GAKIRE v. SONARWA S.A

# GAKIRE v. SONARWA S.A

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2013-04-19 - Case/document no.: RCOMA 0087/11/CS - Collection: Supreme Court

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GAKIRE v. SONARWA S.A [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCOMA 0087/11/CS (Kayitesi R, P.J., Mukandamage na Kanyange, J.) 19 Mata 2013] Amategeko y’ubwishingizi – Amasezerano y’ubwishingizi – Ntago uwishingiye yasaba kwishyurwa n’umwishingizi we ashingiye yuko ubwoko bw’ubwishingizi yafatiye ikinyabiziga cye ari tous risque mu gihe uwarugitwaye umunsi w’impanuka atari afite uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka – Itegeko rya Perezida nº 85/01 ryo kuwa 02/09/2002 rishyiraho amabwiriza rusange agenga imihanda, Amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga, ingingo ya 24. Amategeko y’ubwishingizi – Ikimenyetso kigaragaza agaciro k’uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga – Kuba ikimenyetso umwishingizi yagaragaje cyaratanzwe n’inzego zizwi kandi zizewe zo mu gihugu cya Uganda, zemeje ko uruhushya yagaragaje rutazwi muri izo nzego, mu gihe nta kigaragaza ko ibyo izo nzego zavuze atari ukuri, nta agaciro uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga kahabwa – Incamake y’Ikibazo: Uwitwa Gakire Viviane yakoranye amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bw’imodoka na SONARWA. Ayo masezerano yari mu bwoko bwa assurances tous risques. Iyo modoka yaje gukora impanuka itwawe n’umugabo we kandi adafite uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga. Gakire avuga ko yabanje kugira imishyikirano na SONARWA mu rwego rwo kunvikana ku mafaranga yagombaga kumwishyura ariko ntibashobora kunvikana. Nyuma SONARWA yamwandikiye ibaruwa imumenyesha ko ntacyo yamumarira kubera ko imodoka yari itwawe n’umuntu utari ubifitiye uburenganzira bugenwa n’amategeko. Gakire yareze SONARWA mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, narwo rwemeza ko ikirego cye cyasabaga kwishyurwa kidafite ishingiro kubera ko uwari utwaye imodoka yakoze impanuka nta ruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka yari afitaye. Urukiko rukomeza ruvuga ko uwarutwaye imodoka ntiyari gutegereza amezi hafi abiri kugira ngo agaragaze urwo ruhushya rugaragara ko rutatangiwe mu gihugu cy’ i bugande . Gakire yajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwisuzumye ikibazo cy’uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga gusa, ntirwasuzuma ibyo amasezerano y’ubwishingizi yo mu bwoko bwa tous risques ateganya, avuga kandi ko assurances tous risques itandukanye n’ubundi bwishingizi ari uko iyo nyiri kwishingirwa atari we wakoze amakosa. Akomeza avuga ko iyo nyiri kwishingirwa atari we wakoze amakosa, aragobokwa maze umwishingizi akazakurikirana uwakoze amakosa. Ku byerekeye ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko uruhusya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga ari impimbano, Gakire avuga ko urukiko rutari gushyingira ku nvugo ya SONARWA ivuga ko uruhushya ari impimbano kuko SONARWA itagaragaje uburyo yakoze iperereza ifatanyije na police yo mu gihugu cya Uganda rihamya koko ko urwo ruhushya ari impimbano.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Kuba ikinyabiziga cyari gifite ubwishingizi bwo mu bwoko bwa tous risques igihe cy’impanuka ntibivuze ko yakwishyurwa hanyuma hagakurikirana uwakoze amakosa mu gihe uwari ugitwaye atari afite uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka . 2. Urukiko rwahaye agaciro ibyavuye mu iperereza umwishingizi yakoze mu gihugu cya Uganda igamije kumenya niba koko uwari utwaye imodoka umunsi w’impanuka yari afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga, byagaragaye ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga yari afite.Ikimenyetso umwishingizi yagaragaje cyaratanzwe n’inzego zizwi kandi zizewe zo mu gihugu cya Uganda, zemeje ko uruhushya yagaragaje rutazwi muri izo nzego, bityo mu gihe nta kigaragaza ko ibyo izo nzego zavuze atari ukuri. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Urubanza rwajuririwe ntiruhindutse. Amagarama y’urubanza aherereye kuwareze. Amategeko yashingiweho Itegeko rya Perezida nº 85/01 ryo kuwa 02/09/2002 rishyiraho amabwiriza rusange agenga imihanda, Amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga, ingingo ya 24. Nta manza zifashishijwe Urubanza IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Gakire Kabeho Viviane yakoranye na SONARWA amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bw’imodoka ye yo mu bwoko bwa ‘‘assurance tous risques‘‘. Iyo modoka yagize impanuka kuwa 01/04/2009 itwawe n’umugabo we Muzale Jude irangirika cyane. Gakire avuga ko yabanje kugirana imishyikirano na SONARWA kumvikana ku mafaranga yagombaga kumwishyura ariko ntibashobora kumvikana, asaba SONARWA ko hashyirwaho umuhanga wakwemeza agaciro imodoka yari ifite, ivuga ko igiye kubitekerezaho ariko ntiyagira igisubizo itanga, ahubwo kuwa 16/09/2009 Gakire ahabwa ibaruwa ya SONARWA ivuga ko ntacyo ishobora kumumarira hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 24 (6) y’amasezerano rusange y’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri ku butaka ya SONARWA, kuko imodoka yari itwawe n’umuntu utabifitiye uburenganzira bugenwa n’amategeko. [2] Gakire yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ruca urubanza kuwa 12/07/2011, rwemeza ko ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite rubishingiye ko Muzale Jude wari utwaye imodoka yakoze impanuka nta ruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka afite. Rwategetse Gakire kwishyura SONARWA 300.000 Frw y’indishyi zo kuyishora mu manza na 300.000 Frw y’igihembo cya ‘‘avocat ‘‘. [3] Mu gufata icyo cyemezo, Urukiko rwavuze ko rutaha agaciro uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga nº D/P 311123 Muzale yagaragaje kuko inyandiko za Uganda Police na Uganda Revenue Authority zigaragaza ko urwo ruhushya rutanditse mu bitabo byabo, ko kandi muri

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‘‘déclaration d’accident‘‘ Muzale yakoze kuwa 03/04/2009, iminsi ibiri nyuma y’impanuka, yiyemereye ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga agira, ibyo bikaba bihuje n’imvugo ikubiye mu nyandikomvugo y’impanuka yakozwe kuwa 27/04/2009 aho Umugenzacyaha yemeje ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga Muzale afite. [4] Urukiko rwavuze kandi ko niba yari yibagiwe uruhushya umunsi w’impanuka, yari kubivuga ako kanya cyangwa akabivuga igihe yamenyekanishaga impanuka muri SONARWA, akanabibwira Umugenzacyaha wakoze inyandikomvugo ya mbere mu gihe gisobanutse (délai raisonable) aho gutegereza amezi hafi abiri kugira ngo agaragaze urwo ruhushya rwatangiwe i Bugande, ko rero rushingiye kubyavuzwe byose, rutaha agaciro inyandikomvugo y’inyongera ivuga ko Muzale afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga, cyane cyane ko atabashije kuvuguruza ikimenyetso cyatanzwe na SONARWA. [5] Gakire yajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cy’uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga gusa ariko ntirwasuzuma ibyo amasezerano y’ubwishingizi yo mu bwoko bwa ‘’tous risques’’ ateganya, ko kandi urukiko rwashingiye ku kimenyetso cyatanzwe na SONARWA kirebana n’iperereza yakoze mu gihugu cya Ugande ku ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga rwa Muzale kandi kidakurikije imihango iteganywa n’itegeko ku byerekeye inyandiko mpimbano. [6] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 14/03/2013, Gakire aburanirwa na Me Isaac Bizumuremyi, SONARWA iburanirwa na Me Mugemana J.M Vianney. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO 1.Kumenya niba Gakire atarebwa n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 24 (6) ya ‘’conditions générales’’ za SONARWA kubera ubwoko bw’ubwishingizi yari afite. [7] Me Bizumuremyi avuga ko urukiko rwasuzumye ikibazo cy’uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga cyonyine ariko ntirwasuzuma ubwoko bw’amasezerano Gakire yari afite kugira ngo rumenye ibyo SONARWA yishingiye n’ibyo itishingiye. Avuga ko ingingo ya 24 (6) ya ‘’conditions générales’’ SONARWA yashingiyeho yanga kugoboka uwo yishingiye ngo kuko uwari utwaye imodoka nta burenganzira buteganywa n’amategeko yari afite, n’ubwo iteganyijwe ku bwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe (assurance obligatoire de responsabilité civile), itareba ubwoko bwa assurace ‘’tous risques’’, ko inshingano n’uburenganzira bwa buri ruhande biteganywa mu gice cya kabiri cya ‘’conditions générales’’ mu ngingo za 36-54 hiyongereyeho ingingo za 8,9,11,12,13,27,28,30-35, aho hose hakaba nta havugwa ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 24 (6). [8] Asobanura ko aho ‘’assurance tous risques’’ itandukaniye n’ubundi bwishingizi ari uko iyo nyiri kwishingirwa atari we wakoze amakosa, agobokwa maze umwishingizi akazakurikirana uwagize amakosa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo za 26 na 46 za ‘’conditions générales’’ za SONARWA, ko kuba Gakire atari we wari utwaye imodoka, ntacyabuza ko agobokwa maze SONARWA ikazishyuza uwateje impanuka. [9] Me Mugemana avuga ko nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko rya Perezida nº 85/01 ryo kuwa 02/09/2002 rishyiraho amabwiriza rusange agenga imihanda n’uburyo bwo kuyigenderamo,

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umuntu wese utwaye imodoka agomba kuba afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga, yaba afite ubwishingizi busanzwe cyangwa ubwo mu bwoko bwa ‘’tous risques’’, ko amasezerano rusange ya SONARWA ateganya mu ngingo ya 24 ko iyo imodoka igize impanuka itwawe n’umuntu udafite uruhushya (permis de conduire), umwishingizi ntacyo abazwa, ko n’ingigo ya 61 yayo iteganya ’’ déchéance ‘’ ku byerekeye ubwishingizi bwa ‘’tous risques’’. [10] Avuga ko mu nyandikomvugo y’impanuka hamwe no mw’imenyekanisha ryayo, Muzale wari utwaye imodoka yemeye ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga yari afite, akaba yararuzanye nyuma y’amezi abiri mu gihe Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru riteganya ko umuntu agomba kuba afite urwo ruhushya kandi arwitwaje (être titulaire et porteur), ko kandi iperereza SONARWA yakoze ryagaragaje ko urwo ruhushya Muzale yagaragaje nyuma rutazwi mu gihugu cya Uganda. [11] Ku kibazo cy’uko ubwishingizi bwa ‘’tous risques’’ bugengwa n’ingingo zihariye ko rero hatakurikizwa ingingo ya 24 (6) ivuga iby’uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga, Me Mugemana avuga ko ingingo zihariye nazo zigomba kuba zihuje n’itegeko, ko rero ingingo irebana n’uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga ireba buri wese, haba mu bwishingizi busanzwe cyangwa mu bwishingizi bwa ‘’tous risques’’. [12] Ku bivugwa n’uburanira Gakire ko SONARWA yagombaga kumwishyura igakurikirana uwakoze amakosa, Me Mugemana avuga ko Muzale ari umugabo wa Gakire, ko rero atatwaye imodoka ayibye ahubwo yayitwaye umugore abizi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [13] Ingingo ya 24 (6) y’amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga (conditions générales de la police d’assurance automobile) SONARWA yashingiyeho imenyesha Gakire ko ntacyo yamumarira ku birebana n’impanuka imodoka ye yagize, iri mu mutwe wa gatanu w’igice cya mbere kirebana n’ubwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe, ikaba iteganya ko SONARWA ishobora gukoresha uburenganzira ihabwa n’ingingo1 ya 22 iyo mu gihe cy’impanuka ikinyabiziga cyari gitwawe n’umuntu utabifitiye uburenganzira bugenwa n’amategeko. [14] N’ubwo iyo ngingo ya 24 iri mu mutwe urebana n’ubwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe (assurance obligatoire de responsabilité civile), ntacyari kubuza SONARWA kuyishingiraho ku byerekeye ubwishingizi bwa ‘’tous risques’’ Gakire yari afite kuko ingingo ya 39 y’amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi bw’ibinyabiziga iteganya ko ‘’Uwishingiwe nta burenganzira afite ku bwishingizi bw’ikinyabiziga ubwacyo mu gihe hari impamvu iteganywa n’itegeko cyangwa n’ingingo iyo ari yo yose y’igice cya mbere cy’izi ngingo rusange yari gutuma SONARWA itamugoboka mu bwishingizi bw’uburyozwe cyangwa imwishyuza indishyi yamutangiye’’. 1 Ingingo ya 22 : Uretse ibivugwa mu ngigo ya 23, igihe cyose uwishingiwe atubahirije amasezerano atakaza uburenganzira bwo kugobokwa. Ariko iyo SONARWA igomba kwishyura abangijriwe (uko byagenda kose kubera amategeko ariho), ifite uburanginzira bwo kwishyuza uwishingiwe ibyo yamutangiye, bitayibujije ndetse n’ubundi burenganzira bwose yaba imufiteho. SONARWA ikurikirana uwishingiwe ku ndishyi zose yamutangiye, n’ibindi byose yatakaza, ndetse n’amagarama y’urukiko.

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[15] Byongeye kandi, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’iyo ngingo, SONARWA yashoboraga no gushingira ku biteganywa n’itegeko rya Perezida nº 85/01 ryo kuwa 02/09/2002 rishyiraho amabwiriza rusange agenga imihanda n’uburyo bwo kuyigenderamo, aho mu ngingo yaryo ya 6 riteganya ko ‘’ntawe ushobora gutwara ikinyabiziga kigendeshwa na moteri mu nzira nyabagendwa adafite kandi atitwaje uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga rwatanzwe na Polisi y’igihugu’’. [16] Urukiko rurasanga kandi imiburanire y’uhagarariye Gakire y’uko SONARWA yagombaga kumwishyura nyuma igakurikirana uwakoze amakosa, nta shingiro ifite kuko ingingo za 26 na 46 z’amasezerano rusange y’ubwishingizi ashingiraho zirebana n’igihe impanuka yatejwe n’undi muntu, aho SONARWA ishobora kumukurikirana ku ndishyi yishyuye uwo yishingiye, izo ngingo zikaba rero zitakurikizwa ku birebana n’impanuka imodoka ya Gakire yakoze kuko itatejwe n’undi muntu. Kuba kandi atari Gakire wateje impanuka, Urukiko rurasanga ntacyo byahindura ku bimaze kuvugwa kuko atabashije kugaragaza ko yari yayibwe cyangwa ko yatwawe n’uwo atari yabihereye uburenganzira. 2. Ku kibazo cy’uko urukiko rwashingiye ku kimenyetso kitakurikije imihango yo kwemeza ko ari igihimbano. [17] Me Bizumuremyi avuga ko Urukiko rwashingiye ku Itegeko ryo mu 1913 ryerekeye abacuruzi n’ibimenyetso by’inshingano z’ubucuruzi yirengagiza itegeko ryo muri 2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo yaryo ya 46 igateganya ko uvuga ko inyandiko yatanzweho ikimenyetso ari impimbano, ashobora kuregera ko ari impimbano hagafatwa icyemezo hifashishijwe inzego z’iperereza. [18] Asobanura ko SONARWA yazanye ikibazo mu rukiko itabanje kubahiriza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 47 y’itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, ko rero urukiko rutagombaga gushingira ku mvugo ya SONARWA kandi nta rwego rufite ububasha rwemeje ko ruriya ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga ari uruhimbano. Na none kandi, ngo SONARWA ntiyagaragaje uburyo yakoze iperereza, nk’inzandiko yandikiye Uganda Revenue Authority na Police y’icyo gihugu zigaragaza ko zakiriwe n’uburyo yasubijwe kuko niba Muzale ashobora kubona uruhushya rw’impimbano, ntacyabuza SONARWA kubona impapuro yatanzeho ikimenyetso kuko ifite ubushobozi buruta ubwa Muzale. [19] Akomeza avuga ko ku birebana n’uruhushya rwo gutwara imodoka, basobanuye ko igihe cy’impanuka, Muzale yabwiye abaje gukora iperereza ko uruhushya yarwibagiriwe mu rugo, ariko ahita ajyanwa kwa muganga kuko yari yakomeretse, mu minsi itatu agiye kumenyekanisha impanuka yerekana urwo ruhushya hakorwa inyandikomvugo y’inyongera, ko kandi umucamanza yagombaga kwemera ibivugwa muri iyo nyandiko. [20] Me Mugemana avuga ko urukiko rutari rutegetswe kwemera ibikubiye mu nyandikomvugo y’inyongera kuko umucamanza afite ububasha busesuye ahabwa n’amategeko bwo kuba yakwemera inyandiko cyangwa akayanga ko kandi SONARWA yamenye iby’uruhushya Muzale yatanze nyuma kubera imikoranire ifitanye n’andi masosiyete yo muri East African Community kandi ko iryo perereza ryatewe n’uko mu nyandikomvugo y’impanuka no mu nyandiko imenyekanisha impanuka, Muzale yavuze ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga afite, nyuma y’amezi abiri arahindura avuga ko arufite ariko inzego zo mu gihugu cya Uganda zivuga ko zitaruzi. Akomeza avuga ko bitari ngombwa gukomeza dosiye

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y’inshinjabyaha, ko kandi mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi, ibimenyetso byose byemewe (la preuve est libre). UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [21] Nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rwajuririwe, nta nyandiko Urukiko rwemeje ko ari impimbano nk’uko uburanira Gakire abivuga, icyakozwe ahubwo akaba ari uko rwahaye agaciro ibyavuye mu iperereza SONARWA yakoze mu gihugu cya Uganda igamije kumenya niba koko Gakire yari afite uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga igihe yakoraga impanuka. Urukiko rwagereranyije ibyavuye muri iryo perereza n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko yo kumenyekanisha impanuka hamwe no mu nyandikomvugo y’impanuka yakozwe kuwa 27/04/2009, zose zigaragaza ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga Muzale yari afite, rubishingiraho rwanga guha agaciro inyandikomvugo y’inyongera ivuga ko Muzale afite urwo ruhushya. [22] Urukiko rurasanga kandi ikimenyetso SONARWA yagaragaje cyaratanzwe n’inzego zizwi kandi zizewe zo mu gihugu cya Uganda, zemeje ko uruhushya Muzale yagaragaje rutazwi muri izo nzego (no record), bityo mu gihe nta kigaragaza ko ibyo izo nzego zavuze atari ukuri, ntacyari kubuza Urukiko kubiha ishingiro. [23] Ku birebana n’uko Muzale yari yibagiwe uruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga mu rugo igihe yakoraga impanuka, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye impamvu iyo miburanire itahabwa agaciro nk’uko byibukijwe mu gika cya kane cy’uru rubanza, uburanira Gakire akaba ntacyo yagaragaje cyatuma ibisobanuro urukiko rwatanze byamburwa agaciro, cyane ko atabashije gusobanura impamvu igihe yamenyekanishaga impanuka muri SONARWA kuwa 03/04/2009 yavuze ko nta ruhushya rwo gutwara ibinyabiziga afite (sans permis de conduire), ibi bikaba bivuguruza imvugo y’uko igihe cy’impanuka yari yarwibagiriwe mu rugo. [24] Hashingiwe rero ku byasobanuwe byose, Urukiko rurasanga impamvu z’ubujurire bwa Gakire Kabeho nta shingiro zifite, bityo urubanza rwajuririwe rukaba rudahinditse. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [25] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Gakire Kabeho Viviane nta shingiro bufite ; [26] Rwemeje ko urubanza rwajuririwe rudahindutse ; [27] Rutegetse Gakire Kabeho Viviane gutanga amagarama y’urubanza angana na 28.600 Frw, atayatanga mu gihe cy’iminsi umunani, ayo mafaranga akavanwa mu bye ku ngufu za Leta.