SANLAM AG PLc v NYIRANEZA N’UNDI

# SANLAM AG PLc v NYIRANEZA N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-11-15 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00024/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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SANLAM AG PLc v NYIRANEZA N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE - RS/INJUST/RC 00024/2022/CA (Munyangeri, P.J., Ngagi, Kamere, J.) 15 Ugushyingo 2024] Amategeko agenga imanza z’imbonezamubano – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka – Impanuka z’ibinyabiziga byo mu muhanda – Impanuka yateye uwahohotewe gukuramo inda – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yatumye uwahohotewe akuramo inda, zigenwa hashingiwe ku mategeko asanzwe cyangwa amahame rusange y’amategeko asanzwe akoreshwa. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ikozwe n’ikinyabiziga cyari gifite ubwishingizi bwa SANLAM PLc ikomeretsa Nyiraneza wari utwite inda y’amezi arindwi (7) bituma iyo nda ivamo nkuko byagaragajwe na raporo ya muganga. Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana ndetse n’abana babo 2, basabye umwishingizi kubaha indishyi zikomoka ku rupfu rw’uwo mwana, ariko SANLAM ntiyazibaha kuko zidateganywa n’itegeko. Aba batanze ikiregpo mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwemeza ko nta ndishyi zigomba gutangwa kuko uwo bazisabira adafite umwirondoro kandi na raporo ya polisi yakozwe impanuka ikiba ikaba igaragaza ko uwahohotewe ari Nyiraneza. Abarega bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru basaba indishyi, urwo rukiko rwemeza ko bakwiye guhabwa indishyi hashingiwe ku mahame rusange asanzwe akoreshwa. SANLAM PLc ntiyanyuzwe maze ijya mu nzira z’akarengane, urubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ngo rwongere ku ruburanisha. Uru rukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rutaragombaga gushingira ku ihame rusange mu kugena indishyi z’akababaro. SANLAM AG PLc isobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze rwayitegetse kwishyura indishyi zingana na Frw 2.000.000 rushingiye ku mategeko rusange aho gushingira ku mategeko yihariye. Ikomeza ivuga ko kuba itegeko ryihariye ridateganya izo ndishyi byari bihagije ko Urukiko rutegeka ko izo ndishyi zidakwiriye gutangwa. Abaregera indishyi basobanura ko nta karengane SANLAM yakorewe kuko indishyi zatanzwe zikomoka ku mpanuka yakorewe Nyiraneza igahitana ubuzima bw’umwana yari atwite hashingiwe ku ihame rivuga ko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse. Bakaomeza bavuga ko umucamanza yemerewe gushingira ku mahame y’amategeko ku bibazo bidateganywa n’amategeko. Incamake y’icyemezo: Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yatumye uwahohotewe akuramo inda, zigenwa hashingiwe ku mategeko asanzwe cyangwa amahame rusange y’amategeko asanzwe akoreshwa. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 9, 111

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Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA, MANIRARORA Jean de Dieu yaburanye na RWANDA RUDNIKI Ltd hamwe na SANLAM AG Plc, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/06/2022. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Jacques FLOUR et al., “Droit Civil Les Obligations, Le fait juridique”, 12 éd., Dalloz, 2007, P.97. Urubanza IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 27/07/2018, mu gihe cya saa kumi n’ebyiri z’umugoroba (18h00), mu Mudugudu wa Nteranya, Akagari ka Nyirakigugu, Umurenge wa Jenda, Akarere ka Nyabihu, habaye impanuka, imodoka TRUCK MITSHUBISHI FUSO, ifite plaque RAD 068 C yari itwawe na MUKESHIMANA Laurent igonga Nyiraneza wari ufite inda y’amezi arindwi n’igice iramukomeretsa biza gutuma inda yari atwite ivamo, iyo modoka ikaba yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc. Nyiraneza, umugabo we Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine basabye SORAS AG Ltd kubaha indishyi z’akababaro kubera uwo mwana wabo wavukijwe ubuzima n’iyo mpanuka, ibasubiza ko izo ndishyi zikomoka ku nda yavuyemo ntaho ziteganywa n’itegeko, bityo ko idashobora kuzitanga. Ibyo byatumye baregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu basaba indishyi z’akababaro zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka. [2] SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc yireguye ivuga ko nta ndishyi zatangwa muri urwo rubanza ngo kuko nta tegeko riziteganya ndetse ko n’inyandikomvugo y’impanuka itagaragaza uwahohotewe kandi n’abasaba indishyi bakaba batagaragaza izina ry’uwahohotewe. [3] Mu rubanza No RC 00005/2019/TGI/RBV rwaciwe ku wa 11/10/2019, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 10 y’Itegeko No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga n’ingingo ya 24 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga rwemeje ko nta ndishyi z’akababaro abarega bakwiye guhabwa, kuko uwo bashingiraho bazisaba atagira umwirondoro wuzuye, nta cyemezo cy’amavuko ye, nta n’icyemezo cy’uko yapfuye kiriho ndetse n’inyandikomvugo yakozwe na polisi akaba atari we ivuga ahubwo ivuga uwitwa Nyiraneza kandi ko atari we ushingirwaho n’abarega mu gusaba indishyi z’akababaro. [4] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwemeje ko ikirego rwashyikirijwe na Nyiraneza, Hakizimana, Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine, basaba indishyi zishingiye ku nda y’umwana nyina yari atwite utaravuka, nta shingiro gifite, ko nta ndishyi SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc igomba guha abarega kuko zidateganywa n’amategeko. Rutegeka Nyiraneza, Hakizimana, Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine gufatanya kwishyura

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SORAS AG Ltd igihembo cya Avoka wayiburaniye gihwanye n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) n’ibihumbi ijana (100.000 Frw) y’ingendo bakoze bakurikirana urubanza. [5] Nyiraneza, Hakizimana, Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine bahagarariwe na Me NSABIMANA Jean Damascène bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwirengagije dosiye yakozwe na polisi n’inyandiko ya muganga yo ku wa 28/07/2018, bigaragaza ko Nyiraneza yakoze impanuka atwite umwana w’umuhungu w’ibyumweru 30, raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko iyo mpanuka yatumye umwana apfira mu nda bigatuma babaga nyina kugira ngo bamukuremo umwana, ko iyo mpanuka iyo itaza kuba uwo mwana wari mu nda ntacyo yagombaga kuba, ko kandi nta kababaro karuta ako kubura umwana wari utegerejwe mu muryango, hanyuma basaba ko icyemezo cyafashwe ku rwego rwa mbere cyahindurwa abarega bakagenerwa indishyi z’akababaro basaba. [6] SANLAM AG Plc yireguye ivuga ko nta ndishyi bakwiriye guhabwa kuko ntaho ziteganywa n’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, ko kandi Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwabisesenguye neza rugaragaza ko ntazo bakwiriye guhabwa, hanyuma isaba ko urubanza rujuririrwa rugumaho. [7] Mu rubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 18/06/2020, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rushingiye ku nyandikomvugo y’impanuka yakozwe na Police yo ku wa 27/07/2018, igaragaza ko Nyiraneza yagonzwe n’imodoka akajyanwa mu Bitaro bya Ruhengeri na raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko umwana Nyiraneza yari atwite yari afite ibyumweru 30 akaba yarapfiriye mu nda ya nyina bitewe n’impanuka nyina yagize, rwasobanuye ko kuba Nyiraneza yari atwite inda ikavamo bitewe n’iyo mpanuka, ndetse akaba yarabazwe kugira ngo bamukure umwana mu nda, bigaragaza ko yagize akababaro, rusanga kuba Iteka rya Perezida ridateganya indishyi zitangwa mu gihe uwari utwite inda yavuyemo bitewe n’impanuka yabaye, indishyi zigomba gutangwa hifashishijwe amategeko rusange (droit commun), hanyuma mu bushishozi bwarwo rugenera Nyiraneza wakuyemo inda n’umugabo we Hakizimana indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) kuri bombi, rusanga abana babo bo batazikwiriye kuko nta kigaragara bangirijwe cyatuma bahabwa indishyi. [8] Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwemeje ko ikirego cy’ubujurire cyatanzwe gifite ishingiro kuri Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana gusa, naho ku bana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine nta shingiro gifite, ko urubanza No RCA 00005/2019/TGI/RBV rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ku wa 11/10/2019, ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. Rutegeka SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc kwishyura Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana indishyi zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana atanu na mirongo inani na magana inani (2.580.800 Frw). [9] SANLAM AG Plc yasabye ko urubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze mu cyemezo No 212/CJ/2022, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo abe ari rwo ruzaruburanisha; ikirego cyandikwa kuri No RS/INJUST/RC 00024/2022/CA.

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[10] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 06/11/2024, SANLAM AG Plc ihagarariwe na Me Nkiranuye Gratien, naho Nyiraneza na Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine bahagarariwe na Me Ahishakiye Callixte. [11] Mu myanzuro no mu miburanire ya SANLAM AG Plc ivuga ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS kuko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwayitegetse kwishyura Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw z’uko Nyiraneza yakuyemo inda biturutse ku mpanuka yagize yo mu muhanda rushingiye ku mategeko rusange (droit commun), kandi rwaragombaga gushingira ku Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigendera ku butaka, ndetse no ku Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga. Ivuga kandi ko n’iyo Urukiko rubibona ukundi rwari kubara indishyi rushingiye ku buryo indishyi z’akababaro zabazwe mu rubanza No RCAA 00049/14/SC, hagatangwa 3000x30x12x0,75% bihwanye na 810.000 Frw, bombi akaba 1,620,000Frw. Nyiraneza na Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine bireguye bavuga ko nta karengane SANLAM AG Plc yagiriwe, cyane ko yirengagiza ko iyo hatabaho iyo mpanuka yo mu muhanda uwo mwana atari gupfa, ko kandi nta kababaro karuta ako kubura umwana wari utegerejwe mu muryango, akaza gupfa azize urupfu rutunguranye rw’impanuka yo mu muhanda, ndetse ko n’indishyi zatanzwe zashingiye ku ihame rusange ry’amategeko rivuga ko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse, ko kandi amategeko yemerera Umucamanza gushingira ku ihame ry’amategeko. Basaba ko bagenerwa amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza1. [12] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, Urukiko rurasanga hagomba gusuzumwa ibibazo bikurikira: 1. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rutaragombaga gushingira ku ihame rusange mu kugena indishyi z’akabaro; 2. Kumenya ishingiro ry’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza. II.ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rutaragombaga gushingira ku ihame rusange mu kugena indishyi z’akababaro [13] Uhagarariye SANLAM AG Plc avuga ko iyi yarenganyijwe n’urubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS kuko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwayitegetse kwishyura Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana indishyi zingana na 2.000.000 Frw z’uko Nyiraneza yakuyemo inda biturutse ku mpanuka yagize yo mu muhanda rushingiye ku mategeko rusange (droit commun), kandi rwaragombaga gushingira ku Itegeko nº 41/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku

1 Mu iburanisha uhagarariye Nyiraneza n’abandi amaze gusobanurirwa imanza zaciwe n’imirongo yatanzwe n’inkiko, yaretse inzitizi yari yatanze yo kutakira ikirego cyatanzwe na SANLAM AG Plc ndetse ababuranyi bemeranya n’Urukiko ko ikibazo cyo kumenya niba indishyi zatanzwe zigomba kwiyongera, kimwe n’icy’indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza bitagomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku mirongo iriho yatanzwe n’inkiko, kandi igomba kubahirizwa.

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Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryavuzwe haruguru, rukabona ko nta ndishyi zigomba gutangwa kuko zidateganyijwe muri ayo mategeko. [14] Asobanura ko mu gika cya 12 cy’urubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rusubirishwamo ku impamvu z’akarengane, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwavuze ko kuba impanuka ari yo yatumye inda ya Nyiraneza y’ibyumweru 30 ivamo bigaragaza ko habaye (dommage) cyangwa se akababaro bitewe n’iyo mpanuka, mu bika bya 16-18 by’urwo rubanza ruvuga ko Urukiko rusanga indishyi zigomba gutangwa hashingiwe ku mategeko rusange (droit commun), kuko Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 ridateganya indishyi zitangwa mu gihe uwari utwite inda yavuyemo bitewe n’impanuka, hanyuma rusanga zigomba gutangwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, akaba asanga urwo Rukiko rwarirengagije ibiteganywa mu ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi ivuga ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ashingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko zirebana n’ikirego yaregewe”, ko rero Urukiko rutagomba kujya mu byo gushishoza ndetse n’ibindi byinshi mu gihe hari amategeko asobanutse arebana n’indishyi z’ibikomere ku mubiri zikomoka ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri, ko rero ayo mategeko ari yo rwagombaga gukoresha. [15] Asobanura ko ayo mategeko yagombaga gukoreshwa ari: - Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigendera ku butaka, aho mu ngingo yaryo ya 1 havugwamo ko iryo tegeko rigamije gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugena indishyi ku bahohotewe n’impanuka zatewe n’ibinyabiziga bigendesha moteri bigendera ku butaka; - Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, aho mu ingingo ya 1 ivuga ko iri Teka rishyiraho uburyo itegeko N°41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye itangwa ry'indishyi ku bahohotewe n'impanuka zo ku mubiri zitewe n'imodoka, rigomba gukoreshwa, mu ingingo ya 2 igasobanura ijambo uwahohotewe n’impanuka ko ari umuntu wahohotewe akagira impanuka yo ku mubiri itewe n'ikinyabiziga. Ko kuba rero impanuka yabaye ku wa 27/07/2018 yaratewe n’ikinyabiziga FUSO MITSUBISHI gifite plaque RAD 068 C kigendesha moteri, kigakomeretsa Nyiraneza; ibyo bishimangira ko nta kindi Urukiko rwari rukwiye gukoresha kitari amategeko bagaragaje haruguru; ariko Urukiko rwavuze ko rutanze indishyi z’akababaro ngo hashingiwe ku mategeko rusange (droit commun) ndetse n’ubushishozi bw’urukiko. [16] Avuga kandi ko mu busanzwe hari ihame rivuga ko la loi spéciale déroge à la loi générale, ko kuba rero itegeko ryihariye (loi spéciale) hatarateganywagamo indishyi z’akababaro ku ibijyanye n’inda yavuyemo basanga byari bihagije ko Urukiko ruvuga ko izo ndishyi zidatanzwe kuko zidateganywa n’itegeko. Avuga ko n’icyo Urukiko rwise amategeko rusange rutigeze ruvuga ayo mategeko ayo ariyo; ntirwavuga iryo tegeko rushingiyeho riri rusange (commun) rituma hatangwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 2,000,000 Frw ngo rugaragaze nuko zibazwe; cyane ko amwe mu mategeko asanzwe (droit commun) arimo Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango rivuga ko umwana uri munda ahabwa uburenganzira mbonezamubano ari uko avutse ari muzima. Byumvikana neza ko uriho n’uteganywa kubaho amategeko abatandukanya ku buryo budashidikanywaho.

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[17] Akomeza avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwarageneye Nyiraneza na Hakizimana miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro, basanga uko kugenekereza kwakozwe n’urwo Rukiko bidatanga ubutabera kuri SANLAM AG Plc kubera ko yategetswe kwishyura ibintu bidateganywa n’itegeko rijyanye nabyo kandi hari itegeko risobanutse. Asobanura ko iyo urwo Rukiko ruza gukoresha ibiteganywa mu mategeko yihariye ajyanye no kwishyura indishyi z’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigendera ku butaka, rwari kubona ko ntaho ayo mategeko ateganya indishyi z’akababaro kubera inda yavuyemo bitewe n’impanuka, bityo ko zidakwiye gutangwa kuko ntaho ziteganywa mu itegeko N°41/2001 cyangwa mu Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 yibukijwe haruguru; cyane ko hari indishyi z’akababaro SANLAM AG Plc yishyuye Nyiraneza kandi zakiriwe binyuze mu rubanza No RC 00009/2020/TGI/RBV rwaciwe ku wa 11/06/20202, bityo ko indishyi z’akababaro (impozamarira) zategetswe zingana na 2,000,000 Frw zikwiye gukurwaho kuko zidashingiye ku itegeko ryihariye rihuje na kamere y’ikiburanwa. [18] Avuga na none ko n’ubwo Urukiko rwabibona ukundi rugasanga hari indishyi zigomba gutangwa, zabarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida ryibukijwe haruguru hagakurikizwa umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza No RCAA 00049/14/SC, hagatangwa 3000x30x12x0,75% bihwanye na 810.000 Frw, bityo Hakizimana na Nyiraneza, buri wese akagenerwa 810.000 Fr, bombi bagahabwa 1.620.000 Frw. [19] Uhagarariye Nyiraneza na Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine yiregura avuga ko nta karengane SANLAM AG Plc yagiriwe mu rubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS, kuko yirengagiza ko imodoka TRUCK MITSUBISHI FUSO ifite plaque RAD 068C, yari ifite ubwishingizi muri SANLAM AG Plc, yagonze Nyiraneza iramukomeretsa bikomeye ndetse ihitana ubuzima bw’umwana yari atwite wari ufite ibyumweru 30 nk’uko byemejwe na muganga, ko kandi yirengagiza ko indishyi zingana na 2,000,000 Frw zatanzwe mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane zashingiye ku ikosa ikinyabiziga yishingiye cyakoze kikangiza bikomeye ubuzima bwa Nyiraneza akavanamo inda, kandi ihame ari uko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse (principe de la réparation du préjudice causé), ko rero iyo hatabaho iyo mpanuka uwo mwana atari gupfa, byongeye kandi ko nta kababaro karuta ako kubura umwana wari utegerejwe mu muryango, akaza gupfa azize urupfu rutunguranye rw’impanuka. [20] Avuga kandi ko ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi yemerera Umucamanza gushingira ku mahame y’amategeko, ku bibazo bidateganywa n’amategeko, ko kuba Nyiraneza yarabazwe agaterurwamo umwana wapfuye ufite ibyumweru 30 bitewe n’impanuka yagize; Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukwiye kubona ko indishyi z’akababaro zatanzwe zikurikije amategeko kuko zatanzwe mu murongo w’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko Jean Chevallier na Louis Bach mu gitabo cyabo Droit Civil : introduction à l’étude du droit – les personnes physiques – la famille – les biens – les obligations – les sûretés, aho ku rupapuro rwa 404 banditse ko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse (“Tout fait quelconque de l’homme qui cause à autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer”.

2 Mu iburanisha, uhagarariye SANLAM AG Plc yasobanuye ko indishyi zatanzwe ntaho zihuriye no kuba inda yaravuyemo bitewe n’impanuka.

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[21] Akomeza avuga ko muri dosiye ya polisi harimo inyandiko yiswe réquisition à expert yakozwe na Polisi ndetse n’inyandiko ya muganga yo ku wa 28/07/2018 igaragaza ko Nyiraneza yakoze impanuka atwite umwana w’umuhungu w’ibyumweru 30 wari ufite ikiro kimwe n’igice (1,500 Kgs), ko kandi iyo mpanuka yatumye uwo mwana apfira mu nda bagakora opération akavanwa mu nda ya nyina yapfuye. Bityo akaba asanga nta karengane kari mu rubanza rusubirishwamo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [22] Ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira: “Umucamanza aca urubanza ashingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko zirebana n’ikirego yaregewe. Iyo nta tegeko rijyanye n’ikiburanwa ashingira ku mategeko asanga yashyiraho mu gihe yaba ashinzwe kuyashyiraho, yifashishije ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa n’inkiko, umuco, amahame rusange agenga amategeko n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko”. [23] Ihame rusange ryubabahirizwa mu mategeko ni uko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse (“Tout fait quelconque de l’homme qui cause à autrui un dommage oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer”)3. Iri hame ryagiye rikoreshwa mu manza nyinshi zirimo urubanza No RCOMAA 00034/2023/CA4, urubanza No RCAA 00003/2024/CA-RCAA 00004/2024/CA5 n’urubanza No RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2022/CA6. [24] Urukiko rusesenguriye hamwe ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, n’ihame rusange naryo ryibukijwe haruguru, rusanga mu gihe bigaragaye ko itegeko risanzwe cyangwa ryihariye ntacyo ryateganyije ku kibazo runaka cyagombye kuba cyaratangiwe igisubizo muri iryo tegeko, hanyuma Umucamanza agashyikirizwa icyo kibazo, nta kimubuza kugikemura yifashishije ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa n’inkiko, umuco, amahame rusange agenga amategeko n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko. Ikindi kandi, mu gihe bigaragaye ko itegeko ryihariye ntacyo ryateganyije, ariko bikaba bigaragara ko hari igikorwa cy’umuntu cyangirije undi, nta cyabuza ko hashingiwe ku ihame rusange, uwangirijwe n’icyo gikorwa agenerwa indishyi. Mu yandi magambo, mu gihe Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigendera ku butaka n’Iteka rya Perezida Nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, zitateganyije uburyo indishyi z’akabaro zigenwa mu gihe habaye impanuka itejwe n’ikinyabiziga gifite moteri yatumye inda ivamo, nta kibuza ko izo ndishyi zitangwa hashingiwe ku mategeko rusange (droit commun) cyangwa amahame rusange y’amategeko (principes généraux de droit). Ibyo kugena indishyi hashingiwe ku mategeko rusange n’amahame rusange y’amategeko ninako byemejwe mu rubanza

3 Jacques FLOUR et al., “Droit Civil Les Obligations, Le fait juridique”, 12 éd., Dalloz, 2007, P.97. 4 Reba igika cya 38 cy’urubanza N˚ RCOMAA 00034/2023/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/04/2024, ANGEL COLLECTION Co Ltd yaburanye na Muhayimana Uziel na BANK OF KIGALI Plc. 5 Reba urubanza No RCAA 00003/2024/CA-RCAA 00004/2024/CA rwaciwe ku wa 26/04/2024, Mudatsikira Valens na Gisanabagabo Félicien baburana na HABIMANA Jean Marie Vianney hamwe na SINAYOBYE Emmanuel. 6 Reba igika cya 33 cy’urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2022/CA rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2024, haburana NSANZUBUHORO Justin na NYAMASWA Rukundo Emmanuel.

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No RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 28/06/2022, MANIRARORA Jean de Dieu yaburanye na RWANDA RUDNIKI Ltd hamwe na SANLAM AG Plc. [25] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko icyaregewe mu rubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rusubirishwamo ku impamvu z’akarengane ari indishyi z’akababaro zikomoka ku mpanuka yo mu muhanda yatewe n’imodoka TRUCK MITSHUBISHI FUSO, ifite plaque RAD 068 C yari yishingiwe na SORAS AG Ltd yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc yagonze Nyiraneza wari utwite inda y’umwana w’umuhungu y’ibyumweru 30, igatuma umwana apfira mu nda, bakamubaga kugira ngo bakuremo uwo mwana. Igaragaza kandi ko Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine bareze SANLAM AG Plc basaba indishyi z’akababaro kubera uwo mwana wapfiriye mu nda bitewe n’impanuka yo mu mahanda. [26] Dosiye igaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwasanze kuba Iteka rya Perezida ridateganya indishyi zitangwa mu gihe uwari utwite inda yavuyemo bitewe n’impanuka yabaye, indishyi zigomba gutangwa hifashishijwe amategeko rusange (droit commun), hanyuma mu bushishozi bwarwo rugenera Nyiraneza n’umugabo we Hakizimana indishyi zingana na miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) kuri bombi, rusanga abana babo bo batazikwiriye kuko nta kigaragara bangirijwe cyatuma bahabwa indishyi. [27] Urukiko rurasanga, icyo ababuranyi bahurizaho kandi kidashidikanywaho ari uko habaye impanuka y’imodoka yatumye inda y’umwana w’umuhungu yari imaze ibyumweru 30 ivamo, iyo impanuka ikaba yaratewe n’imodoka TRUCK MITSHUBISHI FUSO, ifite plaque RAD 068 C yari yishingiwe na SORAS AG Plc yahindutse SANLAM AG Plc yagonze Nyiraneza, ikindi n’uko indishyi z’akababaro zisabwa zidateganyijwe n’amategeko ajyanye n’impanuka zo mu muhanda yibukiijwe haruguru7. Icyo zitumvikanaho ni uko SANLAM AG Plc ivuga ko mu gihe izo ndishyi zidateganijwe n’amategeko nta mpamvu zari kugenerwa Nyiraneza n’umugabo we, inavuga kandi ko n’iyo Urukiko rwabibona ukundi rugasanga izo ndishyi zigomba gutangwa, zabarwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko yibukijwe haruguru. Naho ku ruhande rwa Nyiraneza n’abandi bavuga ko indishyi zagombaga kubarwa hashingiwe ku mahame rusange kuko zidateganyijwe mu mategeko yavuzwe haruguru. [28] Urukiko rurasanga, kuba nta gushidikanya ko Nyiraneza yari atwite inda y’ibyumweru 30 ikavamo bitewe n’impanuka yagize itejwe n’ikinyabiziga gifite ubwishingizi bwa SANLAM AG Plc, ndetse akaba yarabazwe kugira ngo bamukure umwana mu nda, ibyo byumvikanisha ko yangirijwe n’impanuka kuko ari yo yatumye umwana yari atwite apfa, kandi urupfu rw’uwo mwana yari ategereje, ni igikorwa cyamuteje akababaro kadashidikanywaho, akaba we n’umugabo we baragombaga kugenerwa indishyi mpozamarira/akababaro zishingiye ku rupfu rw’uwo mwana yari atwite. Kuba kandi n’uburanira SANLAM AG Plc nawe yemera ko inda yavuyemo bitewe n’iyo mpanuka, birumvikana ko ntaho yahera avuga ko nta ndishyi mpozamarira zatangwa ashingiye gusa ko bene izo ndishyi zidateganyijwe n’amategeko ajyanye n’impanuka zo mu muhanda yavuzwe haruguru, nkaho ari ubwo buryo rukumbi bwo kugena indishyi buteganywa

7 Itegeko Nº 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigendera ku butaka n’Iteka rya Perezida nº 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga.

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n’amategeko. Urukiko rurasanga kandi SANLAM AG Plc itagaragaza ko hari impamvu ituma yigobotora uburyozwe kuri iyo mpanuka yatejwe n’imodoka yari yishingiye. [29] Urukiko rurasanga, mu gihe SANLAM AG Plc itagaragaza ko hari amategeko yihariye agenga indishyi mpozamarira/akababaro mu bihe nk’ibyabaye kuri Nyiraneza, noneho ngo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rube rwarirengagije ihame ko amategeko yihariye (régle spéciale) agira isumbwe ku mategeko asanzwe (droit commun) “specialia generalibus derogant”, nta kosa rwakoze rushingira ku ihame rusange ry’amategeko risanzwe rikoreshwa mu gihe hari igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi, kuko gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse. Bityo mu gihe nta tegeko ryihariye rigena uburyo bene izo ndishyi zibarwa, hakoreshwa ihame rusange, nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwabigenje. [30] Ku bijyanye n’ibyo uburanira SANLAM AG Plc avuga ko n’ubwo Urukiko rwabibona ukundi rugasanga hari indishyi zigomba gutangwa, zabarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida ryibukijwe haruguru hagakurikizwa umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza No RCAA 00049/14/SC, hagatangwa 3000x30x12x0,75% bihwanye na 810.000 Frw, bityo Hakizimana na Nyiraneza, buri wese akagenerwa 810.000 Frw, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, iryo Teka ntabwo ryigeze riteganya uburyo indishyi mpozamarira/akababaro zikomoka ku kuvanamo inda bitewe n’impanuka y’imodoka zibarwa; bityo rero nta mpamvu yatuma rishingirwaho mu kubara bene izo ndishyi zitari mu zo ryateganyije. [31] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, rwakoze mu kugenera Nyiraneza na Hakizimana indishyi z’akababaro rushingiye ku mategeko rusange/ihame rusange, kuko nta tegeko ryihariye rwirengagije; bityo nta karengane kari mu No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 18/06/2020. 2. Kumenya niba amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza afite ishingiro [32] Uhagarariye Nyiraneza na Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine avuga ko basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka SANLAM AG Plc guha Hakizimana na Nyiraneza amafaranga ibihumbi magana atandatu (600.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza hamwe n’ingendo na miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka. [33] Uhagarariye SANLAM AG Plc avuga ko ku bijyanye n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka abaregwa basaba, Urukiko rukwiye kubona ko nta shingiro afite, kuko kuba urubanza ruri mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire bikomoka ku ndishyi zatanzwe zidateganywa n’amategeko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [34] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryibukijwe haruguru iteganya ibikurikira: "Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza ni ikirego gishamikiye ku kirego

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cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo, gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe". [35] Urukiko rurasanga, kuba byagaragaye ko SANLAM AG Plc itarenganyijwe n’urubanza yasubirishijemo No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 18/06/2020, kandi Nyiraneza na Hakizimana bakaba barakurikiranye urubanza, bakanashaka Avoka ubaburanira muri uru rubanza, rurasanga bo n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine bagomba kugenerwa amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, kuko ayo basaba nta kigaragaza ko ari yo batanze, bityo rubageneye bose hamwe amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kuri uru rwego, agomba kwishyurwa na SANLAM AG Plc. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [36] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na SANLAM AG Plc gisaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane urubanza No RCA 00100/2019/HC/MUS rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ku wa 18/06/2020, nta shingiro gifite. [37] Rutegetse SANLAM AG Plc kwishyura Nyiraneza, Hakizimana n’abana babo Uwineza Delphine na Uwase Duhirwe Sandrine amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kuri uru rwego.