobozi w'interahamwe muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, akaba yaratanze amabwiriza yo gucukura ibyobo rusange byo guhambamo Abatutsi bishwe, no gushyiraho abagomba kumufasha gutwara imirambo y'abishwe ndetse n'abazima bagombaga kujya kwicirwa kuri 'Commune rouge'. [113] Rusanga ibyo bikorwa byavuzwe haruguru bigizwe no kwigisha urwango, gutoza interahamwe kwica, kuzishakira ibikoresho byo kwica, gukora amalisiti y'Abatutsi no gushyiraho za bariyeri ari ibikorwa byagiye bikorwa n'abateguye jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi n'ahandi hose mu gihugu, nk'uko byemezwa n‘abahanga banditse ku mateka y'u Rwanda, nk'abakoze ubushakakatsi kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bakorera mu Muryango w'ubumwe bwa Afurika mu mwaka wa 200033, na Dr Bizimana Jean Damascene wanditse ko guhera umwaka wa 1991 mu gutegura jenoside hatanzwe intwaro ndetse n'imyitozo ya gisirikare yo kuzikoresha34. [114] Rusanga na none bigaragarira mu manza zitandukanye nk'urwa Bagosora na bagenzi be35 aho bavuga ko amalisiti yakozwe yakorwaga n'abasirikare n'interahamwe yari agamije gusoza umugambi wo kwica ibyitso bya FPR n'abataravugaga rumwe na Leta36 ; muri urwo rubanza banakomeza banavuga ko za bariyeri zashyizweho muri Gisenyi zari zigamije gutoranya Abatutsi no kubica. Rusanga mu rubanza rwa KAMBANDA Jean naho bagaruka ku buryo jenoside yateguwe aho KAMBANDA Jean wahoze ari Minisitiri w'intebe muri guverinoma y'abatabzi yemeye ko mbere y'itariki ya 06/04/1994, amashyaka afatanyije n'igisirikare cy'u Rwanda bakoresheje imyotozo urubyiruko rwa MRND (interahamwe) na CDR (impuzamugambi)

33 Un bouclier constant de propagande haineuse et virulente anti-Tutsi commenca à se dresser e tà devenir omnipresent. Les rassemblement politiques populaires, les discours du gouvernement, les journaux et une nouvelle station de radio diffusârent des messages pervers, incendiaires visant à diaboliser et à deshumaniser tous les Tutsi.' GIEP/OUA, Rwanda: le génocide qu'on aurait pu éviter, GIEP, 2000, Addls Abeba, Ethiopie, p 49, 34 Guhera mu mwaka wa 1991, Ubutegetsi bwakoze igikorwa cyo gutanga intwaro mu baturage ba Commune nyinshi, cyane cyane izo mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, muri perefegitura ya Byumba, Ruhengeri na Gisenyi. Itangwa y'izo ntwaro, ryabanjirijwe no guha abo baturage imyitozo ya gisrikare mu bigo bya MUKAMIRA, GABIRO, BIGOGWE n'ahandi hatoranjwe nko ku biro bya komine. Izo nizo zakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi butandukanye twavuzwe haruguru ko bwabereye muri Gisenyi, Ruhengeri na Murambi.' Dr Bizimana Jean Damascene, Inzira ya Jenoside Yakorewe Abatutsi Mu Rwanda, IMPRIMU Ltd, mars 2014, p 212, para 1. 35 ”Il ressort des êlêments de la preuve dont la chambre a été saisie que les listes confectionnêes et tenues à jour par les militaires rwandais et les interahamwes avaient essentiellelemnt pour but d'aider à identifier les personnes soupçonnées d'ètre complices du FPR et les opposants du régime de Habyarimana ou au partie MRND.”ICTR 98- 41- T rwo kuwa 18/12/2008, Ubushinjacyaha vs. Bagosora Theoneste na bagenzi be, page 687, para 452. 36 'La Chambre souligne que deux barrages routiers importants visée à l'espèce, se situaient à la Corniche, au poste frontière entre la ville de Gisenyi et Goma. S'agissant du barrage de la Corniche, le témoignage produit, démontre au delá de tout doute raisonable, qu'il a été utilisé pour selectionnor et tuer les Tutsi et les sympathisants présumés du FPR.' Idem, page 688.

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hagamijwe kuzabakoresha mu bwicanyi bwari gukurikira. Yemeye kandi ko guverinoma yari ayoboye yatanze intwaro kuri urwo rubyiruko. Kambanda Jean yemeye ko hashyizweho za bariyeri i Kigali n'ahandi mu gihugu guhera igihe byavugiwe ko Perezida Habyarimana yapfuye37. [115] Rusanga rero, mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, harishwe mu buryo buteguwe, Abatutsi bazira ubwoko bwabo, mu gihe cy'intambara (actus reus). [116] Rusanga kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside kibeho, hagomba kugaragazwa umugambi wihariye wo kurimbura iryo tsinda ry'abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nk'uko biteganywe mu ngingo ya 114 ivuzwe hejuru. [117] Rusanga mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe mu nkiko mpuzamahanga38, haremejwe ko bigoye kumenya ko uregwa yari afite umugambi uwo kurimbura mu gihe aba atemera icyaha, ariko ko uwo mugambi ushobora kugaragarira mu bikorwa by'ubwicanyi ndengakamere yakoze, abo yabikoreye, uburyo byakozwe, n'igihe byakorewemo ndetse n'umwihariko w'uburyo byateguwe. [118] Rusanga uru rubanza ubushake bwo kwica hagamijwe kurimbura Abatutsi bugaragazwa n'ibikurikira:  Kuba mu nama yagiye yitabira nk'umuyobozi w'interahamwe muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi yarigishije guhera muri 1991 ko umututsi ari umwanzi39 ko bagomba kumutandukanya n'umuhutu, kandi akamugereranya n'ınzoka aho yavuze ko ‘kwica inzoka utayimenye umutwe igucika.40  Kuba yarababajwe n'uko bishe Umuhutu witwaga Karimunda bagira ngo bishe umututsi.41  Kuba yarakoresheje amalisiti y'Abatutsi bari bazwi naho batuye kugira ngo byorohere abagombaga kubica kumenya aho babasanga42.  Kuba yarigishije interahamwe uburyo bwo gukoresha indangamuntu kugira ngo bashobore kumenya Umututsi no kumufata.43

37 Reba urubanza ICTR- 07-23-S ryo kuwa 04/09/1998, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Kambanda Jean, p 19-20, para 39. 38 «S'agissant de la question de savoir comment déterminer l'intention spécifique de l'agent, la Chambre considère que I’intention est un facteur d'ordre moral qu'il est difficile, voir impossible, d'appréhender. C'est la raison pour laquelle, â défaut d'aveux de la pan d'un accusé, son intention peut se déduire d'un certain nombre de faits...» Par exemple «l'êchelle des atrocités commises;« le caractère general des atrocités commises «dans une region ou un pays »;Ie fait de delibérement et systématiquement choisir les victimes en raison de leur appartenance á un groupe particulier, tout en excluant les membres des autres groupes ;la répétition d'actes de destruction discriminatoires » ICTR-964-T, Procureur c/ Akayesu, du 02/09/ 1998, par, 523-524; voir aussi ICTR-96-13-T, Procureur c/ Musema du 16/11/2011, , ainsi que ICTR-95-1-T, Procureur c/ Kayishema na Ruzindana, du 21/5/1999, para 93. 39 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDH mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 15/09/2016, urupapuro rwa 1506. 40 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDE mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 07/06/2016, urupapuro rwa1425. 41 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDK mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 21/06/2016, urupapuro rwa1457. 42 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDA mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 04/5/2016, urupapuro rwa 1360. 43 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDC mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 19/07/2016, urupapuro rwa 1472.

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 Kuba yarashyizeho bariyeri ahantu hatandukanye mu mujyi wa Gisenyi hagamijwe ko hatagira Umututsi ubacika.44  Kuba yarashyizeho abashoferi bagombaga gutwara mu modoka imirambo y’Abatutsi bishwe ndetse n'abazima bagombaga kwicwa45;  Kuba yarashyizeho udutsiko tw'abagombaga kwica no guhamba abishwe muri 'Commune rouge46 . [119] Rusanga ibikorwa byavuzwe haruguru bigaragaza ko ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi bo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo, bwakozwe hagamije kubarimbura, ku buryo hafashwe umwanya uhagije wo kwigisha urubyiruko rwari rwibumbiye mu mutwe w'interahamwe umwanzi uwo ari we ku buryo batamwibeshyaho, hagafatwa n’ingamba z'uko hatagira n'umwe ubacika hakorwa amalisiti y’Abatutsi n'aho baherereye, hashyirwaho na bariyeri yo gutangira abo batashoboye kubona mu mazu. Munyagishari Bernard akaba yaranashyizeho gahunda inonosoye y'uburyo bagombaga kwicwa no guhambwa, bigaragaza nta gushidikanya ko Munyagishari Bernard yari afite ubushake bwo kwica hagamijwe kurimbura Abatutsi mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo. [120] Rusanga rero hashingiwe ku bikorwa no ku mugambi byagaragajwe hejuru, icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cya jenoside nk'uko giteganywa mu ngingo ya 114 agace ka mbere y'ltegeko rihana rivuzwe hejuru, Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranyweho cyarakozwe. [121] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi hamwe n’icy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside, mu mategeko ahana yo mu Rwanda ibyo byaha ubwabyo bidateganyijwe, ko ahubwo icyaha giteganyijwe ari icyaha cya jenoside nk'uko bigaragara mu ngingo za 114 na 115 z'ltegeko rihana rivuzwe hejuru, ko gucura umugambi wa jenoside n'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kugira uruhare mu mikorerere y'ıcyo cyaha. Bityo, bikaba bigomba gusuzumwa mu gice kijyanye n'uburyozwacyaha. 11.2.2. Ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu 11.2.2.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [122] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yakoze ibikorwa byagaragayemo ubwicanyi bw'abantu, bikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare, bazira ubwoko bwabo nk'uko ingingo ya 120, igika cya mbere, akarongo ka 2° y'ltegeko ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana. Ubwo bwicanyi bwakorewe abaturage b'abasiviIi, bugakorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibaciye abaturage bazira ubwoko bwabo, akaba ari ibikorwa bigaragaza icyaha cyibasiye inyoko-muntu. II.2.2.2. Icyo Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho

44 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDD mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 26/07/2016, urupapuro rwa1484. 45 Reba ubuhamya bwa MDA mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 04/05/2016, urupapuro rwa1361. 46 Idem, 1360.

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[123] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko basanga Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranye Munyagishari Bernard icyaha cy'ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bushingiye ku ngingo ya 140 y'ltegeko ngenga rihana rivuzwe hejuru iteganya ubwicanyi busanzwe, bikaba bihabanye n'ingingo ya 4 y'iri tegeko Ngenga iteganya ko ’amategeko ahana adashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukira, ko agomba gufatwa uko ateye. Inkiko zikaba zibujijwe guca imanza ku buryo bugenekereje. [124] Bavuga kandi ko bashingiye ku ngingo za 120 y'Itegeko ngenga rihana yavuzwe hejuru, n'ingingo ya 2 y'Amasezerano mpuzamahanga agamije gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, basanga Ubushinjacyaha bwaratandukiriye ku byateganyijwe n'umushingamategeko kuko mu ngingo ya 140 y'iryo tegeko hateganyijwe gusa icyaha cyo kwica nk'uko bigaragara mu mutwe wa :3 w'Igitabo cy'amategeko ahana, ko nta na hamwe muri uwo mutwe umushingamategeko yigeze ateganya kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, bitandukanye n'ibyakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [125] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 120 y'Itegeko Ngenga № 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rihana ryavuzwe hejuru, iteganya ko kwica bikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko cyangwa idini, ari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [126] Rusanga nk'uko byagaragajwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n'inkiko mpuzamahanga, zirimo urubanza rwa Nahimana n'urwa Kunarac na bagenzi be, kugira ngo habeho icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hagomba kugaragazwa ko habayeho ibitero, kandi ko ibikorwa uregwa akurikiranyweho bigomba kuba byarakozwe muri icyo gitero; byibasiye itsinda ry'abaturage batari abasirikare; ibitero bya rusange kandi simusiga kandi ubikora akaba azi neza ko bikorwa muri uwo murongo wo kwica iryo tsinda ry'abantu batari abasirikare47’. [127] Rusanga Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranyweho n’Ubushinjacyaha kuba yaragabye ibitero rusange kandi bya simusiga, hagamijwe kwica Abatutsi batari abasirikare, abaziza ubwoko bwabo, ibyo abikorera mu bice bitandukanye byo mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi. [128] Rusanga nk'uko abatangabuhamya MDE, MDK MDA, MDD, MDH babigaragaje hagati yütariki ya 07/04/1994 na 17/07/1994 hari ibitero rusange kandi simusiga biyobowe na Munyagishari Bernard wari umuyobozi w'interahamwe muri Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, byibasiye kandi bikica imbaga y’Abatutsi batari abasirikare, bazira ubwoko bwabo, byagabwe kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo no mu nkengero zayo, kuri Saint Fidele, kuri Rwandex —Gisenyi, no mu ngo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi. [129] Rusanga ubushake (mens rea) bwo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bugaragarira mu kuba uregwa yari yagambiriye kwica abasivili akoresheje igitero simusiga hashingiwe ku

47 Nahimana Appeal Judgement, para. 918; Kunarac et.al, Appeal Judgement, para. 85 (outlining the requirements under Article 5 of the ICTY Statute as encompassing five elements: "(i) there must be an attack; (ii) the acts of the perpetrator must be part of the attack; (iil) the attack must be directed against any civilian population; (iv) the attack must be widespread or systematic; (v) the perpetrator must know that his acts constitute part of a pattern of widespread or systematic crimes directed against a civilian population and know that his acts fit into such a pattern."

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ivangura nk'uko byagiye byemezwa mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n'inkiko mpuzamahanga, nk'urubanza rwa Semanza48. [130] Rusanga kuri Munyagishari Bernard, uyu mugambi ugaragarira mu kuba nk‘umuyobozi w'interahamwe muri Gisenyi yarafashe interahamwe zo mu mujyi wa Gisenyi akazipakira mu ma bisi atandatu, bagatera Abatutsi bari bahungiye kuri Paruwasi ya Nyundo, bagamije kubica, kugeza n'aho biyambaje interahamwe z’i Bushiru muri komine Karago. Uyu mugambi ugaragara kandi mu kuba yari mu bayobozi batanxe intwaro zitandukanye baziha interahamwe hagamijwe kwica Abatutsi bari mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zayo, bikozwe mu biterosimusiga byakorewe ahari Abatutsi benshi mu mujyi wa Gisenyi nko kuri Rwandex, ku ishuli rya saint Fidele, no mu ngo z’Abatutsi bo ku Gisenyi. [131] Rusanga rero hashingiwe ku bikorwa no ku mugambi bimaze kugaragazwa hejuru, icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranyweho cyarakozwe. [132] Rusanga ibijyanye n'icyaha cyo gusambanya abagore n'abakobwa b'Abatutsikazi nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyagishari Bernard, icyo kitaragaragarijwe ibimenyetso nk'uko byavuzwe mu gika cya 102 cy'uru rubanza. II.3. Ku bijyanye n'uburyozwacyaha II.3.1. Icyo Ubushinjacyaha bubivugaho [133] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard ashinjwa kuba yarakoze ubwe icyaha cya jenoside giteganywa n'ingingo ya 114 ndetse na 115 z’Itegeko- Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, aryozwa kandi icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanwa n'ingingo za 25, 26, 114 na 115 z'iri tegeko. Ashinjwa kandi icyaha cy'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora Jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo za 98, 99, 114 na 115 z'iri tegeko. [134] Buvuga kandi ko Munyagishari Bernard ashinjwa kandi akaryozwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu birimo icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyoko - muntu icyaha giteganywa n'ingingo za 140, 120, n'iya 121 z'ltegeko- Ngenga rivuzwe hejuru; ndetse n'icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyoko- muntu giteganywa kandi gihanishwa ingingo za 196, 120 agace ka 7°, n'iya 121, na 762 z'iri tegeko-Ngenga; ibyaha Munyagishari yakoreye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Gisenyi, cyane cyane mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo nko kuri Commune Rouge, kuri paruwasi ya Nyundo, College St. Fidele, ndetse n'ahandi havugwa muri iki kirego. [135] Bukomeza buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yagize uruhare mu kwica no kwicisha Abatutsi muri Gisenyi, atanga inkunga mu buryo burimo kuzana Abatutsi babaga bafatiwe ku ma bariyeri akabajyana ahiswe ‘Commune rouge‘ bakicwa, gushyirishaho ama bariyeri yiciweho

48 S'agissant de crimes contre l'humanité, il suffit que l'accusé ait été animé de l'intention préméditée de donner la mort à des civils dans le cadre d'une attaque généralisée ou systématique inspirée par un motif disciminatoire pour que l'infraction soit constatée. » ICTR-97-20 du 15/05/2003, Procureur vs. Semanza, para 339;

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Abatutsi, kuyobora no kujya mu bitero, gukoresha inama zitegura ubwicanyi n'ibitero, kwitabira inama zategurirwamo imigambi yo kwica Abatutsi, kwiyicira ubwe Abatutsi ndetse no kubahiga aha babaga bihishe hatandukanye. [136] Busoza buvuga kandi ko uburyozwacyaha bwa Munyagishari Bernard bushingiye kandi ku gushyigikira no gutera inkunga n'akanyabugabo abicanyi, abaha imbunda, ajya mu bitero ndetse akaba yarishe ubwe. Icyo Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc babivugaho [137] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko basanga Munyagishari atakurikiranwaho icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 765 y'Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana iteganya ko “ icyaha cyakozwe mbere y'uko iri tegeko ngenga ritangazwa mu igazeti ya repubulika y'u Rwanda gihanwa hakurikije Itegeko ryakigengaga, keretse iri tegeko Ngenga riteganya ibihano byoroheje. [138] Bakaba basanga Munyagishari Bernard atagikurikiranwaho kabone nubwo amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/02/1975 mu ngingo yayo ya 3b iteganya icyo cyaha. Bavuga ko u Rwanda rwagombaga gushyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano bukoze 'harmonisation’ y'amategeko, cyane cyane amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, kugira ngo ateganye ibihano bizahabwa umuntu wese uzacura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [139] Bakomeza bavuga ko urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 4 y'Itegeko Ngenga yavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko amategeko ahana adashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukira, ko agomba gufatwa uko ateye. Bakaba basanga kuba Ubushinjacyaha bushingira ku ngingo za 114 na 115 z'Itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe hejuru, ziteganya icyaha cya jenoside n'uburyo gihanwa bitadukanye n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [140] Bakaba basanga mu gihe urukiko rwasanga ari ngombwa gukurikirana uregwa, rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 85 ıgika cya mbere n'iya 165 igika cya mbere z’Itegeko No 302013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza nshinjabyaha bitewe n'uko Ubushinjacyaha butashoboye kugaragaza amatariki buvuga ko inama zo gutegura ubwicanyi Munyagishari Bernard yakoresheje zabereyeho. [141] Bavuga kandi ko ku bijyanye n'ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside, inyandiko itanga ikirego irimo amakosa ajyanye n'imitegurire (vice de force) bagendeye ku biteganywa n'ingingo ya 98 z'Itegeko Ngenga rihana ryavuzwe hejuru, aho itanga ibisobanuro ku birebana n'uwakoze icyaha, umufatanyacyaha n'icyitso. Mu gace ka babiri iyo ngingo ikaba iteganya ko umufatanyacyaha ari uwafatanyije ku buryo butaziguye n'uwakoze icyaha. Bityo, ubushinjacyaha bukaba butagaragaza mu kirego cyabwo abafatanyije na MUNYAGISHARI Bernard mu gukora icyaha cya jenoside kugira ngo babazwe hamwe na, cyangwa se bugaragaze imanza abafatanyije na we baburanyemo zikagaragaza ko bafatanyije koko. Bakaba babona ikirego kitakwakirwa nk'uko no mu rubanza ICTR 99 - 46 -T Ubushinjacyaha bwaregaga Ntagerura na bagenzi be, aho urukiko rwagize bamwe mu baregwa abere ku cyaha cya jenoside n'icy’ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside, bitewe n'amakosa ashingiye ku buryo inyandiko itanga ikirego cy'ubushinjacyaha yateguwemo.

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[142] Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi Jeanne d'Arc bavuga ko ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 4 y'Itegeko ngenga yavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko amategeko ahana adashobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukira, ko agomba gufatwa uko ateye, kuko Ubushinjacyaha bwashingiye ku ngingo za 114 na 140 z'Itegeko rivuzwe hejuru nyamara ntaho ziteganya icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. Ibi bikaba bigaragaza neza ko Ubuchinjacyaha bwatandukiriye ku cyo amategeko ateganya. [143] Basoza bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyagishari Bernard yagaragaje ko afite ububasha ku nterahamwe yayoboraga ariko ntibugaragaza uburyo koko yari afite ubwo bubasha kuko kugira ububasha bitavuze kugira controle effectif’, cyane ko butagaragaza ko ari we muyobozi wenyine wagombaga kuyobora izo nterahamwe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [144] Rusanga ingingo ya 97 y'Itegeko Ngenga rishyiraho lgıtabo cy'amategeko ahana rivuzwe hejuru, iteganya ko ’icyaha kiryozwa uwagikoze, uwafatanyije nawe kugikora, n'icyitso cye’. Naho ingingo ya 98 mu gika cya mbere yo igateganya ko ’uwakoze icyaha ari uwagikoze ubwe; umufatanyacyaha ari uwafatanyije ku buryo butaziguye n'uwakoze icyaha; icyitso akaba uwafashije uwakoze icyaha mu byagiteguye, ibyoroheje imikorere yacyo, cyangwa mu byakinonosoye kandi yarabikoze abizi, cyangwa uwoheje uwakoze icyaha. [145] Rusanga abahanga mu mategeko nka Frederic Desportes na Francis Le Gunehec nabo bavuga ko uwakoze icyaha ari uwagikoze ubwe kandi ufite uruhare mu bigize icyaha byose (elements materiel et intellectuel)49. Bavuga ko ubufatanyacyaha buvugwa iyo icyaha cyakozwe n'abantu barenze umwe, buri muntu akaba ashobora kuba yakoze kimwe mu bigize icyaha50, ko kenshi haba hari ubufatanyacyaha ku muntu (auteur intellectuel) watumye undi muntu akora ibikorwa bihanwa n’amategeko(auteur materiel)51. [146] Hashingiwe kuri izi ngingo no kubivugwa n'abahanga mu mategeko, rusanga ku bijyanye no kwica nka kimwe mu bigize icyaha cya jenoside, Munyagishari Bernard yarabigizemo uruhare nk'uwagikoze ubwo ku giti cye yishe Abatutsi benshi mu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo barimo umugore wa Mafene, umukobwa witwa Chantal, uwitwa Cecile, Kanzayire Solange, Munyampeta Esron, Padiri Ntagara, Rwemalika na Kagemana n'abandi. [147] Rusanga kandi Munyagishari Bernard yaragize uruhare nk'icyitso mu cyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cya jenoside mu buryo bukurikira:  Gutegura no gushishikariza: ubwo yajyaga mu nama zari zatumijwe n'abayobozi ba gisivile n'abagisirikare zari zigamije gutegura jenoside, akemera imyanzuro yazifatiwemo

49 L’auteur est celui qui commet ’personnellement' les actes incrimines.' Desportes & Francis Le Gunehec Droit Penal Général, éditions ECONOMICA, 49, rue Hericart, 75015 Paûs, 14 ème édition, 2007, p 472. 50 Lorsqu'une infraction est le fait de plusieurs personnes, chacune d'elles peut avoir commis les éléments materiels et intellectuels prevus par la loi. Ces personnes sont alors qualifiées de co-auteurs, Idem, p 476 51 Il y a presque toujours coaction en cas d’infraction commise par un auteur intellectuel, puisque celui-ci a fait realiser des actes delictueux par I’auteur materiel. Ibidem

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ahanabishishikariza interahamwe zo muri peferegitura ya Gisenyi bakanabishyira mu bikorwa.  Koroshya no kunononsora ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi : ubwo yatozaga interahamwe ibikorwa by'ubwicanyi, akabashakira ibikoresho by'ubwicanyi, agategeka ko hashyiraho za bariyeri zo gufata Abatutsi bagombaga kwicwa, akanakoresha amalisiti agaragaza aho Abatutsi bo rnu mujyi wa Gisenyi no mu nkengero zawo batuye. Ikindi akaba ari ukuba yaracukuje ibyobo byo guhambamo Abatutsi bishwe, agashyiraho n'abagomba kumufasha gutwara imirambo y'abishwe n’iy’abazima bagomba kujya kwicirwa kuri, Commune rouge. [148] Rusanga ku byerekeye icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, Munyagishari Bernard yaragize uruhare nk'umufatanyacyaha ubwo yajyaga mu bitero nk'umuyobozi wabyo kandi atanga amabwiriza y'uko ubwicanyi bukorwa, akaba yaranabashakiye inkunga y'izindi nterahamwe zo muri Karago, ıbyo bikaba byaratumye hıcwa imbaga y'Abatutsi batari abasirikare nk'uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [149] Rusanga ku bijyanye n'ibivugwa na Me Bikotwa na Me Umutesi ko Munyagishari Bernard atakagombye gukurikiranwa ibikorwa by'ubufatanyacyaha aregwa, kubera ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje abo babifatanyije, ko muri iyi dosiye ntawundi bayiregamo ibyo bikorwa cyangwa ngo babe bararezwe mu zindi nkiko, nta shingiro bifite kuko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 17 y'Itegeko nshinga iteganya ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku uwakoze icyaha, ibyo bishimangirwa n'ingingo ya 96 y'igitabo cy'amategeko ahana nayo ivuga ko umuntu aryozwa icyaha yakoze ubwe, bivuze ko n'ubwo abo bafatanyije icyaha badakurikiranwa bitabuza ko Munyagishari Bernard akurikiranwa ku giti cye. 11.4. Ku bijyanye n'ibihano 11.4.1. Icyifuzo cy’Ubushinjacyaha [150] Ubushinjacyaha busaba Urukiko kwemera kwakira ikirego cyabwo kuko cyaje mu nzira no mu buryo bukurikije amategeko no kwemeza ko gifite ishingiro no gushingira ku bimenyetso bikubiye muri dosiye nk'uko byasobanuwe haruguru, rukemeza ko ibi byaha Munyagishari Bernard aregwa bimuhama, ko agomba guhanishwa igifungo cya bu undu nk’uko biteganywa n'ingingo za 114 na 115 z’Itegeko ngenga No 01/2012 ryo kuwa 0Z/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana. [151] Buvuga ko ku bijyanye n'icyaha cyo kwica nk'icyaha kibasiye inyokomuntu, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeza ko Munyagishari Bernard ahamwa n'ubwicanyi bwakorewe abaturage b'abasivili, bwakozwe mu bitero rusange kandi bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage bazira ubwoko bwabo, akaba ari ibikorwa bigaragaza icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, agahanishwa igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu, nk'uko biteganywa n'ingingo ya 121 igika cya 1 y'Itegeko ngenga rihana rivuzwe hejuru. [152] Bukomeza buvuga ko kubera ko Ibikorwa bya Munyagishari Bernard byabyaye ibyaha byinshi, kandi igikorwa kimwe kikaba kigizwe n'ibikorwa bitandukanye bigize ubwabyo ibyaha byinshi, busanga harabayeho impurirane y'imbonezamugambi nk'uko Ingingo ya 83 (2) (a)

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y'lgitabo cy’Amategeko ahana mu Rwanda ibiteganya. Bityo nh'uko ingingo ya 84 y'iryo tegeko ibiteganya, Munyagishari Bernard yahanıshwa igıhano Gy’icyaha kirushije ibindi gukomera. [153] Ubushinjacyaha busaba kandi ko Munyagishari Bernard atahabwa impamvu n'imwe nyoroshya-cyaha kuko atigeze yemera icyaha ngo asabe imbabazi, bityo abe yabigiriramo inyungu amategeko amwemerera, ahubwo akaba yararuhije Ubutabera mu buryo bugaragara, harimo no kwanga kwitabira iburanisha ry'urubanza rumureba. [154] Buvuga kandi ko kubera ko igihano cy'icyaha cya Jenoside ndetse n'igihano cy'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu nk'uko byasobanuwe haruguru, byose biteganya igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu cy'umwihariko kandi amasezerano (guarantee) zatanzwe n’u Rwanda muri ICTR, zivuga ko Munyagishari Bernard aramutse azanywe kuburanira mu Rwanda, mu gihe ahamwe n'ibyaha aregwa atazahabwa igihano cya burundu y'umwihariko. [155] Bukomeza buvuga ko kubera ko ibyaha bya jenocide n’ibyibasiye inyokomuntu, byombi binganya ibihano, kuko bihanishwa igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko, busaba ko hatangwa igihano gishingiye kuri aya masezerano Ubushinjacyaha bwakoranye n’Urukiko rwa ICTR. [156] Busoza busaba ko hashingiye ku ngingo zavuzwe hejuru, iya 115 igika cya 1, iteganya ihanwa ry'icyaha cya Jenoside, ndetse n'iya 121, iteganya ihanwa ry'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, no ku ngingo za 83 na 84 zirebana n'ibihano mu gihe hari impurirane mbonezamugambi, busabira Munyagishari Bernard igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu ku byaha byose aregwa. 11.4.2. Icyo Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne D'arc babivugaho [157] Me Bikotwa Bruce na Me Umutesi Jeanne D’arc basaba urukiko kwakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha ku bijyanye n'icyaha cya jenoside, ariko rukavuga ko nta shingiro gifite. Basaba kandi urukiko kutakira ibirego ku bindi byaha byose, ariko ko mu gihe rwasanga ari ngombwa kubyakira, rugategeka ko bidafite ishingiro. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [158] Rusanga ingingo ya 115 y'Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012 ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana yo igateganya ko “umuntu wese ukoze, haba mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe cy'intambara, icyaha cya jenoside nk'uko giteganyijwe mu ngingo ibanziriza iyi, ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko". Naho iya 121 igika cya mbere, ihanisha kurimbura nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu, igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko. [159] Rusanga ariko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 5 bis y'ltegeko N 08/2013/OL ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rihindura kandi ryuzuza ltegeko Ngenga N° 31/2007 ryo kuwa 25/04/2007 rikuraho igihano cyo kwicwa, ivuga ko uwahamwe n'icyaha mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda cyangwa mu kindi gihugu, adashobora guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko. [160] Rusanga icyaha cyo kwica nk‘icyaha cya jenoside no kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bihama Munyagishari Bernard, bikaba byarakozwe mu buryo bw'impurirane

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y'imbonezamugambi nk'uko biteganywa ya 83.20a y'ltegeko Ngenga rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana byavuzwe hejuru, kandi byose bikaba bihanishwa igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko. [161] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 71 y'igitabo cy'amategeko ahana cyavuzwe hejuru iteganya ko umucamanza atanga ibihano akurikije uko uhanwa yakoze icyaha, ashingiye ku mpamvu zabimuteye, uko uwakoze icYaha yari asanzwe yitwara, uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n'imibereho ye bwite. [162] Rusanga rero Munyagishari Bernard nk'umuntu wari warize ibijyanye n'uburezi ndetse akanigisha mu mashuli abanza, akaba yarageze aho agashingwa urubyiruko rw'interahamwe za MRND yayoboraga, aho kubigisha indagagaciro zubaka igihugu agahitamo kubatoza amacakubiri, urwango n'ubwicanyi byatumye hicwa imbaga y'Abatutsi muri Peferegitura ya Gisenyi, akwiye igihano cy'intangarugero kuko ibyaha yakoze ari indengakamere, byashegeshe bikomeye umuryango nyarwanda,bityo akaba agomba guhanishwa igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu. [163] Rusanga icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kidahama Munyagishari Bernard kuko iblkorwa Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho icyo cyaha, urukiko rwasanze bitagaragarijwe ibimenyetso bihagije. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [164] Rwemeye kwakira no gusuzuma ikirego rwashyikirijwe n'Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyagishari Bernard rugisuzumye rusanga gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [165] Rwemeje ko Munyagishari Bernard ahamwa n'ibyaha byo kwica nk'icyaha cya jenoside no kwica nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu aregwa; [166] Rwemeje ko icyaha cyo gusambanya ku gahato nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kitamuhama; [167] Rukijije ko Munyagishari Bernard atsinzwe; [168] Rumuhanishije igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu; [169] Rutegetse ko Munyagishari Bernard asonewe igarama kuko aburana afunze.