CHINA ROAD AND BRIDGE CORPORATION LTD V. NYIRANDABARUTA N’UNDI

# CHINA ROAD AND BRIDGE CORPORATION LTD V. NYIRANDABARUTA N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-02-27 - Case/document no.: RCAA 00027/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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CHINA ROAD AND BRIDGE CORPORATION LTD V. NYIRANDABARUTA N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCAA 00027/2022/CA (Rukundakuvuga, P.J., Ngagi na Kamere J.) 27 Gashyantare 2023] Ububasha bw’Inkiko – gutandukanya ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’ibikorwa mbonezamubano – Ibikorwa by’ubucurizi ni ibyo abacuruzi bakoranye n’abandi bacuruzi cyangwa n’abatari abacuruzi mu mirimo yabo y’ubucuruzi nyamara Amakosa akozwe n’abacuruzi ntabwo yakwitwa igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ahubwo icyo gikorwa aba akoze cyo kwigabiza ikintu cy’undi ni ikosa (délit/tort) ribarizwa mu mategeko y’imbonezamubano, nta nubwo cyakwitiranwa n’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ku bw’ingoboka – icyo gikorwa kiri mu bubasha bw’Inkiko zisanzwe. Itegeko ry’imiburanishirize y’imanza Mbonezamubano – inyungu mu rubanza – Inyungu mu gutanga ikirego zigomba kuba iz’umuntu ku giti cye, (personnel) ziriho (né) kandi ari iz’ako kanya (actuel), – Inyungu ntizigomba kwitiranwa n’uburenganzira busesuye ku kintu (droit de propriété) ku buryo utabufite yanabuzwa ubwo gutanga ikirego – Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z ‘imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya3 Imiterere y’urubanza: Uru rubanza rwatangiye Nyirandabaruta Kibonge arega China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma avuga ko yagiye mu kirombe cye ikuramo itaka rya latérite ringana na metero kibe ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (250.000 m3) adahari, kandi nta masezerano bagiranye cyangwa se ngo ibanze kumwishyura. Avuga kandi ko Akarere ka Kirehekagerageje kubahuza birananirana. Asaba Urukiko kuyitegeka kumwishyura 254.250.000Frw, akubiyemo ay’ikiguzi cy’ubutaka bwe, inyungu mbonezamusaruro, n’indishyi ziandukanye. China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe kagobokeshejwe muri urwo rubanza, bireguye bavuga ko ubutaka bwa laterite, bwakoresheje atari ubwa Nyirandabaruta Kibonge, ahubwo ari ubw’abandi bantu nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibyangombwa byabwo; bityo ko basaba ko ikirego cye kitakwakirwa, kuko nta bubasha n’inyungu afite byo kuburegera, banamusaba kubaha indishyi zitandukanye. Urukiko mu rubanza RC0101/2021/TGI/NGOMA rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Kibonge kitakiriwe, ko kandi agomba guha guha abaregwa indishyi z’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka. Nyirandabaruta Kibonge ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza ayijuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rutitaye ku bisobanuro yatanze ruvuga ko ubutaka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yavanyemo ‘’latérite’’ atari ubwe kandi atari byo kuko yabuguze akaza gufungwa, ihererekanya ry'ubutaka (mutation), ritarakorwa, ko yerekanye amasezerano y’ubugure ndetse n’ayo yagiye agurishaho iyo ‘latérite’’ ariko ntibyitabwaho, avuga kandi ko n’ihererekanya bubasha ku mutungo ryamaze gukorwa.

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China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe batanze inzitizi ko Nyirandabaruta Kibonge yagombaga kuregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, maze mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Bireguye kandi bavuga ko Nyirandabaruta Kibonge atavuguruje ibyo Urukiko rwashingiyeho rwemeza ko adafite inyungu n’ububasha kuko aregera ibitari ibye. Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG, rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Nyirandabarut Kibonge bufite ishingiro, Rutegeka ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Kibonge kigomba kwakirwa kikaburanishwa mu mizi ku rwego rwa mbere mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma. China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, irujurira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, inenga urubanza rujuririrwa kuba rwaremeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Kibonge kiri mu bubasha bwarwo kandi ikiburanwa kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, ko kandi rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kigomba kwakirwa kandi nta bubasha n’inyungu afite kuko yaregeye ibitari ibye. Akarere ka Kirehe kavuga ko kemeranya n’impamvu z’ubujurire za China Road and Bride Corporation Ltd. Nyirandabaruta Kibonge yireguye avuga ko ibikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yakoze byo kwigabiza ubutaka bwe itabanje kumureba ngo bumvikane, atari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ko kandi afite ububasha n’inyungu zo kuyirega nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. Urukiko rwabanje gushishikariza ababuranyi kugerageza gukemura impaka bafitanye biciye mu nzira y’ubuhuza, nyuma y’igihe Urukiko rwabahaye cyo kugerageza iyo nzira, China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yamenyesheje Urukiko ko itemera ubwumvikane. Urukiko rwemeje ko n’ubwo China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ari umucuruzi ariko igikorwa iregwa ko yakoze cyo kwigabiza ikirombe cya Nyirandabaruta Kibonge atari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ahubwo ari ikosa (ikintu cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi “délit/tort”); riteganywa n’amategeko y’imbonezamubano. Urukiko rwemeje kandi ko Kuba China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd idashobora kugaragaza aho ikomora uburenganzira bwo gucukura ibirombe Nyirandabaruta Kibonge yabyazaga umusaruro, kandi uyu we akaba yarerekanye icyangombwa cy’ubutaka, bigaragaza ko yari afite inyungu n’ububasha mu gukurikirana igikorwa cyose cyakorewe kuri ubwo butaka. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ibikorwa by’ubucurizi ni ibyo abacuruzi bakoranye n’abandi bacuruzi cyangwa n’abatari abacuruzi mu mirimo yabo y’ubucuruzi nyamara Amakosa akozwe n’abacuruzi ntabwo yakwitwa igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ahubwo icyo gikorwa aba akoze cyo kwigabiza ikintu cy’undi ni ikosa (délit/tort) ribarizwa mu mategeko y’imbonezamubano, nta nubwo cyakwitiranwa n’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ku bw’ingoboka. Bityo, ibikorwa nkibyo biri mu bubasha bw’inkiko zisanzwe. 2. Inyungu mu gutanga ikirego zigomba kuba iz’umuntu ku giti cye, (personnel) ziriho (né) kandi ari iz’ako kanya (actuel), Inyungu kandi ntizigomba kwitiranwa n’uburenganzira busesuye ku kintu (droit de propriété) ku buryo utabufite yanabuzwa ubwo gutanga ikirego. Bityo, Igikenewe n’uko mu kiregerwa haba harimo uburenganzira urega akurikirana cyangwa ufitemo uburenganzira ku bw’ubundi buryo buteganywa n’amategeko.

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Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. Ingingo ya 2,3,9 Nta manza zifashishijwe Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yareze China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma avuga ko iyi yahawe isoko ryo kubaka parking na stock byo kwakiriramo imodoka zica ku mupaka wa Rusumo, hanyuma ijya mu kirombe cye ikuramo itaka rya latérite ringana na metero kibe ibihumbi magana abiri na mirongo itanu (250.000 m3) adahari, kandi nta masezerano bagiranye cyangwa se ngo ibanze kumwishyura. Avuga kandi ko Akarere ka Kirehe kagerageje kubahuza birananirana bituma ayirega. Asaba urwo Rukiko kuyitegeka kumwishyura 254.250.000Frw, akubiyemo ay’ikiguzi cy’ubutaka bwe, inyungu mbonezamusaruro, amafaranga yishyuye abamukoreye expertise financiere n’ay’abamwunganiye ndetse n’ay’ingendo akora akurikirana urubanza kuko yigabije ubutaka bwe ikabucukuramo latérite batabyumvikanyeho. [2] China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe kagobokeshejwe muri urwo rubanza, bireguye bavuga ko ubutaka bwa laterite, China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yakoresheje atari ubwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge, ahubwo ari ubw’abandi bantu nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibyangombwa byabwo ; bityo ko basaba ko ikirego cye kitakwakirwa, kuko nta bubasha n’inyungu afite byo kuburegera, banamusaba kubaha indishyi z’ibyo batakaje ku rubanza n’ubwo icyo kirego kitakwakirwa. [3] Mu rubanza RC0101/2021/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ku wa 24/02/2022, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kitakiriwe, ko kandi agomba guha China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe buri wese 200.000Frw yo gukurikirana urubanza ndetse na 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ; rutegeka ko 20.000Frw Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yatanzeho ingwate y’amagarama arega ahwana n’ibyakozwe muri urwo rubanza. [4] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza ayijuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rutitaye ku bisobanuro yatanze ruvuga ko ubutaka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yavanyemo ‘’latérite’’ atari ubwe kandi atari byo kuko yabuguze mu mwaka wa 2018, mu kwezi kwa gatatu 2020 akaza gufungwa, ihererekanya ry'ubutaka (mutation) rishingiye ku bugure hagati y’uwo baguze Gasharara Emmanuel, ritarakorwa, ko yerekanye amasezerano y’ubugure yabuguriyeho ndetse n’ayo yahawe n’abo bagiye bamuha kimwe n’ayo yagiye agurishaho iyo ‘latérite’’ indi Company ikora imihanda yitwa NPD COTRACO Ltd ariko ntibyitabwaho, ko byongeye kandi ko n’ihererekanya

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ryarangije gukorwa kuko ryakozwe ku wa 09/03/2022 imbere ya Noteri ushinzwe ubutaka ku Murenge wa Kigarama ndetse ko n’icyangombwa cya burundu cy’ubwo butaka yagihawe. [5] China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe batanze inzitizi ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yagombaga kuregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, maze mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Bireguye kandi bavuga ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge atavuguruje ibyo Urukiko rwashingiyeho rwemeza ko adafite inyungu n’ububasha kuko aregera ibitari ibye. [6] Ku wa 07/10/2022, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwaciye urubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge bufite ishingiro, ko imikirize y’urubanza RC00101/2021/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ku wa 24/02/2022 ivanweho. Rutegeka ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge cyakirwa kikaburanishwa mu mizi ku rwego rwa mbere mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, bityo ko rusubitse amagarama y’urwo rubanza. [7] China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, irujurira muri uru Rukiko, iburanisha rishyirwa ku wa 08/02/2023. Uwo munsi ugeze, ababuranyi bose baritabye, China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Nyirangirimana Astérie afatanyije na Me Habimana Joseph, Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yunganiwe na Me Hategekimana Valens, naho Akarere ka Kirehe gahagarariwe na Me Karemera George. [8] China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd inenga urubanza rujuririrwa kuba rwaremeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kiri mu bubasha bwarwo kandi ikiburanwa kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, ko kandi rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kigomba kwakirwa kandi nta bubasha n’inyungu afite kuko yaregeye ibitari ibye. Akarere ka Kirehe kavuga ko kemeranya na Chine Road and Bride Corporation Ltd ko ikiburanwa muri uru rubanza kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, ko kandi Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge nta bubasha n’inyungu afite byo kurega. Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yiregura avuga ko ibikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yakoze byo kwigabiza ubutaka bwe itabanje kumureba ngo bumvikane, atari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ko kandi afite ububasha n’inyungu zo kuyirega nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana. [9] Urukiko rwasuzumye ibibazo byo kumenya niba uru rubanza rwaragombaga kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku rwego rwa mbere, no kumenya niba Nyirandabaruta Spécose Kibonge yari afite ububasha n’inyungu byo gutanga ikirego, ariko mbere yo kubifataho umwanzuro rusaba ababuranyi ko babanza kugerageza inzira yo gukemura impaka bafitanye biciye mu nzira y’ubuhuza, baba batayemeranyijweho iburanisha rikazakomeza ku wa 16/02/2023, akaba ari nabwo bazamenyeshwa igihe urubanza ruzasomerwa ku ngingo zavuzwe. [10] Kuri iyo tariki, ababuranyi bitabye Urukiko bahagarariwe cyangwa bunganiwe nka mbere, China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd imenyesha Urukiko ko itemera ubwumvikane, isomwa ry’urubanza rishyirwa ku wa 27/02/2023. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

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Kumenya niba uru rubanza rwaragombaga kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku rwego rwa mbere [11] Uhagarariye China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ashingiye ku ngingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya ibikurikira: “Haseguriwe ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 27, agace ka 4º, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ruburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere imanza zose z’ubucuruzi, iz’imari, iz’imisoro n’ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano na byo byerekeye: impaka zivutse ku masezerano cyangwa ku bikorwa by’ubucuruzi hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibigo by’ubucuruzi”, avuga ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kiri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi. [12] Asobanura ko impamvu ya mbere ashingiraho ari ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko yibukijwe haruguru, impamvu ya kabiri akaba ari uko mu rubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG haburanwa ibikorwa byo gucukura latérite ikoreshwa mu bikorwa by’’ubucuruzi bwa China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd, ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge adahakana ko gucukura latérite ari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi, ko kuba nta masezerano ahari nabyo bidakuraho ko ari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi. Impamvu ya gatatu akaba ari uko China Road and Bridge Corporation ari sosiyete y’ubucuruzi yanditswe muri RDB kuri TIN number 10092333, ikorana n’abantu banyuranye ibikorwa birimo kugura na bo latérite, imicanga, n’ibindi bikenerwa, kandi ibikorwa biburanwa bikaba byarabaye hagati yayo nk’umucuruzi, kandi ikaba yarabikoresheje mu bucuruzi bwayo. [13] Asobanura ko impamvu ya kane ari uko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge imbere y’Urukiko yivugiye ko acuruza latérite, kandi uretse no kubyivugira yanayigurishije NPD COTRACO Ltd n’abandi banyuranye kandi ko China Road and Bridge Corporation isanzwe ifitanye ubufatanye (joint venture) NPD Ltd, ndetse ko hari n’inyandiko yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, ku wa 28/07/2022, muri iyo baruwa akaba yaragaragaje ko acuruza kariyeri, hakaba n’ibaruwa yo ku wa 15/06/2020 yatanze nk’ikimenyetso mu rubanza RC0101/2021/TGI/NGOMA kigaragara ku mugereka wa 004, yandikiye muri gereza asaba gufungurirwa ibirombe by’amabuye, latérite n’umucanga, anasaba abo yahaye procuration kwishyura imisoro. Bityo ko ibi byose bigaragaza ko ari umucuruzi, kandi impaka afitanye na China Road and Bridge Corporation zirebana n’ibikorwa byo gucukura no kugura latérite, ari yo mpamvu ibijyanye n’impaka zishingiye kuri ibyo bikorwa biri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. Byongeye kandi ko n’iyo yaba atari kuba ari umucuruzi, bitabuza ko izo mpaka zisuzumirwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, kuko hasuzumwa ibikorwa byakozwe, aho gusuzuma niba abantu bafitanye impaka ubwabo ari abacuruzi. [14] Avuga kandi ko kuba Urukiko mu gufata icyemezo mu rubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG rwarashingiye ku kuba nta masezerano China Road and Bridge Corporation yari ifitanye na Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge, ari ugusobanura nabi ibiteganywa n’itegeko, kuko icyaregewe ari ibikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yakoreye ku butaka yita ubwe birebana n’ubucuruzi bwayo, kandi ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itareba gusa ibijyanye n’amasezerano yabaye hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibigo by’ubucuruzi, ahubwo inareba ibijyanye n’ibikorwa byakozwe n’abantu cyangwa ibigo by’ubucuruzi mu gihe ibyo bikorwa birebana n’ubucuruzi.

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[15] Asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko mu gufata icyemezo kuri iyi nzitizi rwazasuzuma niba igikorwa cyo kugura latérite ikoreshwa mu bikorwa bya China Road and Bridge Corporation byo kubaka imihanda, ibiraro naza parikingi, ntaho gihuriye bya hafi n’ubucuruzi bwayo, ngo kuko kuba ikora ubucuruzi bitagibwaho impaka. Kandi ko mu gusesengura niba ibyo bikorwa bifite aho bihuriye n’ingingo y’Itegeko yavuzwe haruguru, rwazashingira ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’abahanga mu mategeko, aho bavuze ko mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi ku bw’ibanze harimo iby’ubucuruzi nyirizina, n’ibindi by’ubucuruzi ku bw’ingoboka (actes de commerce par accessoire), kandi ko bene ibyo bikorwa birangwa no kuba bikozwe n’umucuruzi, abikorana n’umucuruzi cyangwa n’utari we, ko ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi birangwa kandi n’uko igikorwa kiba gishamikiye cyangwa se gifitanye isano n’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi umuntu asanzwe akora, nk’uko byavuzwe n’umuhanga mu mategeko witwa Michel Pédamon, Droit commercial, commerçants et fonds de commerce, concurrence et contrats du commerce, 2ème édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2000, pp.168 -169. [16] Asobanura ko n’umuhanga witwa Dimitri Houtcieff, mu gitabo cya Droit commercial, actes de commerce, commercants, fonds de commerce, instruments de paiement et de crédit, 2ème édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2008, p. 67, avuga ku bikorwa byihariye bidasanzwe ari iby’ubucuruzi ariko ko biba byo ku bw’ingoboka kubera isano bifitanye n’ubucuruzi (Emprunt de commercialité et théorie ‘’de l’accessoire’’), agira ati: ’’un acte à caractère civil est qualifié d’acte de commerce parcequ’il se rattache à un acte de commerce ou qu’il est accompli par un commerçant” ; bityo ko ibikorwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge aregera biri mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, kuko igikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yakoze cyo kugura latérite na we gifitanye isano n’ubucuruzi ikora, n’ubwo yaba cyangwa ntabe yari umucuruzi. [17] Uhagarariye Akarere ka Kirehe ashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1º y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/02/2018 ryibukijwe haruguru, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwafashe ibintu uko bitari, mu kwemeza ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kitari mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi, kuko ibikorwa biburanwa ari iby’ubucuruzi, kandi ku ruhande rumwe bikaba byarabaye hagati y’abantu b’abacuruzi. Asobanura ko muri uru rubanza haburanwa ibikorwa byabaye hagati ya China Road and Bridge Corporation na ba nyiri ubutaka, byo gucukura latérite ikoresha mu bikorwa byayo by’ubucuruzi, kandi ko China Road and Bridge Corporation ari sosiyete y’ubucuruzi yanditswe muri RDB. Bityo ko kuba ibikorwa biburanwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yarabikoze nk’umucuruzi, ikabikoresha mu bucuruzi bwayo, Urukiko rutari gufata icyemezo cy’uko ibyo bikorwa bitari mu bubasha bw’inkiko z’ubucuruzi. [18] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge n’umwunganira bavuga ko ibivugwa na China Road and Bridge Corporation ntaho bihuriye n'ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1º, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, kuko ibikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation yakoze byo kwigabiza ubutaka bwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ikabucukuramo latérite itabanje kumureba ngo bumvikane, atari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, ndetse n’ibyo ivuga ko yivugiye ko ari umucuruzi akaba yaragiranye amasezerano na NPD COTRACO Ltd akayigurisha latérite kandi ngo iyi NPD COTRACO Ltd ifitanye ubufatanye (joint venture) na China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd, na byo bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ari rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha uru rubanza, kuko itagaragaza amasezerano Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaba yaragiranye na yo, uretse kuvuga gusa ko hari ayo yagiranye na NPD

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COTRACO, cyane ko na yo yari yararangiye , kandi ko ntacyo abaza NPD COTRACO Ltd kugeza ubu kuko yamwishyuye. Ko rero uru rubanza ari urw’imbonezamubano kuko ntaho ruhuriye n’ubucuruzi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [19] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba igikorwa cyo gucukura latérite cyakozwe na China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd mu kirombe cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge batabyumvikanyeho ari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi, bityo ikirego kikaba cyaragombaga kuregerwa Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. [20] Amategeko yo mu Rwanda ntabwo asobanura itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi n’ibikorwa by’imbonezamubano kandi n’igihe urubanza rwaburanishwaga nta rubanza rwari rwaratanze umurongo kuri iki kibazo1, akaba ari yo mpamvu mu gusubiza iki kibazo uru Rukiko rugomba kwifashisha inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko (doctrine), hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 9 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. [21] Michel Pédamon na Hugues Kenfack bavuga ko ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi mu by’ukuri ari ibikorwa bikorwa n’abacuruzi mu mirimo y’abo y’ubucuruzi; ko ibyo bikorwa bigengwa n’amategeko yihariye atandukanye n’agenga ibikorwa by’imbonezamubano2. Abandi bahanga bavuga ko ibikorwa by’imbonezamubano ari ibikorwa bigengwa n’amategeko asanzwe, naho ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi ari ibikorwa bikozwe n’abacuruzi mu gihe bashyira mu bikorwa umwuga wabo.3 [22] Inyandiko z’abahanga zavuzwe haruguru zumvikanisha ko ibikorwa by’ubucurizi ari ibyo abacuruzi bakoranye n’abandi bacuruzi cyangwa n’abatari abacuruzi mu mirimo yabo y’ubucuruzi, nko gukora ubwikorezi, ariko amakosa akozwe n’abacuruzi ntabwo yakwitwa igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi n’ubwo ku ruhande rumwe haba hari inyungu kuri uwo mucuruzi. Urugero, umucuruzi wigabije inzu y’undi muntu cyangwa imodoka hanyuma akabikoresha mu bucuruzi bwe, icyo gikorwa aba akoze cyo kwigabiza ikintu cy’undi ni ikosa (délit/tort) ribarizwa mu mategeko y’imbonezamubano, kikaba rero kidakwiye kwitiranwa n’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ku bw’ingoboka. 1Urubanza rwaciwe nyuma y’iburanisha ry’uru rubanza ni urubanza RCAA00023/2022/CA rwaciwe ku wa 23/02/2023, haburana NZATUNGA Ruvuguta Emmanuel na MASTAKI MUHASHA Justin ariko icyaburanwe muri urwo rubanza ni ikijyanye n’itandukaniro riri hagati y’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi n’amasezerano y’imbonezamubano. 2Michel Pedamon & Hugues Kenfack, Droit commercial, commerçants et fonds de commerce, Concurrence et contrats du commerce, 4eme édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2015, page 2001. (Les actes de commerce sont pour l’essentiel les actes accomplis par les commerçants dans l’exercice de leur commerce; ils sont soumis à un régime juridique particulier différent de celui qui est applicable aux actes civils.) 3Ainsi, les actes civils sont ceux qui relèvent du droit commun et les actes commerciaux peuvent quant à eux être définis comme des actes accomplis par un commerçant dans l’exercice de sa profession. Cette dernière définition s’inscrit dans la théorie subjective de l’acte de commerce. (https://www.etudier.com/dissertations/l%E2%80%99Int%C3%A9r %C3%AAt-Pratique-De-La-Distinction- Acte/303212.html#:~:text=Ainsi%2C%20les%20actes%20civils%20sont,de %20l'acte%20de%20commerc e.).

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[23] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ku wa 05/10/2021 yasobanuye ko ubwo China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yahabwaga isoko ryo kubaka parking na za Stock nini cyane zo kwakira ibica ku mupaka wa Rusumo, yagiye mu kirombe cye ikuramo latérite ingana na 250,000 m3 adahari nta n’amasezerano bagiranye ngo babanze bamwishyure, asaba Urukiko gutegeka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd kumwishyura 254.250.000Frw akubiyemo inyungu mbonezamusaruro n’ayo azakoresha ayora akajya kumena kure ibumba ry'umweru bavanye ku rufunzo ku mupaka ubwo bakoraga umuhanda Kayonza-Rusumo barimena mu kirombe cye wongeyeho n'amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza. [24] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza igenagaciro ryatanzwe na Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ryakozwe n’umugenagaciro Munyabitabo Christian, aho agaragaza ko China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yacukuye latérite ingana na 224.250 m3 ifite agaciro ka 224.250.000Frw mu kirombe cya Kagorogoro nta burenganzira isabye nyiri ubutaka ari we Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge. Inagaragaza igenagaciro ryatanzwe na China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ryakozwe n’umuhanga Kabanda Pierre Celestin rigaragaza ko China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yakoresheje latérite yakuye mu kirombe cya Kagorogoro ingana na 2.400 m3 ifite agaciro ka 2.400.000Frw. [25] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaregeye kwishyurwa latérite, China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yacukuye mu kirombe cye batabyumvikanyeho, indishyi mbonezamusaruro n’ayo azakoresha akuramo ibumba ry'umweru iyo company yashyize mu kirombe cye, ndetse n’amafaranga yakoresheje muri uru rubanza. [26] Urukiko rusanga rero, n’ubwo China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ari umucuruzi ariko igikorwa iregwa ko yakoze cyo kwigabiza ikirombe cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge atari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ahubwo ari ikosa (ikintu cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi “délit/tort”); ibyo bikaba bitandukanye n’uko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaba yaragiranye amasezerano na China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yo gucukura ikirombe cye. Igikorwa China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd iregwa ko yakoze ku butaka bwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ntabwo ari igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ahubwo ni ikosa riteganywa n’amategeko y’imbonezamubano nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya cya 22 cy’uru rubanza, kikaba gitandukanye n’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi ku bw’ingoboka kivugwa n’abahagarariye China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd n’Akarere ka Kirehe. [27] Kubera izo mpamvu, Uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwakoze rwemeza ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ari rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha uru rubanza ku rwego rwa mbere. Kumenya niba Nyirandabaruta Spécose Kibonge yari afite ububasha n’inyungu byo gutanga ikirego [28] Uhagarariye China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd avuga ko Urukiko rwakiriye ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kandi nta nyungu n’ububasha yari afite bwo kuregera ibikorwa bikorerwa mu butaka butari ubwe, kuko ari ubwa Hakizimana Caliope, Ntamahungiro Annonciata, no represent, Nyirakamana, Nyiramahirwe, Nkundineza Antoine, Gasharara Emmanuel na Niyonsaba

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Vénantie bose babufitiye ibyangombwa kandi nta burenganzira bamuhaye bwo kubatangira ikirego cyangwa kubaburanira, rukaba rwarirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z‘imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko « Ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega, keretse igihe itegeko ribiteganya ukundi ». [29] Avuga kandi ko kuba Urukiko mu cyemezo cyarwo rwarasobanuye ko hagati ya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge n’abo ubwo butaka bwanditsweho hari amasezerano y’ubugure nta shingiro bifite, kuko itegeko ryateganyije uburyo bwihariye ku birebana n’uburenganzira ku butaka, aho riteganya ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka agira agaciro iyo abereye imbere ya Noteri w’ubutaka gusa, ibyo bikaba bivuze ko inyandiko y’abantu ku giti cyabo (acte sous seing privé) idashobora kwifashishwa hemezwa ko umuntu runaka ari nyir’ubutaka, nk’uko n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabitanzeho umurongo mu bika bya 24-27 mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe n’urwo Rukiko ku wa 30/09/2021, haburana Nshimiyimana Yvon, CIFTCI Inanc na Sebutinde Edouard. Ko rero amasezerano y’ubugure atari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko ubutaka bwacukuwemo latérite ari ubwa Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge, bityo kuba yararegeye ubutaka butari ubwe, ikirego cye kitagombaga kwakirwa nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma mu rubanza RC0101/2021/TGI/NGOMA. [30] Asobanura kandi avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma mu kwemeza ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kitagombaga kwakirwa rwashingiye ku kuba yararegeraga latérite yakuwe mu butaka bubaruwe kuri UPI: 5/05/03/03/4350, UPI: 5/05/03/03/3587, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4349, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4351, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4352, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4870, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4872 kandi atari ubwe, hanyuma Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, mu guca urubanza rwibanda ku butaka bubaruwe kuri UPI:5/05/03/03/4871 Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaguze na Gasharara Emmanuel, maze rwemeza ko ikirego cye cyagombaga kwakirwa rwirengagije ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaregeye latérite yakuwe mu butaka bubaruwe kuri UPI: 5/05/03/03/4350 bwanditse kuri Hakizimana Calliope, UPI: 5/05/03/03/3587 bwanditse kuri Ntamahungiro Annonciata, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4349 no represent, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4351 bwanditse kuri Nyirakamana, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4352 bwanditse kuri Nyiramahirwe, UPI: 5/05/03/03/4872 bwanditse kuri Nkundineza Antoine. [31] Akomeza avuga ko kuba Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ku rwego rw’ubujurire yarerekanye ko ubutaka bwa Gasharara Emmanuel bubaruye kuri kuri UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871 buvugwa kumwandikwaho ku wa 09/03/2022, atari ikimenyetso cyari gutuma ikirego cye cyakirwa kuko icyo yagombaga kwerekana ku rwego rw’ubujurire ari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko igihe yatangaga ikirego ubutaka bwacukuwemo latérite bwari bumwanditseho. Avuga ko ashingiye ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, urega agomba kuba afite inyungu n’ububasha, kandi ko bisuzumirwa ku rwego rubanza, aho gusuzumirwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire, bityo ko mu rwego rw’amategeko ikirego cye kitagombaga kwakirwa kuko cyarebanaga n’ubutaka butari ubwe nk’uko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwabibonye. [32] Avuga na none ko kuba Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaraje kwandikwaho ubutaka bwa Gasharara Emmanuel bubaruye kuri UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871 bidakemura ikibazo kijyanye n’ubundi butaka atanditseho, kandi ko procuration yahawe na Nyirakamana na Nyirakaziga yo ku wa

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15/03/2018, ariyo kubafatira amafaranga muri NPD COTRACO Ltd, ko kuba yaragiranye amasezerano y’agateganyo na bamwe muri bo, bidakuraho ko atari nyiri ubutaka kandi ko atagombaga kubiregera no kubiburana mu izina rye cyane ko hari n’ubutaka yaregeye budafite uwo bwanditseho. Asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kitakirwa kuko aregera ibitari ibye, nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma mu rubanza RC00101/2021/TGI/NGOMA. [33] Uhagarariye Akarere ka Kirehe avuga ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge nta nyungu n’ububasha afite byo kuregera ibikorwa bikorerwa mu butaka butari ubwe, kuko ubutaka avuga ko bwacukuwemo latérite ari ubwa Hakizimana Caliope, Ntamahungiro Annonciata, nomero itanditswe ku muntu, Nyirakamana, Nyiramahirwe, Nkundineza Antoine, Gasharara Emmanuel na Niyonsaba Vénantie, bose babufitiye ibyangombwa, ku buryo ntaho yahera avuga ko ibirombe aregera ari ibye, kandi ko atagaragaza uburenganzira bamuhaye ngo abatangire ikirego cyangwa ngo ababuranire. Avuga na none ko itegeko ryateganyije uburyo bwihariye ku birebana n’uburenganzira ku butaka, bw’uko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka agira agaciro iyo abereye imbere ya Noteri w’ubutaka gusa, inyandiko y’abantu ku giti cyabo (acte sous seing privé) ikaba idashobora kwifashishwa hemezwa ko umuntu runaka ari nyiri ubutaka (Specialibus generaribus derogant). [34] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge n’umwunganira biregura bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwakoze mu kwemeza ko afite inyungu zo gukurikirana China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd, kuko iyi yemereye Urukiko ko ubutaka yakuyemo ‘’latérite’’ ari bwo ayirega. Kandi ko yari afite amasezezerano y’ubugure n’ibyangombwa by’ubwo butaka byanditse ku bo yaguze nabo, kandi ko batabihakana, bityo ko ayo masezerano y’ubugure ubwayo agaragaza inyungu ze bwite yabugizeho akimara kubugura, ari na zo zimuhesha ububasha bwo gukurikirana umutungo yaguze aho waba uri hose. Ikindi kandi ngo ni uko ikiburanwa atari amasezerano y'ubugure bw'ubutaka, kandi ko kuba ihererekanyamutungo (mutation) ritarakorwa bidaha China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd uburenganzira bwo kudakurikiranwaho latérite yacukuye muri ubwo butaka, cyane ko na mutation ivugwa yamaze gukorwa, ikaba ishimangira ayo masezerano n’ubwo na yo yari ahagije. [35] Bavuga kandi ko China Road and Bridge Corporation igenda yivuguruza, aho hamwe yemera ko yacukuye latérite mu butaka bwe, ahandi ikavuga ko atari ubwe kuko butamwanditseho, kandi mu rubanza RC00101/2021/TGI/NGOMA no mu rubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG, yaremeye ko ubutaka yacukuyemo ‘’latérite’’ ari bwo ayirega. Kandi ko yari afite amasezerano y’ubugure n’ibyangombwa by’ubwo butaka byanditse ku bo yari yarabuguze na bo, kandi ntawe ubihakana, bityo ko ayo masezerano ubwayo agaragaza inyungu yari afite kuri ubwo butaka kuva yabugura, kandi kuba inyungu yari afite zari ize ku giti cye bimuha n’ububasha bwo gukurikirana umutungo yaguze aho waba uri hose. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [36] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge kitaragombaga kwakirwa kuko ubutaka China Road and Bridge Corporation yacukuyemo latérite butari bumwanditseho mu gihe yatangaga ikirego.

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[37] Ingingo ya 3, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ibikurikira : “Ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega, keretse igihe itegeko ribiteganya ukundi”. Ingingo ya 2, agace ka 7, y’iryo tegeko iteganya ko ububasha bw’umuburanyi ari uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n’amategeko akabukoresha arengera inyungu iyi n’iyi mu rukiko cyangwa yumvikanisha ibyo asaba cyangwa arwanya ibisabwa n’undi. [38] Umuhanga Serge Guinchard avuga ko inyungu zigomba kuba iz’umuntu ku giti cye, (personnel) ziriho (né) kandi ari iz’ako kanya (actuel), ko mu bisabwa urega harimo kugira inyungu ku giti cye, kuko nta muntu wemerewe kuregera inyungu z’undi muntu4. Inyungu mu gutanga ikirego kandi ntizigomba kwitiranwa n’uburenganzira busesuye ku kintu (droit de propriété) ku buryo utabufite yanabuzwa ubwo gutanga ikirego. Igikenewe n’uko mu kiregerwa haba harimo uburenganzira ukurikirana nko kuba hari icyo washoyemo mu buryo bw’amafaranga cyangwa ufitemo uburenganzira ku bw’ubundi buryo buteganywa n’amategeko. Mu yandi magambo, igihe umuburanyi afite uburenganzira akurikirana mu kintu runaka, nta wundi wakabaye amubangamira mu kugikurikirana, uretse ufite icyo bagihuriyeho mu buryo bw’amasezerano cyangwa ubundi buteganywa n’amategeko. [39] Mu bika bikurikira, harasuzumwa niba hari inyungu Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge afite ku butaka buburanwa akaba anazihuriyeho na China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd kuburyo byamubangamira gutanga ikirego hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bitanzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki. [40] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka bufite UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871 bwo gucukuramo latérite yabaye ku wa 30/12/2018, hagati ya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge na Gasharara Emmanuel. Igaragaza kandi ko ubwo butaka bufite ubuso bungana na 4127sqm bwanditse kuri Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ku wa 26/03/2022, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ubukode burambye no 4871Kir/Kig yagiranye na Repubulika y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe n’Umubitsi w’impapurompamo. [41] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza kandi amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka yabaye hagati ya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge na Mukabera Anonciata, ayo yagiranye na Ntamahungiro Annonciata, ayo yagiranye Ntacyobazi Omar, ayo yagiranye na Tegejo Nepomuscene n’ayo yagiranye Habiyambere Theoneste. [42] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza na none inyandiko ya komite y’Umudugudu wa Kagorogoro n’iya komite y’Umudugudu wa Rama zo ku wa 28/04/2021, zemejwe n’Umunyabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Kiremera. Muri izo nyandiko abagize komite y’iyo midugudu bemeza ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge afite ikirombe kandi ko icyo kirombe ari cyo cyacukuwemo latérite yakoreshejwe mu gukora parking ya Rwanda Revenue na Magerwa yubatswe Kiyanzi mu Karere ka Kirehe. [43] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru mu gihe Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yatangaga ikirego cye yagaragaje amasezerano y’ubugure yagiranye n’abantu batandukanye bafite ubutaka aho China 4 L’intérêt doit être personnel, né et actuel. L’exigence d’un intêrêt qui soit personnel au demandeur caractérise le contentieux subjectif. Elle traduit l’idée que nul n’est pas admis, en principe à défendre les intérêts d’autrui (…) . Serge ˮ Guinchard, Droit et pratique de la procédure civile, 8eme éd., Dalloz, Paris, 2014, p.5

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Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yacukuye latérite, harimo n’amasezerano y’ubugure yagiranye na Gasharara Emmanuel ku butaka bufite UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871. Urukiko rurasanga ayo masezerano y’ubugure agaragaza aho Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge ahurira n’ubutaka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yacukuyemo latérite cyane ko abayagiranye bayemeranywaho, akaba nta mpaka ateje hagati y’impande zayagiranye. [44] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo ababuranira China Road and Bridge Corporation n’Akarere ka Kirehe bavuga ko Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge aburana ibitari ibye, bityo akaba nta nyungu afite yo kubiburana, kuko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka agira agaciro iyo abereye imbere ya Noteri w’ubutaka gusa, ibyo bikaba bivuze ko inyandiko y’abantu ku giti cyabo (acte sous seing privé) idashobora kwifashishwa hemezwa ko umuntu runaka ari nyiri ubutaka, nta shingiro byahabwa kuko ibyo Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yaregeye atari ukumenya nyiri umutungo, ahubwo yaregeye uburenganzira bushingiye ku masezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka yagiranye n’abantu bavuzwe haruguru, kandi badafitanye ikibazo. Kuba ihererekanyamutungo (mutation) ryari ritarakorwa, ariko hari amasezerano y’ubugure, ubwo China Road and Bridge Corporation yacukuraga ikirombe Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yabyazaga umusaruro, ibyo ntabwo bihesha China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd uburenganzira bwo gucukura latérite muri ibyo birombe byavuzwe haruguru. [45] Kuba China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd idashobora kugaragaza aho ikomora uburenganzira bwo gucukura ibirombe Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge yabyazaga umusaruro, kandi uyu we akaba yarerekanye amasezerano y’ubugure, icyangombwa cy’ubutaka bufite y’ubutaka UPI: 5/05/03/03/4871, inyandiko ya komite y’Umudugudu wa Kagorogoro n’iya komite y’Umudugudu wa Rama zigaragaza ko afite ikirombe kandi ko ari cyo cyacukuwemo latérite yakoreshejwe mu kubaka parking mu Karere, Urukiko rurasanga bigaragaza ko yari afite inyungu mu gukurikirana igikorwa cyose cyakorewe kuri ubwo butaka kandi China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd ikaba idashobora kubimubangamiramo kuko ntaho ahuriye nayo nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 38 cy’uru rubanza; bityo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rukaba nta kosa rwakoze mu kwemeza ko ikirego cye cyagombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere. [46] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, uru Rukiko rurasanga ubujurire bwa China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd nta shingiro bufite, bityo urubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, ku wa 07/10/2022 rwategetse ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge cyakirwa kikaburanishwa mu mizi mu rwego rwa mbere mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, rukaba rudahindutse. Kumenya niba indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka bisabwa muri uru rubanza bifite ishingiro [47] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibongi n’umwunganira basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd kumuha indishyi zingana na 50.000.000Frw kubera kumushora mu manza, kurya, amatike n’ingendo, n’iminsi amaze adakora, na 2.000.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [48] Uhagarariye China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yiregura ku ndishyi Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge asaba avuga ko nta shingiro zifite, kubera ko kujurira ari uburenganzira bwayo

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kugira ngo ihabwe ubutabera ; ko ahubwo Urukiko nirusanga ikirego cy’ubujurire cyayo gifite ishingiro, rwazamutegeka kuyiha 2.000.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [49] Uhagarariye Akarere ka Kirehe asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Nyirandabaruta Kibonge Spéciose guha Akarere ka Kirehe indishyi zingana na 3.000.000Frw zo gushorwa mu manza ku maherere, igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 2.000.000Frw na 1.000.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [50] Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge n’umwunganira biregura ku mafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd, isaba bavuga ko ntayo yahabwa, kubera ko ari yo yabaye nyirabayazana w’uru rubanza. Bavuga kandi indishyi Akarere ka Kirehe gasaba nta zo kahabwa kuko ntacyo akarega, ko yakagobokesheje ataramenya uwamutwariye l5atérite kugira ngo kamugaragaze nk’akari gahagarariye inyungu z’abaturage, kuko China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yagiye mu kirombe cye afunzwe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [51] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwategetse ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge cyakirwa kikaburanishwa mu mizi mu rwego rwa mbere mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, kuba rero uru Rukiko rwemeranyijwe n’icyemezo cyafashwe n’urwo Rukiko rurasanga indishyi n’amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza bisabwa muri uru rubanza bitagomba gusuzumwa kuko bizasuzumirwa mu mizi y’urubanza. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [52] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd nta shingiro bufite. [53] Rwemeje ko urubanza RCA00026/2022/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana ku wa 07/10/2022 rwategetse ko ikirego cya Nyirandabaruta Spéciose Kibonge cyakirwa kikaburanishwa mu mizi mu rwego rwa mbere mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, rudahindutse. [54] Ruvuze ko ingwate y‘amagarama China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd yatanze ijurira ihwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.