UBUSHINJACYAHA VS MUKUNDIMANA N’UNDI

# UBUSHINJACYAHA VS MUKUNDIMANA N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-05-27 - Case/document no.: RPAA 00429/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA VS MUKUNDIMANA N’UNDI. [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00429/2024/CA (Rutazana, P.J.) 27 Gicurasi 2025] Amategeko Mpanabyaha – ibihano – kugabanyirizwa igihano – kugabanyirizwa igihano kikajya munsi yigiteganyijwe n’Itegeko – Umurongo wari uriho ntushobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Bityo, ibijyanye no kugabanya igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko (minimum) ntibikurikizwa kuko byavanyweho n’Itegeko rishya riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano ko ryashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya ibihano Incamake y’ikibazo: Urubanza rwatangiye Ubushinjacyaha burega Mukundimana, Ndahimana na Mukarage mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi bubakurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, busaba Urukiko kwemeza ko kibahama. Abaregwa bose baburanye bemera ko bafatanywe urumogi, ariko Mukundimana na Ndahimana bavuga ko rutari urwabo naho Mukarage avuga ko rutari urwo gucuruza ahubwo rwari umuti w’ inka. Urukiko mu rubanza RP00239/2021/TGI/GIC, rushingiye ku kuba Mukundimana na Ndahimana, buri wese yarafatanywe udupfunyika twinshi tw’urumogi, kuba baremeye mu bugenzacyaha ko urumogi bafatanywe rwari urwo gucuruza no ku kuba Mukarage yarafatanwe urumogi rungana n’udupfunyika 3, rwemeje ko Mukundimana na Ndahimana bahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, rutegeka ko buri wese ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu ingana na 20.000.000FRW; rwemeza kandi ko Mukarage ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gufatanwa ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, rutegeka ko ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 2. Mukundimana na Ndahimana bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Mukundimana avuga ko urumogi yacuruzaga yarurangiwe na Ndahimana, asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano, Ndahimana we, avuga ko yahuye n’umuntu amuha igikapu na nimero ya telefoni y’uwo agishyira, afatwa atarakigezayo; ariko ageze mu iburanisha yemera ko uwitwa Rushyana yamuhaga igikapu cy’urumogi ngo agishyire umuntu, akamuhemba 15.000 Frw, nyuma na we akajya arugurisha. Ubushinjacyaha bwaburanye buvuga ko ku rwego rubanza abaregwa baburanye bahakana icyaha nyamara mu Bugenzacyaha bari bacyemeye bituma batagabanyirizwa igihano, ariko ko Urukiko rwabisuzuma rukabaha igihano gikwiranye n’imikorere y’icyaha. Urukiko mu rubanza RPA00725/2021/HC/KIG, rushingiye ku kuba abajuriye, baremeye icyaha mu Bugenzacyaha, kuba ari ababyeyi bafite abana batagira kirera bakwiriye kujya kwitaho nyuma yo kurangiza igihano kandi bakaba baragaragaje ko bari basanzwe babayeho mu buzima bubagoye, rwemeje ko Mukundimana na Ndahimana bagabanyirizwa igihano, buri wese agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana 5.000.000FRW; ariko bakishyura ihazabu ingana na 500.000FRW, naho ingana na 4.500.000FRW igasubikwa mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe. Mukundimana na Ndahimana bongeye kujurira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, bavuga basaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’ Itegeko kugira ngo bajye kwita ku bana basize. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite kuko bagabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, kikaba kidashobora kongera kugabanywa. Urukiko mu rubanza RPAA00429/2024/CA, rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mukundimana na Ndahimana nta shingiro bufite kuko bagabanyirijwe ibihano ku buryo buhagije bakaba batakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: Umurongo wari uriho ntushobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Bityo, ibijyanye no kugabanya igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko (minimum) ntibikurikizwa kuko byavanyweho n’Itegeko rishya riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano ko ryashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya ibihano Ubujurire nta shingingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018, Ingingo ya 11 Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 Ingingo ya 2. Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RPAA00048/2020/CA haburana Ubushinjacyaha na BIMENYIMANA Jean Paul n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/05/2022 ibika bya 25-26, Urubanza RPAA00367/2020/CA haburana ubushinjacyaha na TWAGIRUMUKIZA Innocent Réponse rwaciwe ku wa 22/12/2023 mu gika cya 19 Urubanza Nº RPAA 00752/2024/CA haburana ubushinjacyaha na NSEKANABO Augustin rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/03/2025, igika cya 20. Urubanza. I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 05/03/2021, mu Kagari ka Gaseke, Umurenge wa Mutete, Akarere ka Gicumbi, abakozi b’Urwego rwa Polisi rushinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge (ANU) bafashe uwitwa Matabaro Emmanuel anywa ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, yemera ko yarunywaga ariko avuga ko yafashe icyemezo cyo kurureka; bamubajije aho arukura avuga ko arugura n’umugore utuye mu Gastata witwa Ndahimana Emelyne, bajyayo bamusangana udupfunyika 270 tw’urumogi nawe avuga ko arurangura n’uwitwa Rushyana Jean Bosco utuye mu Kagari ka Gaseke mu Karere ka Gicumbi, bagiye iwe kumufata aratoroka ahubwo bahurirana na Mukundimana Marie Goretti avuye kurangurayo udupfunyika 130 tw’urumogi, na Mukarage afite udupfunyika 3 twarwo mu mufuka w’ ipantalo. [2] Mukundimana Marie Goretti, Ndahimana Emelyne na Mukarage bahise bafatwa bashyikirizwa inzego z’ikurikiranacyaha, iperereza rirangiye Ubushinjacyaha bubarega mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi bubakurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, busaba Urukiko kwemeza ko kibahama kandi bakagihanirwa. [3] Abaregwa bose baburanye bemera ko bafatanywe urumogi, ariko Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bavuga ko rutari urwabo naho Mukarage avuga ko rutari urwo gucuruza ahubwo rwari umuti w’ inka. [4] Mu rubanza RP00239/2021/TGI/GIC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gicumbi kuwa 12/04/2021 rwemeje ko Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, rutegeka ko buri wese ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu ingana na 20.000.000FRW; naho ku bireba Mukarage rwemeza ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gufatanwa ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, rutegeka ko ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka

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[5] Ibyo Urukiko rwabyemeje rushingiye ku mpamvu zikurikira : Kuba Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne barafashwe hangendewe ku makuru yatanzwe na Matabaro Emmanuel bajya no kubafata bakabasangana buri wese ingano y’urumogi rwavuzwe haruguru; Kuba mu Bugenzacyaha bombi baremeye ko bafatanywe urumogi rwo gucuruza, bakaba nta kimenyetso batanga kigaragaza ko urwo rumogi rutari urwabo nk’uko babivuze mu iburanisha kandi bakaba batabasha gusobanura icyatumye mu Bugenzacyaha bemera ko barucuruzaga; Kuba Mukarage yarafatanwe urumogi rungana n’udupfunyika 3, hakaba nta kindi kimenyetso kigaragaza ko hari urwo yari yacuruje. [6] Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Mukundimana Marie Goretti avuga ko urumogi yacuruzaga yarurangiwe na Ndahimana Emelyne ubwo hari mu gihe cya Covid , asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano akajya kureba abana be 4 basigaye bonyine; naho Ndahimana Emelyne yavugaga ko yari asanzwe ari umucanshuro hanyuma agiye gukora akazi ahura n’umuntu amuha igikapu na nimero ya telefoni y’uwo agishyira, afatwa atarakigezayo; ariko ageze mu iburanisha yemera ko Rushyana yamuhaga igikapu cy’urumogi ngo agishyire umuntu, akamuhemba 15.000Frw, nyuma na we akajya arugurisha. [7] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha yaburanye avuga ko ku rwego rubanza abaregwa baburanye bahakana icyaha nyamara mu Bugenzacyaha bari bacyemeye bituma batagabanyirizwa igihano, ariko ko bahahabwa igihano gikwiranye n’imikorere y’icyaha hashingiwe ku Itegeko rishya kuko rigena ibihano byoroheje [8] Mu rubanza RPA00725/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/05/2024, rwemeje ko Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bagabanyirizwa igihano, buri wese agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana 5.000.000FRW ; ariko bakishyura ihazabu ingana na 500.000FRW, naho ingana na 4.500.000FRW igasubikwa mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe. Ibi Urukiko Rukuru rwabishingiye ku kuba baremeye icyaha mu Bugenzacyaha bakanasobanura uko cyakozwe n’aho bagihakaniye bakaba baremeye ibikorwa bikigize, kuba ari ababyeyi bafite abana batagira kirera bakwiriye kujya kwitaho nyuma yo kurangiza igihano kandi bakaba baragaragaje ko bari basanzwe babayeho mu buzima bubagoye. [9] Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bongeye kujurira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza rwandikwa kuri RPAA00429/2024/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame kuwa 08/05/2025 bombi bunganiwe na Me Munyansanga Amina Gisèle, naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na sibomana Stanislas, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. [10] Bombi bavuga ko ubujurire bwabo bugamije gusaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko kugira ngo bajye kwita ku bana basize batagira kivurira. [11] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite kuko bagabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, kikaba kidashobora kongera kugabanywa. [12] Urukiko rurasuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba igihano Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bahanishijwe gishobora kongera kugabanywa, kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. II. ISESENGURA RY’ IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA

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Kumenya niba MUKUNDIMANA Marie Goretti na NDAHIMANA Emelyne bashobora kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. [13] Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne na Me Munyansanga Amina Giselle ubunganira bavuga ko batakambira urukiko basaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 51 kuko basize abana bakaba badafite ababitaho, kandi ko bamaze kugororoka bakaba baramenye ububi bw’icyaha ndetse biga imyuga izabafasha kwiteza imbere. Bavuga ko ibyo basaba babishingira ku rubanza RPAA00590/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 24/02/2023 Nyirazuba waregwaga agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 5 n’ihazabu ingana na 3.000.000FRW. [14] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ibyo Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne basaba bidashoboka kuko urubanza babishingiraho rutakurikizwa mu gihe ingingo z’amategeko rwari rushingiyeho zahindutse, kandi Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwarabagabanyirije igihano ku buryo buhagije, uru Rukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera rwongera kukigabanya; naho kuba barasize abana bato uretse no kuba nta bimenyetso babitangira, batanabyitwaza basaba kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko kuba bafunze ari ingaruka z’icyaha bakoze. [15] Asoza asaba Urukiko kugumishaho imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 1832 , agace ka gatanu n’aka gatandatu y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, kuko abarega nta nenge cyangwa amakosa bagaragaza bigomba gukosorwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bahamijwe icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi bashobora kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. [17] Icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bahamijwe gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 11 y’Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n'ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko umuntu uhamwe n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye3 ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu itari munsi ya 20.000.000FRW ariko itarenze 30.000.000FRW. [18] Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ibikurikira: “Iyo umucamanza yemeje impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ashobora kugabanya igihano ku buryo bukurikira: …(a) igifungo cya burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15“… (d) igihano cy’ihazabu gishobora kugabanywa kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe.“

1 Urubanza N° RPAA 00590/2021 /CA rwaciwe ku wa 24/02/2023, haburana UBUSHINJA CYAHA na NYIRAZUBA aho Urukiko rwahanishije NYIRAZUBA igifungo cy’imyaka 5 n’ihazabu ya Frw3,000,000. 2 Ingingo ya 183, agace ka gatanu n’aka gatandatu y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko « Ubujurire bukorwa mu buryo bw’umwanzuro utanga ikirego, ugizwe n’urutonde rw’inenge z’urubanza zisabirwa gukosorwa n’ibindi bibazo bigomba gusuzumwa, ibisobanuro kuri buri nenge cyangwa kuri buri kibazo bigaragaza amakosa yakozwe n’uburyo agomba gukosorwa, hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibimenyetso n’igisabwa Urukiko”. 3 Hashingiwe ku Mugereka wa mbere w’Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 001/MoH/2019 ryo ku wa 04/03/2019 rigena urutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge n’ibyiciro byabyo, urumogi ruri mu cyiciro cy’ibyobyabwenge bihambaye.

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[19] Ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 11 y'Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 n’iya 2, mu duce twa (a) na (d), y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 zimaze kuvugwa haruguru birebewe hamwe, byumvikanisha ko iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe n’umucamanza, ashobora kugabanya igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu n’icy’ihazabu, ariko ku bireba igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu akaba atemerewe kujya munsi y’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 naho ku bireba igihano cy’ihazabu akaba atemerewe kujya munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe. [20] Mu rubanza RPAA00048/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 26/05/2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bimenyimana Jean Paul (mu bika bya 25-26), Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeje ko umurongo wari uriho udashobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri uyu murongo, mu manza rwaciye nyuma y’uko Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryavuzwe haruguru ritangajwe mu Igazeti ya Leta, rwemeje ko ibijyanye no kugabanya igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko (minimum) bitagikurikizwa kuko byavanyweho n’iryo Tegeko ryashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya ibihano (reba nk’urubanza RPAA00367/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 22/12/2023 haburana ubushinjacyaha na Twagirumukiza Innocent Réponse mu gika cya 19 n’izindi zaciwe nyuma yarwo, mu ziheruka gucibwa harimo urubanza RPAA00752/2024/CA rwaciwe ku wa 27/03/2025 haburana ubushinjacyaha na Nsekanabo Augustin mu igika cya 20). [21] Nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rujuririrwa (mu bika bya 25, 26, 27 na 28), Urukiko Rukuru rushingiye ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zinyuranye, rwagabanyirije Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne igihano bari bahanishijwe, bavanwa ku gifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu ya 20.000.000FRW bahanishwa buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000FRW, bakishyura gusa ihazabu ingana na 500.000FRW naho ingana na 4.500.000FRW igasubikwa mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe. [22] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku byasobanuwe haruguru mu bika bya 19 na 20 by’uru rubanza, rurasanga ubushake bw’Umushingamategeko ari uko mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe n’Umucamanza, atemerewe kugabanya igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu kugeza munsi y’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 naho ku bireba igihano cy’ihazabu akaba atemerewe kujya munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe; bityo rero hakaba nta mpamvu ihari yo gusuzuma ibijyanye n‘urubanza abaregwa basaba ko rwashingirwaho bagabanyirizwa igihano kuko rwaciwe mbere y’uko Itegeko Nº 59/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura ingingo ya 60 y’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yateganyaga uburyo bwo kugabanya ibihano risohoka, uburyo Urukiko rwakoresheje rugabanya igihano muri urwo rubanza bukaba bwarakuweho n’iryo tegeko. [23] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe byose, igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana na 5.000.000FRW Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bahanishijwe kikaba ari cyo gihano gito gishoboka harebwe icyaha bahamijwe, kikaba rero kidashobora kongera kugabanywa; bityo Urukiko Rukuru rukaba nta kosa rwakoze mu kubahanisha icyo gihano, ubujurire bwabo kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [24] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne nta shingiro bufite. [25] Rwemeje ko urubanza RPA00725/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 22/05/2024 rudahindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose.

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[26] Rwemeje ko Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne bakomeza guhanishwa buri wese igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) n’ihazabu ingana n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000FRW); bakishyura amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000Frw), naho amafaranga y’ u Rwanda miliyoni enye n’ibihumbi magana atanu (4.500.000Frw) agasubikwa mu gihe cy’umwaka umwe (1). [27] Rutegetse ko Mukundimana Marie Goretti na Ndahimana Emelyne basonewe amagarama y'urubanza kuko baburana bafunze.