GAKUBA N’UNDI v. MUKAMUGANGA

# GAKUBA N’UNDI v. MUKAMUGANGA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-05-29 - Case/document no.: RCAA 00007/2025/CA - CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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GAKUBA N’UNDI v. MUKAMUGANGA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCAA 00007/2025/CA - CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA (Kamere, P.J.) 29 Gicurasi 2025] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’Inkiko – Ububasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire – Ubujurire bwa Kabiri – Gutsindwa mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe – Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri Rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Mukamuganga yagiranye amasezerano y’iguriza na Gakuba n’umugore we Kayiteshonga, aho yabagurije amadolari ya Amerika ibihumbi ijana na cumi (110.000 $us) kubera ikibazo bashakaga gukemura, bumvikana ingingo zitandukanye harimo nuko ayo madolari abagurije bazajya bayungukira 3% buri kwezi, amasezerano akamara igihe cy’amezi 6. Yongeye kandi kubaguriza andi 70.000 $us, ariko ntibamwishyura bituma atanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo arusaba kubategeka kubahiriza amasezerano y’inguzanyo yo ku wa 22/03/2013 bityo bakamwishyura umwenda wose bamufitiye n’inyungu zawo, indishyi z’akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, ndetse n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka. Urubanza rwaburanishijwe, abaregwa batanga inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, bavuga ko rudafite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza, ko ahubwo icyo kirego kiri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, hashingiwe ku kuba amasezerano bagiranye akubiyemo ibikorwa bibyara inyungu cyangwa bigamije gutanga serivisi y’imari (inguzanyo, inyungu no gutanga ingwate). Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko inzitizi nta shingiro ifite, ko ingwate ku mutungo utimukanwa yatanzwe n’abaregwa itigeze yandikishwa muri RDB ngo ibe yakwitwa iy’ubucuruzi, kandi ko amasezerano y’inguzanyo hagati y’abantu atafatwa nk’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyatuma Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo kirego. Hanyuma mu mizi y’urubanza, Urukiko rwemeza ko ikirego cya Mukamuganga gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko abaregwa bishyura Mukamuganga umwenda bamubereyemo ungana n'amadorali ya Amerika 110.000 $us; ko bishyura inyungu zikomoka ku mwenda bamufitiye zingana n'amadorali ya Amerika 62.333 $us, indishyi z’akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, n’igihembo cya Avoka. Abaregwa bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru banenga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwatesheje agaciro inzitizi y’iburabubasha kandi ibikorwa biburanwa mu masezerano ari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, bityo ko urwo rubanza rwagombaga kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire budafite ishingiro, ko ko urubanza rwajuririwe rudahindutse. Gakuba na Kayitashonga bajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire bagaragaza impamvu zabo zinyuranye z’ubujurire, ku rundi ruhande Mukamuganga nawe ajurira avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutahaye agaciro ubujurire bwe ku ngingo irebana n’amadolari 70.000 $us; gusuzuma niba uburyo Urukiko Rukuru rwamubariye indishyi bwari bukwiye; gusuzuma niba Gakuba Alain na

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Kayiteshonga Charlotte bakwiye gufatanya kumwishyura igihembo cya Avoka, indishyi z’akababaro, ikurikiranarubanza n’amafaranga y’igarama. Mbere yo kwiregura ku mpamvu z’ubujurire bw’abajuriye, Mukamuganga yatanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko asaba ko butakirwa, ngo kuko batsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. Naho ku birebana n’ingingo zabo z’ubujurire, avuga ko nta shingiro zifite, kuko amasezerano bagiranye atari ay’ubucuruzi nk’uko Inkiko zabanje zabibonye. Gakuba na Kayiteshonga biregura ku nzitizi yatanzwe na Mukamuganga bavuga nta shingiro ifite, ngo kuko uretse no kuba bataratsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu Nkiko zombi zabanje, ko biramutse ari ko biri yaba yitsinda ngo kuko ubujurire bwabo butakiriwe n’ubwe butakwakirwa. Naho ku birebana n’ingingo z’ubujurire, bavuga ko nta shingiro zifite, ngo kuko atanenga icyemezo Urukiko rwafashe. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasuzumye ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Mukamuganga wajuririye urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru nyuma ya Gakuba na Kayiteshonga, ashobora no kuzamura inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko bw’Ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba abo baburana bajuriye mbere ye baratsinzwe mu nkiko zibanza ku mpamvu zimwe, kandi agasaba ko ubujurire bwe bwakirwa bukagumaho, rwemeza ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha ishingiye ku gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe, ari yo igomba kubanza gusuzumwa, mbere yo gusuzuma ibyo kureka ubujurire kandi ntaho rwashingira rubifata nk’ihame ko mu gihe ubujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bwaba butakiriwe n’ubwa Mukamuganga Marie butakwakirwa, hakurikijwe uko ugutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe kugomba kumvikana mu mirongo yafashwe n’Inkiko Nkuru. Incamake y’icyemezo: Mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri Rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko ifite ishingiro. Amagarama ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. Nta mategeko yashingiweho. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCOMAA 000104/2022/CA - CMB RCOMAA 000106/2022/CA; METSE CONSTRUCTION Ltd vs ENIGMA Ltd rwaciwe ku wa 19/05/2023; RCOMAA 0051/14/CS; RRA na SECAM Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2015, RCOMAA 0038/16/CS - RCOMAA 0033/2016/SC; Bank of Kigali Plc vs MULISA KANA Martin rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017, RCOMAA 0051/14/CS; RRA vs SECAM Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2015, RCOMAA 0038/16/CS - RCOMAA 0033/2016/SC; Bank of Kigali Plc vs MULISA KANA Martin rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017, RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC; Road Solution Pavement Product Ltd vs MAILCO Ltd rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y′URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 22/03/2013, Mukamuganga Marie yagiranye amasezerano y’iguriza na Gakuba Alain n’umugore we Kayiteshonga Charlotte, aho yabagurije amadolari ya Amerika ibihumbi ijana na cumi (110.000 $us) kubera ikibazo bashakaga gukemura. Muri ayo masezerano, Gakuba Alain n’umugore we Kayiteshonga Charlotte biyemeje ko bazajya bamwishyura inyungu y’atatu ku ijana (3%) ku kwezi y’ayo madolari, ingana n’amadolari ibihumbi bitatu na magana atatu (3.300 $us) ku kwezi. Impande zombi kandi zemeranyijwe ko ayo masezerano azamara igihe kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6), zinumvikana ko ushatse kuyasesa azatanga integuza y’amezi atatu (3), hanyuma Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte baha Mukamuganga Marie ingwate y’inzu yabo iherereye Gacuriro, banamuha copie de location-vente yabaye hagati ya Caisse Sociale du Rwanda na Gakuba Alain. [2] Mukamuganga Marie avuga ko ku wa 09/02/2016 yongeye kuguriza Gakuba Alain amadolari y’Amerika 70.000 $us, ko ariko kugeza ubu batigeze bayamwishyura hamwe n’inyungu zayo zibariwe kuri 3% ku kwezi, bakaba bayamaranye imyaka isaga irindwi (7). Ko yagerageje kubishyuza binyuze mu nzira za kibyeyi ngo kuko Gakuba Alain ari umwisengeneza we naho Kayiteshonga Charlotte akaba ari umukazana we, ariko ko byabananiye. Avuga ko mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 04/04/2023 yabandikiye abihanangiriza, Gakuba Alain akaba yarayishyikirijwe ku wa 05/04/2023, asubiza yemera ko impande zombi zaganira kuri icyo kibazo, hanyuma zigahura, ariko ibiganiro ntibyagize icyo bitanga kuko Gakuba Alain yagaragazaga ko yishyuye mu gihe Mukamuganga Marie we atari ko yabibonaga. [3] Mukamuganga Marie yareze Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, arusaba kubategeka kubahiriza amasezerano y’inguzanyo yo ku wa 22/03/2013 bityo bakamwishyura umwenda wose bamufitiye n’inyungu zawo, indishyi z’akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, ndetse n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka. [4] Mbere yo kwiregura ku kirego cyatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie, abaregwa batanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko, bavuga ko rudafite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza, ko ahubwo icyo kirego kiri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, hashingiwe ku kuba amasezerano bagiranye akubiyemo ibikorwa bibyara inyungu cyangwa bigamije gutanga serivisi y’imari (inguzanyo, inyungu no gutanga ingwate). [5] Ku wa 27/10/2023, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwafashe icyemezo kuri iyo nzitizi y’iburabubasha, rwemeza ko nta shingiro ifite, ko urwo Rukiko rwaregewe rufite ububasha bwo kuruburanisha, ko ingwate ku mutungo utimukanwa yatanzwe n’abaregwa itigeze yandikishwa muri RDB ngo ibe yakwitwa iy’ubucuruzi, kandi ko amasezerano y’inguzanyo hagati y’abantu atafatwa nk’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyatuma Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo kirego. [6] Ku birebana n’urubanza mu mizi, abaregwa bavuga ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie ari icy’amahugu, ngo kuko bafite ibimenyetso byerekana ko abaregwa bishyuye amadorali 195.900 $us, ko kandi hasesenguwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko basanga ayo

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masezerano akwiye guteshwa agaciro ku bigendanye n’ingingo y’inyungu, ngo kuko Mukamuganga Marie wayakoze yitwaye nk’utanga serivisi y’imari kandi nta burenganzira abifitiye, ko atakwitwaza amakosa ye ngo ayasabishe uburenganzira nk’uko amahame y’amategeko abivuga agira ati: “nul ne peut se prévaloir de sa propre turpitude/ nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans”. Kandi ko mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga adakwiye guteshwa agaciro, rwakwita ku bijyanye n’uko mu gihe yakorwaga habayeho kubonerana umuryango wa Gakuba Alain mu kuwusinyisha amasezerano y’inyungu z’umurengera zihwanye na 36% ku mwaka, zihwanye na 3% ku kwezi y’inguzanyo yahawe, kubera ikibazo bari barimo nk’uko Mukamuganga Marie na we abyivugira mu myanzuro. Bityo ko izi nyungu zagabanywa zigashyirwa ku rugero rukwiye, cyane cyane ko mu mwaka wa 2013 inyungu ku nguzanyo yari 17.3% ku mwaka ku mafaranga y’u Rwanda, naho ku madorali ikaba yari 5% ku mwaka, ibyo bigaragaza ko inyungu Bank yashoboga kubona ku mwaka Mukamuganga Marie we yayibonaga ku kwezi kumwe (1) bifatwa nko kwikungahaza nta mpamvu. [7] Abaregwa bavuga kandi ko uburyo Mukamuganga Marie asobanura ikirego cye, byerekana ko ari uburiganya bukomeye kuko yerekana ko yatanze umwenda yaba inguzanyo yahawe ndetse n’inyungu ziri mu masezerano Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte batigeze bamwishyura ifaranga na rimwe, ariko yagera ku madolari 70.000 $us akagaragaza ko yayamugurije mu mwaka wa 2016 hashize imyaka 3 amugurije aya mbere avuga ko yari yarananiwe kwishyura. Basaba Urukiko gucukumbura kugira ngo rumenye impamvu baba baramwambuye hashira imyaka itatu (3) akongera akamuguriza amafaranga angana n’ayo yari yarabagurije mbere. Ko ibyo byerekana ko Mukamuganga Marie yari yaramaze kwishyurwa amafaranga ye yose. Bavuga ko ayo madolari 70.000, ntaho ahuriye n’ikirego Mukamuganga Marie yari yaratanze cyo kubahiriza amasezerano y’inguzanyo yo ku wa 22/03/2013, ndetse nta n’aho ahuriye n’ayo masezerano, bityo Urukiko rukaba rutayafataho icyemezo kuko rwaba rurenze imbibi z’icyaregewe, ngo uretse ko ku birebana n’ayo madolari nta masezerano arebana nayo Mukamuganga Marie yerekana ngo uretse imikoranire y’ikizerane yari iri hagati yabo bombi kuko atari inguzanyo. Ikindi kandi ngo ni uko inyungu za 3% ku kwezi bumvikanyeho na we zabazwe kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016, bakumvikana ko nyuma y’aho umwenda usigaye bazawishyura nta nyungu zishyizweho. Bityo ko kugeza ubu umwenda bemera ko bamufitiye ari uw’amadorali ya Amerika 23.000. Ku birebana n’indishyi Mukamuganga Marie abasaba bavuga ko nta shingiro zifite ngo kuko ari we wabashoye mu manza, ko ahubwo akwiye gutegekwa kubaha indishyi z’akababaro amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [8] Mu rubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo ku wa 24/05/2024, rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe; ko ikirego kiregera kwiregura cyatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte nta shingiro gifite; ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bishyura Mukamuganga Marie umwenda bamubereyemo ungana n'amadorali ya Amerika 110.000 $us; ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bishyura Mukamuganga Marie inyungu zikomoka ku mwenda bamufitiye zingana n'amadorali ya Amerika 62.333 $us; ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte baha Mukamuganga Marie indishyi z'akababaro zingana n'amafaranga y'u Rwanda 5.000.000 Frw; ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte baha Mukamuganga Marie amafaranga 1.000.000 Frw y'igihembo cya Avoka; ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte basubiza Mukamuganga Marie amafaranga ibihumbi 20.000 Frw yatanzeho ingwate y'amagarama y'urubanza arega.

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[9] Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte ntibishimiye iyo mikirize y’Urubanza maze bayijuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru banenga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwatesheje agaciro inzitizi y’iburabubasha kandi ibikorwa biburanwa muri aya masezerano yo ku wa 22/03/2013 ari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, bityo ko urwo rubanza rwagombaga kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. [10] Mukamuganga Marie yireguye avuga ko ubujurire ku cyemezo cyafashwe ku nzitizi yatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte nta shingiro bufite, nk’uko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwabisobanuye neza mu gika cya 9 cy’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwajuririwe, ko inguzanyo bahawe itari iy’ubucuruzi, ahubwo yari amafaranga yo kubafasha gukemura ibibazo bari bafite, kandi ko icyo bita ingwate atari cyo, ngo kuko ikibanza bavuga iyo kiza kuba ingwate iba yarandikishijwe muri RDB bigakorwa n’Umwanditsi Mukuru (Registrar General). Kandi kuba barahagaritse kwishyura inyungu, bagombaga kwishyura umwenda remezo, kandi kuba bakiwufite bakwiye kwishyura inyungu. Ku birebana n’ibyo bavuga ko amasezerano yo ku wa 22/03/2013 impande zombi zagiranye yahindutse nta gaciro byahabwa, ngo kuko nta kimenyetso babitangira uretse kubivuga mu magambo gusa, bityo bagomba kuyubahiriza. Ku birebana n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka basaba, avuga ko ntayo bahabwa ngo kuko ari bo babaye ba nyirabayazana b’urwo rubanza, basaba ahubwo ko bategekwa kumuha amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [11] Mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 27/12/2024 rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte, budafite ishingiro, ko urubanza rwajuririwe rudahindutse, Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bakaba bagomba kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie, amafaranga ya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza angana n’ibihumbi magana inane na 800.000 Frw, kandi ko amafaranga ibihumbi mirongo ine y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanze ijurira ihwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. [12] Ku wa 24/01/2025, Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bajuririye urubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, maze ubujurire bwabo bwandikwa kuri RCAA 00007/2025/CA, ku mpamvu zo kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaritiranyije inzitizi zatanzwe z’uko ikiburanwa muri uru rubanza ari ibibazo by’ubucuruzi, bityo rukaba rwari kuburanishwa n’Inkiko z’Ubucuruzi ntirubitandukanye n’ububasha (qualité) bwa Mukamuganga Marie nk’urega, kuba Urukiko rwaritiranyije ibintu rukanga gushingira ku kimenyetso gicukumbuye, ahubwo rukavuga ko kuba hari amasezerano yanditse ari yo agomba gushingirwaho gusa, kuba Urukiko rutarasesenguye ingingo y’inyungu aho bagaragaje ko zibazwe nabi, ko zari kuba amadolari 52.800 $us aho kuba amadolari 62.333 $us, ahubwo rugasuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba inyungu zakomeza kubarwa cyangwa ntizibarwe. [13] Ku wa 27/01/2025, Mukamuganga Marie na we yarajuriye, ubujurire bwe bwandikwa kuri CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA, asaba Urukiko gusuzuma niba Urukiko Rukuru rwari rukwiye kudaha agaciro ubujurire bwe ku ngingo irebana n’amadolari 70.000 $us ; gusuzuma niba uburyo Urukiko Rukuru rwamubariye indishyi bwari bukwiye ; gusuzuma niba Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bakwiye gufatanya kumwishyura igihembo cya Avoka, indishyi z’akababaro, ikurikiranarubanza n’amafaranga y’igarama.

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[14] Mukamuganga Marie, mbere yo kwiregura ku bujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte yatanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, asaba ko butakirwa, ngo kuko batsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. Naho ku birebana n’ingingo zabo z’ubujurire, avuga ko nta shingiro zifite, kuko amasezerano bagiranye atari ay’ubucuruzi nk’uko Inkiko zabanje zabibonye, ko banze kubahiriza amasezerano y’iguriza bagiranye ku wa 22/03/2013, kandi ko kuba muri ayo masezerano harateganyijwe inyungu ya 3% ku madolari 110.000 $us yabagurije, iyo ngingo itashoboraga guhindurwa nta nyandiko ikozwe. Ko nta bimenyetso byirengagijwe kuko mu gihe hari amasezerano ntacyo gucukumbura cyariho. Mukamuganga Marie avuga kandi ko bitiranya inyungu z’ubukererwe n’indishyi z’akababaro, ngo kuko indishyi z’ubukererwe zabariwe ku madolari ya Mukamuganga Marie bakerewe kwishyura, naho iz’akababaro zikaba ari indishyi yasabye kubera akababaro yatewe no kutishyurwa amadolari ye ku gihe, ko rero Urukiko rutabaze inyungu nabi nk’uko babivuga. Asoza avuga ko n’indishyi basaba ntazo bahabwa. [15] Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bireguye kuri iyo nzitizi ya Mukamuganga Marie bavuga ko nta shingiro ifite, ngo kuko uretse no kuba bataratsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu Nkiko zombi zabanje, ko biramutse ari ko biri yaba yitsinda ngo kuko ubujurire bwabo butakiriwe n’ubwe butakwakirwa. Naho ku birebana n’ingingo ze z’ubujurire, bavuga ko nta shingiro zifite, ngo kuko atanenga icyemezo Urukiko rwafashe mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG ajuririra, ngo agaragaze icyo asaba Urukiko ngo rwange kugisuzuma, kandi ko inyungu Mukamuganga Marie asaba nta shingiro zifite, ngo kuko indishyi zingana na 36%, kandi n’amadolari yishyuza yayishyuwe aho yahawe umuhungu we witabye Imana. [16] Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 05/05/2025, ruburanishwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bahagarariwe na Me Mutumwinka Natacha na Me Ndahimana Jean Bosco, naho Mukamuganga Marie ahagarariwe na Me Shema Gakuba Charles na Me Sebukonoke Innocent, hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe ishingiye ku gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe mu rubanza na Mukamuganga Marie na we yajuririye, ariko uyu akavuga ko iyo nzitizi iramutse ihawe ishingiro na we yemera kureka ikirego cye cy’ubujurire bwa kabiri yatanze muri uru Rukiko. Hanasuzumwe kandi ibirebana n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa na Mukamuganga Marie mu gihe uru rubanza rwaba rurangiriye ku guha ishingiro inzitizi y’iburabubasha yatanze. Urukiko rwashyize isomwa ry’urubanza ku wa 23/05/2025, uwo munsi ryimurirwa ku wa 29/05/2025.

II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

Gusuzuma niba ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bukandikwa kuri RCAA 00007/2025/CA butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko n’uko bigomba kugenda ku bujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie bukandikwa kuri CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA [17] Me Shema Gakuba Charles na Me Sebukonoke Innocent bahagarariye Mukamuganga Marie batanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire basaba ko ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte butakirwa ngo kuko batsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe.

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[18] Basobanura ko ku ngingo irebana n’iburabubasha bw’Inkiko zabanje, mu rubanza RC 00193/2023/CA Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwafashe icyemezo cy’uko ibikorwa bikubiye mu masezerano aburanwa atari iby’ubucuruzi, hanyuma Urukiko Rukuru mu gusuzuma iyo ngingo, narwo ruvuga ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza. Basobanura ko ku rupapuro rwa kabiri (2) Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye ingingo irebana no kumenya niba amasezerano aregerwa arebana n’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi ku buryo Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo nta bubasha rwari rufite bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza, kandi ko ku rupapuro rwa 4 mu gika cya 9 cy’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO, urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 81 y'Itegeko nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw'Inkiko maze rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Ku birebana no kumenya niba igikorwa cy'igurizanya cyaba ari icy'ubucuruzi, bavuga ko Urukiko rwifashishije amategeko yo mu Bufaransa maze rwemeza ko icyo gikorwa kitari icy'ubucuruzi nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 5, mu gika cya 13 cy’urwo rubanza. Ko Urukiko rwanzuye ko inzitizi yatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte nta shingiro ifite, nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 4 cy’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO. [19] Bakomeza basobanura ko mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KG, Urukiko rwasanze ko kuba umuntu yaguriza undi amafaranga ku bw'impungenge yo kwishyurwa, bidasobanuye ko ibyo bikorwa bitagize ubucuruzi, rwavuze ko ababuranyi bombi baba bafite ibindi bikorwa by'ubucuruzi, batari abacuruzi muri iyo nguzanyo. Ko Urukiko rwemeje ko nk’uko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwabyemeje, inzitizi y'iburabubasha ku Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo nta shingiro ifite, ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGl/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 24/05/2024. Ko kuba iyi nzitizi Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte barayitsinzweho mu Nkiko zombi ku mpamvu zimwe, ubujurire bwabo budakwiye kwakirwa. Mu gusoza avuga ko yongeraho ko n’ikindi kigaragaza ko batsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ari uko ingingo zasuzumwe ku rwego rubanza, ari na zo zagaragajwe mu bujurire. [20] Basobanura na none ko ku ngingo irebana no kuba Urukiko rwarategetse Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie inyungu zibazwe guhera mu kwezi kwa Mata 2018 kugeza Gicurasi 2024 zingana n’amadolari 63.333 $us zibariwe kuri 8%, mu isesengura Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwakoze ku rupapuro rwa 11 mu bika kuva ku cya 31 kugera ku cya 33 by’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano1, rushingiye kandi ku rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00012/2021/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 22/07/2022, aho rwemeje ko inyungu ku mafaranga yatanzwe hagati y’abantu ku giti cyabo zigomba kubarirwa ku gipimo cya 8% (igika cya 31), iki gipimo akaba ari na cyo cyabariweho inyungu zagenewe Mukamuganga Marie. Ko mu gika cya 33 cy’urwo rubanza Urukiko rwavuze ko inyungu zingana n’amadolari 196.550 $us Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bishyuye Mukamuganga Marie mu gihe cy’amezi mirongo itanu n’icyenda (59) ku mwenda remezo w’amadolari 110.000 $us guhera ku wa 22/03/2013 kugeza muri Mata 2018 ntacyo rwazihinduraho kuko zishyuwe hashingiwe ku bwumvikane bw’impande zombi.

1 Iyo nyingo ya 64 ikaba iteganya ibi bikurikira: ʺ Amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko aba itegeko ku bayagiranye. Ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n'amategeko. Agomba kubahirizwa nta buriganyaʺ.

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[21] Bakomeza basobanura ko mu gika cya 27 ku rupapuro rwa 9 rw’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO, Urukiko rwavuze ko rusanga kuba kuva ku wa 22/03/2013 harabayeho amasezerano y’iguriza yanditse (convention de prêt), ko impinduka zose zagombaga kuba kuri ayo masezerano zagombaga kuba zanditse. Bityo ko kuba izo mpinduka zavuzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte zitari zanditse bivuze ko zitigeze zibaho, maze rwemeza ko amadolari 196.550 USD yishyuwe ari inyungu z’amezi mirongo itanu n’icyenda (59) y’inguzanyo y’amadolari 110.000 USD Mukamuganga Marie yabagurije ku wa 22/3/2013. Bityo rubategeka kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie umwenda remezo ungana n’amadolari 110.000 $us kuko nta kimenyetso abaregwa bagaragaje cy’uko bishyuye kuri uwo mwenda. [22] Bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru mu rwego rw’ubujurire ntacyo rwahinduye ku ngingo imaze kuvugwa haruguru nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 18 mu gika cya 20 cy’urubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG, hanyuma mu gika cya 22 cyarwo ruvuga ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza. Ngo naho mu gika cya 24 cy’urwo rubanza ruvuga ko kuba amasezerano yarateganyije uburyo inyungu zagombaga kubarwa, rusanga ntaho rwahera ruvuga ko zidakwiriye cyangwa zitagomba gukomeza kubarwa kandi ari byo byumvikanyweho, kandi ko iyo bishyura nta kibazo kiba cyaravutse, bityo rukaba ntacyo rwahinduye nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 22 mu cyemezo kuva ku gika cya [28] kugeza kuri [30]. [23] Ku birebana n’ingingo (issue) irebana n’indishyi, ababuranira Mukamuganga Marie bavuga ko ku rupapuro rwa 12, mu bika bya 36,37,38 na 39 by’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, rwashingiye ku mategeko cyane cyane ku ngingo ya 26 y’Amabwiriza Nº 01/2014 agena ibihembo mbonera by’Abavoka, runashingira kandi ku rubanza RCOMA 00312/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 21/04/2022, aho rwemeje ko indishyi zishobora kuba iz’akababaro cyangwa umutungo watakajwe cyangwa byose icyarimwe, bityo rwemeza ko nta ndishyi Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bagomba kugenerwa kuko batsinzwe urubanza, hanyuma mu bushishozi bwarwo rubategeka guha Mukamuganga Marie amafaranga y’indishyi anyuranye. Ko mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG Urukiko Rukuru mu gufata icyemezo ntacyo rwahinduye Kuri iyi ngingo, ko ahubwo rwageneye Mukamuganga igihembo cya Avoka cy’amafaranga 800.000 Frw yo kuri urwo rwego rw’ubujurire, bityo iyi ngingo Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bakaba nayo barayitsinzweho mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [24] Ku kibazo cy’uko kuba Mukamuganga Marie na we yarajuriye, mu gihe ubujurire bw’abareze butakiriwe, ko n’ubwa Mukamuganga Marie na bwo bwaba bukuweho kuko imanza zahujwe, ababuranira Mukamuganga Marie bavuga ko uwo baburanira yari yararetse kujurira, ko yajuriye ari uko abonye ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bajuriye, bityo ko inzitizi ye y’iburabubasha iramutse ihawe ishingiro ubujurire bwabo ntibwakirwe, Mukamuganga Marie nawe yahita areka gukomeza gukurikirana ibirebana n’ubujurire bwe, hakagumaho imikirize y’urubanza bose bari barajuririye. [25] Abahagarariye Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte mu kwiregura kuri iyi nzitizi y’iburabubasha bavuga ko nta shingiro ifite, ngo kuko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte batatsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ko ngo Mukamuganga Marie yitsinda, kuko mu gihe ubujurire bwabo bwaba butakiriwe n’ubwe butakwakirwa. Ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rufite ububasha bwo kwakira no kuburanisha ubu bujurire.

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[26] Basobanura ko ku birebana n’inzitizi y’iburabubasha ishingiye ku kuba ibikorwa biburanwa mu masezerano ari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bityo uru rubanza rukaba rwari kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje ko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza rushingiye ku kuba ingwate ku mutungo utimukanwa yatanzwe n’abaregwa itarigeze yandikishwa muri RDB ngo ibe yakwitwa iy’ubucuruzi, ko kandi amasezerano y’inguzanyo hagati y’abantu atafatwa nk’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyatuma Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha iki kirego. Ngo naho mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko kuba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwaremeje ko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza rujuririrwa byari bifite ishingiro ariko ntirwasobanura impamvu rushingiyeho. [27] Bavuga ko ku ngingo irebana no kuba Urukiko rwarategetse ko hishyurwa umwenda remezo kandi baragaragaje ko guhera mu mwaka wa 2016 Gakuba Alain yatangiye kwishyura umwenda remezo nyamara urukiko rukabirengaho rukemeza ko amadorali yishyuwe yarebanaga n’inyungu gusa, mu rubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwasanze kuba ubwo Mukamuganga Marie yagurizaga Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte harakozwe amasezerano yanditse, impinduka zose zagombaga kuba kuri ayo masezerano zagombaga gushyirwa mu nyandiko, ko kuba itarakozwe gutyo bivuze ko izo mpinduka ntazabayeho. Naho mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KG ngo Urukiko Rukuru ntirwasobanuye neza iyi ngingo, kandi mu gika cya 24 cyarwo rwaragize ruti: “…Amasezerano yateganyije ko inyungu zigomba kubarwa, akaba rutabona aho ahera avuga ko zidakwiriye cyangwa zitagomba gukomeza kubara kandi ari byo yumvikanye kandi iyo yishyura nta kibazo kiba cyaravutse...” Bityo ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte batatsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ngo kuko hari impamvu Urukiko Rukuru rutasesenguye neza impamvu z’ubujurire batanze, kandi ko rutagaragaje neza impamvu rushingiyeho ruvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. [28] Bavuga kandi ko mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KG Urukiko Rukuru rwagiye rugaragaza ibyavuzwe n’impande ziburana ku ngingo runaka, ariko ko rutagaragaje neza uko rubibona n’icyo rushingiraho, ndetse ko hari n’ingingo rwagaragaje ko zigomba gusesengurwa ariko ntirwazisesengura. Bityo rero ko nta mpamvu yashingirwaho mu kuvuga ko Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte batsinzwe mu Nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [29] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rubona ko ikibazo ababuranyi bafitanye gishingiye ku kumenya niba Mukamuganga Marie wajuririye urubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 27/12/2024 nyuma ya Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte ashobora no kuzamura inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko bw’Ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba abo baburana bajuriye mbere ye baratsinzwe mu nkiko zibanza ku mpamvu zimwe, kandi agasaba ko ubujurire ubwe bwo bwakirwa bukagumaho. Icyo kibazo ni cyo kigomba guhuzwa n’amategeko n’imirongo yaba yarafashwe kuri bene ibi bibazo hasuzumwa niba abajuriye baba baratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe ku kibazo cy’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko cyanyuze mu nkiko zombi, ku kibazo cy’ingano y’umwenda remezo n’ikibazo cy’ibarwa ry’inyungu kuri uwo mwenda, imbere y’agaciro ubujurire bwa Mukamuganga Marie ku ngingo irebana n’amadolari 70.000 $us atahawe akavuga ko yemera kuyahomba ntakomeze kuyakurikirana mu gihe ubujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga

## Page 10

Charlotte bwaba butakiriwe; ibyo bibazo byahuzwa n’icyo inkiko zombi zabanje zashingiyeho mu guca urubanza, hakarebwa niba ubujurire bwose bwakwakirwa cyangwa se butakwakira. [30] Ikibazo cyerekeranye no gutanga inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rwajuririwe hashingiwe ku gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe, n’uyitanga yararujuririye imanza zombi zigahuzwa, abajuriye mbere bavuga ko mu gihe ubwabo butakirirwe n’ubwa Mugamuganga Marie butakwakirwa ; uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire rubona ko atari ubwa mbere rugisuzumye, kuko cyasuzumwe mu rubanza RCOMAA 000104/2022/CA - CMB RCOMAA 000106/2022/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 19/05/2023, haburana METSE CONSTRUCTION Ltd na ENIGMA Ltd bombi bajuririra urubanza RCOMA 00478/2021 /HCC- RCOMA 00504/2021/HCC rwari rwaciwe n'Urukiko Rukuru rw'Ubucuruzi ku wa 30/09/2022. Muri urwo rubanza, uru Rukiko rufata icyemezo ku nzitizi z’iburabubasha ababuranyi bombi bari batanze ku ngingo zasesenguwe mu Nkiko zabanje, aho rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na METSE CONSTRUCTION Ltd n'ubwatanzwe na ENIGMA Ltd bwombi butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire2. [31] Uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire rubona ko iyo nzitizi y’iburabubasha ishingiye ku gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe yatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie ku rubanza RCAA 00007/2025/CA aregwamo, ari yo igomba kubanza gusuzumwa, mbere yo gusuzuma ibyo kureka ubujurire yatanze bukandikwa kuri CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA. Rurasanga kandi ntaho rwashingira rubifata nk’ihame ko mu gihe ubujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bwaba butakiriwe n’ubwa Mukamuganga Marie butakwakirwa, hakurikijwe uko ugutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe kugomba kumvikana mu mirongo yafashwe n’Inkiko Nkuru. [32] Ikibazo cyerekeranye no gutsindwa mu nkiko zombi zibanza hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe cyafashweho umurongo mu manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga3 ndetse n’uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire ruzishingiraho, aho izo Nkiko Nkuru zagaragaje ko mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri Rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe mbere ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazishubijeho mu buryo bumwe. [33] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rubona ko by’umwihariko kuri uru rubanza rwatanzwemo iyo nzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko na Mukamuganga Marie, aho Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte biregura ko batatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, kuko hari impamvu Urukiko Rukuru

2 Reba ibika 25-32 & 41-47 by’urwo rubanza. 3 Reba igika cya 22 cy’urubanza no RCOMAA 0051/14/CS hagati ya RRA na SECAM Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2015 n’igika cya 21 cy’urubanza, n° RCOMAA 0038/16/CS - RCOMAA 0033/2016/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017 hagati ya Bank of Kigali Plc na MULISA KANA Martin.

Reba igika cya 22 cy’urubanza no RCOMAA 0051/14/CS hagati ya RRA na SECAM Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2015 n’igika cya 21 cy’urubanza, n° RCOMAA 0038/16/CS - RCOMAA 0033/2016/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017 hagati ya Bank of Kigali Plc na MULISA KANA Martin.

Reba urubanza n˚ RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020, hagati ya Road Solution Pavement Product Ltd na MAILCO Ltd, igika cya 24.

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rutasesenguye neza impamvu z’ubujurire batanze, kandi ko rutagaragaje neza impamvu rushingiyeho ruvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite4. Rurasanga rero ingingo zasesenguwe mu Nkiko zombi ari zo zigomba kugereranwa nk’uko byafashweho umurongo mu manza zagaragajwe haruguru. [34] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibibazo byerekeranye no kumenya niba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwari rufite ububasha bushingiye ku kiburanwa; kumenya umwenda Mukamuganga Marie afitiwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte; n’ikibazo kijyanye n’inyungu zigomba gutangwa mu rubanza n’uburyo zigomba kubarwa, zasabwaga na Mukamuganga Marie ari byo bigomba kugereranywa harebwa niba Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte baba baratsinzwe mu nkiko zibanza Kuri izo ngingo hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, mu gihe bo bavuga ko batatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, kuko Urukiko Rukuru rutasesenguye neza impamvu z’ubujurire batanze, kandi ko rutagaragaje neza impamvu rushingiyeho ruvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite kuri izo ngingo zagaragajwe mu bika bibanziriza iki, ariko zombi zikemeza ko batsinzwe, bigatuma bajurira. Harifashishwa umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC5, rwaciwe ku wa 27/11/2020 hagati ya SANLAM AG Plc AG na UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA (UR), mu guhuza imiburanire y’ababuranyi Gakuba Alain, Kayiteshonga Charlotte na Mukamuganga Marie muri izo Nkiko zombi mu buryo bukurikira. [35] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza ko mu rubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 24/05/2024, Urukiko rwasuzumye ingingo yerekeranye n’inzitizi y’iburabubasha abaregwa bavuga ko ibikorwa biburanwa muri aya masezerano ari ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, bityo uru rubanza rukaba rwari kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ; no kumenya niba Mukamuganga Marie yari afite ububasha bwo gutanga Service y'imari, bityo clause igendanye n'inyungu ikaba yari gukurwaho mu masezerano. Mu gufata icyemezo mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 27/10/2023, Urukiko rusanga ibyo Me Ndahimana Jean Bosco na Me Mutabazi Abayo Jean Claude bahagarariye abaregwa bavuga ko ngo aya masezerano ari ay’ubucuruzi kubera ko havugwamo inyungu ndetse n’ingwate nta shingiro bifite, atari byo bituma aya masezerano aba ay’ubucuruzi, kuko kugira ngo amasezerano yitwe ko ari ay’ubucuruzi abayagiranye bagomba kuba ari abacuruzi kandi anashingiye bu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi, nk’uko biteganwa mu ngingo ya 81 igika cya 1 agace ka 1 y’Itegeko n°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018, aya masezerano bagiranye akaba yarakozwe hagati y’abantu ku giti cyaho nta n’igikorwa

4 Urugero ni nko mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG Rukiko Rukuru, rwahaye ishingiro ibyemejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rudasobanuye impamvu rushingiyeho. Ku ngingo irebana no kuba Urukiko rwarategetse ko hishyurwa umwenda remezo, bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwasanze kuba ubwo MUKAMUGANGA Marie yagurizaga GAKUBA Alain na KAYITESHONGA Charlotte harakozwe amasezerano yanditse, impinduka zose zagombaga kuba kuri ayo masezerano zagombaga gushyirwa mu nyandiko, bityo ko nta mpinduka zabayeho. Mu Rukiko Rukuru, ruvuga ko amasezerano yateganije ko inyungu zigomba kubarwa, akaba rutabona aho ahera avuga ko zidakwiriye cyangwa zitagomba gukomeza kubara kandi ari byo yumvikanye kandi iyo yishyura nta kibazo kiba cyaravutse.

5 Aho mu gika cya 23 cyarwo, rwasanze -Ibi kandi binumvikanisha ko ibyaburanwe mu rwego rwa mbere ari na byo ubusanzwe bigomba kuburanwa mu rwego rw’ubujurire hashingiwe ku ihame risanzwe mu micire y’imanza rivuga ko umucamanza wo mu rwego rwa mbere yita ku igenzura ry’ibimenyetso n’amategeko ugereranyije n’ikiburanwa, naho umucamanza wo mu rwego rw’ubujurire akibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura niba amategeko ku rwego rwa mbere yarubahirijwe uko bikwiye hakurikijwe ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe muri urwo rubanza, byaba ngombwa agakosora aho bikenewe.

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cy’ubucuruzi yari agamije6; Urukiko rusanga amasezerano y’inguzanyo atafatwa nk’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi cyatuma Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo kirego, bityo ntirwaha ishingiro inzitizi yatanzwe n’abaregwa7. [36] Iyo ngingo yongeye gusuzumwa mu rubanza rujuririrwa RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 27/12/2024, Urukiko rumaze kubona ko ibikorwa byarondowe muri iyo ngingo yamaze kuvugwa, ntaho igikorwa cyakozwe na Mukamuganga Marie na Gakuba Alain afatanyije na Kayiteshonga Charlotte gihurira n’ibyateganyijwemo, rusanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwaraburanishije urubanza ruri mu bubasha bwarwo ; bityo ubujurire bwabo Kuri iyo ngingo ntibwahabwa ishingiro. Ku bw’ikibazo cy’ingwate yatanzwe, Urukiko rusanga kuba umuntu yaguriza undi amafaranga, kubw’impungenge akamusaba ko yamuha ingwate ngo abe afite amahirwe menshi yo kwishyurwa bidasobanura ko ibi bikorwa bigize ubucuruzi (activité commerciale8). Rusanga kuba rero umuntu yaguriza undi amafanga atariko kazi ahoramo bitaba ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi byasaba ko aburanira mu nkiko z’ubucuruzi, bityo iyo nzitizi ishingiye kuri iyo ngingo na yo ntiyahabwa ishingiro9. [37] Dosiye y’uru rubanza igaragaza kandi ko mu rubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 24/05/2024, Urukiko rwasuzumye ingingo yerekeranye no kumenya ingano y’umwenda Mukamuganga Marie afitiwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte, impande zombi zemeranya ko ku wa 22/03/2013 habayeho kugurizanya amadorali ya Amerika 110.000 $us yatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie, ayaha Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte, ku nyungu y’amadorali ya Amerika 3% $us ku kwezi. Mu guca urubanza rusanga Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bagomba kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie umwenda remezo bamubereyemo ungana n'amadorali ya Amerika ibihumbi ijana na cumi (110.000 $us), kuko nta

6 Urukiko rwasanze hagomba kwifashishwa igitabo cy’amategeko cyo mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa, aho mu ngingo ya L110 - 1, (Code Civil français) Umushingamategeko muri icyo gihugu yagaragaje ibikorwa bifatwa nk’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, kuba rero igikorwa cyaba cyarakozwe na MUKAMUGANGA Marie kitari mu bikorwa bivugwamo bikurikira: 1ºkugura ibyimukanwa hagamijwe kubigurisha uko bimeze cyangwa byamaze guhindurwa; 2ºkugura ibitimukanwa hagamijwe kubigurisha keretse uwabiguze abanje kubaka amazu menshi akagenda ayagurisha; 3ºigikorwa cyose cy’ubuhuza mu igura, mu gutanga cyangwa kugurisha ikitimukanwa, umutungo w’ubucuruzi, cyangwa imigabane muri sosiyete z’ibitimukanwa 4ºikigo gikodesha ibyimukanwa; 5º ikigo gikora ibicuruzwa, gikora commission, igikora ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka cyangwa mu mazi; 6º ikigo kigemura gihagararira, gifasha mu bucuruzi cyangwa ikigurisha muri cyamunara; 7º igikorwa cyose cy’ivunjisha, cya banki, cy’ubuhuza, cyo gutanga no gucunga amafaranga mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga ndetse na service zo kwishyura; 8º ibikorwa bya banki za Leta; inshingano ziri hagati y’abagirana imishyikirano, abacuruza n’abanyamabanki; 10ºn’inyandiko mpeshabwishyu.

7 Reba mu bika bya 9- 14 by’urwo rubanza rubanziriza urundi RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe ku wa 27/10/2023. 8 Ababuranyi bombi ntibacuruza ibijyanye n’imari n’ubwo baba bafite ibindi bikorwa by’ubucuruzi. 9 Reba ibika bya 11, 16 byarwo 10 mu bika bya 16-27 by’urubanza.

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kigaragaza ko hari amadorali bishyuye kuri uyu mwenda remezo10. Urukiko Rukuru narwo rwongeye gusesengura iyo ngingo, rubona ko mu bibazo by’amasezerano yanditse, abantu badahakana kandi by’amafaranga icyahabwa agaciro ari ikimenyetso cy’inyandiko cyangwa ubuhamya kuruta ikimenyetso gicukumbuye. Rubona kandi ko kwishyura ubungubu bikorerwa kuri banki, kuri MoMo n’ubundi buryo bwinshi cyangwa umuntu yaha undi amafaranga akamusinyira ayo yakiriye n’igihe ayaherewe aho kwemeza ubundi buryo bwakorwa habaye kugenekereza. Rusanga ko iyo bitagaragaye muri ubwo buryo nta kuntu rubona rwakwemeza kwishyurana, bityo ntirwaha ishingiro ubujurire bwatanzwe kuri iyo ngingo10. [38] Dosiye y’urubanza RC 00193/2023/TGI/GSBO ku rwego rwa mbere igaragaza ko hasuzumwe kandi niba hari inyungu n’indishyi bigomba gutangwa muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rwabonye ko ku mwenda remezo w’amadorali ya Amerika 110.000$, ntacyo Urukiko rwazihinduraho kuko yishyuwe hashingiwe ku bwumvikane bw’impande zombi bukubiye mu masezerano bagiranye ku wa 22/03/2013, ariko rubona ko izo nyungu zigomba kubarirwa ku gipimo kingana na 8% ku mwaka ari na cyo gipimo amabanki aheraho abakiriya bayo igihe babikije amafaranga kugira ngo abungukire. Urukiko rusanga rero mu gihe cy’amezi 85 abazwe guhera mu kwezi kwa Mata 2018 kugeza mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 2024, inyungu Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bagomba kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie zingana n’amadorali ya Amerika 62.333 $us11. [39] Dosiye igaragaza ko iyo ngingo na yo yongeye gusuzumwa n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza RCA 00237/2024/HC/KIG, rubona ko Gakuba Alain aburana muri iki kibazo (issue) avuga ko kuba inyungu zarakomeje kubarwa nyuma yo gutanga ikirego bidakurikije amategeko naho Mukamuganga Marie avuga ko inyungu zagombaga gukomeza kubarwa kuko umwenda remezo ukiri mu maboko yabo, bakiwubyaza umusaruro kuko ntacyari kubuza ko ayo madolari 110.000 yagombaga gukomeza kubarirwa inyungu. Urukiko Rukuru rusanga amasezerano bagiranye yarateganyije ko inyungu zigomba kubarwa, rukaba rutabona aho rwahera ruvuga ko zidakwiriye cyangwa zitagomba gukomeza kubarwa kandi ari byo byumvikanyweho, kandi iyo yishyura nta kibazo kiba cyaravutse. Rwemeza ko ko ubujurire budafite ishingiro n’urubanza rwajuririwe rudahindutse kuri iyo ngingo12. [40] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusesenguye imiburanire ya buri ruhande, ibyashingiweho n’inkiko zombi mu guca urubanza, rubihuje n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 52 igika cya 3 y’Itegeko n° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko: “Icyakora kandi ubujurire bwa kabiri ntibushobora kwakirwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe”, ruyihuje n’umurongo wafashwe n’Inkiko Nkuru mu manza zagaragajwe hejuru; rurasanga inkiko zombi zarasesenguye mu buryo bumwe (raisonnement juridique) ingingo zimaze kugaragazwa ku kibazo cy’amategeko ashingiye ku bubasha bw’Inkiko, ku kibazo cy’inyungu zikubiye mu masezerano ababuranyi bagiranye n’ibimenyetso by’ubwishyu bw’umwenda remezo, Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bakaba rero baratanze ubujurire bwa kabiri mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, uru Rukiko rukaba rugomba kwemeza ko ubwo bujurire batanze bukandikwa kuri RCAA 00007/2025/CA butari mu bubasha bwarwo.

10 Reba igika cya 20 cyarwo. 11 Reba ibika byarwo bya 31-33. 12 Reba igika cya 24 cyarwo.

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[41] Ku birebana n’ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie bukandikwa kuri CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rugomba kubahiriza ubushake bw’uwabutanze wivugira ko ugukomeza kubaho kwabwo kwaterwa n’uko n’ubujurire bwa Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bwaba bubashije kwakirwa, bityo kuba ubujurire bw’aba butakiriwe nk’uko bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, bikaba bituma n’ubwa Mukamuganga Marie butagomba kwakirwa ku bw’ubushake bwe bwo guhitamo kubureka. Ibirebana n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa na Mukamuganga Marie [42] Me Sebukonoke Innocent na Me Shema Gakuba Charles bahagarariye Mukamuganga Marie basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie, igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 2.000.000 Frw kuri buri Avoka umuburanira n‘amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire angana na 1.000.000 Frw. [43] Abahagarariye Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte mu kwiregura kuri aya mafaranga bavuga ko nta shingiro afite, ngo kuko hashingiwe ku masezerano bigaragara ko akubiyemo inyungu z'umurengera ku buryo zitagerekwaho n'indishyi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [44] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko n° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ibikurikira : ʺIkirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe”. [45] Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iyi ngingo y’Itegeko imaze kuvugwa hejuru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza Mukamuganga Marie asaba kuri uru rwego afite ishingiro, kuko byumvikana ko nyuma y’uko abo asaba ko bayacibwa bamureze muri ubu bujurire yashatse Abavoka bo kumuburanira imbere y’Urukiko bagakurikirana n’urubanza, Urukiko rukaba rugomba kumugenera amafaranga agenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo kuko ayo yasabye ari umurengera hagereranyijwe n’aho urubanza rugeze, bityo akaba agomba kugenerwa amafaranga ibihumbi magana arindwi (700.000 Frw) akubiyemo 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza; Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bagafatanya kuyatanga.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [46] Rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko yatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie ifite ishingiro. [47] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte bukandikwa kuri RCAA 00007/2025/CA butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

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[48] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa kabiri bwatanzwe na Mukamuganga Marie mu rubanza CMB RCAA 00008/2025/CA budasuzumwe ku mpamvu yasobanuwe haruguru. [49] Rutegetse Gakuba Alain na Kayiteshonga Charlotte gufatanya kwishyura Mukamuganga Marie amafaranga ibihumbi magana arindwi (700.000 Frw) akubiyemo 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego. [50] Ruvuze ko amafaranga y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe n’abajuriye ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.