ESETRA Ltd v HATEGEKIMANA NABANDI

ESETRA Ltd v HATEGEKIMANA NABANDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-08-09 - Case/document no.: RCA 00044/2022/HC/NYZ - Collection: High Court

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ESETRA Ltd v HAKIZIMANA N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU - RCA 00044/2022/HC/NYZ (Ndagijimana, P.J.) 09 Kamena 2023] Amategeko agenga imanza mbonezamubano – Uburyozwe – Uburyozwe ku bantu cyangwa ku bintu umuntu ashinzwe kurinda – Umuntu nta ryozwa gusa ibyangiritse kubera ibikorwa bye bwite, ahubwo anaryozwa ibyangijwe n’ibikorwa by’abandi yishingiye cyangwa n’ibintu ashinzwe kurinda. Amategeko agenga imanza mbonezamubano – Uburyozwe – Indishyi – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zitari izo mu muhanda – Mu kubara indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zitari izo mu muhanda ntihashingirwa ku Iteka rya Perezida rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, icyakora nta cyabuza Urukiko kwifashisha uburyo (formule) buteganyijwe muri iryo teka. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga harega Hakizimana n’abavandimwe be barega ESETRA Ltd indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yabereye mu kirombe igahitana Habimana. ESETRA Ltd yo ivuga ko nyakwigendera atigeze aba umukozi wayo kuko nta masezerano bafitanye. Urukiko rwasanze icyo kirego gifte ishingiro rutegeka ESETRA Ltd guha abarega indishyi zitandukanye. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru avuga ko atemera ibyashingiweho acibwa indishyi ko zatanzwe mu buryo budasobanutse. Urukiko rwasuzumye ibibazo birimo icyo kumenya niba igikorwa cyo gukora declaration

ya accident gisobanuye kwiyemerera ikosa ryateje impanuka no kumenya niba kuba harabanje kugeragezwa inzira zo kumvikana ubwabyo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wa sosiyete no kumenya niba haragombga gutangwa indishyi. Uwajuriye avuga ko Umucamanza wa mbere yasesenguye ko kuba umuyobozi wa sosiyete yarahise akora declaration muri Radiant yatanze ubwishingizi nyuma y’impanuka, ngo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko ESETRA Ltd yakoze amakosa yateye impanuka yo ikaba ibona atari icyo bivuze ko ahubwo byakozwe kuko hari amabwiriza asaba ko mu gihe habaye impanuka mu kirombe, iba igomba kumenyekanishwa bityo agasanga nta buryozwe bw’indishyi akwiye gucibwa. Abaregwa basobanura ko ibyo ESTRA Ltd ivuga nta shingiro bifite kuko Umugenzacyaha wakoze iperereza yemeje ko impanuka yahitanye Habimana yatewe n'amakosa ya ESTRA Ltd kuko itubahirije ibipimo ngenderwaho mu bucukuzi bwa kariyeri, kandi ESTRA Ltd ikaba itagaragaza icyo yakoze ngo irinde ko ikirombe cyayo cyateza impanuka. Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba ESETRA Ltd yarabanje kugerageza kumvikana n’abaregwa byerekana ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wayo. Incamake y’icyemezo: Umuntu ntaryozwa gusa ibyangiritse kubera ibikorwa bye bwite, ahubwo anaryozwa ibyangijwe n'ibikorwa by'abantu yishingiye cyangwa n'ibintu ashinzwe kurinda. Ku bw’ ibyo, kuba ESETRA Ltd idahakana ko Habimana yagwiriwe n’ ikirombe icukuramo amabuye y’ agaciro kandi kimugwira ikaba yaragikoreshaga, bikaba bigaragaza ko impamvu z’ ubujurire yatanze nta shingiro zifite.

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Ubujurire bwatanzwe nta shingiro bufite; Imikirize y’ urubanza RC 00185/2021/TGI/MHG ihindutse ku bijyanye n’ indishyi zigenwe mu bujurire. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/5/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3; Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 12, 111. Imanza zifashishijwe: RADA 0025/12/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25 Mata 2014, haburana NAEB na SINFOTEC Sarl; RSOCAA 0061/12/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikrenga ku wa 02 Gicurasi 2014, haburana Kalisa v. Institut Polytechnique de Byumba (IPB) RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 28 Kamena 2022, haburana Manirarora v RWANDA RUDNIKI LTD Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga harega Mukanyandwi Vestine nyina wa nyakwigendera n’ abavandimwe be ari bo Hakizimana Théogène, Hategekimana Jean Bosco, Nikuze M. Gorette, Mukeshimana Odette na Nyirahabimana Victoire, barega ESETRA Ltd indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka y'ikirombe yahitanye Habimana Viateur agwiriwe n’ ikirombe ku wa 28/4/2020 arapfa kimwe n'indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza bavuga ko Habimana Viateur yabaye umukozi wa ESETRA Ltd kuva mu mwaka 2017, ko ku va yatangira akazi nta masezerano y'akazi yigeze ahabwa nta n’imisanzu

y'ubwiteganyirize yigeze atangirwa. [2] ESETRA Ltd yo si uko yabibonaga kuko yavugaga ko Habimana Viateur atigeze aba umukozi wayo kubera ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe cyagaragajwe kibyerekana cyangwa se kigaragaza ko byibuze hari amasano ashingiye ku masezerano ayo ari yo yose yaba yaragiranye na ESETRA Ltd; ko kuba Habimana Viateur yarakoreye impanuka mu kirombe cya ESETRA bidasobanuye byanga bikunze ko yari umukozi wayo nk’ uko abarega babivuga kuko hari n’abajyayo bagiye kwiba bakagwayo; ko niba batagaragaza ingano y’umushahara yahembwaga wa buri kwezi naho yahemberwaga , ibyo abarega bashingiraho basaba indishyi bidakwiye guhabwa ishingiro kuko nta kigaragaza ko Habimana Viateur yari umukozi wa ESETRA Ltd, ko ariko mu gihe Urukiko rwabibona ukundi, mu kubara izo ndishyi rwazashingira ku mushahara muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko, maze kuri urwo rwego hasuzumwa ibijyanye no kumenya niba niba Habimana Viateur atarigeze aba umukozi wa ESETRA Ltd no kumenya niba

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ESETRA Ltd yategekwa kwishyura indishyi ziturutse ku mpanuka y'ikirombe cyahitanye Habimana Viateur n’ingano yazo. [3] Urwo rubanza rumaze kuburanishwa Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasanze icyo kirego gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, rutegeka ESETRA Ltd kwishyura nyina wa nyakwigendera ari we Mukanyandwi Vestine indishyi zingana na miliyoni eshanu ( 5.000.000 frs ) z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda no guha buri muvandimwe wa nyakwigendera , impozamarira ingana n’ibihumbi magana arindwi (700.000 frs ) ari bo Hategekimana Jean Bosco; Hakizimana Théogène; Nikuze M.Gorette; Mukeshimana Odette na Nyirahabimana Victoire no kwishyura ibihumbi magana arindwi ( 700.000 frs ) akubiyemo igihembo cy’ Avocat, n’ikurikiranarubanza n’ ibihumbi makumyabiri ( 20.000 frs ) yatanzwe nk’ingwate y’amagarama n’abarega, ESETRA Ltd ijurira ivuga ko n’ ubwo yakoze declaration y’impanuka, bitavuze ko yemera ikosa ryateje impanuka , ko itemera ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wayo n’ ubwo yagerageje inzira z’ ubwumvikane, ko abavandimwe be atari abazungura ku buryo bagenerwa indishyi n’ uko Umucamanza atagaragaje Itegeko ryashingirwaho rijyanye n’ indishyi ziburanwa muri uru rubanza, abaregwa bo bakavuga ko uko babigaragaje na mbere ibyo nta shingiro byahabwa nabo bakaboneraho indishyi z’ ikurikiranarubanza mu bujurire. [4] Ibibazo bisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibijyanye no: a. Kumenya niba igikorwa cya ESETRA Ltd cyo gukora

declaration ya accident gisobanuye kwiyemerera ikosa ryateje impanuka no kumenya niba kuba harabanje kugeragezwa inzira zo kumvikana ubwabyo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wa sosiyete. b. Kumenya niba abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera baragombaga kugenerwa indishyi kandi atari abazungura be no kumenya niba Umucamanza wa mbere ataragombaga kugaraza ingingo z’Itegeko yashingiyeho agena indishyi nyuma yaho asanze Itegeko abarega bashingiragaho mu kirego cyabo ritakurikizwa muri uru rubanza c. Indishyi z’ ikurikiranarubanza n’ igihembo cya Avoka. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA i. Kumenya niba igikorwa cya ESETRA Ltd cyo gukora declaration y’ impanuka gisobanuye kwiyemerera ikosa ryateje impanuka no kumenya niba kuba harabanje kugeragezwa inzira zo kumvikana ubwabyo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wa sosiyete [5] Me Bizumuremyi Isaac uburanira ESETRA Ltd avuga bajuriye kubera ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa , Umucamanza wa mbere yasesenguye kuba umuyobozi wa sosiyete yarahise akora declaration muri Radiant yatanze ubwishingizi nyuma y’impanuka, ngo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko ESETRA Ltd yakoze amakosa yateye impanuka, ko iyo analyse basanga atariyo, kubera ko amabwiriza agenga Mine ategeka nyiri ikirombe gufata ubwishingizi bw’ impanuka yabera mu kirombe ku muntu wese yaba ari umukozi cyangwa undi muntu wihitira anyuze mu kirombe , ko mu mategeko y’ ubwishingizi , uwabufashe agomba guhita akora declaration mu gihe runaka nyuma y’impanuka, ko kuba rero ESETRA Ltd yarakoze declaration y’ iyo mpanuka byari mukubahiriza amasezerano ya assurance n’amabwiriza y’ikigo gishinzwe Mine, bitavuze ko ari ukwemera amakosa nk’ uko Umucamanza yabisesenguye., ko mu iperereza ryakozwe n’inzego

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zibishinzwe (RIB) nta responsibility ya sosiyete yigeze igaragazwa, ko amabwiriza y’umutekano muri mine yatanzwe n’ikigo gishyizwe mine, peteroli na gazi mu Rwanda, muri Nzeri, 2017, asobanura impanuka ko ari ikintu kitateganyijwe gitera igihombo, kuri page ya 11 yayo mabwiriza hagateganya ibigomba gukorwa n’ukora ubucukuzi, ko rero muri izo nshingano nta n’ imwe sosiyete ESETRA Ltd itubahirije kandi iyo haza kuba hari inshingano zitubahirijwe na sosiyete, ntabwo nyakwigendera Viateur yajyaga kwemera kuhakora kubera ko na we afite inshingano zo kutemera gukorera imirimo ahashobora kumuteza impanuka (page 11 (1.2-d) y’ ayo mabwiriza), ko kuba rero icyabaye ari impanuka kandi itaragizwemo uruhare na Sosiyete ESETRA Ltd, basanga ntaburyozwe bw’indishyi bwari bukwiye gucibwa ESETRA Ltd nkuko Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga yabigenje bityo bagasaba ko ndishyi zose zakurwaho mu bujurire. [6] Akomeza avuga ko kubijyanye no kumenya niba kuba harabanje kugeragezwa inzira zo kumvikana ubwabyo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko Nyakwigendera Viateur yari umukozi wa Sosiyete, mu gika cya 5 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa , basanga ibyo byarakozwe mu rwego rwo gusuzuma ibyo amabwiriza agenga Mine agenera abazungura b’ uwapfiriye mukirombe no murwego rwa cost analysis (analyse de coût) aho ESETRA Ltd yashakaga kumenya cost y’ imanza no gukemura ikibazo mu bwumvikane ariko bidasobanuye ko yemera

ko nyakwigendera Habimana Viateur yari umukozi wayo, ko ari ibintu bisanzwe ku masosiyete kandi iyo nama bari bayigiriwe na Avocat abagaragazira ko amafaranga bagatanze kumu Avocat bayatanga kugirango ikibazo gikemuke bidasabye imanza, ko ikibabaje ari uko Avocat uhagarariye abaregwa yabikoresheje nk’ ikimenyetso kandi yarabimenyeshejwe ko inzira z’ubwumvikane bidasobanuye ko sosiyete yemera responsibility, ko no mu gika cya 6 nabwo Umucamanza yavuze ko ESETRA Ltd itashoboye kuvuguruza icyo kimenyetso (kuba harabaye ubwo bwumvikane) kandi itemera ko icyo ari ikimenyetso gihamya ko hari amasezerano y’umurimo hagati yayo na nyakwigendera Viateur. [7] Anavuga ko mu gika cya 6 cya kopi y’urubanza, na none Umucamanza yavuze ko uhagarariye sosiyete Epimaque yavuze ko umunsi haba impanuka, hari abakozi ba company, ngo icyo na cyo kikaba ari ikimenyetso cyemeza ko Nyakwigendera Viateur yari umukozi wa Company, ko iyo mvugo ubwayo itavugaga kuri Viateur kuburyo byafatwa nk’imenyetso gisubiza ikibazo cyo kumenya niba nyakwigendera Viateur yari umukozi wa Sosiyete, ko n’ ubwo koko uwo Epimaque yabajijwe na RIB niba sosiyete yari ifite abakozi bari bahari ku munsi habaga impanuka, ariko atasubizaga abacukuzi ba kariyeri barimo Nyakwigendera Viateur, ko icyo kimenyetso ari nacyo cyashingiweho Umucamanza yagarutseho mu gika cya 13 na cya 14 aha agaciro ubusabe bw’indishyi, ko mu gucukura

amabuye y’ agaciro kuri sosiyete nka ESETRA Ltd zicukura kariyeri, abacukuzi bagurisha umusaruro wabo bacukuye kuri sosiyete (nyiri ikirombe), ko Umuyobozi wa ESETRA ltd yakira uwo musaruro wa buri mucukuzi akanabishyura cash., ko rero umucukuzi yashoboraga kugaruka umunsi ukurikiye cyangwa ntagaruke, ko uwo rero atabaga ari umukozi wa sosiyete uteganywa n’itegeko rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda. [8] Me Nsengiyumva Collette uburanira Hategekimana Jean Bosco na bagenzi be avuga ko ibyo ESTRA Ltd ivuga nta kuri kurimo hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 3 y’ Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’ itangwa ryabyo Umugenzacyaha wakoze iperereza yemeje ko impanuka yahitanye Habimana Viateur yatewe n'amakosa ya ESTRA Ltd kuko itubahirije

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ibipimo ngenderwaho mu bucukuzi bwa kariyeri, kandi ESTRA Ltd ikaba itagaragaza icyo yakoze ngo irinde ko ikirombe cyayo cyateza impanuka. [9] Akomeza avuga ko ku bijyanye n’ ikibazo cyo kuba harabanje kugeragezwa inzira zo kumvikana ubwabyo byaba ikimenyetso gihamya ko Nyakwigendera Viateur yari umukozi wa Sosiyete, ko mu ibazwa ry’ uwitwa Epimaque Nizeyimana mu kibazo cya 6 aho yabajijwe igihe Habimana yatangiriye gukorera ESTRA Ltd ryari asubiza ko we (Epimaque Nizeyimana) yatangiye kuhakorera mu kwezi kwa 9/2019 ko kandi yahamusanzee, ko mu ibazwa rya Mu ibazwa rya Twizeyimana Jean Nepo wivugiye ko ari umucungamutungo wa ESTRA kuva 2009 mu kibazo cya 4 yabajijwe mu bugenzacyaha abazwa kuvuga amazina y'abakozi bakoranaga na we nk'umukozi ukorera company akabarondora, ko ibyo byose ari ibigaragaza neza ko Habimana yari umukozi wa ESTRA ndetse hari imvugo z'abatangabuhamya banyuranye babajijwe bemeza ko Habimana yari umukozi wa ESTRA ubwo bari mu bwumvikane bemeraga kwishyura milyoni ebyiri ziyongera ku mafaranga atangwa na societe d'assurance kandi nk'uko bigaragazwa n'amasezerano y'ubwishingizi bwafatiwe abakozi nabyo bigaragaza ko Habimana yari umukozi, bityo bagasanga hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 12 y’ Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’ imanza z’ imbonezamubano, iz’ ubucuruzi, iz’ umurimo n’ iz’ ubutegetsi , batagaragaza icyavuguruza ibyo bimenyetso. Uko

Urukiko rubibona [10] Ingingo 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/5/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. Naho iya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi igateganya ko urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera yabibura uwarezwe agatsinda. [11] Ibijyanye n’ inshingano y’ urega yo kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ ibyo aregera n’uko iyo abibuze uwarezwe atsinda binahura n’ ibyemejwe mu manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’ Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga nk’ urubanza RADA 0025/12/CS rwo ku wa 25 Mata 2014 haburana NAEB na SINFOTEC Sarl1 n’ urubanza RSOCAA 0061/12/CS rwo ku wa 02 Gicurasi 2014, haburana KALISA v. INSTITUT POLYTECHNIQUE DE BYUMBA (IPB)2. [12] Mu kwemeza ko ESETRA Ltd igomba kwishyura indishyi abafite uburenganzira bo mu muryango wa Habimana Viateur, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwabanje gusobanura ko kuba uyiburanira atabashije kuvuguruza ikimenyetso cyatanzwe n’abarega ari uko na we yemera ko Habimana Viateur yabaye umukozi wa ESETRA Ltd nk’ uko biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 15/06/2004 ryavuzwe, ivuga ko ikimenyetso cyo mu rubanza ari uburyo bukoreshwa kugira ngo ukuri kubyabaye kugaragare; ko Habimana Viateur yagwiriwe n’ikirombe cya ESETRA Ltd atajyanyweyo no kwiba, mu byashingiweho hakabamo ko ari uko ku wa 19/10/2021 abagize umuryango wa Habimana Viateur bandikiye ESETRA Ltd bayisaba indishyi mu bwumvikane ku wa 05/11/2021 bahuye n'umunyamategeko wabo baganira ku kibazo cy'indishyi zisabwa, ababwira ko azabasubiza nyuma yo kubiganiraho n'ubuyobozi bwa 1 Icyegeranyo V. 2 - 2015 Mata, 2015, p.3 2 Icyegeranyo V. 1 - 2015 Mutarama, 2015, p.83.

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ESETRA Ltd; ku wa 19/11/2021 basubiza bavuga ko indishyi bemera gutanga ari miliyoni ebyeri (2.000.000 Frws ) gusa ngo indi imwe (1.000.000 Frws ) ikazatangwa na Radiant. [13] Uru Rukiko rugasanga n’ ubwo koko kuba habanza kugeragezwa ubwumvikane cyangwa hakorwa declaration bitavuze byanze bikunze ko ubikoze aba yemeye uburyozwe (responsabilite) , bitanaba ikimenyetso gihamya ko nyakwigendera yari umukozi wa sosiyete, ariko kubirebana n’ uru rubanza, ntabwo ibyo ari byo byafatwa nk’ ibimenyetso byashingiweho gusa , kubera ko; rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko no 15/2004 ryo ku wa 15/06/2004 ryavuzwe n’ iya 12 y’ Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe, uburanira ESETRA Ltd atanavuguruje ko Umugenzacyaha wakoze ipirereza yemeje ko impanuka yahitanye Habimana Viateur yatewe n'amakosa ya ESETRA Ltd kuko itubahirije ibipimo ngenderwaho mu bucukuzi bwa kariyeri, kandi ESTRA Ltd ikaba itagaragaza icyo yakoze ngo irinde ko ikirombe cyayo cyateza impanuka. [14] Mu miburanire kandi , nta kimenyetso cyarugaragarijwe cyavuguruje ko mu ibazwa ry’uwitwa Epimaque Nizeyimana mu kibazo cya gatandatu (6) aho yabajijwe igihe Habimana yatangiriye gukorera ESTRA Ltd, asubiza ko we (Epimaque Nizeyimana) yatangiye kuhakorera mu kwezi kwa 9/2019 ko kandi yahamusanze; no mu ibazwa ry’ uwitwa Twizeyimana Jean Nepo ( wavuze ko ari umucungamutungo wa ESTRA Ltd kuva 2009) mu

kibazo cya kane (4) na we yabajijwe mu bugenzacyaha , uyu amubaza agira ati : " nonese watubwira amazina y'abakozi bakoranaga nawe nk'umukozi ukorera company?" mubakozi bakoranaga nawe akamuvuga mo , kimwe n’ imvugo z’ abatangabuhamya, bityo kuba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaremeje ko ESETRA Ltd igomba gutanga indishyi, rugasanga nta kosa rwakoze. [15] Ibivuzwe haruguru muri iki gika bikaba binahura n’ ibyemejwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28 Kamena 2022 n’ Urukiko rw’ Ubujurire haburana MANIRARORA v RWANDA RUDNIKI LTD (Reba Icyegeranyo cy’ Ibyemezo by’ Inkiko – RLR V. 2- 2023) aho Urukiko rwasobanuye ko rusomeye hamwe ingingo ya 258 n’iya 260 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano (yakoreshwaga mu gihe uwaregaga yakoraga impanuka) , rusanga zigaragaza ko ihame rusange ryo mu mategeko ari uko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse, ko kandi Umuntu ataryozwa gusa ibyangiritse kubera ibikorwa bye bwite, ahubwo anaryozwa ibyangijwe n'ibikorwa by'abantu yishingiye cyangwa n'ibintu ashinzwe kurinda, ko isesengura ry’ iyo ngingo ya 260 yibukijwe haruguru, rigaragaza ko iha inshingano yo kugenzura ibyo ashinzwe kurinda, kandi akaba agomba kubiryozwa, mu gihe byaba hari icyo byangirije hatitawe kowe yaba cyangwa ataba yakoze ikosa, ko icyari kigamijwe muri iyi ngingo ari ukwirinda ko

habaho ibyangirika ntihabeho uburyozwe hitwajwe ko nta kosa ryakozwe. [16] Urwo Rukiko rwanavuze kandi ko ibyo bishimangirwa n’abahanga mu mategeko ari bo Philippe Le Tourneau na bagenzi be aho bavuga ko ku bijyanye n’uburyozwe buturutse ku byangijwe n’ibintu, umuntu ashinzwe kurinda (responsabilitédu fait des choses) abanyamategeko bibajije hari kare uburyo umuntu ushinzwe kurinda ibintu yakwikuraho inshingano yo kuryozwa ibyangijwe n’ibyo bintu, hemezwa ko ushinzwe kurinda ibintu nta kuntu ataryozwa ibyangijwe n’ibyo bintu kuko adashobora kwitwaza ko nta kosa yigeze akora, cyangwa se ko yitwaye nk’umuntu ushishoza kandi wita ku bintu uko bikwiye, ko inshingano zo gusana icyangijwe n’ikintu zifitwe n’uwafashe icyemezo cyo kugikoresha kugira ngo kimubyarire inyungu (risque profit) […] , maze rusanga RWANDA RUDNIKI Ltd kuba yemera

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ko ari yo nyiri ikirombe gicukurwamo amabuye y’ agaciro yo mu bwoko bwa Coltan, ko kandi cyagwiriye Manirarora Jean de Dieu wagikoragamo ku wa 29/10/2015, agakomereka, akaba afite ubumuga buhoraho bwa 40%,kuba rero ari yo nyiri icyo kirombe kandi mu gihe impanuka yabaga akaba ari yo yagikoreshaga ikibyaza umusaruro, bivuze ko ari yo yagicungana akaba ari nayo igomba kuryozwa ibyangijwe nacyo…..), muri urwo rubanza kandi hanemejwe ko uwangirijwe n’impanuka utahisemo kurega umwishingizi (action directe) ahubwo agahitamo kurega umukoresha ubwe (action personelle), nta kosa aba akoze3. Ku bw’ ibyo, kuba ESETRA Ltd idahakana ko Habimana Viateur yagwiriwe n’ ikirombe icukuramo amabuye y’ agaciro kandi kimugwira ikaba yaragikoreshaga, bikaba bigaragaza ko impamvu z’ ubujurire zagaragajwe haruguru nta shingiro zahabwa. ii. Kumenya niba abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera baragombaga kugenerwa indishyi kandi atari abazungura be no kumenya niba Umucamanza wa mbere ataragombaga kugaraza ingingo z’Itegeko yashingiyeho agena indishyi nyuma yaho asanze Itegeko abarega bashingiragaho mu kirego cyabo ritakurikizwa muri uru rubanza [17] Me Bizumuremyi Isaac uburanira ESETRA Ltd avuga ko ikirego harimo abavandimwe nyakwigendera mugika cya 15 cy’urubanza Umucamanza yavuze ko nta kimenyetso Urukiko rwagaragarijwe ko abo bavandimwe bari batunzwe na nyakwigendera Viateur kandi bari barengeje imyaka

yubukure (21), ariko abagenera indishyi za RWF 700,000 buri wese uko ari batanu kubera ko babuze umubandimwe yabageneye impozamarira, ko murubanza abarega bashyize muri system rufite Nomero RCAA 0003/11/CS mu gika cyarwo cya 22 Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze abazungura ari bo bafite uburenganzira bwo gutanga cyangwa gukomeza ikirego cy’indishyi z’ uwo bafitiye uburenganzira kuzungura, ko rero ESETRA isanga abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera Viateur bataragombaga kugenerwa indishyi n’ ubwo Esetra Ltd itemera ko n’umubyeyi wa Viateur atagombaga kuganerwa akayabo ka RWF 5,000,000 kandi hari indishyi ntarengwa za RWF 1,500,000 kubazungura be gusa. [18] Akomeza avuga ko mu gutanga ikirego, abareze bari bashingiye ku iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi kububabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe nibinyabiziga, ko mugika cya 12 cya kopi y’urubanza, Umucamanza yavuze ko iryo tegeko ritakurikizwa kubera ko impanuka yabaye itatewe n’ibinyabiziga, ariko mugika cya 14, avuga ko igikorwa cyose cyangirije undi gitegeka nyiri gukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse, ariko ntiyagaragaza ingingo yitegeko ibiteganya, bityo ko basanga izo ndishyi ntashingiro z’itegeko zifite, ko kandi hari indishyi za RWF 5,000,000 zagenewe umubyeyi wa nyakwigendera ngo kubera ko ari umurwayi nyamara ntanyandiko ya muganga yagaragajwe nk’ikimenyetso usibye

kugendera ku inyandiko y’ inzego z’ Ibanze kandi ikibazo cy’uburwayi kigaragazwa na muganga wenyine ubifitiye ububasha, ko hari ibyo amabwiriza agenga za mine agena umubare wa RWF 1,500,000 agenererwa ubifitiye uburenganzira mugihe impanuka yateye urupfu tukaba na bwo basanga ayo mafaranga ya RWF 5,000,000 ari umurengera, ko kuba ESETRA Ltd yari yarafashe ubwishingizi nk’uko biteganywa n’amabwiriza agenga mine, basanga izo ndishyi zihungabanya Esetra Ltd dore ko nta responsibility yagize mu impanuka yabaye, bityo bagasaba ko Urukiko rwajuririwe rwahindura icyemezo cy’Urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga mungingo zarwo zose, kubera ko Umucamanza aca urubanza ashingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko zirebana n’ikirego yaregewe uko biteganywa n’ 3 Byabonywe kuri: https://decisia.judiciary.gov.rw/, ku wa 10/06/2023.

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ingingo ya 9 y’ Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’ imanza z’ imbonezamubano, iz’ ubucuruzi , iz’ umurimo n’ iz’ ubutegetsi. [19] Me Nsengiyumva Collette uburanira Hategekimana Jean Bosco na bagenzi be avuga ko, indishyi abo aburanira bagenewe zikurikije amategeko, ko kandi hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 3 y’ Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’ itangwa ryabyo , ibyo ESTRA Ltd ivuga nta shingiro byahabwa kuko ntaho bivuguruza ibyashingiweho ku rwego rwa mbere ko kandi inirengagizako abazungura bavugwa mu gika cya 22 cy'urubanza RCAA 0003/11/CS ruburanishwa na ESETRA Ltd ari abazungura ba BUTARE witabye Imana urubanza rutararangira nk'uko byasobanuwe mu gika cy'urwo rubanza cya 20 ndetse nicya 23 by'urwo rubanza. [20] Anavuga ko kandi nta kosa Umucamanza yakoze kuko ibyo yakoze ingingo ya 9 y’ Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’ imanza z’ imbonezamubano, iz’ ubucuruzi , iz’ umurimo n’ iz’ ubutegetsi, ko ndetse ari na byo byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA naho kuvuga ko umubyeyi wa Habimana atagaragaje icyemezo cya muganga ntabwo ari hame ko ufite ubumuga bugaragarira buri wese ko agira icyemezo cya muganga kuko ntacyo yaba ajya kubwivuzaho, ko na bo ubwabo biyemerera ko inzego z'ibanze zemeje ko afite ubumuga bakaba nta kimenyetso bagaragaza kibivuguruzakuko uwo mubyeyi abana n'ubumuga bw'amaguru kuva kera atabasha kugenda, ko kuba

bavuga ko umubyeyi wa Habimana yagombaga kugenerwa 1,500,000 frw nta shingiro byahabwa kuko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 9 y'amabwiriza No 001/2021 yo kuwa 15/03/2021 ya Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga agenga itangazwa ry'imanza mu byegeranyo by'ibyemezo by'inkiko. Uko Urukiko rubibona [21] Uru Rukiko rurasanga ku bijyanye no kuba ESETRA Ltd ivuga ko isanga abavandimwe ba nyakwigendera Habimana Viateur bataragombaga kugenerwa indishyi n’ uko nta cyashingirwaho hatangwa indishyi z’ akababaro by’ umwihariko ku mubyeyi we,bisubizwa n’ibyasobanuwe haruguru ku bijyanye n’ ihame rusange ryo mu mategeko ry’ uko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse, ko kandi Umuntu ataryozwa gusa ibyangiritse kubera ibikorwa bye bwite, ahubwo anaryozwa ibyangijwe n'ibikorwa by'abantu yishingiye cyangwa n'ibintu ashinzwe kurinda,kubera ko rushingiye ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/5/2004 ryavuzwe n’ iya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 zavuzwe , niba ESETRA Ltd idahakana ko Habimana Viateur yagwiriwe n’ ikirombe icukuramo amabuye y’ agaciro, mu rwego rw’ amategeko nta cyashingirwaho ruvuga ko itaryozwa indishyi zikomoka kuri iyo mpanuka mu gihe uzisaba agaragaza aho azishingira yaba ari umubyeyi we cyangwa umuvandimwe, ikindi

n’ urubanza RCAA 0003/11/CS ruburanishwa rukaba runyuranye n’ uru rw’ impanuka itewe no kugwirwa n’ ikirombe. [22] Ku bijyanye no kugaragaza ingingo y’Itegeko Umucamanza wa mbere yashingiyeho agena indishyi nyuma yaho asanze Itegeko abarega bashingiragaho mu kirego cyabo ritakurikizwa, uru Rukiko rusanga nanone ibivuzwe mu gika kibanza, bihura n’ ibyasobanuwe ku rwego rwa mbere, bityo bikaba bivuguruza ibyo uburanira ESETRA Ltd avuga ko Umucamanza

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wa mbere yavuze ko igikorwa cyose cy’ umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyiri gukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse, ariko ntiyagaragaza ingingo y’ Itegeko ibiteganya, byongeye kandi n’ ubwo koko iryo Teka atari ryo ryari gukurikizwa, ariko ntabwo byabuza ko hagira ibyo riteganya byifashihwa mu kugena indishyi nk’ iziregerwa muri uru rubanza zidakomoka ku mpanuka z’ ibinyabiziga uko byaburanishwaga n’ abaregwa ku rwego rwa mbere, kuko binahura n‘ ibyemejwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00013/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28 Kamena 2022 n’ Urukiko rw’ Ubujurire rwavuzwe aho rwaburanishaga ibijyanye n’indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zitari izo mu muhanda maze rukavuga ko mu kubara indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zitari izo mu muhanda hatashingirwa ku Iteka rya Perezida rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, icyakora nta cyabuza Urukiko kwifashisha uburyo (formule), buteganyijwe muri iryo teka (Reba Icyegeranyo cy’ Ibyemezo by’ Inkiko - RLR V. 2- 2023)4. [23] Rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa , no ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 9 y’ Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe iteganya ko Umucamanza aca urubanza ashingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko zirebana n’ikirego yaregewe, ko iyo nta Tegeko rijyanye n’ikiburanwa ashingira ku mategeko asanga yashyiraho mu gihe yaba ashinzwe kuyashyiraho, yifashishije ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa

n’Inkiko, umuco, amahame rusange agenga amategeko n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko yanashingiweho ku rwego rwa mbere, rugasanga kuba indishyi zatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere zaragenwe mu bushishozi bw’ Urukiko zigereranyijwe n’izasabwaga n’ abarega bashingiye kuri iryo Teka, no ku bindi byashingiweho mu kuzigena, hakaba nta kosa ryakozwe n’ urwo Rukiko, dore ko ari nke ugereranyije n’ izasabwaga, ku bw’ ibyo impamvu z’ ubujurire zagaragajwe zikaba nta shingiro zahabwa, ahubwo akaba ari ngombwa kumenya niba izindi ndishyi zisabwa mu bujurire zatangwa. iii. Indishyi z’ ikurikiranarubanza n’ igihembo cy’ Avoka [24] Me Bizumuremyi Isaac uburanira ESETRA Ltd avuga ko isaba ko yagenerwa igihembo cy'Avocat kingana na RWF 2,000,000 yatakaje kuri uru rubanza no gusubizwa igarama rya RWF 40,000 yishyuye mu gutanga ubujurire. [25] Nsengiyumva Collette uburanira Hategekimana Jean Bosco na bagenzi be avuga ko indishyi zisabwa na ESETRA Ltd nta shingiro zahabwa kuko ari bo bishoye mu manza, ko ahubw basaba Urukiko ko rwategeka ESTRA Ltd kwishyura abaregwa

indishyi z'ikurikiranarubanza n’ igihembo cy'Avoka ku rwego rw'ubujurire kingana na 1,500,000 frw. Uko Urukiko rubibona [26] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe, iteganya ko:" Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ari ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe", iya 152 y’ iryo Tegeko yo igateganya ko uregwa mu Rukiko rujuririrwa ashobora na we kugira ibyo asaba yiregura naho ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/5/2004 ryavuzwe, igateganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. 4 Idem.

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[27] Uru Rukiko rushingiye ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rugasanga indishyi abaregwa bagomba kugenerwa ari ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo itanu (350.000 Frws ) angana na kuri ½ cy’ igihembo cya Avoka bagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere hashingiwe no ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 33 y’amabwiriza No 01/2014 agenga ibihembo mbonera by’abavoka iteganya ko mu bujurire, avoka w’urega n’uw’uregwa bafite uburenganzira kuri ½ cy’igihembo cyumvikanyweho ku rwego rwa mbere kuko ESETRA yatumye abaregwa bakomeza kwifashisha umunyamategeko mu bujurire naho izindi zisabwa zikaba zitabonewe impamvu. Ku bw’ ibyo imikirize RC 00185/2021/TGI/MHG rwaciwe ku wa 10/06/2022 n’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ikaba igomba guhinduka gusa kubijyanye n’ izo ndishyi. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [28] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na ESETRA Ltd nta shingiro bufite; [29] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’ urubanza RC 00185/2021/TGI/MHG rwaciwe ku wa 10/06/2022 n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ihindutse ku bijyanye n’ indishyi zigenwe mu bujurire; [30] Rutegetse ESETRA Ltd kwishyura abaregwa indishyi zingana n’ ibihumbi magana atatu na mirongo itanu (350.000 Frws), yiyongera ku ndishyi yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, kuva uru rubanza rubaye ndakuka bitaba ibyo agakurwa mu byayo ku ngufu za Leta; [31] Rutegetse ko amafaranga y ‘igarama yatanzwe mu kujurira ahwanye n ‘ibyakozwe muri uru rubanza.