UBUSHINJACYAHA vs TWISUNGEMUNGU

# UBUSHINJACYAHA vs TWISUNGEMUNGU

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-02-26 - Case/document no.: RPAA 00293/2024/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA vs TWISUNGEMUNGU [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00293/2024/2024/CA (Gakwaya P.J.) 26 Gashyantare 2025] Amategeko yerekeye imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cyo kwihekura – Kugira ngo umugore wishe umwana yabyaye utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye cyangwa icyaha cyo kwihekura, ngo abone kugabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko, aho guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu nk’uko biteganyijwe ku cyaha cy’ubwicanyi, hagomba kugaragazwa ko yabikoze kubera ihungabana cyangwa kubera ibitekerezo bitari bizima bikomoka ku kubyara cyangwa konsa, bivuze ko hagomba kugaragazwa ko ubwo yicaga umwana we yari afite iryo hungabana cyangwa yari arifite igihe atakoraga icyagombaga gukorwa cyatumye umwana apfa, kandi ibi bikaba bigomba kugaragazwa n’ubifitiye ubumenyi(umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wemewe na Leta). Amategeko yerekeye imanza nshinjabyaha – Impamvu nyoroshyacyaha – Mu gihe ujurira yahawe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ku cyaha giteganyirijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma ishingiro ry’impamvu nyoroshacyaha azamura kuko ku bushake bw’Umushingamategeko, n’ubwo hakwemezwa impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, icyaha giteganyirijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, ntigishobora kugabanywa ngo kijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi itanu (15). Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi, Ubushinjacyaha bukuriranye uregwa ku cyaha cyo kuroga nyuma yuko ubwo yari mu bitaro bya Gihundwe, yahabyariye umwana wavukanye uburwayi maze atangira kuvurirwa muri ibyo bitaro ndetse biza kugera aho ahabwa transfer yo kujyanwa mu bitaro bya CHUB (i Butare) kugira ngo abe ariho akomeza kuvurirwa, ariko uregwa yanga iyo transfer avuga ko nta bushobozi afite bwo kuzakurikirana uwo mwana, ku wa 30/8/2022 ajya kugura ikinini kica imbeba agiha umwana we byaje kumuviramo urupfu. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, asaba ko inyito y’icyaha yahamijwe yahinduka, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura, aho kuba icyo kuroga, kuko yishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana yatewe no kuba yarabyaye abazwe kandi akabyara umwana ufite uburwayi, kuba nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kumuvuriza i Butare aho abaganga bari bamwohereje, kuba ataragiraga umugemurira, kuba yarasize abandi bana ntawe abasigiye no kuba yaragize abajyanama babi, yasabye kandi kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko aburana yemera icyaha. Urwo Rukiko narwo rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko yishe umwana we abishaka, runemeza ko akomeza guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, ko ariko kuba yaraburanye yemera icyaha, akwiye guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). Uregwa yarongeye arajurira mu Rukiko Rw’Ubujurire avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa ryo kumuhamya icyaha cyo kuroga, ariyo mpamvu asaba uru Rukiko guhindura inyito y’icyaha, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura, kuko yishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana rituruka ku bibazo yari afite byo kuba uwo mwana yaravukanye ikibazo cy’amara kandi nta bushobozi afite bwo kumwitaho. Asaba kandi kugabanyirizwa igihano, kikanasubikwa kugira ngo ajye kwita ku bana yasize mu rugo. Ubushinjacyaha bwo buburana buvuga ko uwajuriye atagaragaza icyo anenga ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, aho rwagaragaje ko nta kimenyetso yatanze kigaragaza ko yishe umwana we abitewe n’uko ubwenge bwe butakoraga neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituruka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi. Bukomeza buvuga ko adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano, kuko cyagabanyijwe bihagije, aho yahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), aho guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu giteganywa ku cyaha yakoze cyo kuroga.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ntibihagije k’uwajuriye kuvuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa harimo ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’Itegeko cyangwa hagaragaramo amakosa y’amategeko, agomba no kugaragaza ibisobanuro mu mategeko bishimangira ibyo avuga, akanagaragaza uko kwibeshya gutuma icyemezo cyafashwe cyateshwa agaciro. 2. Mu bujurire, uwajuriye ntashobora kugaruka (gusubira) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa. 3. Kugira ngo umugore wishe umwana yabyaye utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye cyangwa icyaha cyo kwihekura, ngo abone kugabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko, aho guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu nk’uko biteganyijwe ku cyaha cy’ubwicanyi, hagomba kugaragazwa ko yabikoze kubera ihungabana cyangwa kubera ibitekerezo bitari bizima bikomoka ku kubyara cyangwa konsa, bivuze ko hagomba kugaragazwa ko ubwo yicaga umwana we yari afite iryo hungabana cyangwa yari arifite igihe atakoraga icyagombaga gukorwa cyatumye umwana apfa, kandi ibi bikaba bigomba kugaragazwa n’ubifitiye ubumenyi(umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wemewe na Leta). 4. Mu gihe ujurira yahawe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ku cyaha giteganyirijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma ishingiro ry’impamvu nyoroshacyaha azamura kuko ku bushake bw’Umushingamategeko, n’ubwo hakwemezwa impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, icyaha giteganyirijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, ntigishobora kugabanywa ngo kijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi itanu (15). Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 6,108,110 n’iya 334. Imanza zifashishijwe: Re Kabasinga, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020. Ubushinjacyaha vs. Nshimiyimana Evariste, RPAA 00305/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/1/2025. Ubushinjacyaha vs. Uwamariya n’undi, RPAA 00345-00382/2023/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 20/12/2024. Ubushinjacyaha vs. Nyirantakazarimara Joselyne, RPAA 00376/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 17/1/2024. Ubushinjacyaha vs. Mukaturatsinzwe Françoise RPAA 00477/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2024. Ubushinjacyaha vs Munyagishari, RPA/GEN 00004/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rw’Ubujurire ku wa 7/5/2021. Ubushinjacyaha vs Zigiranyirazo Protais, ICTR-01-73-A2 rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Urugereko rw’Ubujurire. Ubushinjacyaha vs Karera François, ICTR-01- 74-A3 rwaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Urugereko rw’Ubujurire.

Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Urubanza

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I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 8/8/2022, Twisungemungu Jeannette ari mu bitaro bya Gihundwe, yahabyariye umwana amwita Uwamahoro Promesse, uwo mwana akaba yaravukanye uburwayi maze atangira kuvurirwa muri ibyo bitaro ndetse biza kugera aho ahabwa transfer yo kujyanwa mu bitaro bya CHUB (i Butare) kugira ngo abe ariho akomeza kuvurirwa, ariko Twisungemungu Jeannette yanga iyo transfer avuga ko nta bushobozi afite bwo kuzakurikirana uwo mwana, ku wa 30/8/2022 ajya kugura ikinini kica imbeba agiha umwana we, abaganga baje kumuvura basanga Twisungemungu Jeannette yamaze kumuha icyo kinini, bagerageza gutabara ariko biba iby'ubusa, ku wa 31/8/2022 umwana arapfa. [2] Iperereza rirangiye, Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Twisungemungu Jeannette mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi, icyaha cyo kuroga, busaba ko cyamuhama, agahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. Uregwa yaburanye yemera icyaha agisabira imbabazi, asobanura ko yabyaye umwana ufite uburwayi, kandi abyara bamubaze, atagira umurwaza n’umugemurira, abaganga bamwohereza kumuvuriza mu bitaro bya CHUB i Butare kandi nta bushobozi afite, nibwo yagiye kugura ikinini kica imbeba agiha uwo mwana kugira ngo apfe kuko n’ubundi yari yaraboze amara n’ibihaha. [3] Mu rubanza no RP 00355/2022/TGI/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi ku wa 22/9/2022, rushingiye ku mvugo za Twisungemungu Jeannette wemeye icyaha akagisabira imbabazi, rushingiye kandi ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya batandukanye bamushinja, rwemeje ko Twisungemungu Jeannette ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. [4] Twisungemungu Jeannette yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, asaba ko inyito y’icyaha yahamijwe yahinduka, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura, aho kuba icyo kuroga, kuko yishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana yatewe no kuba yarabyaye abazwe kandi akabyara umwana ufite uburwayi, kuba nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kumuvuriza i Butare aho abaganga bari bamwohereje, kuba ataragiraga umugemurira, kuba yarasize abandi bana ntawe abasigiye no kuba yaragize abajyanama babi, yasabye kandi kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko aburana yemera icyaha. [5] Mu rubanza no RPA 00374/2022/HC/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi ku wa 11/4/2024, rushingiye ku kuba Twisungemungu Jeannette ataragaragaje ikimenyetso cyemeza ko yishe umwana we abitewe n’uko ubwenge bwe butakoraga neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituruka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi nk’uko amategeko abiteganya, rwemeje ko Twisungemungu Jeannette yarishe umwana we nta kindi kibimuteye, ahubwo ko yamwishe abishaka kugira ngo amusonge apfe vuba atamuruhije kuko yari yavukanye uburwayi, runemeza ko akomeza guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, ko ariko kuba yaraburanye yemera icyaha, akwiye guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). [6] Twisungemungu Jeannette yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/4/2024, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa ryo kumuhamya icyaha cyo kuroga, ariyo mpamvu asaba urur Rukiko guhindura inyito y’icyaha, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura, kuko yishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana rituruka ku bibazo yari afite byo kuba uwo mwana yaravukanye ikibazo cy’amara kandi nta bushobozi afite bwo kumwitaho, kuba yarabyaye abazwe kandi ntawe afite umugemurira, kuba yaragize abajyanama babi, no kuba yaratekerezaga ku bandi bana yasize ntawe ubitaho, yasabye kandi kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano, kandi kigasubikwa kugira ngo ajye kwita kuri abo bana yasize. [7] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu z’ubujurire bwa Twisungemungu Jeannette nta shingiro zifite, kuko atagaragaza icyo anenga ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, aho rwagaragaje ko nta kimenyetso yatanze kigaragaza ko yishe umwana we abitewe n’uko ubwenge bwe butakoraga neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituruka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi. Buvuga kandi ko nk’uko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi rwabisobanuye mu gika cya 13, abazwa mu gihe cy’iperereza yasobanuye neza uko yishe umwana we, ko kandi atavuga ko yamwishe kubw’ihungabana rituruka ku

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bibazo avuga ko yari afite by’ubushobozi buke bwo kumuvuza, kuko yabarizwaga mu kiciro cya mbere cy’abatishoboye bavuzwa na Leta, ko rero akwiye gukomeza guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga. [8] Ku bijyanye n’bisabwa na Twisungemungu Jeanette ko yagabanyirizwa igihano kandi kigasubikwa, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Twisungemungu Jeannette adakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano, kuko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwakigabanyije bihagije, aho yahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), aho guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu giteganywa ku cyaha yakoze cyo kuroga. [9] Urubanza rwahawe no RPAA 00293/2024/2024/CA, ruburanishwa ku wa 4/2/2025, Twisungemungu Jeannette yunganiwe na Me Ntazika Néhémie, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Habineza Jean Damascène, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. [10] Hakurikijwe imyanzuro n’imiburanire, ibibazo bizasuzumwa ni ukumenya niba inyito y’icyaha Twisungemungu Jeannette yahamijwe yahinduka no kumenya niba yagabanyirizwa igihano yahanishijwe kikanasubikwa. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA a. Kumenya niba ibikorwa Twisungemungu Jeannette aregwa bigize icyaha cyo kwihekura aho kuba icyaha cyo kuroga yahamijwe n’Inkiko zabanje. [11] Twisungemungu Jeannette, avuga ko anenga Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi ko rutitaye ku kuba yararugaragarije ko yishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana yatewe n’ibibazo yari afite byo kuba yarabyaye uwo mwana bamubaze adafite umugemurira, kuba uwo mwana yaravukanye ikibazo cy’amara kandi nta bushobozi afite bwo kumukurikirana i Butare aho bari bamwohereje kumuvuriza, kuba yaragize abajyanama babi, no kuba yaratekerezaga abandi bana bane (4) yasize mu rugo badafite ubitaho, ko kandi kuba rutarabyitayeho, byatumye rudahindura inyito y’icyaha yahamijwe, ngo ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwihekura aho guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, agasaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gukosora ayo makosa. [12] Me Ntazika Néhémie, wunganira Twisungemungu Jeannette, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwanze guhindura inyito y’icyaha ngo rwemeze ko Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoze icyaha cyo kwihekura, ahubwo ruvuga ko nta kigaragaza ko nyuma yo kubyara yagize ihungabana, nyamara Twisungemungu Jeannette yaragaragaje ko yishe umwana we kubw’ihungabana rituruka ku ruhurirane rw’ibibazo yari afite, kuko ubusanzwe afite abandi bana kandi bo akaba atarigeze atekereza kubica, bivuze ko uwo yamwishe bitewe n’iryo hungabana yari afite. [13] Avuga kandi ko ihungabana rivugwa mu ngingo ya 8 y’Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange 1 , rigomba kwemezwa n’umuganga ubifitiye ububasha, ariko kuri Twisungemungu Jeannette akaba atarigeze asuzumwa kugira ngo harebwe niba nta hungabana yari afite igihe yicaga umwana we, akibaza niba Twisungemungu Jeannette ariwe wari kujya kwisuzumisha cyangwa niba izo nshingano zifitwe n’inzego zimukurikiranyeho icyaha; ko kandi abaye yarishe umwana we abitewe n’ihungabana yari afite, ariko agahanirwa icyaha cyo kuroga, byaba ari akarengane, agasaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kubikosora, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura. [14] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko impamvu z’ubujurire bwa Twisungemungu Jeannette n’ibivugwa n’umwunganizi we by’uko yishe uwo yabyaye abitewe n’ihungabana, ryatewe ahanini no kuba nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kwita ku mwana aho yari yoherejwe kumuvuriza, nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa kuko atari ukuri, ko ahubwo yari mu bo Leta ivuza ku buntu, bivuze ko nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwabisobanuye, Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoze icyaha afite ubwenge, akaba akwiye gukomeza guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga aho kuba icyaha cyo kwihekura.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [15] Impaka muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba ibikorwa Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoze, birebwe hamwe n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 108 n’iya 110 z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryariho igihe yabikoraga, inyito y’icyaha cyo kuroga yahamijwe ikwiye guhinduka, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura (kwica umwana yibyariye). [16] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPA/GEN 00004/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 7/5/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bernard Munyagishari, ntibihagije k’uwajuriye kuvuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa harimo ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’Itegeko cyangwa hagaragaramo amakosa y’amategeko, agomba no kugaragaza ibisobanuro mu mategeko bishimangira ibyo avuga, akanagaragaza uko kwibeshya gutuma icyemezo cyafashwe cyateshwa agaciro. Ku birebana n’ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye, Urukiko, mu bujurire, ruhindura icyemezo cyafashwe gusa mu gihe uwajuriye yagaragaje ko isuzuma ryakozwe n’Urukiko rwabanje ku bijyanye n’ibikorwa bigize icyaha ryatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi1. [17] Nk’uko na none byemejwe mu rubanza n° ICTR-01-73-A2 no mu rubanza n° ICTR-01- 74-A3 zaciwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), Urugereko rw’Ubujurire, mu bujurire, uwajuriye ntashobora kugaruka (gusubira) gusa ku ngingo ze yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi zitarahawe ishingiro, atagaragaza amakosa Urukiko rwabanje rwaba rwarakoze ruzitesha agaciro n’uko ayo makosa agomba gukosorwa. [18] Ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryariho ubwo Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoraga ibikorwa aregwa iteganya ko “Umugore wese, abishaka cyangwa biturutse ku kudakora ikigomba gukorwa, wica umwana yabyaye utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) ariko mu gihe cyo gukora icyaha ubwenge bwe bukaba budakora neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituruka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itanu (5) ariko kitarenze imyaka irindwi (7)”. [19] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza no RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 27/11/2020, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusesengura ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 rimaze kuvugwa haruguru, rushaka kugaragaza umwihariko wayo ku birebana n’ibigize icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye n’aho gitandukanira n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi, icyaha cy’ubwicanyi gishobora gukorwa n’umuntu wese, harimo n’umugore kandi kigakorerwa uwo ariwe wese, harimo n’umwana wibyariye; ibigize icyo cyaha (les éléments constitutifs) bikaba ari uko umuntu yica undi (actus reus), kandi uwamwishe akaba yari yagambiriye kubikora (mens rea), ariko ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kwica uwo wibyariye, kugira ngo kibeho hagomba kubaho ubushake bwo kwica cyangwa ubushake bwo kudakora icyagombaga gukorwa bigatuma umwana wibyariye apfa, ko kimwe mu bigize actus reus (élément matériel) y’icyaha cyo kwica uwo wibyariye, kikanatandukanya icyo cyaha n’icy’ubwicanyi, ari uko kigomba kuba cyakozwe n’umubyeyi w’umugore wica umwana we ukivuka, abitewe n’ihungabana rikomoka ku kubyara (postpartum depression), ridatuma ko ubwenge bwe budakora neza (bitavuze ko muri icyo gihe nta bwenge

1 ’ Par ailleurs, il se comprend aisément des termes de l’article 18 précité qu’il ne suffit pas à l’appelant de relever telle erreur de droit, encore faut-il qu’il présente une argumentation juridique au soutien de sa thèse et qu’il démontre en quoi cette erreur de droit invalide la décision critiquée. Quant à l’erreur de fait, une jurisprudence constante de la Chambre d’appel du Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda établit que les constatations de fait erronées faites par le premier juge ne sauraient uniquement être infirmées ou modifiées au degré d’appel que s’il en est résulté une erreur judiciaire. En outre, elle indique que la juridiction d’appel n’infirmera les constatations de la juridiction de premier degré que lorsqu’aucun juge de fait n’aurait raisonnablement pu parvenir à la même conclusion ou lorsque celles-ci sont totalement erronées. Aussi, la juridiction d’appel doit se garder d’infirmer à la légère les circonstances matérielles de l’infraction telles que constatées par la juridiction de première instance dans la décision attaquée; Urubanza rwa Munyagishari Bernard, Par. 14 2 Reba agace ka cumi na kabiri (12), urubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Zigiranyirazo Protais 3 Reba agace ka cumi na kamwe (11), urubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Karera François

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aba afite), kuko aba ashobora gutandukanya ikibi n’icyiza, bityo igikorwa kinyuranyije n’amategeko yakora akaba yagikurikiranwaho, ariko kubera ibihe aba arimo, mu kumuhana bikitabwaho. [20] Ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, nk’uko yahinduwe n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko n° 59/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023, iteganya ko “Umuntu wishe umwana yabyaye utarengeje amezi 12 aba akoze icyaha cyo kwihekura. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. Icyakora, iyo umugore wahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwihekura yabitewe n’ihungabana yagize nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa igihe yonsa byemejwe n’umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wemewe na Leta, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi 6 ariko kitarenze imyaka 2’’. [21] Mu gusobanura ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, nk’uko yahinduwe kugeza ubu, mu rubanza no RPAA 00376/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 17/1/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nyirantakazarimara Joselyne4 , hemejwe ko impamvu yo kubura ubwenge bitewe n’inkurikizi zo kubyara cyangwa guhembera, bitagize kimwe mu bisabwa kugira ngo habeho inyito y’icyaha cyo kwihekura, ko ahubwo ibyo bishobora gusa kuba impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ku mugore wahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwihekura. [22] Nk’uko na none byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPAA 00477/2022/CA rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 29/11/20245 , hasuzumwa iyo ngingo ya 108 nk’uko yahinduwe kugeza ubu kugira ngo umugore wishe umwana yabyaye utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye cyangwa icyaha cyo kwihekura, ngo abone kugabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko, aho guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu nk’uko biteganyijwe ku cyaha cy’ubwicanyi, hagomba kugaragazwa ko yabikoze kubera ihungabana cyangwa kubera ibitekerezo bitari bizima bikomoka ku kubyara cyangwa konsa, bivuze ko hagomba kugaragazwa ko ubwo yicaga umwana we yari afite iryo hungabana cyangwa yari arifite igihe atakoraga icyagombaga gukorwa cyatumye umwana apfa, kandi ibi bikaba bigomba kugaragazwa n’ubifitiye ubumenyi, ni ukuvuga umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wemewe na Leta. [23] Iyo ngingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, nk’uko yahinduwe kugeza ubu, ni ukuvuga nk’uko yahinduwe n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko n° 59/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023, ryumvikanisha ko icyaha cyo kwihekura gihama umubyeyi wese (Se w’umwana cyangwa nyina w’umwana) wishe umwana yabyaye utaregenje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, agahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, bivuze ko mbere na mbere hagomba kurebwa isano iri hagati y’uwakoze icyaha n’uwagikorewe, hanarebwa ko ikigero cy’umwana kitagomba kurenga ayo mezi (12) y’amavuko, ndetse ko mu gihe nyina w’umwana wamwishe atagaragaza ko byatewe n’ihungabana yagize nyuma yo kubyara cyangwa kubera konsa umwana, ahanwa, nka Se, agahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, nk’uko biteganywa no ku cyaha cy’ubwicanyi busanzwe (meurtre simple). [24] Ingingo ya 110 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ‘’ Umuntu uha undi ibintu bishobora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze, hatitawe ku byakoreshejwe cyangwa uko byahawe nyir’ukubigirirwa n’inkurikizi zabyo, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu’’. [25] Ingingo ya 6 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ‘’ Mu gihe hari amategeko ahana, rimwe ryariho mu gihe icyaha cyakorwaga, irindi ryaratangajwe nyuma y’uko icyaha gikorwa, ariko urubanza rutaracibwa burundu, itegeko rishya ni ryo rikurikizwa iyo riteganya

4 1 Reba urubanza n° RPAA 00376/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 17/1/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nyirantakazarimara Joselyne, mu gika cya 18 5 Reba agace ka 17 k’urwo rubanza, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mukaturatsinzwe Françoise.

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igihano cyoroheje’’. Naho, ingingo yaryo ya 334, igika cya kabiri (2), iteganya ko ‘’Icyakora, icyaha cyakozwe mbere y’uko iri tegeko ritangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, gihanwa hakurikijwe itegeko ryakigengaga keretse mu gihe iri tegeko riteganya ibihano byoreheje’’. [26] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi na gatatu (13) k’urubanza rujurirwa, rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ryariho ubwo TWISUNGEMUNGU Jeannette yakoraga ibikorwa aregwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwasobanuye ko kuba yarahaye umwana we ikinini cyica imbeba, bikamuviramo gupfa, kandi akaba yarabikoze atabitewe n’uko ubwenge bwe butakoraga neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituruka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi, ko ahubwo yabikoze ashaka kwica umwana we kubera ko yabonaga yavukanye uburwayi, aramusonga kugira ngo apfe vuba atamuruhije, akwiye guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rwabanje. [27] Dosiye igaragaza ko Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoze icyaha aregwa ku wa 8/8/2022, ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itarahindurwa n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko n° 59/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023 naryo ryavuzwe haruguru. [28] Mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha ndetse no mu miburanire ye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi, Twisungemungu Jeannette yemeye icyaha, asobanura neza ko yishe umwana we akoresheje ikinini cyica imbeba kuko uwo mwana yari yaravukanye uburwayi, kandi nta bushobozi afite bwo kujya kumuvuriza mu bitaro bikuru bya Butare, aho abaganga bari bamwohereje, kandi akaba yarabyaye abazwe nta muntu umugeraho, ko yatekereje kuri ibyo bibazo byose no kubandi bana yasize mu rugo, ahitamo kwica umwana we kugira ngo asange abandi bana yasize mu rugo. [29] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubwo Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoraga ibikorwa aregwa, ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ryarahanaga gusa icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye utaregenje amezi cumi n’abiri (12), umugore wagikoze abishaka cyangwa wagikoze biturutse ku kudakora icyo yagombaga gukora, ariko mu gihe yagikoraga ubwenge bwe bukaba butarakoraga neza bitewe n’inkurikizi zituraka ku kubyara cyangwa guhembera k’umubyeyi, bivuze ko icyo gihe umogore wese wishe umwana we utaregenje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, ariko yabikoze afite ubwenge bwe bwose cyangwa atataye ubwenge bwe, yahanirwaga icyaha cy’ubwicanyi cyangwa iyindi nyito y’icyaha harebwe uburyo uwo mwana yishwe. [30] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse kuba Twisungemungu Jeannette avuga gusa ko akwiye guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kwica umwana yibyariye cyangwa icyaha cyo kwihekura, agaruka kubyo yaburanishije imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru, ariko atanega ibisobanuro byagaragajwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi byatumye rwemeza ko agomba guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga, n’ubwo uwo yishe ari umwana we utaregenje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, hashingiwe rero ku mirongo yagaragajwe haruguru, ibyo bigomba gutuma iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire itahabwa agaciro. [31] Bitabangamiye ibyavuzwe mu gace kabanziriza aka, kuba ikibazo gisuzumwa kirebana n’inyito y’icyaha, ndetse bikaba ari n’ishingano y’Urukiko guha inyito ikwiye ibikorwa uregwa akurikiranyweho, uru Rukiko rukwiye gusuzuma niba nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwakoze rwemeza ko ibikorwa byakozwe na Twisungemungu Jeannette bigize icyaha cyo kuroga, aho kuba icyaha cyo kwica umwana yibyariye cyangwa icyaha cyo kwihekura. [32] Mbere na mbere, ku birebana no kumenya inyito ikwiye guhabwa ibikorwa byakozwe n’uregwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku ihame ry’amategeko Umushingamategeko yagarutseho mu ngingo ya 6 n’iya 334, igika cya kabiri (2), z’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ari ngombwa kwibutsa ko harebwe igihe Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoreye ibyo bikorwa aregwa, Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ryariho ubwo yabikoraga ariryo rigomba

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gusuzumwa no gukurikizwa muri uru rubanza, kuko impinduka zabaye muri iryo Tegeko zitamworohereza, harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo zayo za 108 na 110. [33] Hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kugira ngo Twisungemungu Jeannette ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kwihekura cyangwa icyaha cyo kwica umwana wibyariye nk’uko byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 108 ubwo yakoraga ibikorwa aregwa, hagombwa kugaragazwa ikimenyetso cyatanzwe n’ubifitiye ubumenyi, ni ukuvuga umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze wemewe na Leta, gishimangira ko yishe umwana we utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko kubera ihungabana cyangwa kubera ibitekerezo bitari bizima bikomoka ku kubyara cyangwa konsa. [34] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ariko kugeza ubu, uretse kuba Twisungemungu Jeannette avuga ko yishe umwana we kubera ihungabana yatewe no kuba yarabyaye abazwe kandi akabyara umwana ufite uburwayi, kuba nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kumuvuriza i Butare aho abaganga bari bamwohereje, kuba ataragiraga umugemurira, kuba yarasize abandi bana ntawe abasigiye, kuba yaragize abajyanama babi no kuba yaratekerezaga abandi bana batatu (3) yasize mu rugo badafite ubitaho, nta kimenyetso cyemewe n’amategeko atanga gishimangira ko izo mpamvu agaragaza zigize ihungabana rivugwa n’ingingo ya 108, ni ukuvuga rikomoka ku kubyara cyangwa konsa. [35] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Me Ntazika Néhémie by’uko Twisungemungu Jeannette akimara gukora icyaha atigeze apimishwa n’Ubugenzacyaha n’Ubushinjacyaha kugira ngo harebwe niba yarishe umwana we afite ihungabana, kandi aribo bagombaga kubona ko arifite, cyane cyane ko abana batatu ba mbere yabyaye yabareze, ariko uwa kane akamwica, bikaba atari amakosa ye niba ikimenyetso kibishimangira kitagaragazwa ubu, ko kubw’ibyo hagomba kwemezwa ko yishe umwana we kubera ihungabana yari afite, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro, kuko mbere na mbere ufite ubushobozi n’ububasha bwo kwemeza ko umugore wishe umwana we utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko yari afite ihungabana, ari umuganga cyangwa umuhanga mu by’imitekerereze, wemewe na Leta, akaba atari Urukiko rugomba kubyemeza hagendewe gusa ku mpamvu y’uko abana batatu ba mbere yabareze ariko uwa kane akamwica. Rurasanga kandi nk’uko amategeko abiteganya, uwemeza ikintu mu Rukiko, ariwe ugomba kugitangira ibimenyetso, aho kuba umuburanyi we, bivuze ko Twisungemungu Jeannette uburanisha ihungabana, ariwe ugomba kuritangira ikimenyetso. Rurasanga na none hashingiwe ku mvugo za Twisungemungu Jeannette kuva mu Bugenzacyaha kugeza mu Nkiko, yarasobanuye neza impamvu zamuteye kwica umwana we n’uko yabikoze, nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabigaragaje. [36] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba Twisungemungu Jeannette ataragaraza ibisabwa n’ibyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ubwo yicaga umwana we utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, adakwiye guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura cyangwa cyo kwica umwana wibyariye. [37] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo harebwe uburyo Twisungemungu Jeannette yishe umwana we utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, amuha ikinini kica imbeba, hanashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 110 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ihana umuntu uha undi ibintu bishora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze, agomba guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kuroga umwana we, n’ubwo uwo mwana atari agejeje amezi cumi n’abiri, bivuze ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwakoze mu kwemeza ko ahamwa n’icyo cyaha. [38] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Twisungemungu Jeannette igamije gusaba ko inyito y’icyaha yakoze ihinduka, nta shingiro ifite. b. Kumenya niba Twisungemungu Jeannette akwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe, kikanasubikwa

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[39] Mu mwanzuro we w’ubujurire, Twisungemungu Jeannette avuga ko asaba uru Rukiko guca inkoni izamba, rukamugabanyiriza igihano yahawe, kikanasubikwa kuko yaburanye yemera icyaha aregwa, kandi akaba ari ubwa mbere yakoze icyaha. Mu iburanisha, Twisungemungu Jeannette yavuze ko asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe kugira ngo ashobore gusanga abandi bana yasize ntawe abasigiye. [40] Me Ntazika Néhémie, wunganira Twisungemungu Jeannette, yongeye gushimangira ko igihe yicaga umwana we, yari afite ihungabana rituruka ku ruhurirane rw’ibibazo yari afite, ko rero asanga mu gihe inyito y’icyaha yaba ihinduwe, agahamwa n’icyaha cyo kwihekura, bihita bijyana no kugabanyirizwa igihano, asaba uru Rukiko kuzashingira kuri iyo mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha yo kuba yarakoze icyaha abitewe n’ihungabana, rukamuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo kiri hagati y’amezi atandatu (6) n’imyaka ibiri (2), nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 108 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, nk’uko yahinduwe n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023 ryavuzwe haruguru. [41] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibivugwa na Twisungemungu Jeannette hamwe n’umwunganizi we nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kuko ibikorwa Twisungemungu Jeannette yakoze bigize icyaha cyo kuroga, bityo rero igihano yahawe kikaba kidakwiye guhinduka, kuko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwamuhanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), aho kumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu giteganywa ku cyaha yakoze cyo kuroga, kandi icyo gihano yahanishijwe kikaba aricyo gito Itegeko riteganya. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [42] Impaka muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’Itegeko ku birebana n’igabanya ry’igihano mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, Twisungemungu Jeannette akwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano yakatiwe, harebwe icyo yahawe, kikanasubikwa. [43] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPAA 00447/2022/CA6 no mu rubanza n° RPAA 00345- 00382/2023/CA7 , mu gihe uregwa ujurira yahawe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma ishingiro ry’impamvu nyoroshacyaha azamura kuko harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 60, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ku bushake bw’Umushingamategeko, n’ubwo hakwemezwa impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, icyaha giteganyirijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, kidashobora kugabanywa ngo kijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi itanu (15). [44] Nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza n° RPAA 00305/2024/CA8, Urukiko, rusobanura impamvu y’isubikagihano, rushobora gutegeka ihagarika ry’irangizarubanza ku gihano cyose cyangwa igice cyacyo, haba igihano cy’iremezo (igifungo, ihazabu n’imirimo y’inyungu rusange) cyangwa igihano cy’ingereka, iyo rwakatiye ukurikiranywaho icyaha igihano cy’igifungo kitarenze imyaka itanu (5). [45] Mu gace ka makumyabiri na gatatu (23) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwasobanuye ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 60 y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, nk’uko yahinduwe n’ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 4/12/2023 naryo ryavuzwe haruguru, hakanarebwa uburyo Twisungemungu Jeannette yakozemo icyaha, kandi ari ubwa mbere akoze icyaha, yahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi n’itanu (15).

6 Reba agace ka mirongo itatu na rimwe (31) k’urwo rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Mukaturatsinze Françoise, rwaciwe ku wa 29/11/2024. 7 Reba agace ka mirongo itatu n’umunani (38) k’urwo rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Uwamariya Angélique na Nzayisenga THéogène, rwaciwe ku wa 20/12/2024. 8 Reba agace ka cumi na gatandatu (16) k’urwo rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Nshimiyimana Evariste rwaciwe ku wa 31/1/2025.

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[46] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba Twisungemungu Jeannette yaragabanyirijwe igihano n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, rukamuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) ku cyaha cyo kuroga umwana we utarengeje amezi cumi n’abiri (12) y’amavuko, nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma impamvu nyoroshyacyaha yazamuye kuko icyo gihano yahawe kidashobora kongera kugabanywa, kikaba aricyo gito giteganywa n’Itegeko iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ituma igihano cya burundu giteganyirijwe uwakoze icyaha cyo kuroga, kigabanywa. [47] Ku birebana n’ibisabwa na Twisungemungu Jeannette ko igihano yakatiwe cyasubikwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku murongo wagaragajwe haruguru, kuba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) yakatiwe kigumyeho, ubusabwe bwe nta gaciro bufite kuko igihano cy’igifungo yahawe kirenze imyaka itanu (5) yemewe n’amategeko kugira ngo Urukiko rushobore kumuha ibyo asaba, ni ukuvuga rushobore guhagarika irangizarubanza ku gihano yakatiwe. [48] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe haruguru byose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Twisungemungu Jeannette nayo nta shingiro ifite, bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba nta shingiro bufite, bivuze ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza ajuririra. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [49] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Twisungemungu Jeannette nta shingiro bufite; [50] Rwemeje ko urubanza no RPA 00374/2022/HC/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 10/4/2024 rudahindutse; [51] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), Twisungemungu Jeannette yahanishijwe, kigumyeho; [52] Rutegetse ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.