UBUSHINJACYAHA vs. Dr MUNYAKAZI Léopold 1

# UBUSHINJACYAHA vs. Dr MUNYAKAZI Léopold 1

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-07-20 - Case/document no.: RPA/GEN 00004/17/HCCI - Collection: High Court

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UBUSHINJACYAHA vs. Dr MUNYAKAZI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU – RPA/GEN 00004/17/HCCI – (Muhima, J. P., Mukamurenzi na Ndagijimana, J.) 20 Nyakanga 2018] Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ibyaha bya jenoside – Icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside – Ni icyaha kibaho iyo ugikora afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by'intambara – Ni icyaha gikorwa hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Ibyaha bya jenoside – Kwica – Kwica ni kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside kibaho ari uko ugikora afite ubushake bwihariye bwa ngombwa bwo kwica abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha –Ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu – Kwica nk’icyaha kibasiye inyokomuntu – Ni igikorwa cyo kwica umuntu ku bushake mu buryo butemewe, kigaragazwa no kuba hari umuntu wishwe kubera icyo gikorwa kandi uwabikoze akaba yari afite ubushake bwo kwica cyangwa ku mukorera ibikorwa bibabaza umubiri aziko byatera urupfu. Incamake y’ikibazo: Munyakazi wari mu gihugu cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika yaburanishirijwe mu Rwanda, aho Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ibyaha bya jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside, gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo byaha yabikoze ubwo yari muri serire ya Gitwa, segiteri ya Kirwa mu cyahoze ari komini Kayenzi, perefegitura ya Gitarama, ndetse bukaba bumurega ibikorwa bitandukanye byo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yakoze mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 2006 no muri Nyakanga 2015, ubwo yari mu Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amarika. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwamuhamije icyaha cya jenoside, icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu n’icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside; rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. Ibi byatumye ajuririra Uru Rugereko avuga ko Urukiko rwabanje rutahaye agaciro ibimenyetso yarugejejeho ahubwo rushingira ku buhamya bw’abantu bahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside, rutabajije abatangabuhamya yatanze barimo n’abo yarokoye no kuba urubanza rutaraburanishirijwe aho ibyaha aregwa byakorewe nk’uko yari yabisabye, rucibwa ataburanye atanunganiwe. Akomeza avuga ko ubuhamya bwatanzwe na bo batangabuhamya Urukiko rwashingiyeho buvuguruzanya, nko ku gihe cy’inama ashinjwa ko yakoresheje yabereyeho no ku gihe ibitero ashinjwa byagabiwe. Avuga kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje ikimenyetso gifatika cy’uko izo nama aregwa gukoresha yari azirimo, ntibunasobanure amatariki zabereyeho, aho zabereye n’imyanzuro yafatiwemo, ko atari no gushishikariza gukora jenoside ngo narangiza ahabwe icyemezo cy’uko yitwaye neza.

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Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bw’Uregwa nta shingiro bufite kuko yahawe umwanya wo kwiregura ku bimeyetso bimushinja ariko ntiyawukoresha, bityo akaba ataragomba kuvuga ko yavukijwe ubwo burenganzira. Bukomeza busobanura ko kuba hari dosiye Uregwa yakorewe akayikurikiranwaho ariko ikaza gushyingurwa bitaba urwitwazo rwo kuvuga ko ari umwere ndetse kuko bufite uburenganzira bwo kongera kumukoraho irindi perereza agakurikiranwa mu gihe hari ibindi bimenyetso bigaragaye. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside ni icyaha kibaho iyo ugikora afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by'intambara. Ni icyaha gikorwa hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame. 2. Kwica ni kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside kibaho ari uko ugikora afite ubushake bwihariye bwa ngombwa bwo kwica abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo. 3. Kwica nk’icyaha kibasiye inyokomuntu ni igikorwa cyo kwica umuntu ku bushake mu buryo butemewe, kigaragazwa no kuba hari umuntu wishwe kubera icyo gikorwa kandi uwabikoze akaba yari afite ubushake bwo kwica cyangwa ku mukorera ibikorwa bibabaza umubiri aziko byatera urupfu. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 38. Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 114, 116, 120 n’iya 132. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 arebana no gukumira icyaha cya jenoside, ingingo ya 2, 3 n’iya 13. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki, ingingo ya 19. Itegeko No 84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryerekeye icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’ibindi byaha bifitanye isano nayo, ingingo ya 4, 5 n’iya 6. Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 86 n’iya 165. Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 65.

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Itegeko 33 bis ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya jenoside, ingingo ya 4. Imanza zifashishijwe: ICTR-98-42-T The Prosecutor v. Nyiramasuhuko Pauline and others of 24 June 2011, para. 5592. ICTR-2000-55A-T, Le Procureur c/ Muvunyi Tharcisse du 12/09/206, para 511. ICTR-99-54-A-T The prosecutor v. Kamuhanda Jean de Dieu of 22 January 2004, para. 622. ICTR-98-44-A-T The Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli Juvenal 1st December 2003, para. 803. CTR-97-32-1 The Prosecutor v. Georges Ruggiu of 1st June 2000, para. 17. ICTR-96-3-T Le Procureur v. Rutaganda Georges du 6/12/1999, para. 80. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Urubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga, Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyakazi Léopold ibyaha bya jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora jenoside, gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu buvuga ko yabikoze ubwo yari muri serire ya Gitwa, segiteri ya Kirwa mu cyahoze ari komini Kayenzi, perefegitura ya Gitarama, bunamurega ibikorwa bitandukanye byo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yakoze ubwo yari mu gihugu cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (USA) mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 2006 no muri Nyakanga 2015. [2] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwamuhamije icyaha cya jenoside, icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu n’icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside; rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. [3] Munyakazi Léopold yajuririye urwo rubanza avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rutahaye agaciro ibimenyetso yarugejejeho birimo icyemezo cy’ubushinjacyaha kimurekura no kuba dosiye yari yarakorewe mbere bukayishyingura busanze ari umwere itaragaragajwe, inyandiko z’inzego z’ibanze zigaragaza ko nta jenoside yakoze, icyemezo cy’imbanziriza mushinga ya gacaca yakorewe muri gereza ya Gitarama, rushingira ku buhamya bw’abantu bahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside, rutabajije abatangabuhamya yatanze barimo n’abo yarokoye no kuba urubanza rutaraburanishirijwe aho ibyaha aregwa byakorewe nk’uko yari yabisabye, rucibwa ataburanye atanunganiwe. [4] Yajuriye kandi avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye ramuhamije icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside rwirengagije ko ubwo yari mu kiganiro akavuga ko ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 ari ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe yise ubutati (fratricide) bitari bigamije guhakana cyangwa gupfobya jenoside ahubwo byari mu rwego rwo gutanga ibitekerezo nk’umwarimu wa Kaminuza n’umushakashatsi ubifitiye uburenganzira.

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[5] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite kuko Munyakazi Léopold yahawe umwanya wo kwiregura ku bimeyetso bimushinja birimo inyandikomvugo z’abajijwe mu iperereza ntiyawukoresha kandi yari afite izo nshingano. Bunavuga ko kuba hari dosiye yigeze gukorerwa igashyingurwa bitavuga ko yagizwe umwere kuko nta rubanza yaciriwe kandi hakaba ntakibuza ubushinjacyaha kuba bwakora irindi perereza agakurikiranwa mu gihe habonetse ibindi bimenyetso bituma akekwaho gukora icyaha. Ku bijyanye n’ubujurire ku cyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, buvuga ko nabwo nta shingiro bufite kuko n’ubwo yari afite uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye nk’umushakashatsi ariko bitamuha uburenganzira bwo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside. [6] Mu iburanisha ry’urubanza urukiko rwafashe ibyemezo ku nzitizi zinyuranye zirimo ijyanye n ububasha bw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye mu kuburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere ibyaha Munyakazi ‟ Léopold akurikiranweho n’izijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kwiregura yavugaga ko yavukijwe. [7] Ibibazo bisuzumwa mu rubanza byerekeranye no kumenya niba hari amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside Munyakazi Léopold yavugiye ku kibuga cy’amashuri ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994, niba yaragiye mu bitero byishe abatutsi ahantu hatandukanye muri Kirwa no kumenya niba amagambo yavugiye mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru ahakana akanapfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Kumenya niba Munyakazi Léopold yari mu gitero cyahagururikiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 [8] Munyakazi Léopold n’umwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwamuhamije icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside ruvuga ko yakoresheje inama ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa ku itariki ya 19/4/1994 yarimo abantu benshi abashishikariza kujya kwica abatutsi, anatanga amabwiriza yo kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane, nyamara mu buhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko n’abantu barimo Mberaguhakwa Viateur, Gasani Alphonse, MAL, MBL, Bucyekabiri Anastase na Kimenyi Evariste barasobanuye neza ko Munyakazi atari ahari kuri iyo tariki, ko yari yagiye kuri komini kubera ko nawe yari yaraye atewe. Anavuga ko hari n’izindi nyandiko zimushinjura yatanze mu rukiko ariko ntirwabiha agaciro. [9] Bakomeza bavuga ko n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe bavuga ibintu binyuranye ku birebana n’amasaha inama yabereyeho n’igihe ibitero byagabiwe kuko nka DGE abazwa yavuze ko inama yarangiye saa tatu za mu gitondo bajya mu bitero, Ndahimana avuga ko inama yarangiye saa tanu bajya mu bitero, DGF yavuze ko yarangiye saa saba bajya mu bitero, Nzabanita we avuga ko yarangiye saa cyenda bajya mu bitero, ko batumva ukuntu Munyakazi yakoreshaga inama yarangira bakajya mu bitero bavayo akagaruka agakoresha indi, ko banavuguruzanya ku wari ayoboye inama. Banavuga ko abayobozi b’icyo gihe bagihari babazwa bagasobanura uburyo yakoresheje inama y’abantu ibihumbi bitatu (3000), nk’uko babivuga, batabizi, uretse ko nta n’abagabo babana gutyo bahabaga kuko ibarura rusange ry abaturage ryagaragazaga ko i Kirwa hari hatuye abagabo ‟ igihumbi na magana atandatu (1600).

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[10] Basoza bavuga ko bitari gushoboka ko akoresha inama abantu bamugabagaho ibitero bashaka kwica abatutsi yari ahishe, akanya no kubarega mu buyobozi, ko bo basanga iyo nama itarabayeho, bikaba bitanumvikana ukuntu umucamanza yemeje ko yashishikarije kwica abatutsi mu nama yo kuwa 19/04/1994 atabanje gusuzuma niba koko yarabaye, ko n’ubushinjacyaha bumuregwa gukoresha inama nyinshi mu cyahoze ari komini Kayenzi ariko ntibugaragaze ikimenyetso gifatika cy’uko yari azirimo, ntibunasobanure amatariki zabereyeho, aho zabereye n’imyanzuro yafatiwemo, ko atari no gushishikariza gukora jenoside ngo narangiza ahabwe icyemezo cy uko yitwaye neza. ‟ [11] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibyo Munyakazi Léopold avuga ko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko yashishikarije abantu gukora jenoside nta shingiro bifite kubera ko urukiko rwagaragaje ibimenyetso bihagije byemeza ko kuwa 19/04/1994 yari mu nama yabereye ku kibuga cy’amashuri ya Kirwa birimo imvugo z’ababajijwe mu iperereza barimo Nzabanita Cyrille, DGA, Ndahimana Claver, DGF, DGD bari muri iyo nama bemeje ko na Munyakazi yari ayirimo, akabashishikariza kujya kwica abatutsi, ko banambara amashara kugira ngo babashe kumenyana. Bukavuga ko Munyakazi yateshutse ku nshingano ye yo kwiregura ku bimenyetso byagaragajwe n’ubushinjacyaha nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko, ko rero atavuga ko yavukijwe ubwo burenganzira. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [12] Urukiko rusanga ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranyeho Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside buvuga ko yagikoze ubwo yari mu nama ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 aho yafashe ijambo nk’umuhanga agasobanura amateka avuga ko batagomba kwihanganira abatutsi kuko kuva na kera ari abantu babi, ko n’abatutsi bari mu giturage bagomba kwicwa kuko ari bene wabo b’inkotanyi zaje mu Mutara zica abahutu zigatwara n’imitungo yabo, ko ari nazo yaje ahunga, ko yanababwiye kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane baticana ubwabo bari mu bitero, bukavuga ko ayo magambo ariyo yatumye abatutsi b’i Kirwa batangira kwicwa. [13] Urukiko rusanga mu kumuhamya icyo cyaha, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwarashingiye ku mvugo z’ababajijwe mu iperereza ari bo DGA waje guhabwa iryo zina kubera impamvu z’umutekano we ubwo yari ahamagawe gutanga ubuhamya mu Rukiko, Nzabanita Cyrille na Ndahimana Claver ruvuga ko bahuriza ku kuba Munyakazi Léopold yari mu nama yo kuwa 19/04/1994 akavugiramo amagambo ashishikariza kwica abatutsi no ku mvugo za DGF na DGD nabo bahawe n’uru rukiko ayo mazina ku mpamvu z’umutekano wabo, Urukiko Rwisumbuye ruvuga ko bemeje ko Munyakazi yitabiriye ibitero byo kuwa 19/04/1994. [14] Urukiko rusanga mu isuzuma ry ubujurire bwa Munyakazi Léopold kuri iki cyaha, ‟ rwarahamagaje abatangabuhamya batanzwe n’impande zombi ndetse runasesengura imvugo z’ababajijwe mu iperereza rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 86 igika cya kabiri y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko urukiko ari rwo ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose bishinja cyangwa bishinjura ari byo kandi bishobora kwemerwa n’ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko urukiko ari rwo

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rwonyine rupima ko imikirize y’abatangabuhamya ihuye n’ikiburanwa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa guhakanwa. - DGA wahawe izina kubera impamvu y’umutekano we [15] Urukiko rusanga DGA yaratanze ubuhamya muri uru rukiko akavuga ko ku wa 19/04/1994 hagati ya saa tatu na saa yine ari bwo yahuriye na Munyakazi Léopold mu kibuga cy’umupira ku mashuri ya Kirwa avuye i Kayenzi ari kumwe na Nkundirihamye Alphonse wabasabye guceceka kugira ngo bababwire amabwiriza bari bavanye i Kayenzi kwa Burugumesitiri Mbarubukeye, Munyakazi nawe aramwunganira ababwira ko amabwiriza bavanye kwa burugumesitiri ari uko bagomba guhiga abatutsi nta yandi mananiza kandi ko bagomba kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane bari mu gitero, ko bose babyambaye na Munyakazi arabyambara afite n’igikoni, bagana kwa Ugirashebuja kuko bumvaga ari ho abatutsi bari. [16] Rusanga DGA abazwa bwa mbere mu iperereza mu 2006 yaravuze ko inama Munyakazi Léopold aregwa gukoresha ashishikariza abahutu kwica abatutsi ntazo azi. Abazwa mu 2016 akaba yaravuze ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994, abaturage b’i Gitwa bahanganye n’abahutu bo mu Ruheka bari babateye bashaka kwica abatutsi, ko nyuma abatutsi babonye bikomeye barahunga, bo bajya mu kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa bahahurira n’abahutu bo mu Ruheka, haza Munyakazi Léopold ari kumwe na Nkundirihamye Alphonse bavuye mu nama kuri komine Kayenzi babasaba kwegerana maze Nkundirihamye Alphonse ababwira ko babazaniye amakuru avuye ibukuru kuri komine y’uko bagomba kwica abatutsi bose nta n’umwe usigaye, Munyakazi Léopold amwunganira avuga ko kugira ngo bamenyane ari uko buri wese yambara ibishangara n’uko bose bagomba kugendera hamwe. [17] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya DGA yatangiye mu rukiko butashingirwa hemezwa ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 ku kibuga cy’amashuli I Kirwa habaye inama Munyakazi Léopold ayivugiramo amagambo ashishikariza abahutu kwica abatutsi kubera ubuhamywa bwe n’imvugo ze zo mu iperereza zivuguruzanya kuko abazwa bwa mbere mu 2006 yavuze ko nta nama azi Munyakazi yakoresheje ashishikariza abahutu kwica abatutsi bitandukanye n’ibyo yabwiye uru rukiko ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 kuri ayo mashuri habereye inama Munyakazi ababwira ko amabwiriza bavanye kwa burugumesitiri ari uko bagomba guhiga abatutsi nta yandi mananiza n’uko bagomba kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane naho ubwo yabazwaga mu iperereza mu 2016 ho akaba yaravuze ko amabwiriza bari bavanye kuri komine yo kwica abatusi yavuzwe na Nkundirihamye Alphonse, Munyakazi akamwunganira avuga gusa ko bagomba kwambara ibishangara no kugendera hamwe. - DGD wahawe izina kubera impamvu y’umutekano we [18] Urukiko rusanga mu buhamya bwe, DGD avuga ko uwitwa Nzabanita Cyrille na Ruticumugambi bagiye iwabo ari ninjoro babasaba kubashakira abantu bo kujya kwica abatutsi i Kirwa, bigeze mu gitondo ku wa 19/04/1994 nka saa saba bavuza induru ngo bazamuke, bageze i Kirwa abasore b’abatutsi barabirukana basubira hasi mu Ruheka, abandi basubira i Kayenzi, abandi i Kigunda, ko bongeye guhamagara bavuga ko hatanzwe uburenganzira bwo kwica abatutsi ariko ko atamenye umuntu wabivuze kuko yasanze bavuye mu kibuga arabakurikira. Yanavuze ko

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yumvanye abireze ibyaha ko Munyakazi yategetse ko bambara ibishangara kugira ngo baticana, ariko ko amubona kwa Nshunguyinka we ntabyo yari yambaye. [19] Rusanga DGD abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko kuwa 19/04/1994 yasanze igitero cyavuye ku kibuga, aragikurikira bajya kwa Nshunguyinka kwica umugore we witwa Epiphanie kuko yari umututsikazi ariko bahageze ntibamwica, avuga ko muri icyo gitero yari kumwe na Munyakazi Léopold kandi ko icyo gihe nta ntwaro yigeze amubonana. [20] Urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwa DGD nabwo butashingirwaho hemezwa ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa Munyakazi Léopold yahavugiye amagambo ashishikariza abahutu kwica abatutsi, anategeka ko bambara ibishangara kugira ngo baticana kuko haba mu rukiko, haba no mu iperereza yavuze ko yasanze igitero cyavuye ku kibuga aragikurikira bivuze ko atamenye ibyahavugiwe. Rusanga n’ibyo avuga ko Munyakazi yategetse ko bambara ibishangara bitashingirwaho kuko avuga ko ari ibyo yumvanye abireze ibyaha ariko akaba adasobanura abo ari bo, ntanavuge niba yarumvise bavuga aho yabivugiye. - DGF wahawe izina kubera impamvu y’umutekano we [21] Urukiko rusanga DGF atanga ubuhamya mu rukiko yaravuze ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 yasanze inama isa n’irangiye, ko hari hagati ya saa yine na saa tanu ariko abantu batari bahaguruka, ko icyo yasanze inama ivuga ari uko hari abantu bari hamwe bagiye guhangana, ko abari bayoboye inama aribo Alphonse, Gakwandi Isidore na Munyakazi, uko ari batatu (3) babasabye kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bataza kwicana hagati yabo, bahita bambara ibishangara abandi barabyitera, ko Munyakazi yanavuze ko abatutsi ari babi bamubujije ubworozi bw inkoko ‟ yari atunze. [22] Urukiko rusanga DGF abazwa mu iperereza mu 2016 yaravuze ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994, ubwo abantu benshi bari bateraniye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa uwo bita Nkundirihamye Alphonse yafashe ijambo ababwira ko avuye ibukuru kuri komine yahawe amabwiriza na Burugumesitiri Mbarubukeye y’uko abatutsi bose bagomba kwicwa. Yanavuze ko yumvise na Munyakazi Léopold avuga ko abatutsi bamutesheje ubworozi bw’inkoko yari atunze aho yigishaga i Butare, ko yanumvise bavuga ko muri iyo nama yo ku mashuli ari we wavuze ko kugira ngo bagende basa cyangwa bamenyane ari uko bambara ibishangara, ko nawe ayo magambo yayumvise ariko atamenye uwayavuze. [23] Urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bwa DGF, rusanga butashingirwaho nk ikimenyetso ‟ kidashidikanywaho cyemeza ko ubwo bari ku kibuga cy amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994, ‟ MUNYAKAZI Léopold yashishikarije gukora jenoside abwira abari bahateraniye kwambara ibishangara n uko abatutsi ari babi bamutesheje ubworozi bw inkoko yari atunze kuko atanga ‟ ‟ ubuhamya muri uru rukiko yavuze ko ibyo kwambara ibishangara byavuzwe na Nkundirihamye Alphonse, Gakwandi Isidore na Munyakazi bari bayoboye inama uko ari batatu (3) adasobanura niba bose baravugiye icyarimwe cyangwa niba haragiye havuga umwe akunganirwa n undi. ‟ Rusanga kandi ubuhamya bwe bunavuguruzanya n ibyo yavuze abazwa mu iperereza mu 2016 ‟ kubera ko yari yavuze ko ibyo kuba ari MUNYAKAZI wababwiye kwambara ibishangara yabyumvanye abandi, anavuga ko ayo magambo nawe yayumvise ariko ntiyamenya uwayavuze, nyamara akavuga ko yamwumvise avuga ko abatutsi ari babi bamutesheje ubworozi bw inkoko yari ‟ atunze. Bityo nabyo bikaba bikaba bitera gushidikanya ku kuba yakumva bimwe ibindi ntabyumve.

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- DGE wahawe izina kubera impamvu y’umutekano [24] Urukiko rusanga DGE mu buhamya yatanze muri uru rukiko yaravuze ko mu gitondo cyo kuwa 19/04/1994, babyutse bajya guteranira mu kibuga ku mashuli ya Kirwa, Munyakazi ababwira ko bavuye I Kayenzi, abasaba kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo abatutsi batabivangamo, ko ari ayo magambo yonyine yumvise avuga. [25] Urukiko rusanga DGE abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko we n’abagenzi be bavuye mu Ruheka bagabye igitero muri serire ya Gitwa bahageze basanga abaturage baho bari mu kibuga cy amashuli cya Kirwa batangiye kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane kuko abayobozi ‟ bari aho bari bamaze kubitangamo amabwiriza, ko kubera ko atatangiye inama atamenya abantu bose bafashemo amagambo ariko ko abari bayifitemo ingufu ari Nkundirihamye Alphonse na Gakwandi. [26] Urukiko rugereranyije ubuhamya bwa DGE n’imvugo ze mu iperereza, rusanga bivuguruzanya kuko mu buhamya bwe avuga ko yumvise Munyakazi Léopold asaba abari ku kibuga cy’amashuli kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo abatutsi batabivangamo mu gihe abazwa mu iperereza yari yaravuze ko atazi abafashe ijambo kubera ko atatangiranye n’inama, akanavuga ko yasanze batangiye kwambara ibishangara. Urukiko rugasanga rero ubuhamya bwe butashingirwaho hemezwa ko kuwa 19/04/1994 ku kibuga cy amashuli ya Kirwa Munyakazi yashishikarije abari aho ‟ gukora jenoside kuko butera gushidikanya ku kuba ari Munyakazi wavuze ko bambara ibishangara cyane cyane ko n’abo avuga ko bari bakuriye inama avuga Nkundirihamye na Gakwandi gusa. - DGH wahawe izina kubera impamvu y’umutekano we [27] Urukiko rusanga DGH abazwa mu rukiko yaravuze ko ku itariki 19/4/1994 iwabo hateye ibitero bibiri kimwe kiza mu gitondo mu ma saa mbiri barakirwanya kuko abahutu n’abatutsi b’i Kirwa bari bagishyize hamwe, kigiye bahungira mu ngo, ko icyo gitero Munyakazi atari akirimo ariko bigeze mu ma saa tanu bumva induru z’abo bari bamaze kurwana, bajya ku kibuga cy’amashuri amubona afite igiti cy’inturusu cy’igihwanyurano mu gitero cyarimo abantu benshi bakabakaba 400 cyangwa 500 gisohotse kijya gutera kwa Félicien. Urukiko rusanga anavuga ko atazi niba hari inama yabaye mbere y’icyo gitero. [28] Urukiko rusanga DGH abazwa mu iperereza kuwa 24/11/2016 yaravuze ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 hari igitero cyaje i Kirwa, abahutu n abatutsi b’i Gitwa barakirwanya gisubira inyuma, ‟ ko icyo gihe ari bwo yahuye na Munyakazi Léopold avuye mu nama kuri komini Kayenzi, bajya ku mashuli abakoresha inama, nyuma bazamuka mu gitero bari kumwe, jenoside itangira ubwo muri Gitwa bica abatutsi. [29] Urukiko rugereranyije ibyo DGH yavuze mu rukiko n’imvugo ze mu iperereza, rusanga bitashingirwaho kuko bivuguruzanya kubera ko mu buhamya avuga ko atazi niba hari inama yabaye mbere y’igitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 ariko abazwa mu iperereza akaba yari yaravuze ko yahuye na Munyakazi Léopold avuye kuri komini Kayenzi, bajya ku mashuli abakoreha inama, nyuma bajya mu gitero bari kumwe, atanavuze ibyo yababwiye. [30] Urukiko rusesenguye izindi mvugo zo mu iperereza za Nzabanita Cyrille n’iza Ndahimana Claver zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye, rusanga Nzabanita Cyrille avuga ko jenoside itangira

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Munyakazi Léopold yazaga ku irondo mu Cyakabiri mu kagari ka Gitwa nta mbunda afite kuko yayibonye ubwicanyi butangiye, anavuga ko yamusangaga kuri bariyeri iri hepfo yo kwa Munyeshuli Ladislas, ko yahazaga ari wenyine ari na ninjoro akababwira guhora bari maso, ko nibazajya babona umuntu batazi bazajya bamuhagarika, bakamusaba ibyangombwa yaba atabifite bagahita bamwica kuko azaba ari inkotanyi, ko yakomezaga kuri bariyeri yo mu Rugarama ariko ko ibyo yahavugiraga atabizi. [31] Urukiko rusanga anavuga ko Munyakazi Léopold yageze i Kirwa mu kwezi kwa kane 1994, ko yamwumviye mu kabari ka Nkundirihamye Alphonse avuga ko yaje ahunga inkotanyi avuye I Nyakinama, ko zamutesheje imitungo ye (inkoko), akanababwira ububi bw abo bantu, ko baza ‟ basenya, basahura, bakica abahutu. Rusanga yaranavuze ko ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 bateraniye ku kibuga cy’amashuli i Kirwa ari abantu barenga ibihumbi 2000, ko atabonaga abantu bavuga ngo anumve ibyo bavuga uretse Nkundirihamye Alphonse, Gakwandi Isidore na Munyakazi Léopold yumvise avuga ko yaje ahunga inkotanyi, ko ari abantu babi zishe abahutu mu Mutara zigafata imitungo yabo, ko rero aribo batahiwe batagomba kubihanganira, bagomba gukuraho bene wabo, ko amaze kuvuga ayo magambo bahise bashaka amashara barayambara kugira ngo bamenyane bataza kwicana, ko bavugaga ko utayambara azaba ari umwanzi. Rusanga ubwo yabazwaga mu iperereza mu 2016 yarasubiyemo ibyo yari yaravuze mu ibazwa rya mbere bijyanye n’amagambo avuga ko Munyakazi yavugiye mu kabari ka Nkundirihamye no ku kibuga cy amashuli ya Kirwa. ‟ [32] Urukiko rusanga Ndahimana Claver abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko ubwo bari bateraniye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 yibuka ko Munyakazi Léopold yababwiye ko bica abatutsi kuko bafitanye gahunda n’inkotanyi, ari ibyitso byazo, anabasobanurira amateka y’abatutsi avuga ko kuva kera bari abantu babi cyane, ko n’inkotanyi zinjiye mu Mutara zica abahutu ari zene wabo w’abatutsi bari mu giturage, bituma banga abatutsi bumva ko bagomba kubatanga bakabica, ko ibyo yabibabwiraga afatanyije n’interahamwe yitwaga Gakwandi Isidore wababwiraga uko i Kigali bica abatutsi, akanababwira ko ubuyobozi bubishyigikiye. [33] Urukiko rusanga izo mvugo za Nzabanita Cyrille n’iza Ndahimana Claver zo mu iperereza zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye ruhamya Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, uru rukiko rutazishingiraho zonyine hemezwa ko kuwa 19/04/1994 yababwiye ko bica abatutsi kuko bafitanye gahunda n’inkotanyi, ari ibyitso byazo, anabasobanurira amateka y’abatutsi avuga ko kuva kera bari abantu babi cyane, ko n’inkotanyi zinjiye mu Mutara zica abahutu ari zene wabo w’abatutsi bari mu giturage kuko imvugo zabo zigeraranyijwe n’ubuhamya bw’abandi babajijwe muri uru rukiko nazo zitera gushidikanya ku magambo nyayo Munyakazi Léopold yaba yarahavugiye kubera ko muri abo nta wemeza ko yavuze ayo magambo Nzabanita na Ndahimana bavuga y’uko yababwiye kandi harimo abavuga ko bari ku kibuga cy amashuli ‟ ya Kirwa uwo munsi. [34] Byongeye kandi uko gushidikanya kukaba kunashingira ku kuba mu ibazwa rya Ndahimana Claver mu iperereza yaravuze ko ubwo habaga inama ku kibuga cy’amashuli yari kumwe na Nkuriyijuru Jean Marie Vianney ubwo Munyakazi yavugaga ayo magambo abashishikariza kwanga abatusi, nyamara Nkuriyijuru abazwa mu iperereza mu 2016 akaba yaravuze ko nta nama yagiyemo, ko ibyo azi ari ibyo yumvanye Ndahimana Claver ubwo bari mu nama mu kagali ka Nyabiramba aho bita Samandugu avuga ko yari kumwe na Munyakazi mu nama itegura ubwicanyi yabereye ku kibuga cy’amashuli kuwa 19/04/1994.

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[35] Urukiko rusanga n’abandi babajijwe mu iperereza ariko batashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye imvugo zabo nazo zitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Munyakazi Léopold yavuze amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside kuko nka Sebushishi Simon avuga ko Munyakazi yakanguriye abaturage ba Kirwa, Ruheka na Kigunga gutangira kwica abatutsi ariko akaba adasobanura amagambo yavuze cyangwa ubundi buryo yaba yarabikozemo abibakangurira. Rusanga n ibyo kuba Munyakazi Léopold yarabwiye abari ku kibuga cy’amashuli kwambara ‟ ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane bivugwa na Uzaribara Tharcisse na Hitiremana Athanase ari ibyo bumvanye DGA, DGE, DGF na DGD kandi uru rukiko rukaba rwasanze ubuhamya bwabo butagomba gushingirwaho nk uko byasobanuwe. ‟ [36] Urukiko rusanga nk’uko rwagaragaje ko hari ugushidikanya ku birebana no kuba hari amagambo ashishikariza gukora jenoside Munyakazi Léopold yavugiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa, hari no gushidikanya ku birebana no kuba yari kuri icyo kibuga kuko hari n’abatangabuhamya cyangwa ababajijwe mu iperereza bagaragaza ko Munyakazi atari ku kibuga cy’amashuli ahavugwa ko habereye inama akayivugiramo ayo magambo. Urukiko rusanga muri abo batangabuhamya harimo Gasani Alphonse uvuga ko inama ziba Munyakazi yabaga ari iwe, akanavuga ko DGD yamumbwiye ko kuwa 19/04/1994 igitero cyazamutse kinyuze ku kibuga cy’amashuli kibanje guhabwa amabwiriza na Nkundirihamye wari uvuye kuri Komini. Rusanga no mu buhamya bwe, Niyigena Ildephonse avuga ko inama yabereye mu kibuga cy’amashuri ya Kirwa we atari ayirimo ariko igitero aho cyaciye n’abari bakirimo yabibonye, kandi ko icyo gitero kiva ku mashuli Munyakazi yari iwe yicaye hanze kuri fondasiyo y’inzu asoma igitabo, ndetse n’umutangabuhamya MCL uvuga ko mu bo yumvise bari bayoboye inama yo kuwa 19/04/1994 yavugaga ibyo kwica abatutsi ari Nkundirihamye Alphonse wari umucuruzi wa kabari gapima urwagwa, Hitimana wo mu Ruheka na Gakwandi, ko iyo Munyakazi aba yarayigiyemo yari kumva bamuvuga. [37] Urukiko rusanga kandi na Gakwerere Valens abazwa mu iperereza mu 2016 yaragaragaje ko Munyakazi atari ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 ubwo Nkundirihamye Alphonse bahimba Mazuru yababwiraga ko avuye i Kayenzi kandi ko Burugumesitiri amutegetse ko aho umututsi wese ari agomba gupfa, akabasaba gushaka aho umututsi ari hose kugira ngo bamwice, ababwira ko nta n’umwe ugomba kubacika no kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bahishe umutwe batabamenya. Yanavuze bavuye ku kibuga basanze Munyakazi Léopold ahagaze iwe mu rugo ku marembo. [38] Urukiko rusanga n’ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Munyakazi Léopold yatanze amabwiriza yo kujya kwica abatutsi avuga ko ari abantu babi bamutesheje imitungo ye, akanategeka ko abajya mu bitero bambara ibishangara, bakanagendera hamwe atafatwa nk’amabwiriza yo gukora jenoside kuko rusanga ari amagambo bamwe mu batangabuhamya n’ababajijwe mu iperereza bavuga ko Munyakazi yavugiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 abashishikariza gukora jenoside kandi urukiko rukaba rwasanze nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko yavuze ayo magambo. Ku birebana n’amategeko [39] Urukiko rurasanga icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 132 3o z’Iitegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo

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kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ivuga ko gushishikariza abantu gukora icyo cyaha n’ubwo bitashyirwa mu bikorwa, wifashishije amagambo, amashusho cyangwa inyandiko ari igikorwa gihanwa kimwe n’icyaha cya jenoside. Urukiko rusanga kandi ingingo ya 3 c. y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo kuwa 09/12/1948 arebana no gukumira icyaha cya jenoside nayo iteganya icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame gukora jenoside1. [40] Urukiko rusanga n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko No 84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryerekeye icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’ibindi byaha bifitanye isano nayo ivuga ko gushishikariza undi gukora jenoside ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose gikozwe mu ruhame kigamije guhamagarira, koshya, gukangurira cyangwa guhatira undi muntu gukora jenoside. [41] Urukiko rusanga icyo cyaha gikorwa hifashishijwe amagambo, amashusho, inyandiko zikwirakwijwe, ibikangisho cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho bikorewe mu ruhame nk’uko byanasobanuwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda nk’urwa Georges Ruggiu2. Rusanga kugira ngo icyo cyaha kibeho gisaba ko ugikora aba afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by’intambara3. [42] Harebwe ibimaze gusobanurwa n’uburyo ubushinjacyaha burega Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside buvuga ko yagikoreye mu nama yo kuwa 19/04/1994 yabereye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa, hakanerebwa ko isesengura ry’ibimenyetso ryagaragaje ko hari ugushidikanya ku kuba Munyakazi yari kuri icyo kibuga akahavugira amagambo ashishikariza abari aho kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, rusanga uko gushidikanya bigomba ku murengera nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 165 y’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha4. Bityo ubujurire bwa Munyakazi Léopold bukaba bufite ishingiro ku bijya no kuba adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside. 2. Kumenya niba Munyakazi yari mu gitero cyahagururikiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 no kumenya niba yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi i Kirwa [43] Munyakazi Léopold n’umwunganira bavuga ko yakurikiranyweho icyaha cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 arafatwa arafungwa by’agateganyo, nyuma y’iperereza ararekurwa ategekwa kujya yitaba ubushinjacyaha kugeza kuwa 28/12/1999 aho ubushinjacyaha bwamuhaye 1 Article 3 de la convention pour la prévention et la repression du crime de génocide: seront punis les actes suivants: a) le génocide; b) l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide; c) l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide; d) la tentative de génocide; e) la complicité de génocide. 2 “According to the International Law Commission, public incitement is characterized by a call for criminal action to a number of individuals in a public place or to members of the general public at large by such means as the mass media, for example, radio or television”, ICTR-97-32-1 The Prosecutor v. Georges Ruggiu of 1st June 2000, para. 17. 3 ICTR-98-42-T The Prosecutor v. Nyiramasuhuko Pauline and others of 24 June 2011, para. 5592. 4 Ingingo ya 165 y’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha igira iti: gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa. Iyo urubanza rwakurikiranywe mu buryo bwose, ntihagire ibimenyetso nyakuri biboneka byemeza nta shiti abacamanza ko ushinjwa yakoze icyaha koko, bagomba kwemeza ko atsinze.

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icyemezo cy’uko atazongera kubwitaba ukundi, binatuma izindi nzego za Leta zimuha ibyangombwa birimo icy’imyifatire myiza yahawe hashingiwe kuri raporo y’ubuyobozi bwose guhera ku kagali ka Gitwa aho avuka kugeza ku buyobozi bw’akarere kugira ngo abone indangamuntu. Banavuga ko izo nzego zose zitari kwibeshya ngo zimuhe ibyo byangombwa kandi akekwaho kuba yarakoze jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, ko yanahawe akazi akorera Leta ku mugaragaro, bagasanga nta bindi bimenyetso bitari muri iyo dosiye ubushinjacyaha bwabonye. [44] Bakomeza bavuga ko ibyo ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko hakozwe dosiye nshya itandukanye n’iyo yakorewe mbere atari byo kuko butagaragaje aho dosiye bushingiraho bumurega itandukaniye n iya mbere kubera ko butanagaragaza ko yashyinguwe cyangwa yarangiye kuko bo basanga ari ‟ dosiye imwe n icyaha yari akurikiranweho ari kimwe, ndetse n’ababajijwe mu iperereza ari bamwe, ‟ ndetse bakaba barasabye ko igaragazwa kuko harimo ibimenyetso bimushinjura ariko urukiko rwisumbuye ntirwaha agaciro icyifuzo cye. [45] Munyakazi Léopold n’umwunganira bavuga kandi ko umucamanza atahaye agaciro icyemezo cy’imbanziriza mushinga wa gacaca yakorewe muri gereza ya Gitarama aho abakekwaho jenoside bakomoka hamwe batangaga amakuru ku buryo jenoside yakozwe, ko ku bimureba nta muntu n’umwe w’i Kayenzi aho akomoka wigeze amuvuga mu bakoze jenoside, ndetse n’abatangabuhamya b ubushinjacyaha barimo DGA, Nzabanita n’abandi bireze bakemera icyaha ‟ batigeze bavuga ko bagikoranye, hakaba nta n’uwigeze amurega muri Gacaca, bigaragaza ko ibyo bamushinja ubu ari ibihimbano. [46] Bongeraho ko urukiko rwisumbuye rwashingiye ku batangabuhamya babiri banahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside, ntirwanagira abandi rubaza, ndetse n’abo yatanze bamushinjura barimo abo yarokoye ntirwababaza. Bavuga ko abo bantu babiri (2) aribo DGA na Nzabanita batanze ubuhamya babogamye, banahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside bataba kamara ku buryo ubuhamya bwabo bwashingirwaho mu kumuhamya ibyaha, cyane cyane ko batanagaragaye mu rukiko ngo habeho ivuguruzanya, ndetse n’umucamanza wo muri Amerika akaba yarafashe icyemezo cyo kudaha agaciro ubuhamya bw’abo ariko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rubirengaho rumuhamya icyaha rubashingiyeho. [47] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwa Munyakazi Léopold nta shingiro bufite kuko n’ubwo yafunzwe akarekurwa by’agateganyo akanahabwa ibyemezo by’imyitwarire myiza mu mico n’imyifatire bitamugira umwere kuko atari icyemezo cy’urukiko. Buvuga ko dosiye yakorewe mbere butayishingiraho, ko hakozwe indi dosiye idafite aho ihuriye n’iya mbere kandi bukaba busanga yuzuye kandi hakaba ntakibuza ko akurikiranwa mu gihe hari ibimenyetso bituma akekwa gukora ibyaha akurikiranyweho. [48] Bukomeza buvuga ko ibyo Munyakazi Leopold avuga ko urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa DGA na Nzabanita Cyrille bireze bakemera ibyaha rwirengagije abatangabuhamya bashinjura nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko nta tegeko ribuza ko umuntu wakatiwe yatanga ubuhamya, akaba ataranigeze abuzwa uburenganzira bwo kubavuguruza ahubwo akaba yaranze kuburana kubushake bwe, bigatuma abatangabuhamya badatumizwa, maze urukiko rushingira ku nyandikomvugo zabo nk’ibimenyetso bishinja kandi bikaba bitabujijwe n’amategeko.

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[49] Buvuga kandi ko kopi z’inyandiko z’abatangabuhamya avuga ko bamushinjura zitahabwa agaciro kuko atari umwimerere, ko urukiko rusanze ari ngombwa abazanditse bahamagazwa. Bunavuga ko n’imbanziriza mushinga ya Gacaca yakorewe muri gereza ya Gitarama Munyakazi avuga ko igaragaza ko atagize uruhare muri jenoside kuko ntawamushinje nabyo nta gaciro byahabwa kubera ko ntayo yigeze ashyikiriza urukiko ngo ruyisuzume n’ubushinjacyaha bukaba butarigeze buyifashisha nk’ikimenyetso, uretse ko busanga ntanaho ihuriye n’uru rubanza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [50] Urukiko rusanga Munyakazi Léopold yararezwe icyaha cya jenoside hashingiwe ku kuba kuwa 19/04/1994 yari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli y’ahahoze ari serile Gitwa, segiteri Kirwa akarere ka Kayenzi kijya guhiga abatutsi mu ngo zabo, kubasenyera no kubasahura, cyica Nyirantama wari umugore wa Kiragi na Munyarigoga Raphaël, kirakomeza kijya kwa Nshunguyinka Vincent bitaga icyitso kuko yari atunze umugore w umututsikazi witwa Mukakamali ‟ Epiphanie bakeka ko ahishe abatutsi barimo muramu we Ugirashebuja Félicien wari umuyobozi w’amashuli abanza, nyuma icyo gitero kijya kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien kimubuze kimusenyera inzu, kiranamusahura, gikomeza kijya kwica abatutsi bari bahungiye mu ishyamba ry’ibiti bya pinusi bitaga irya BIT. [51] Urukiko rusanga Munyakazi Léopold yarahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside n’Urukiko rwisumbuye hashingiwe ku mvugo zo mu iperereza za DGA n’iza Nzabanita Cyrille ruvuga ko bahamije badasobwa ko Munyakazi Léopold yitabiriye ibitero byishe abatutsi. Rusanga muri uru rukiko DGA yarahamagajwe nk’umutangabuhamya naho Nzabanita Cyrille akaba yarahamajwe ariko ntiyumvwa nk’umutangabuhamya kubera impamvu z’uburwayi. [52] Urukiko rusanga mu gusuzuma impamvu z’ubujurire kuri iki cyaha rugomba kugira icyo ruvuga kuri izo mvugo zashingiwe ku rwego rwa mbere, iz’abandi babajijwe mu iperereza no ku buhamya bwatanzwe muri uru rukiko harebwa niba Munyakazi Léopold yari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 no kuba yaba yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi i Kirwa. 3. Kumenya niba Munyakazi Léopold yari mu gitero cyahagururikiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli ya Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 [53] Urukiko rusanga Munyakazi Léopold ashinjwa kuba yari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku kibuga cy amashuli ya Kirwa kijya guhiga abatutsi bakekaga ko bihishe kwa Ugirashebuja. ‟ Rusanga mu batangabuhamya hari abavuga ko yari muri icyo gitero cyasenye, kikanasahura inzu ya Ugirashebuja, hakaba n’abandi bavuga ko atahageze, ko yasigaye kwa Nshunguyinka, ndetse n’abavuga ko atigeze ajya ku kibuga cy’amashuli no kuba atari mu gitero cyahahagurukiye. - DGA wahawe iri zina ku impamvu y’umutekano we [54] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya DGA mu buhamya bwe muri uru rukiko no mu iperereza yemeza ko yahagurukanye na Munyakazi Léopold ku kibuga cy’amashuli bambaye ibishangara bagana kwa Ugirashebuja kuko bakekaga ko ariho abatutsi bari, ko icyo gihe Munyakazi nawe yari yambaye ibishangara afite n’igikoni. Rusanga anavuga ko icyo gitero cyose

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cyakomeje kijya kuzana Munyarigoga, we na Munyakazi basigarana ku muhanda, kirakomeza kijya kuzana umugore wa Kiragi kiramwica, bakomeza bajya kwa Nshunguyinka Vincent, wari ufite umugore w’umututsikazi witwa Mukakamali Epiphanie, Munyakazi abasaba kumwihorera kubera ko yashatse mu bahutu, basiga Munyakazi aho bo bakomeza bajya gushaka abatutsi kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien basanga ntabariyo, baramusenyera. Rusanga anasobanura ko icyo gitero cyari amakipe atatu, iyagiye kwa Munyarigoga, iyaciye hepfo n’iyajyanye umugore wa kiragi ariko ko cyari igitero kimwe bamwe bacaga hamwe abandi ahandi. Anavuga ko uretse icyo gitero cyo ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 nta kindi gitero yajyanyemo na Munyakazi Léopold. [55] Urukiko rusanga DGA abazwa mu iperereza mu 2006 yaravuze ko yari kumwe na Munyakazi Léopold mu gitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 ariko ko nta mbunda yari afite, ko bateye kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien bamenagura ibirahure by inzu ye bakoresheje amabuye ariko ko nta muntu ‟ basanze muri iyo nzu kuko bari bahunze, anavuga ko bajyana na Munyakazi mu gitero bari bahuje umugambi wo kujya kwica Ugirashebuja kuko bamuzizaga ko ari umututsi ariko akaba ntacyo yavuze ku bijyanye n uburyo Munyarigoga na Nyirantama bishwe. ‟ [56] Urukiko rusanga DGA abazwa mu iperereza 2016 yaravuze ko yabonye Munyakazi Léopold mu gitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 ari nka saa tatu cyangwa saa tanu ku mashuri ya Kirwa, selire Gitwa, segiteri Kirwa, komini Kayenzi, perefegitura ya Gitarama, amaze kubabwira kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bamenyane no kubabwira kugendera hamwe, bafashe umuhanda bajya kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien kubera ko bari bazi ko ariho abatutsi bihishe bose kuko yari umwarimu ukomeye bahagera nka saa saba z’amanywa ariko ko batahageranye na Munyakazi Léopold kuko we yasigaye mu gitero kwa Nshunguyinka Vincent umugabo wa Mukakamali Epiphanie, bo barakomeza bageze kwa Ugirashebuja baramusenyera kuko basanze nta muntu uhari, ko icyo gihe batakomeje ubwicanyi kuko haguye imvura bakwira imishwaro bajya kugama. Rusanga yaranavuze ko muri icyo gitero cyo kuri 19/04/1994 abo azi neza bishwe ari Munyarigoga Raphaël na Nyirantama umugore wa Kiragi, anavuga ko kuba Munyakazi yari muri icyo gitero nawe afite uruhare mu iyicwa ryabo. - DGH wahawe iri zina ku mpamvu y’umutekano [57] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya DGH yemeza ko yabonye Munyakazi Léopold mu gitero cyarimo abantu benshi bakabakaba 400 cyangwa 500 gisohotse ku kibuga cy’amashuli ariko ko atamenye aho bari bagiye kuko yagarukiye ku rusengero hafi y’iwe, Munyakazi akomezanya n’igitero afite igiti cy’inturusu k’igihwanyurano, ko iby’uko cyateye kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien kikahasenya ariko ntihagire abantu bahicirwa ari ibyo yumvise, anumvana Mukakamali Epiphanie ko Munyakazi yageze kwa Ugirashebuja, ko ari nawe wakijije Mukakamali. Urukiko rusanga nanone mu buhamya bwe avuga ko mu makuru yumvanye Ngendo na Gakwandi bo mu Ruheka bigamba ari uko hari abantu bishwe barimo Nirere Généreuse bahimbaga Nyirantama n’uwitwa Raphaël Munyarigoga biciwe ku gasozi kandi ko atigeze yumva bavuga ko aho biciye abo bantu Munyakazi yari ahari. Rusanga abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko nyuma y’inama yabereye ku mashuli bazamutse mu gitero cya simusiga Munyakazi akirimo, jenoside itangira ubwo muri Gitwa bica abatutsi. - Umutangabuhamya Mukakamali Epiphanie

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[58] Urukiko rusanga Mukakamali Epiphanie atanga ubuhamya muri uru rukiko yaravuze ko ku wa 19/04/1994 iwe haje igitero kirimo abantu benshi barimo DGD, Gakwerere, Claver n’abandi atazi bari bambaye ibishangara, ko na Munyakazi yamubonye muri icyo gitero ariko abuza abari bakirimo kumwica we n’abana be, bagenda nta kintu kibi bakoze iwe, icyo gihe Munyakazi nta kintu yari yitwaje atanibuka icyo yari yambaye. Rusanga yaranavuze ko i Kirwa hapfuye abantu benshi barimo se wishwe uwo munsi, ariko ko atumvise ko yaba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rwabo, ko icyo yumviye muri Gacaca ari uko yagiriye inama abari mu gitero kivuye ku mashuri kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bashobore kumenyana, ariko ko agera iwe uwo munsi atazi niba yari abyambaye. [59] Urukiko rusanga Mukakamali abazwa mu iperereza ryo mu 2006 na 2016 nabwo yari yaravuze ko Munyakazi Léopold yari mu gitero cyaje iwe kiri gushaka musaza we Ugirashebuja kimubuze abo bari kumwe bashaka kumwica Munyakazi arababuza kuko yashatse mu bahutu, ko icyo gihe ntacyo yari yitwaje kandi ko uretse icyo gitero yamubonyemo nta bundi yamubonye mu bitero byinshi byazaga gushaka musaza we Ugirashebuja n abana be, ko nta n uruhare azi yagize ‟ ‟ muri jenoside. Rusanga abazwa mu iperereza ryo mu 2016 yaravuze ko ubwo igitero cyazaga iwe Munyakazi Léopold, kimwe n abandi, yari yambaye ibishangara, anirabye ingwa. ‟ - DGF wahawe izina ku mpamvu y’umutekano we [60] Urukiko rusanga mu buhamya bwa DGF avuga ko ubwo bari ku kibuga cy’amashuli kuwa 19/04/1994, bambaye ibishangara bajya kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien, Munyakazi aca iwe ku irembo, bageze kwa Nshunguyinka, basanga inzu yo kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien bamaze kuyisenya ariko ko nta batutsi basanzemo,ko imvura yahise igwa bamanuka bajya mu ishyamba rya pinusi hari hihishe abatutsi, yanavuze ko ubwo bari bageze kwa Nshunguyinka basohoye umugore we Mukakamali Epiphanie, Munyakazi abasaba kumureka, ko icyo gihe yari afite igiti cy’igihiri kibisi cyagereranywa n umutambiko w’urwego ariko ko ntacyo yagikoresheje, ko nta n’ikindi yakoze ‟ naho ibyo kuba yari atunze imbunda akaba yarabyumvanye abandi. Rusanga anavuga ko abo yamenye bishwe barimo umugore wa kiragi. [61] Urukiko rusanga DGF abazwa mu iperereza nabwo yaravuze ko yahagurukanye na Munyakazi mu gitero cyari giturutse ku mashuli kirimo abantu benshi bagera kuri 500, bageze kwa Ugirashebuja basanga inzu ye batangiye kuyisenya, bahita bajya kwa Nshunguyinka Vincent bamuvana mu nzu ku ngufu, umugore we Mukakamali Epiphanie w umututsikazi ntibamwica, ‟ barakomeza nko mu ma saa saba hicwa umugore wa Kiragi. Rusanga yaranavuze ko Munyakazi Léopold atari mu gitero cyishe abantu mu ishyamba rya pinusi bita BIT, ariko ko yagitije umurindi kuko bahagurukanye ariko we azagusubirayo. - DGD wahawe izina ku mpamvu y’umutekano we [62] Urukiko rusanga umutangabuhamya DGD mu buhamya yatanze muri uru rukiko yaravuze ko yageze i Kirwa agasanga abantu benshi barimo guhiga abatutsi nawe arakomeza ageze kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien asanga bamaze gusenya inzu ye, ko yabonye Munyakazi bageze kwa Nshunguyinka bagiye gutwara umugore we Mukakamali Epiphanie, ariko baravuga ngo bagende kuko babonye umugabo we, basohotse bahura na Munyakazi hanze ku irembo, bahita bajya mu ishyamba, Munyakazi Léopold asigarana na Nshunguyinka aho ariko ko atamenye niba yari kumwe

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n’icyo gitero kiva ku kibuga. Rusanga yaranavuze ko yumvanye abireze ibyaha bavuga ko yategetse ko bambara ibishangara kugira ngo baticana, ariko ko amubona kwa Nshunguyinka we ntabyo yari yambaye, ahubwo yari afite igiti cy inturusu kingana n akaboko, yanavuze ko atigeze amubona ‟ ‟ kwa Ugirashebuja. [63] Urukiko rusanga DGD abazwa mu iperereza mu 2016 yaravuze ko mu gihe cya jenoside yabonye Munyakazi Léopold rimwe gusa ubwo bahuriraga ku mugabo witwa Nshunguyinka, yanavuze ko kuwa 19/04/1994 yasanze igitero cyavuye ku kibuga, aragikurikira bajya kwa Nshunguyinka kwica umugore we witwa Epiphanie kuko yari umututsikazi ariko bahageze ntibamwica, avuga ko muri icyo gitero yari kumwe na Munyakazi Léopold kandi ko icyo gihe nta ntwaro yigeze amubonana. - DGE wahawe izina ku mpamvu y’umutekano we [64] Urukiko rusanga mu buhamya bwe, DGE yaravuze ko Munyakazi yababwiye ko bavuye i Kayenzi, anababwira kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo abatutsi batabivangamo, bamwe baca hepfo abandi banyura haruguru bajya kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien batangira gutera amabuye inzu ye. Rusanga yaranavuze ko bahagurukanye na Munyakazi ku kibuga yambaye ibishangara mu mutwe afite igiti cy’igihirima ariko asigara kwa Epiphanie, bo bajya gusenya kwa Félicien. Rusanga ubwo DGE yabazwaga mu iperereza yaravuze ko yahagurukanye na Munyakazi ku kibuga, bajya mu gitero banyura mu mazu ariko bamaze kurenga gato ntiyongera kumubona kubera ko abantu banyuranagamo, ko ari ubwo amuheruka atamenye irengero rye, yanavuze ko Munyakazi atigeze ajya mu ishyamba cyangwa ku mazi ahiciwe abantu. Uko urukiko rubona ubuhamya bwatanzwe [65] Urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu rukiko, rusanga bunyuranye ku bijyanye no kuba Munyakazi Léopold yarahagurukanye n’igitero ku kibuga cy’amashuli kijya gutera kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien aho bakekaga ko abatutsi bihishe, bukananyuranya ku bijyanye no kuba yari yambaye ibishangara n’ibyo yari yitwaje muri icyo gitero. [66] Ku birebana no kuba Munyakazi yarahagurukanye n’igitero ku mashuli ya Kirwa kijya kwica abatutsi bari kwa Ugirashebuja, urukiko rusanga, n’ubwo mu buhamya bwabo DGA na DGE bahuriza ku kuba Munyakazi atari mu gitero cyagiye kwa Ugirashebuja, ko yasigaye kwa Nshunguyinka ariko ubuhamya bwabo buvuguruzwa n’imvugo zabo mu iperereza kuko DGA abazwa mu iperereza mu 2006 yavuze ko bageranye na Munyakazi kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien bamenagura ibirahure by’inzu ye bakoresheje amabuye naho DGE we akaba mu ipererereza yari yaravuze ko yahagurukanye na munyakazi ku kibuga bajya mu gitero banyura mu mazu ariko bamaze kurenga gato ntiyongera kumubona kubera ko abantu banyuranagamo, ko ari ubwo amuheruka atamenye irengero rye. [67] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo DGA na DGE babwiye urukiko binyuranye n’ubuhamya bwa DGF wemeje ko bageranye na Munyakazi kwa Ugirashebuja bagasanga bahasenye, bakahava bajya kwa Nshunguyinka umugabo wa Mukakamali, maze Munyakazi akabasaba ko batamwica. Rusanga na DGH ubuhamya bwe buvuguruzanya n’ibyo yavuze mu iperereza kuko mu buhamya yemeza ko yabonye Munyakazi Léopold mu gitero cyari gisohotse ku kibuga ariko atamenye aho cyari kigiye,

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akanavuga ko iby’uko cyateye yageze kwa Ugirashebuja ari ibyo yumvise, nyamara abazwa mu iperereza akaba yari yaravuze ko nyuma y’inama yabereye ku mashuli bazamutse mu gitero cya simusiga Munyakazi akirimo, jenoside itangira ubwo muri Gitwa bica abatutsi, ariko akaba atarasobanuye aho bagiye bajya n’abishwe. [68] Urukiko rusesenguye uburyo abatangabuhamya bavuga uko Munyakazi yari yambaye ari mu gitero n’icyo yari yitwaje, rusanga ubuhamya bwabo nabwo buvuguruzanya, bakanivuguruza bigereranyijwe n’ibyo bari baravuze mu iperereza kuko nka DGA mu rukiko yavuze ko bajya mu gitero Munyakazi yari yambaye ibishangara afite n’igikoni, ariko abazwa mu iperereza akaba ntacyo yari yaravuze ku bijyanye n’icyo yari yambaye uretse mu iperereza rya 2006 yavuze ko nta mbunda yari afite. Rusanga DGH mu buhamya bwe avuga ko yabonye Munyakazi mu gitero cyari gisohotse ku mashuli afite igiti cy’inturusu k igihwanyurano, nyamara abazwa mu iperereza akaba ‟ ntacyo yavuze ku byerekeranye n ibyo yari yambaye n’icyo yari afite. ‟ [69] Urukiko rusanga kandi DGF mu buhamya bwe avuga ko Munyakazi yari afite igiti cy’igihiri kibisi cyagereranywa n’umutambiko w’urwego, DGD we akavuga ko abona Munyakazi nta bishangara yari yambaye, ko yari afite igiti cy’inturusu kingana n’akaboko ariko abazwa muri 2016 mu iperereza akaba yari yavuze ko nta ntwaro yigeze amubonana. Rusanga DGE avuga ko yahagurukanye ku kibuga na Munyakazi yambaye ibishangara mu mutwe afite igiti cy’igihirima. Rusanga Mukakamali we abazwa mu rukiko yaremeje ko abona Munyakazi iwe nta kintu yari yitwaje, akanavuga ko atibuka icyo yari yambaye, abazwa mu 2006 akaba yari yavuze ko yamubonye ntacyo yitwaje, nyamara abazwa mu 2016 yavuze ko yamubonye yambaye ibishangara anirabye ingwa. [70] Harebwe rero ko abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya bakanivuguruza ku birebana no kuba Munyakazi Léopold yarahagurukanye n’igitero ku kibuga cy’amashuli kijya gutera kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien n’aho batandukaniye no ku bijyanye no kuba yari yambaye ibishangara n’icyo yari yitwaje muri icyo gitero, urukiko rusanga ubuhamya bwabo butashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho cyemeza ko Munyakazi Léopold yahagurutse ku kibuga cy’amashuli mu gitero cyari kigiye kwica abatutsi bari kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien. [71] Urukiko rusanga nanone uko gushidikanya kugaragara mu ivuguruzanya riri hagati y’ubuhamya DGA n’imvugo za Nzabanita Cyrille nawe washingiweho n’urukiko rwisumbuye, kuko uyu avuga ko yari kumwe na Munyakazi mu gitero cyashenye kikanasahura kwa Ugirashebuja, bakanakomeza bajya gusenya kwa Murokore akaba aribwo atandukana na Munyakazi kubera ko imvura yari iguye, nyamara, nk’uko byagaragajwe mu buhamya bwa DGA we akaba yemeza ko yasize Munyakazi kwa Nshunguyinka ajya mu gitero cyasenyeye Ugirashebuja kandi Nzabanita yaravuze ko yari kumwe na DGA na Munyakazi muri icyo gitero. [72] Rusanga n’imvugo ya Gasirabo Antoine wabajijwe mu iperereza y’uko yabonye Munyakazi ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 ari mu gitero cyari giturutse ku mashuli ya Kirwa kijya guhiga abatutsi kikica abantu benshi barimo Kadaterurwa Juvénal na Munyarigoga Rapaël nazo zitaba ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kuko avuga muri rusange adasobanura niba nawe ubwe yari muri icyo gitero, n’uburyo abo bantu bishwe.

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[73] Kuba Munyakazi Léopold yaragaragaye kwa Nshunguyinka nk’uko bivugwa n’abatangabuhamya nawe ntabihakane, urukiko rusanga ubwabyo bitaba ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Munyakazi yageze aho aje mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku mashuli kuwa 19/04/1994 giteye kwa Ugirashebuja kuko urukiko rwasanze nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko yahagurukanye nacyo; ikindi kandi na Mukakamali mushiki wa Ugirashebuja ubwe n’abandi batangabuhamya babajijwe mu rukiko bemeza ko ari Munyakazi watumye Mukakamali aticwa n’icyo gitero ubwo cyari kigeze iwe. Rugasanga rero bitumvikana ukuntu Munyakazi yari kuba azanywe no kwica yarangiza akabuza igitero yari arimo kwica Mukakamali nyuma akanasigara aho kwa Nshunguyinka ntakomezanye nacyo ubwo cyari kigiye gushaka abandi batutsi kwa Ugirashebuja, ntagire n’ikindi gitero yongera kugaragaramo nk’uko abatangabuhamya babivuga. [74] Urukiko rusanga ibyo kuba Munyakazi atari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku mashuli kuwa 19/04/1994 binashimangirwa n’abatangabuhamya barimo MAL wemeza ko nyuma y’aho Nkundirihamye Alphonse ababwiriye ko abatutsi batanzwe, bahise bagabagabana amayira bajya gusahura ingo z’abatutsi ariko ko atigeze yumva ko Munyakazi yari muri icyo gitero kuko yari iwe kubera ikibazo cy’umutekano w’umugore we n’abantu bane (4) bari bihishe iwe; Gasani Alphonse uvuga ko kuwa 19/04/1994 yabonye igitero cy’abantu benshi barimo DGD, Hitimana Jean Damascène, Gakwandi na DGF, ko icyo gihe inama ziba Munyakazi yabaga ari iwe kuko yaje ariho ahitira. [75] Rusanga n’umutangabuhamya Niyigena Ildephonse avuga ko inama yabereye mu kibuga cy’amashuli i Gitwa atari ayirimo, ariko ko aho igitero cyaciye n’abari bakirimo yabibonye, abonamo DGA na DGF, ko we yari imbere yo kwa Munyakazi aho yahingaga, ko igitero kiza Munyakazi yari iwe yicaye hanze kuri fondasiyo y’inzu asoma igitabo, kirakomeza kinyura kwa Gasani kijya gusenya kwa Ugirashebuja Félicien. Rusanga MCL nawe avuga ko iyo Munyakazi aba yarakoze jenoside yari kubimenya kuko abantu bakoraga ubwicanyi bishyiragamo ingufu bakubara, bagenda bazenguruka hirya no hino kandi no muri gacaca Munyakazi akaba ataravuzwe mu bishe abantu. [76] Urukiko rusanga kandi no mu mvugo ya Gakwerere Valens wabajijwe mu iperereza nawe yemeza ko Munyakazi Léopold atari mu gitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 cyahagurukiye ku mashuli ya Kirwa kuko avuga ko bajya mu gitero bamusanze ahagaze iwe mu rugo ku marembo ababaza aho bagana, bamwe bamusubiza ko barimo kurwana n’abatutsi, ababaza impamvu barwana nabo ari abasivile kandi intambara irwanwa n’abasirikare, ntibumva icyo ashaka kubabwira barakomeza binjira mu rugo rwo kwa Nshunguyinka Evariste bashaka umugore we kuko ari umututsikazi. 4. Kumenya niba Munyakazi Léopold yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi barimo Nirere Généreuse bitaga Nyirantama, Munyarigoga Raphaël n’abandi biciwe hirya no hino muri Kirwa [77] Urukiko rusesenguye ubuhamya bwa DGA, rusanga butashingirwaho hemezwa ko Munyakazi Léopold yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi barimo Nirere Généreuse bita Nyirantama umugore wa Kiragi na Munyarigoga Raphaël bishwe n’igitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 kuko abazwa mu rukiko yavuze avuga ko igice kimwe cy’igitero cyagiye kuvana Munyarigoga iwe, we na Munyakazi basigara ku muhanda kiramukomezanya, kijya no kuzana Nyarantama Généreuse umugore wa Kiragi, kiramwica, naho abazwa mu iperereza muri 2006 akaba atarigeze avuga

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iby’urupfu rwabo, anabazwa mu iperereza muri 2016 ho akaba yaravuze gusa ko abo azi bishwe n igitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994 ari Munyarigoga Raphaël na Nyirantama adasobanura ko ‟ Munyakazi yari mu gitero cyabishe uretse kuvuga ko kuba Munyakazi yari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku kibuga cy’amashuli yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ryabo. [78] Urukiko rusanga n’imvugo za Nzabanita Cyrille mu iperereza zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye nazo uru rukiko rutazishingiraho rwemeza ko Munyakazi Léopold yagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya Munyarigoga Raphaël na Nyirantama Généreuse kuko abazwa mu iperereza mu 2006 ntacyo yavuze ku bijyanye n’urupfu rwabo naho ibyo yavuze mu iperereza ryo mu 2016 by’uko Nyirantama yishwe na Karekezi Cyriaque mu gitero yarimo n’abandi barimo Munyakazi na DGA nabyo bitera gushidikanya kuko, nk’uko urukiko rwabisobanuye ku bijyanye no kuba Munyakazi yari mu gitero cyo kuwa 19/04/1994, imvugo za Nzabanita zitera gushidikanya zigereranjwe n’ubuhamya bw’abandi barimo DGA, ndetse n’imvugo za Gakwerere Valens mu iperereza ryo 2016 aho yavuze ko ubwo bari bavuye ku kibuga igitero cyasanze Munyakazi Léopold iwe ku irembo bo barakomeza bajya kwa Nshunguyinka, bavuyeyo baramanuka bageze mu nzira basanga umugore wa Kiragi yihishe mu masaka, Karekezi amutema umutwe arapfa, barakomeza bageze mu ishyamba bahasanga uwitwa Munyarigoga baramushorera, bahura na Kadaterurwa afite umuhoro n’ikibando abakangisha kubatema avuga ko babahereye kera, we ubwe amutera ibuye aragwa, abandi bamuhondagura mu mutwe agwa aho na Munyarigoga bahita bamutsinda aho. [79] Urukiko rusanga none umutangabuhamya DGF mu buhamya bwe no mu mvugo ze mu iperereza ryo mu 2016 yaravuze ko mu bantu yamenye bishwe barimo umugore wa Kiragi ariko akaba atarasobanuye niba Munyakazi yarabigizemo uruhare. Urukiko rusanga mu buhamya bwe, Nyirarukundo Astérie we avuga ko nta ruhare Munyakazi Léopold yagize mu iyicwa rya Nyirantama kuko bamutsinze kwa Mukamunazi bari baturanye kandi ko icyo gihe Munyakazi atari ahari, akanavuga ko yumvise ko Munyarigoga yiciwe mu nzira ahunga ajya iwabo w umugore i ‟ Runda adasobanura ko yumvise bavuga ko Munyakazi yari ahari. [80] Urukiko rusanga kandi mu buhamya bwa Mukakamali Epiphanie atagaragaza ko Munyakazi yagize uruhare muri jenoside kuko avuga ko i Kirwa hapfuye abantu benshi barimo se wishwe kuwa 19/04/1994, ariko ko atumvise ko Munyakazi Léopold yaba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rwabo, ko icyo yumviye muri Gacaca ari uko yagiriye inama abari mu gitero cyari kivuye ku mashuli kwambara ibishangara kugira ngo bashobore kumenyana. Rusanga kandi abazwa mu iperereza yaravuze ko uretse kumubona iwe nta kindi gihe yamubonye mu bitero byinshi byazaga gushaka musaza we Ugirashebuja n’abana be, ko nta ruhare azi yagize muri jenoside. [81] Ku birebana n’ubundi bwicanyi buvugwa ko bwabereye mu ishyamba rya BIT, urukiko rusanga abatangabuhamya batanzwe n ubushinjacyaha barimo DGA, DGF, DGD na DGE nta ‟ n umwe wemeje ko Munyakazi Léopold yagiye mu gitero mu ishyamba rya BIT kwica abatutsi bari ‟ babahahungiye, abandi bakajya kubaroha mu ruzi. Rusanga n’abandi batangabuhamya bashinjura nka Gasani Alphonse na Niyigena Ildephonse bahuriza ku kuba nta ruhare yagize mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi baguye i Kirwa, ntiyanavugwa muri Gacaca mu bagize uruhare, ndetse na Nyiransengimana Françoise na Iyamuremye Alphonse bahaye urukiko amakuru bakaba baravuze ko nta ruhare Munyakazi yagize muri jenoside.

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[82] By’umwihariko, ku byerekeranye n’urupfu rwa Kamagaju Gerturde n’umwana w’umuhungu bavuga ko yitwaga Saidi bari bihishe kwa Munyakazi Léopold, urukiko rusanga kuba DGA avuga ko Munyakazi yirukanye iwe Kamagaju Gerturde n’igitero kirimo Nzabanita Cyrille kikahakura Saidi, nabyo ubwabyo bitaba ikimenyetso kidashidikanwaho kigaragaza ko yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ryabo kubera ko nta sano rubona hagati yo kuba Kamagaju na Saidi baravuye kwa Munyakazi aho bari bamaze igihe bihishe no kuba nyuma baraje kwicwa. [83] Urukiko rusanga n’ibivugwa na Mukabadege Solange murumuna wa Kamagaju by’uko ari we wohereje igitero i Ruheka aho Kamagajuru yari yagiye kwihisha akaza kuhicirwa yicanywe n’uwari amuhishe nabyo bitashingirwaho kuko adasobanura uburyo yamenye ko ari we wohereje igitero, dore ko no mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, ubushinjacyaha burega Munyakazi ibikorwa byakozwe kuva ku itariki ya 15 kugeza kuwa 20 Mata 1994, ariko mu kubisobanura bukavuga gusa ibijyanye n’ibyaha byakozwe ku itariki ya 19/04/1994 ntihagire n’ikimenyetso gitangwa ku byerekeranye n’uruhare rwe mu iyicwa ryabo. [84] Urukiko rusanga kuba Munyakazi Léopold yari afite imbunda nabyo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi i Kirwa kuko, n’ubwo adahakana ko yayihawe n’ubuyobozi bwa komini Kayenzi kugira ngo ajye yirinda, abatangabuhamya babajijwe bavuga ko ntacyo yayikoresheje, ntawe yayicishije, ko batigeze banumva ayirashisha. Rusanga no mu byo yarezwe hatarimo ibyo kuba yari atunze imbunda mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Ku birebana n’amategeko [85] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 2/05/2011 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana isobanura icyaha cya jenoside mu buryo bukurikira: icyaha cya Jenoside ni kimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira cyakozwe mu buryo bwateguwe kigamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by’intambara: 1° kwica abo bantu; 2° kubatera ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe; 3° kubashyira, ubigambiriye, mu mibereho ishobora gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo;4° gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara; 5° kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje. Rusanga ibyo iyo ngingo iteganya bihura n’ibiteganywa n’Amasezerano ku ikumira n’ihanwa ry’icyaha cya jenoside yo kuwa 09/12/1948 mu ngingo yayo ya 25. 5 Article 2 de la Convention pour la prevention et la repression du crime de genocide: Dans la présente Convention, le génocide s'entend de l'un quelconque des actes ci-après, commis dans l'intention de détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux, comme tel: a) Meurtre de membres du groupe; b) Atteinte grave à l'intégrité physique ou mentale de membres du groupe; c) Soumission intentionnelle du groupe à des conditions d'existence devant entraîner sa destruction physique totale ou partielle; d) Mesures visant à entraver les naissances au sein du groupe; e) Transfert forcé d'enfants du groupe à un autre groupe.

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[86] Urukiko rusesenguye ibiteganywa n’izo ngingo rusanga kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside kibeho hangomba kuba kimwe mu bikorwa biteganywa n’izo ngingo bikozwe hagamijwe kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, ugikora kandi akaba agomba kuba afite ubushake bwihariye bwa ngombwa kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside kibeho kandi uwagikoze akaba yarashatse gukora kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside. Ibi akaba ari byo byasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa Kamuhanda Jean de Dieu rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda6 n’urwa Kajelijeli Juvénal7. [87] By’umwihariko, urukiko rusanga kugira ngo kwica nka kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside bibeho, bisaba ko uwagikoze aba yishe abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo akaba afite n’ubushake bwihariye bwo kubikora. [88] Urukiko rusanga rero, hakurikijwe ibimaze gusobanurwa n’isesengura ry’ibimenyetso ryakozwe rikagaragaza ko nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko Munyakazi Léopold yagize mu iyicwa ry’abatutsi i Kirwa agamije kurimbura abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, uko gushidikanya kugomba kumurengera hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 165 y’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe. Bityo ubujurire bwe ku birebana n’icyaha cya jenoside bukaba bufite ishingiro. 5. Ku byerekeranye n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kiregwa Munyakazi Léopold [89] Munyakazi Léopold n umwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ‟ rwamuhamije icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rushingiye ku buhamya bwa Mukakamali Epiphanie nyamara hari inyandiko yo kuwa 11/2/2009 yanditse avuga ko nta ruhare Munyakazi yigeze agira muri jenoside cyane cyane ku byerekeye urupfu rwa musaza we Ugirashebuja Félicien. Bakanavuga ko Mukakamali ari n’umwe mu bayobozi bamusinyiye icyemezo cy’imyifatire myiza kandi ko icyo gihe yari afite ingufu nk’umuyobozi ushinzwe abari n’abategarugore atari kumutinya, ndetse akaba yaragiye amutangira ubuhamya avuga ko yamurokoye hamwe n’umuryango we wose, ko rero basanga ubuhamya bwe burimo gushidikanya. [90] Banavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rutagaragaza ikimenyetso na kimwe gihamya ko yari mu gitero kivugwa ko cyishe Nyirantama umugore wa Kiragi uretse ibivugwa na Nzabanita Cyrille na DGA kandi atari bo bonyine bari batuye kuri ako gasozi. Bongeraho ko nta mikoranire yari afitanye n’interahame nk’uko ubushinjacyaha bubivuga, kandi ko kuba hari abantu yakijije abakuye mu maboko y interahamwe ‟ atari uko bakoranaga nazo cyangwa hari ubundi bubasha yari afite, ahubwo ari amahirwe yagiraga yo kubabwira ko barimo gukora ibintu bibi bakamwumva, ko nta mabwiriza yazihaga. [91] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko urukiko rwisumbuye rwahamije Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rushingiye ku buhamya bwa Mukakamali Epiphanie 6 ICTR-99-54-a-t the Prosecutor v. Kamuhanda Jean de Dieu of 22 january 2004 para. 622. 7 ICTR-98-44-A-T The Prosecutor v. Kajelijeli Juvenal 1st December 2003, para. 803.

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wasobanuye ko yageze iwe ari mu gitero, ko kuba yarabujije icyo gitero kwica Mukakamali kubera ko yari yarashatswe n’umuhutu bitavuze ko atari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku mashuli i Kirwa, ko bari mu nama aho ku mashuli ari we wabwiye abari bakigiyemo kwambara ibishangara. Bunavuga ko mu nzira igitero kigenda cyishe Nyiramatama, kijya no kwa Félicien Ugirashebuja kimubuze kimusenyera inzu, gikomereza mu ishyamba rya BIT kwica abari bahihishe, imvura iguye baratatana aba ariho atandukanira n’icyo gitero. Busoza buvuga ko Munyakazi n’umwunganira badasobanura ukuntu yaba yarivanze muri icyo gitero niba avuga ko atari afite gahunda imwe n abari bakirimo. ‟ UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [92] Urukiko rusanga Ubushinjacyaha burega Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cy’ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bushingiye ku mvugo z’ababajijwe mu iperereza bavuga ko yari mu gitero cyishe Nyiramatama Généreuse umugore wa Kiragi no gitero cyishe Munyarigoga Raphaël. [93] Rusanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwarahamije Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cy ubwicanyi rushingiye ku kuba yari mu gitero cyagiye kwa Mukakamali Epihanie gushakisha ‟ musaza we cyakekaga ko ahishishe, kuba yaratangaga amabwiriza ku bari mu gitero bakamwumvira no kuba yari mu gitero cyavumbuye kikanica Nyiramatama Généreuse. [94] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 120 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu ari kimwe mu bikorwa birimo kwica, kurimbura n’ibindi, bikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko, cyangwa idini. [95] Urukiko rusanga icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kigizwe n’ibikorwa bine (4) by’ingenzi ari byo kuba gikorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa simusiga, byibasira abasivile bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko, cyangwa idini no kuba bigamije kubabaza cyangwa kwangiza bikabije umubiri cyangwa ubwenge nk’uko Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu manza zinyuranye nk’urwa Tharcisse Muvunyi8. Rusanga nanone icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu nacyo gisobanurwa nk’igikorwa cyo kwica umuntu ku bushake mu buryo butemewe kigaragazwa no kuba hari umuntu wishwe kubera icyo gikorwa kandi uwabikoze akaba yari afite ubushake bwo kwica cyangwa ku mukorera ibikorwa bibabaza umubiri aziko byatera urupfu9. [96] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe, ubushinjacya burega Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu buvuga ko yari mu bitero byishe abatutsi barimo Nyirantama Généreuse umugore wa Kiragi na Munyarigoga Raphaël, ibyo bikorwa akaba ari nabyo bwashingiyeho bumurega icyaha cya jenoside. Rusanga rero kuba rwasanze ku birebana n’icyaha cya jenoside nta kimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko Munyakazi Léopold yari mu gitero cyahagurukiye ku mashuli y’i Kirwa kuwa 19/04/1994 cyishe Nyirantama na Munyarigoga 8 ICTR-2000-55A-T, Le Procureur c/ Muvunyi Tharcisse du 12/09/206, para 511. 9 ICTR-96-3-T Le Procureur c/ Rutaganda Georges du 6/12/1999, para. 80.

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n’abandi bishwe uwo munsi, runasanga nta n ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko ‟ yakoze icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu cyangwa se yabaye icyitso muri icyo cyaha kuko gishingiye ku bikorwa bimwe n’icyaha cya jenoside. 6. Kumenya niba Munyakazi Léopold yarahakanye anapfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ubwo yagiranaga ikiganiro n’umunyamakuru [97] Munyakazi Léopold n’umwunganira bavuga ko yajuriye kubera ko urukiko rwisumbuye rwavuze ko yireguye kubijyanye n’ikiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru wa Television Iwacu ubwo yasobanuraga ibyo yari yaravugiye mu kiganiro cyo kungurana ibitekerezo muri kaminuza ya Delaware muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’America nyamara nta gisobanuro na kimwe yigeze atanga kuri icyo kiganiro. Bavuga ko icyo kiganiro kiri kuri CD yagitanze kuri murandasi, akaba yarayisabye ngo ayumve arebe ko yaba yaracitswe, ngo yikosore kuko ntawe utibeshya ariko ntiyayihabwa, ndetse n’iyo Ubushinjacyaha bwerekanye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye ikaba yaramaze iminota ibiri (2) ku kiganiro yatanze kikamara hafi amasaha atatu (3), ko rero basanga yarimwe uburenganzira n umwanya wo kwiregura. ‟ [98] Bakomeza bavuga ko ihame ry’uko umwarimu n’umushakashatsi afite ububasha n’uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bye atari we warihanze, ko yarisanze kandi ryubahirizwa ku isi hose, ndetse ko umwarimu wa kaminuza atavuga ibyo ashatse byose, ahubwo ategetswe kuvuga ibyo azi akabitangira gihamya; ko rero n’ikiganiro yatanze ari muri Amerika ari kumwe n’abandi banyabwenge cyari kiri muri urwo rwego kitari kigamije gupfobya cyangwa guhakana jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, bityo hakaba ntawe ugomba kumutwerera igitekerezo cyo kuyihakana cyangwa kuyipfobya. [99] Bavuga ko mu gusesengura amahano y’indengakamere yabaye mu Rwanda aho abavandimwe bageze ku rwego rwo guterana amacumu n’ibyuma, ntawabona amagambo yo kubivuga kuko nta n’ikindi cyaha cyabisumba, ko rero abigereranya n’intambara y’ubutati hagati y’abavandimwe (fratricide) ari igitekerezo yatanze nk’umwarimu n’umushakashatsi ubyemerewe kandi wize icengerandimi, wasanze nta yindi nyito yaha ubwicanyi ndengakamere bwabaye, ko atari uguhakana cyangwa gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, kandi hakaba hari n’abandi babuhaye izindi nyito zitandukanye harimo Jenerali Dalaire wakoresheje ijambo “politocide”, ndetse n’inama zaberaga mu Rugwiro nyuma yo mu 1994 zabyise itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba. Bakomeza bavuga ko igitekerezo cy’ibanze ari uko yemera jenoside yakorewe abatutsi kuko yayibonye kandi mu mibereho ye akaba atarigeze arangwa n’amacakubiri. [100] Bavuga kandi ko n'umwanditsi w'ikirangirire Jean Paul Sartre wahawe n’igihembo kitiriwe “Nobel” yanditse ko ubutati ari cyo gicumuro gisumbya ububi ibindi bicumuro byose, ko abatazi uburemere bw’ubutati ari bo bonyine bashobora kwibwira ko “Jenoside” iburusha umuvumo, ko rero ari ukutamenya ubusobanuro bw’amagambo bakoresha, n’uko Abanyarwanda iyo bava bakagera ari abavandimwe. Bavuga ko aho kugira ngo ubushinjacyaha buvuge ko Munyakazi atari gupfa kuvuga amagambo yiboneye ahakana jenoside, bwari kubanza kugenzura niba bwumva neza icyo amagambo yakoresheje asobanura. [101] Bavuga nanone ko yasobanuriye Urukiko rwisumbuye ko yavuye mu Rwanda muri 2004 ko atari azi ko hemejwe ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda ari jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, kandi

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nawe ubu akaba nta rindi jambo akoresha atari jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, ko n’ikiganiro cyo mu 2006 yagisobanuye avuga ko yatanze gihamya y’uko umunyamakuru witwa Martin Mbugua wakwirakwije igihuha ko Munyakazi ahakana jenoside yiyandikiye ubwe ko nta kintu na kimwe yashingiyeho. Bavuga ko ibiganiro byo mu 2006 nta mwanya bifite muri uru rubanza kuko urukiko rwabitesheje agaciro. [102] Munyakazi Léopold n’umwunganira bavuga ko mu kiganiro yagiranye n’ikinyamakuru “Iwacu Broadcasting Network” ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yagaragarijemo amagambo ahakana anapfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, ariko ko umuntu wese watega amatwi icyo kiganiro, nta jambo na rimwe rihakana cyangwa ripfobya Jenoside yasangamo. Bavuga ko ijambo ry'ikinyarwanda ubutati risumbya kure uburemere ijambo ry’irinyamahanga “genocide” kandi umuntu wese wize ubugeni bw’isesenguranyito yabitangaho ubuhamya adategwa kandi no mu buhangantekerezo n’ubuvanganzo rusange bikaba byemewe ku isi hose ko kwica umwe cyangwa benshi mu bantu mufitanye isano bifatwa nk’amahano y’indengakamere yo mu rwego mbonezamubano asumbya ubukana n'uburemere ayo kwica umuntu cyangwa abantu benshi mudafite icyo muhuriyeho na gitoya. [103] Ubushinjacya buvuga ko ubujurire bwa Munyakazi Léopold ku cyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside nta shingiro bufite kuko ubwe adahakana amagambo yavuze agereranya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi n’ubutati asobanura ko ari abavandimwe bicanye. Bukomeza buvuga ko ayo magambo yavuze ahujwe n’ibiteganywa n’itegeko rihana ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n’ibyaha bifitanye isano nayo busanga ari ukugaragaza ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda atari jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, akanagabanya uburemere n’ingaruka zayo kubera ko ayavuga atari ayobewe ko jenoside ikorwa abantu bicwagwa kubera ubwoko bwabo atari abavandimwe bicanaga. [104] Buvuga kandi ko atanga ikiganiro kuri television yari azi neza ko ibyo avuga byumvwa n’abantu benshi, ko rero yabikoze ku bushake bwe kandi azi ko bigera ku isi yose avuga ko ibyabaye mu Rwanda atari jenoside ari ubutati “Fratricide” nyamara Umuryango w’Abibumbye (ONU) wari umaze kwemeza ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda ari Jenoside, ko atagomba kubigereranya n’ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe abyita ubutati, ko rero atakwitwaza ko ibyo yavuze kwari ukugaragaza ibitekerezo bye nk’umushakashatsi mu gihe ibyo yavuze ari igikorwa kibujijwe n’itegeko. [105] Bwongeraho ko Munyakazi asobanura ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda yakoresheje amagambo akurikira: ndabisobanura nti n’ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere bubi cyane, nti ariko nabonye ari ubwicanyi bwabaye hagati y’abanyarwanda ubwabo, nti kandi abanyarwanda ni abantu bahuje ibintu byose, nti mbona ko ari ubwicanyi bwabaye hagati y’abavandimwe nibwo nakoresheje ijambo rya “fratricide”, “fratricide” nti ku bwange ndabona ari abanyarwanda bicanye kandi ni abavandimwe, nti ni intambara, ni amakimbirane abavandimwe bagiranye baramarana, nti kandi si ubwa mbere ku isi. Bukavuga ko ayo magambo agaragaza ko yashakaga kuvuga ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 atari jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ahubwo ari abavandimwe bicanye. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[106] Urukiko rusanga ubushinjacya bukurikiranyeho Munyakazi Léopold icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside kubera ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame yatanze muri kamaninuza ya Dalaware aho mu 2006 yasobanuye ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 atari jenoside ishingiye ku moko ahubwo ari intambara y’abaturage (guerre civile) ifite inkomoko mu mvururu z’ibyiciro by’abaturage (classes sociales) zimaze ibinyejana byinshi. Rusanga bwaranamureze kubera ikiganiro yagiranye n umunyamakuru wa “ ‟ Télévision Iwacu” muri Nyakanga 2015 kuberako muri icyo kiganiro yavuze ko ubwicanyi bwababaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 ari ubwicanyi hagati y abavandimwe agereranya n ubutati ( ‟ ‟ fratricide). [107] Urukiko rusanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ruvuga ko mu kiganiro yagiranye n umunyamakuru wa Télévision ‟ IWACU agaragaza ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 atari jenoside ari amatati (fratricide) mu rwego rwo gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, runavuga ko ayo magambo anagaragaramo kuyihakana. [108] Urukiko rusanga mu kiganiro Munyakazi Léopold yagiranye na “Télévision Iwacu” yarasobanuye ko ubwo yari muri kaminuza ya Delaware n’abandi barimu n’abashakashatsi mu 2006 yabajijwe ku bwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 abasobanurira ko we asanga ibyabaye mu Rwanda ari ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere bwabaye hagati y’abavandimwe agereranya n’intambara y’ubutati (fratricide), ariko uwitwa Martin Mbugua yandika avuga ko yahakanye anapfobya jenoside amubeshyera. [109] Urukiko rusanga amagambo Munyakazi Léopold aregwa kuvuga yumvikana kuri “compact disk (CD)” yatanzwe nk’ikimenyetso n’ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iriho ikiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru wa “Television Iwacu broadcating network” mu 2015 asubiza ku nkuru yari yaramwanditsweho y’uko mu kiganiro yatangiye kuri kaminuza ya Delaware yavugiyemo ko ubwicanyi bwabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 atari jenoside. Urukiko rusanga mu myiregurire ya Munyakazi yemera ko icyo kiganiro yakigiranye n’umunyamakuru ariko akavuga ko atahawe uburenganzira bwo kongera kucyumva kugira ngo amenye niba mu magambo yavuze harimo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside. [110] Urukiko rusanga amwe mu magambo yumvikana muri icyo kiganiro kiri kuri CD, ari aho asubiza agira ati: ndabisobanura nti ni ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere bubi cyane, nti ariko nabonye ari ubwicanyi bwabaye hagati y’abanyarwanda ubwabo, nti kandi abanyarwanda ni abantu bahuje ibintu byose, nti mbona ari ubwicanyi bwabaye hagati y’abavandimwe. Nibwo nakoresheje ijambo rya “fratricide”. “Fratricide” nti ku bwanjye ndabona ari abanyarwanda bicanye kandi ni abavandimwe, nti ni intambara, ni amakimbirane abavandimwe bagize baramarana, nti kandi si ubwa mbere ku isi, ni uko rero umugabo mukwandika ibyongibyo ati Munyakazi yahakanye ko ibyabaye mu Rwanda atari jenoside. [111] Urukiko rusesenguye amagambo ya Munyakazi muri icyo kiganiro yakoranye na “Télévision Iwacu” ikorera kuri murandasi kiri kuri CD, rusanga humvikanamo ko jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ari ubwicanyi bwabaye hagati y abavandimwe, ko ari intambara, amakimbirane abavandimwe ‟ bagiranye baramarana avuga ko ari “fratricide” ubutati. Urukiko rushingiye rero ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 5 1o,2o y’Itegeko N° 84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryerekeye icyaha cy’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside n ibindi byaha bifitanye isano nayo iteganya ko guhakana ‟

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jenoside ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose gikozwe ku bushake kandi mu ruhame kigamije kuvuga cyangwa kugaragaza ko jenoside atari jenoside no kugoreka ukuri kuri jenoside kugira ngo uyobye rubanda, rusanga ayo magambo Munyakazi Léopold yarayavugiye mu ruhame kubera ko ari ikiganiro yakoreye kuri televiziyo iri kuri murandasi, akaba ahakana jenoside akanagoreka ukuri kuri yo kubera ko agaragaza ko jenoside yakorewe abatutsi atari jenoside ahubwo ari ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe. [112] Kuba nanone Munyakazi Léopold yaravuze ko jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ari amakimbirane cyangwa intambara hagati y’abavandimwe yatumye bamarana, akanavuga ko atari ubwa mbere bibaye ku isi nk’aho ari ibintu bisanzwe aho kuvuga ko ari abatutsi bicwaga bazira ubwoko bwabo no kuba yarabikoreye mu kiganiro kuri televiziyo, urukiko rusanga ari amagambo agabanya uburemere bwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, akanoroshya uburyo yakozwemo nk’uko biteganywa n ingingo ya 6 y’Itegeko N° 84/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 ryavuzwe ivuga ko gupfobya jenoside ‟ ari imyitwarire iyo ari yo yose igambiriwe kandi igaragajwe mu ruhame mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, igamije kugabanya uburemere cyangwa ingaruka ya jenoside no koroshya uburyo jenoside yakozwemo. [113] Urukiko rusanga mu miburanire ye muri uru rukiko no mu myanzuro ye, n’ubwo Munyakazi Léopold hari aho avuga ko ubu nta rindi jambo akoresha uretse jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ariko akomeza gushimangira ko ku bwe ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe yise ubutati (fratricide) buruta kure ubundi bwicanyi bwose bukorewe umuntu mudafitanye isano y’amaraso, ko niba ijambo jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ari ryo ryemejwe nk’umwanzuro ku byabaye mu Rwanda ari ryo azagenderaho. Rusanga kandi kuba anavuga ko abagerageza kwitwaza ijambo ubwoko mu gusobanura amatsinda n’ibyiciro by’abanyarwanda bazirikana ko nta ntero yuzuye cyangwa igisobanuro kiboneye kandi cyemewe na bose kiriho, ko ibyaba byiza ari ukwirinda gukoresha amagambo agenekereje kuko akenshi avubura amaranga mutima, agahembera ubushyamirane budafite ishingiro, bigaragaza nanone ko imiburanire ye y’uko ubu nta rindi jambo akoresha uretse jenoside nta shingiro ifite kuko akivuga ko jenoside idafite uburemere nk’ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe. [114] Urukiko rusanga kuba Munyakazi yari mu Rwanda iwabo i Kirwa akabona ibyahabere nk’uko nawe abisobanura mu myiregurireye aho avuga ko yabonye uko abatutsi bahigwaga, akagira n’abo ahisha n’aho yagiye abuza ko bicwa, yarangiza akavugira mu kiganiro n’igitangazamakuru kiri kuri murandasi (internet) ayo magambo agaragaza ko jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ari intambara, amakimbirane hagati y’abavandimwe yatumye bamarana, avuga ko atari n’ubwa mbere bibaye ku isi ndetse no mu miburanire ye akaba yemera ibyo bisobanura aha jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo kuyobya rubanda mu guhakana jenoside yakorewe abatutsi no kuyipfobya. [115] Urukiko rugasanga ibyo Munyakazi Léopold avuga ko ibyo yavuze yabikoze muri rwego rwo gutanga ibitekerezo mu bwisanzure nk’umwarimu wa Kaminuza n’umushakashatsi, ko bitari bigamije guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, nta shingiro bifite kuko kuba yabivuga nk’umwarimu cyangwa umushakashatsi bitamuha uburenganzira bwo gukora ikibujijwe n’amategeko10. Rusanga kandi umunyarwanda wese ukoreye icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa 10 Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda n’ingingo ya 19 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki.

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gikomeye aho yagikorera hose ashobora kugikurikiranwaho no gucirwa urubanza nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana11. [116] Urukiko rusanga ibyo avuga ko ataregwa guhakana no gupfobya jenoside kuko yavuye mu Rwanda iyo nyito itaratangira gukoreshwa ijambo no kuba atari we wenyine ukoresheje indi nyito ku bwicanyi bwakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 kuko hari n’abandi barimo Romeo Dalaire wakoresheje ijambo “politocide” n’uko hari igihe mu Rwanda hakoreshwaga itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko uretse kuba yarakoresheje ijambo ubutati, n’andi magambo yavuze asobanura ibyabaye mu Rwanda mu 1994 by’uko ari ubwicanyi hagati y’abavandimwe yumvikanamo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. [117] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo urukiko rwisumbuye rwavuze ko guhakana no gupfobya jenoside bitahanwaga mu gihe Munyakazi Léopold yakoraga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame muri Kaminuza ya Delaware mu 2006 atari byo, kuko ibyo byaha byateganywaga bikanahanwa hakurikijwe ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko 33 bis ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara yateganyaga ibihano ku muntu ugaragaje mu ruhame haba mu mvugo, mu nyandiko, mu mashusho cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ko atemera jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, uyipfobya, ugerageza gusobanura cyangwa kwemeza ko yari ifite ishingiro cyangwa uhishira cyangwa wonona ibimenyetso byayo. [118] Urukiko rusanga rero n ubwo uru rukiko rusanga amagambo Munyakazi Léopold yavuze ‟ muri 2006 mu kiganiro mbwirwaruhame muri Kaminuza ya Delaware nk’uko byanditswe n’umunyamakuru Martin Mbugua12 na yo agize icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside ariko akaba atabihanirwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 186 igika cya 3 n’iya 189 y’Itegeko No30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha zirebana no kutongera uburemere by’ibyo ushinjwa yahamijwe ku rwego rwa mbere no kuguma mu mbibi z’icyajuririwe. Ku byerekeranye n’ibihano [119] Urukiko rusanga Munyakazi Léopold muri uru rubanza adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, icyaha cyaha jenoside n’icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. Rusanga ahamwa n’icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. 11 Ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko: umunyarwanda wakoreye icyaha cy’ubugome cyangwa gikomeye ahatari mu ifasi ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ashobora gukurikiranwa no gucirwa urubanza n’inkiko z’u Rwanda hakurikijwe amategeko y’u Rwanda nk’aho icyo cyaha cyakorewe mu Rwanda mu gihe icyo cyaha gihanwa n’itegeko ry’u Rwanda. 12 [A professor of linguistics from Rwanda said the massacre of nearly 1 million people in that country 12 years ago was not ethinc-iven genocide but civil war rooted in decades of social class conflicts. Léopold Munyakazi, a visiting scholar and assistant professor of French at Montclair State University in New Jersey who sought refuge in the U.S two years ago out of fear for his life, spoke during a faculty forum at the University of Delaware on Wednesday, oct 25. There is a kind of international conspiracy to hide the truth about what happened (...). I refer to it as civil war, not genocide, it was about political power… Ethnicity is not reall understood about Rwanda; in Rwanda there are no tribes, there are social groups, they are onesingle people], in Rwanda prof says 1994 killings were not genocide article by Matin Mbugua at http://www1.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2007/oct/scholars102506.html consulted on 10th July 2018.

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[120] Urukiko rusanga ingingo ya 116 y’Itegeko ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko umuntu wese ugaragaje mu ruhame haba mu mvugo, mu nyandiko, mu mashusho cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose ko atemera jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, uyipfobya, ugerageza gusobanura cyangwa kwemeza ko yari ifite ishingiro cyangwa uhishira cyangwa wonona ibimenyetso byayo ahanishwa igifungo kirenze imyaka itanu (5) kugeza ku myaka icyenda (9), ko iyo ibyaha bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo bikozwe n’ishyirahamwe cyangwa umutwe wa politiki rihanishwa guseswa. [121] Harebwe uburyo Munyakazi Léopold yakozemo icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi asobanura ibyo yari yaravuze mu kiganiro mbwirwaruhame muri Kaminuza ya Delaware muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika akanabikorera mu gitangaza makuru kiri kuri murandasi kirebwa, kikanumvwa n’abantu benshi, hakanarebwa ko nta kwicuza ku byo yavuze ku buryo byamubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, urukiko rusanga agomba guhanishwa igihano kiremereye giteganyijwe n’itegeko. Bityo akaba yahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka icyenda (9). III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [122] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Munyakazi Léopold bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [123] Rwemeje ko adahamwa n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside, icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kwica nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. [124] Rwemeje ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo guhakana no gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. [125] Rumuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka icyenda (9). [126] Ruvuze ko urubanza RP GEN 0002/2017/TGI/MHG rwaciwe kuwa 14/7/2017 ruhindutse kuri bimwe.