GASHUMBA N’UNDI v NIRERE N’UNDI

# GASHUMBA N’UNDI v NIRERE N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-10-18 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC00004/2021/HC/RWG - Collection: High Court

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GASHUMBA N’UNDI v NIRERE N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU URUGEREKO RWA RWAMAGANA – RS/INJUST/RC00004/2021/HC/RWG (Nyirabagande P.J.) 18 Ukwakira 2022] Itegeko rigenga umuryango – abashyingiranywe ivangamutungo rusange – ubutane – ingaruka z’ubutane – umutungo abashakanye bari basangiye wagurishijwe numwe mu bashakanye undi atabizi ukomeza kubarirwa mu mutungo rusange w’abashakanye. Itegeko rigenga ubutaka – Inkomoko y’ubutaka – kuba umuntu afite amasezerano y’ubukode burambye y’umutungo kandi yarakoze amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ububasha ku mutungo ariko atagaraza inkomomoko nyakuri yawo, ntashobora kwitwa nyirawo Imiterere y’urubanza: uru rubanza rwatangiye Nirere arega mu Rukiko rw’ibanze rwa Kibungo Gashumba na Mukashyaka asaba ko umutungo UPI: 5/06/10/01/4656 umwandikwaho we n’umugabo we Rupiga kuko abo arega bawiyandikishijeho mu buro bw’uburiganya. Abaregwa bo bavuga ko umutungo uburanwa bawuguze. Muri uru rubanza hagobokejwemo Rupiga ariko ntiyitaba, aburanishwa adahari. Urukiko mu rubanza RC00051/2019/TB/KGO rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nirere gifite ishingiro, rwemeza ko Gashumba na Mukashyaka batagaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko baguze umutungo uburanwa wa Nirere na Rupiga, rutegeka ko wandikwa kuri Nirere na Rupiga, bakazawugabanywa nk’uko byemejwe mu manza z’ubutane. Gashumba na Mukashyaka bajuririye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma bavuga ko hirengagijwe ibimenyetso by’uko umutungo bawuguze, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ubukode burambye n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’uwo mutungo yakorewe imbere ya noteri. Nirere akavuga ko uwo mutungo utari kuba waragurishijwe mu 2014, ngo we n’umugabo bawuburane mu 2016 unafatweho icyemezo mu rubanza rw’ubutane, kandi ko we atigeze asinya ku nyandiko zivugwa; Rupiga yagobokeshejwe mu rubanza ariko ntiyitaba, aburanishwa adahari. Urukiko Mu rubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwemeje ko ikirego cya Gashumba na Mukashyaka nta shingiro gifite rwemeza ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rugumyeho. Urukiko rwemeje ibi rushingiye ko nta cyemeza ko ubugure bwabayeho kuko amasezerano y’ubugure yabaye ku wa 08/04/2014, amasezerano y’ihererekanya kwa noteri akorwa ku wa 06/11/2014, naho inyandiko ya noteri ikorwa ku wa 08/04/2015, bityo ngo noteri atari umuhamya w’ubwo bugure. Rwashingiye kandi ko uyu mutungo iyo uza kuba waragurishijwe mu 2014 utari kuburanwa mu manza z’ubutane ngo ufatweho icyemezo. Gashumba na Mukashyaka bandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga basaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Nyuma y’isusuzuma, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, yafashe icyemezo no 182/CJ/2021 yemeza ko urubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze arwohereza mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana kugirango ruruburanishe. Gashumba na Mukashyaka bavuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso birimo icyemezo cy’umutungo kibanditsweho giherekejwe na fotokopi y’amasezerano yashingiweho mu gukora ihererekanya, umwimerere w’inyandiko ubikwa n’Urwego rufite imicungire y’ubutaka mu nshingano zarwo. Bavuga ko batamenye ko Nirere na Rupiga baburanye uyu mutungo kugirango ugabanywe mu rubanza rwa gatanya. Nirere avuga ko nta karengane kabaye mu manza Gashumba na Mukashyaka batsinzwe kuko umutungo baburana batigeze bawugura, ngo bawutunge, kandi ko atemera umukono uboneka ku nyandiko y’amasezerano y’ihererekanya, asaba ko hakorwa igereranywa ry’imikono. Rupiga nawe yitabiriye iburanisha yabanje kuvuga ko atigeze agurisha umutungo uburanwa, ko atazi abarega kandi

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ko umukono uboneka ku masezerano atari uwe. Yongeye kubazwa avuga ko we yari afite inguzanyo muri banki, hanyuma aza kugirana ibibazo n’umugore we, mu gihe baburana ubutane Gashumba amugira inama ko yamufasha, uyu mutungo uburanwa ukamwandikwaho, hanyuma ikibazo cy’ubutane cyazarangira, umutungo ukongera kwandikwa kuri Rupiga. Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00004/2021/HC/RWG, rwemeje ko Gashumba na Mukashyaka batarenganye kuko kuba umutungo uburanwa wari wanditse kuri Rupiga na Nirere, byari ngombwa ko bombi babyemeranywaho bagasinya ku masezerano y’ubugure n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya, kandi bigakorerwa imbere ya Noteri kugira ngo ube ugurishijwe mu buryo buryo bukurikije amategeko. Incamake y’icyemezo:1. Umutungo abashakanye bari basangiye wagurishijwe numwe mu bashakanye undi atabizi ukomeza kubarirwa mu mutungo rusange w’abashakanye. Bityo iyo Urukiko rufashe icyemezo ku butane bw’abashakanye, umutungo wose ugomba kugabanywa ababurana ubutane, haba hari umutungo wagurishijwe numwe mu bashakanye kandi igurisha ryawo ntirigibweho impaka, nyamara umwe mu bashakanye atazi ndetse atarashyize umukono ku masezerano y’ubwo bugure, ayo masezerano agomba guteshwa agaciro. 2. kuba umuntu afite amasezerano y’ubukode burambye y’umutungo kandi yarakoze amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ububasha ku mutungo ariko atagaraza inkomomoko nyakuri yawo, ntashobora kwitwa nyirawo. Bityo uvuga ko yawuguze agomba kwerekana ko yaguze na nyirawo w’ukuri. 3. Mu rwego rwo kwirinda kwikungahaza, utegetswe gusubiza umutungo nyirwo w’ukuri, kuko yawuguze mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko agomba gusubizwa nuwa mugurishije, ikiguzi yishyuye agura uwo mutungo. Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro bififite. Amategeko yashingiweho. Itegeko No 22/2018 ku wa 29/04/2018 Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 111 Itegeko No 43/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigenga ubutaka mu Rwanda, Ingingo ya 10,18,22 Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3 code civil francais (version en vigueur du 19 fevrier 1804 au 01 octobre 2016), article 1382 Imanza zifashishijwe. Urubanza RCAA00018/13/CS haburana Harerimana Emmanuel vs Sebukayire Tharcisse rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/12/2014. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Kuri uru rwego, harasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, urubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 10/07/2020, rwemeje ko ikirego cya Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bavuga ko baguze umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/06/01/4656 nta shingiro gifite, ko umutungo uburanwa wandikwa kuri Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis, aba bishyurwa indishyi. [2] Nyuma y’urubanza rw’ubutane hagati ya Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide, mu kugabana umutungo bari bahuriyeho nk’abashyingiranywe, byagaragaye ko umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI :

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5/06/10/01/4656 uherereye ahavuzwe haruguru, wanditse kuri Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther. Nirere Candide avuga ko uwo mutungo bawiyandikishijeho mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bavuga ko iyo nzu bayiguze, Rupiga Francis wagobokeshejwe, yahamagajwe nk’umuburanyi udafite aho abarizwa hazwi, ariko mu iburanisha rya nyuma mu Rukiko Rukuru yaritabiriye. [3] Nirere Candide yareze Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze asaba ko uwo mutungo umwandikwaho we n’umugabo we Rupiga bakawugabana kuko bawushakanye. Mu rubanza RC00051/2019/TB/KGO rwaciwe ku wa 03/10/2019, hemejwe ko ikirego cya Nirere Candide gifite ishingiro, rwemeza ko Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther batagaragaza ibimenyetso by’uko baguze umutungo UPI: 5/06/10/01/4656 wa Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis, rutegeka ko wandikwa kuri Nirere na Rupiga, bakazawugabanywa nk’uko byemejwe mu manza z’ubutane1, rutegeka Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther kwishyura 800.000Frw y’indishyi. [4] Mu kwemeza ko nta kimenyetso abaregwa bagaragaje ko baguze uriya mutungo, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko muri dosiye batagaragaje inyandiko y’umwimerere y’amasezerano y’ubugure yerekana koko ko Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis bagurishije Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther, n’inyandiko bagaragaje zikaba zitarakorewe imbere ya noteri. [5] Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Eshter bajuririye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma bavuga ko hirengagijwe ibimenyetso by’uko umutungo bawuguze, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ubukode burambye n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’uwo mutungo yakorewe imbere ya noteri. Nirere Candide akavuga ko uwo mutungo utari kuba waragurishijwe mu 2014, ngo we n’umugabo bawuburane mu 2016 unafatweho icyemezo mu manza z’ubutane, kandi ko we atigeze asinya ku nyandiko zivugwa ; Rupiga Francis yagobokeshejwe mu rubanza ariko ntiyitabiriye, aburanishwa adahari hubahirijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko. [6] Mu rubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 10/07/2020, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa NGOMA, hemejwe ko ikirego cya Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther nta shingiro gifite rwemeza ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rugumyeho, ko umutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/06/10/01/4656 yandikwa kuri Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis, aba bakishyurwa indishyi zingana na1.300.000Frw. [7] Urukiko rwasobanuye ko nta cyakwemeza ko ubu bugure bwabayeho kuko amasezerano y’ubugure yabaye ku wa 08/04/2014, amasezerano y’ihererekanya ntiyakorerwa imbere ya noteri kuko yakozwe ku wa 06/11/2014, inyandiko ya noteri ikorwa ku wa 08/04/2015, noteri akaba atari umuhamya w’ubwo bugure. Ruvuga kandi ko uyu mutungo iyo uza kuba waragurishijwe mu 2014 utari kuburanwa mu manza z’ubutane ngo ufatweho icyemezo cyo kugabanywa. [8] Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga basaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, bakarenganurwa. Nyuma yo gusuzuma no gusesengura dosiye, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, mu cyemezo No 182/CJ/2021 cyo ku wa 06/07/2021 yemeje ko urubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 10/07/2020 n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, haburana Gashumba Emile, Mukashyaka Eshter na Nirere Candide, rwoherezwa mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rukaruburanisha ; muri urwo Rukiko ikirego cyandikwa kuri RS/INJUST/RC00004/2021/HC/RWG. [9] Ku mpamvu z’akarengane Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bavuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso birimo icyemezo cy’umutungo kibanditsweho giherekejwe na fotokopi y’amasezerano yashingiweho mu gukora ihererekanya, umwimerere w’inyandiko ubikwa n’Urwego

1Imanza z’ubutane zaburanwe na RUPIGA Francis na NIRERE Candide ni zifite No RC 0169/14/TB/KGO rwaciwe ku wa 24/12/2015 ndetse no mu rubanza RCA 0011/16/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 30/11/2016.

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rufite imicungire y’ubutaka mu nshingano zarwo. Bavuga ko batamenye ko Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis baburanye uyu mutungo hagategekwamo igabanya. [10] Nirere Candide avuga ko nta karengane kabaye mu manza Gashumba na Mukashyaka batsinzwe kuko umutungo baburana batigeze bawugura, ngo bawutunge, kandi ko atemera umukono uboneka ku nyandiko ku masezerano y’ihererekanya, ko hakorwa igereranywa ry’imikono. Urukiko rurasuzuma niba icyangombwa cy’umutungo na fotokopi y’amasezerano y’ihererekanya bitarahawe agaciro byarateye akarengane abarega. [11] Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther basaba gusubizwa indishyi zishyuwe Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis nta mpamvu, izo kwamburwa umutungo yaguze, iz’ubukode n’izindi ndishyi zinyuranye. Nirere Candide avuga ko izo ndishyi zidakwiye kuko abarega ari bo bishyize mu manza ku nta mpamvu. Urukiko rurasuzuma niba hari indishyi zagenwa muri uru rubanza. [12] Nyuma yo kwimura iburanisha ku mpamvu zirimo n’izo gusaba ko KFL yasuzuma inyandiko iriho umukono Nirere Candide avuga ko atari uwe ; urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuko nshuro ya nyuma ku wa 26/09/2022 Gashumba Emile yunganiwe na Me Nsengiyumva Emmanuel, uyu ahagarariye Mukashyaka Esther naho Nirere Candide yunganiwe na Me Gatama Cassien, Rupiga Francis na we yitabiriye iburanisha. [13] Ibibazo bisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ibi bikurikira : Kumenya niba icyangombwa cy’umutungo na fotokopi y’amasezerano y’ihererekanya bitarahawe agaciro byarateye akarengane abarega. Kumenya niba hari indishyi zagenwa muri uru rubanza. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO A. Kumenya niba kuba icyangomba cy’umutungo na fotokopi y’amasezerano y’ihererekanya bitashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko NIRERE Candide yagize uruhare mu igurishwa ry’umutungo uburanwa, GASHUMBA na MUKASHYAKA bakaba baragize akarengane. [14] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. Ingingo ya 10 y’Itegeko No 43/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigenga ubutaka mu Rwanda, iteganya ko ubutaka bw’umuntu ku giti cye bugizwe n’ubutaka atunze ku buryo bw’umuco cyangwa ubw’amategeko yanditse. Ubwo butaka abutunze yarabuhawe n’ubuyobozi bubifitiye ububasha, ubwo yaguze, yahaweho impano, umurage, izungura, umunani, ingurane cyangwa isaranganya. Ingingo ya 18 y’iryo Tegeko igateganya ko kwemeza ko ubutaka bwatanzwe cyangwa bukodeshejwe bigaragazwa n’icyemezo cy’iyandikisha ry’ubutaka gitangwa n’umubitsi w’impapurompamo z’ubutaka. Ingingo ya 22 y’iryo Tegeko, igateganya ko ihererekanya ry’uburenganzira ku butaka iryo ari ryo ryose rikozwe n’uhagarariye umuryango rigomba kubanza kwemezwa n’abanditse bose ku mpapurompamo z’ubutaka ; bikorwa mu nyandiko nyakuri ishyirwaho umukono cyangwa igikumwe ikorewe imbere ya noteri ushinzwe iby’ubutaka. [15] Ibisobanuwe muri izi ngingo byumvikanisha ko icyemezo cy’iyandikisha ry’ubutaka kigaragaza ko ubutaka bwatanzwe ; ariko ko utunze ubutaka agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’aho yabukomoye ; Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bakaba bagomba kugaragaza ko baguze mu buryo bukurikije amategeko umutungo bafitiye icyemezo cy’iyandikisha. [16] Mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Urukiko rwemeje ko umutungo Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bavuga ko baguze usubirana Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis, bakawugabana; rusobanura ko n’ubwo bafite icyemezo cy’iyandikisha kibanditseho, ariko ko

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ntacyashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko bawuguze kubera ko biboneka ko ubwo bugure bwakozwe ku wa 08/04/2014, amasezerano y’ihererekanya agakorwa ku wa 06/11/2014, inyandiko ya noteri ikorwa ku wa 08/04/2015, ibi bigahamya ko ubwo bugure butakorewe imbere ya noteri. Rwongeraho ko bitumvikana ukuntu uwo mutungo wari kuburanwa mu rubanza rw’ubutane, hagafatwa icyemezo ko ugomba kugabanywa n’abashyingiranywe kandi nyamara waragurishijwe mu 2014. [17] Gashumba Emile na Me Nsengiyumva Emmanuel n’abamubanjiriye bamwunganiye bagahagararira Mukashyaka Esther, bavuga ko mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma habonekamo akarengane. Basobanura ko Urukiko rwirengagije icyemezo cy’iyandikisha ry’ubutaka cyanditse ku barega kuri UPI : 5/06/10/01/4656, ihererekanya rikaba ryarakozwe hashingiwe ku masezerano y’ihererekanya, bagaragariza fotokopi, bakaba batasabwa kugaragaza umwimerere mu gihe bizwi ko ubikwa mu Kigo gishinzwe imicungire y’ubutaka. Bavuga ko mu gufata icyemezo, nta kindi kimenyetso cyagaragajwe na Nirere Candide ko umutungo uburanwa utagurishijwe uretse kubivuga gusa. [18] Bavuga ko ntacyari kubamenyesha ko umutungo baguze uburanwa mu manza z’ubutane hagati ya Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide, hakanategekwamo ko bawugabana, kuko batigeze bazihamagarwamo, ngo nibura bazitambamire. [19] Nirere Candide na Me Gatama Cassien umwunganira, bavuga ko nta karengane kabaye mu manza Gashumba na Mukashyaka batsinzwe kuko umutungo baburana batigeze bawugura, kandi ntibigeze bawutunga. Bavuga ko icyemezocy’iyandikisha kitashingirwaho kuko bakibonye mu buryo bw’uburiganya, ko nta masezerano Nirere yigeze ashyiraho umukono, avuga ko yakomeje gusaba ko hagaragazwa umwimerere abarega baburanisha, umukono ubonekaho ukagereranywa n’imikono asanzwe asinya ariko ntibyahabwa agaciro. [20] Bavuga ko bitumvikana ukuntu Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther baguze umutungo kuva 2014, bakaba batari bawutunga kandi ubanditseho, kandi iyo uza waragurishijwe ntibari kuwubarana mu rubanza rw’ubutane ngo ufatweho icyemezo n’urukiko ko ubariwe mu mitungo Nirere Candide na Rupiga Francis bagabana. Bavuga ko ari amayeri Gashumba yakoranye na Rupiga kugira ngo Nirere avutswe uburenganzira yari afite kuri uriya mutungo. [21] Rupiga Francis wari mu iburanisha ku nshuro ya nyuma yabanje kuvuga ko atigeze agurisha umutungo uburanwa, ko atazi abarega kandi ko umukono uboneka ku masezerano atari uwe. Yongeye kubazwa avuga ko we yari afite inguzanyo muri banki, hanyuma aza kugirana ibibazo n’umugore we, mu gihe baburana ubutane Gashumba amugira inama ko yamufasha, uyu mutungo uburanwa ukamwandikwaho, hanyuma ikibazo cy’ubutane cyazarangira, umutungo ukongera kwandikwa kuri Rupiga Francis, hakorwa amasezerano bandikamo ko uwo mutungo uguzwe 6.000.000Frw. Yongeraho ko Gashumba yaje kumutenguha iyo nzu ayitangaho ingwate muri banki afatanyije na Jackson Nzakamwita. [22] N’ubwo Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bafite icyemezo y’iyandikisha ry’umutungo wanditswe kuri UPI : 5/06/10/01/4656, Urukiko rusanga mu gihe havutse amakimbirane ku nkomoko y’umutungo mbere yo kuwandikwaho, abanditse ku cyemezo cy’iyandikisha bafite inshingano zo kugaragaza ibimenyetso byemewe n’amategeko bigaragaza inkomoko y’uwo mutungo. Muri uru rubanza bakaba bagomba kugaragaza koko ko bawuguze mu buryo bwukurikije amategeko, mu gihe bitagaragajwe rero, icyemezo cy’umutungo ubwacyo kikaba kitashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko uwo mutungo ari uwabo. Ibi ni ko byasobanuwe mu rubanza rwaciwen’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ko iyo hari impaka kuri nyir’umutungo, uwufitiye icyemezo kiwamwanditseho agomba kugaragaza inkomoko2.

2 Urubanza RCAA00018/13/CS rwaciwe ku wa 24/12/2014, haburana HARERIMANA Emmanuel vs SEBUKAYIRE Tharcisse (20), p.6.

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[23] Urukiko rusanga kuba umutungo uburanwa wari wanditse kuri Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide, kugira ngo ugurishwe mu buryo buryo bukurikije amategeko, ni ngombwa ko bombi baba babyemeranywaho bagasinya ku masezerano y’ubugure n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya, kandi bigakorerwa imbere ya Noteri nk’uko bivugwa mu ngingo z’amategeko zasobanuwe haruguru. [24] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, Urukiko rusanga ibiburanishwa na Gashumba Emile n’abunganizi be ko Nirere Candide yasinye ku masezerano y’ubugure n’ay’ihererekenya, bitahabwa agaciro, kubera ko uretse no kuba Nirere Candide atabyemera, akavuga ko umukono uboneka ku nyandiko ivugwa atari uwe; binemezwa na raporo y’abahanga (KFL) bagereranyije umukono wa Nirere Candide ugibwaho impaka uboneka ku masezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ubutaka UPI 5/06/10/01/4656 yo ku wa 06/11/2014 n’indi mikono itagibwaho impaka iboneka ku nyandiko zinyuranye zivugwa muri iyo raporo. Iyi ikaba yaranzuye ivugwamo ko “umukono ugibwaho impaka ugaragara imbere y’amazina ya Nirere Candide n’indi mikono iri ku nyandiko “amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ubutaka UPI 5/06/10/01/4656” yo ku wa 06/11/2014 utandukanye n’imikono itagibwaho impaka ya Nirere Candide iri ku nyandiko zitandukanye twashyikirijwe”. Nyuma y’ibi bisobanuro rero, nta kindi cyashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko ari we wasinye kuri ariya masezerano. [25] Urukiko rusanga kandi kuba Nirere Candide atarasinye kuri ariya masezerano, binumvikana mu mvugo za Rupiga Francis, uwari umugabo we, wemeje ko ariya masezerano yabayeho akorwa na we na Gashumba Emile mu rwego rwo kugira ngo uriya mutungo uvugwamo uve ku mazina ya Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide yandikwe ku mazina ya Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther, kugira ngo mu kugabana uwo mutungo mu rubanza rw’ubutane Nirere Candide atazawugiraho uruhare, ukazagarukira Rupiga Francis nyuma. Izi mvugo kandi zuzuzwa n’ibyasobanuwe n’umutangabuhamya uboneka kuri iyo nyandiko wemeje ko abaguze bamuzaniye amasezerano akabasinyira ariko ko batari ku kiburanwa kandi ko atibuka niba Nirere Candide yari ahari. [26] Rusanga kandi ku bisobanuro bitanzwe haruguru hiyongeraho ko iriya nyandiko itakorewe imbere ya noteri hagendewe ku matariki yakoreweho ahubwo icyakozwe ni uko nyuma yo kuyikora yaje gushyirwa noteri agashyiraho umukono ariko noteri akaba ataba umuhamya w’ariya masezerano kuko atakozwe ahari. Hashingiwe ku bisobanuwe haruguru, ubu bugure ntibwakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, kuko nta kimenyetso cyemewe n’amategeko kigaragaza ko Nirere Candide, wari wanditswe ku cyemezo cy’iyandikisha, afite uburenganzira ku mutungo abuzi. [27] Rusanga rero kuba Gakumba Regis na Mukashyaka Esther banditsweho umutungo bakaba bafite icyemezo cy’iyandikisha, hakaba n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya bitashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko uwo mutungo ari uwabo kuko bigaragara ko bawuhawe mu buryo budakurije amategeko (transfert) kuko bawuhawe n’utari nyirawo 100%. Rusanga impamvu bashingiraho basubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane bidafite ishingiro, akaba ahubwo nta karengane kaboneka muri uru rubanza. Ikirego cyabo kikaba nta shingiro gihawe, aya masezerano akaba ateshejwe agaciro, umutungo ugasubirana bene wo n’icyemezo cy’iyandikisha kigateshwa agaciro nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, aumutungo ukandikwa kuri Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide. B. Ku byerekeranye no kumenya niba hari indishyi zagenwa muri uru rubanza [28] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera. Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ku wa 29/04/2018 Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikiye ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe

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n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Mu mategeko yo mu Gihugu cy’Ubufaransa hakavugwamo ko umuntu wese wangirije undi ategetswe kwishyura ibyangiritse3 [29] Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha ko umuburanyi watsinze ufite ibyo yatakaje ku rubanza, yishyurwa iyo abigaragarije ikimenyetso. Ibisobanuwe muri izi ngingo byumvikanisha ko iyo ibikorwa by’umuntu byangirije undi, nyir’ukwangiza, ategetswe kwishyura ibyangiritse byagaragarijwe ibimenyetso. [30] Mu rubanza RC00051/2019/TB/KGO rwaciwe ku wa 03/10/2019 Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kibungo rwategetse Gashumba Emile, Mukashyaka Esther na Rupiga Francis wagobokeshejwe kwishyura Nirere Candite 800.000Frw y’indishyi zirimo n’igihembo cya avoka na 10.000Frw yatanze arega. Mu rubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 10/07/2019 hagenwa 500.000Frw yiyongera ku ndishyi zagenwe ku rwego rwa mbere, rutegeka ko azishyurwa na Gashumba Emile afatanyije na Mukashyaka Esther. [31] Gashumba Emile wunganiwe na Me Nsengiyumva Emmanuel, uhagarariye Mukashyaka Esther bavuga ko basubizwa 1.300.000Frw y’indishyi bategetswe kwishyura nta mpamvu, bagasubizwa ikiguzi batanze mu gihe amasezerano yaba adahawe agaciro, akagenerwa na 3.000.000Frw y’igihembo cya avoka ku nzego zose, akanahabwa 500.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, bose bagafatanya kumwishyura kuko bagurishije umutungo bahabwa amafaranga bayakemuza ibibabo none bagambiriye kuwisubiza. Nirere Candide na Me Gatama Cassien umwunganira bavuga ko izo ndishyi zidakwiye kuko abazisaba bajyanwe mu manza n’ibikorwa byabo bigamije kumwambura umutungo ku buryo bw’uburiganya. [32] Nk’uko biboneka muri dosiye, hari amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’umutungo uburanwa, hakaba icyemezo cy’iyandikisha cy’umutungo cyanditswe kuri Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther. Muri dosiye (mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 26/09/2022) Rupiga Francis yemeye ko hakozwe amasezerano hagati ye na Gashumba ko amugirishije umutungo kuri 6.000.000Frw ; avuga ko batawuguze ngo bari babyumvikanye ko Gashuma Emile awiyandikishaho, ukazamugarukira nyuma y’urubanza rw’ubutane. Rupiga Francis kandi yemeza ko uwo mutungo Gashumba Emile yaje kuwutangaho ingwate muri banki agahabwa inguzanyo, ko ariko atabiregeye. [33] Mu gusesengura izi mvugo no kuzihuza n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko yiswe amasezerano y’ihererekanya ariho imikono uwa Gashumba Emile na Rupiga Francis n’abatangabuhamya, Urukiko rusanga nta kimenyetso cyashingirwaho mu kwemeza ko uriya mutungo utari wagurishijwe kuko iyo biba bityo, Gashumba Emile ntiyari kuwutangaho ingwate ngo Rupiga Francis abireke azi ko atawumugirishije. Rusanga yari yawugurishije n’ubwo byakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe, Nirere Candide ntiyari yabigizemo uruhare nk’umuntu bawuhuriyeho. [34] Urukiko rusanga mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera no kwanga ko habaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu, ubwo hategetswe ko umutungo usubizwa bene wo, ni ukuvuga Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide, ni ngombwa ko na Gashumba Emile watanze amafaranga ayasubizwa, ibintu bigasubira uko byari bimeze; bityo rero, Rupiga Francis ategetswe gusubiza Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther amafaranga miliyoni esheshatu (6.000.000Frw) yakiriye agurisha uriya mutungo; akayasubiza akuwe mu mutungo we kuko nta kigaragaza ko yayasangiye na Nirere Candide. [35] Rusanga kandi ibiburanishwa na Rupiga Francis ko yari yakoze amasezerano ko ariko nta bugure bwabayeho, bitahabwa agaciro kubera ko, uretse no kuba nta kimenyetso abitangira ariko

3 Aux termes de l’article 1382 du code civil francais (version en vigueur du 19 fevrier 1804 au 01 octobre 2016: « Tout fait quelconque de l’homme, qui cause á autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel ilest arrivé á le

réparer”. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/LEGISCTA000006136352/#LE GISCTA000006136352, consulted on 25th July 2022.

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yiyemerera ko uwo mutungo waje gutangwaho ingwate na Gashumba Emile wawuguze n’undi ntabiregere, bishimangire amagambo yemereye mu Rukiko ko hari amasezerano bari bakoze ko agurishije uwo mutungo kuri 6.000.000Frw, kandi ntiyasabye ko uwo mutungo wamugarukira ngo bahinduze, kuva baburana urubanza kugeza uyu munsi, izi mpamvu rero zirahagije mu kwemeza ko hari habayeho ubugure, cyane ko atanagaragaza ko hari amakimbirane yaba yaraje kugirana na Gashumba Emile ngo abe ari yo yatumye ashaka kumuhemukira. [36] Urukiko rusanga ariko nta ndishyi z’akababaro Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther bagenerwa kubera ko na bo bagize uruhare mu byabakorewe kubera ko yemeye kugura umutungo w’umugabo n’umugore kandi adasinyiwe n’umugore nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru ; akaba rero atakwitwaza amakosa ye ngo abisabire indishyi. Ku birebana n’igihembo cya avoka no gusiragizwa mu nkiko, Urukiko rusanga zidakwiye nk’uko byasobanuwe, mu gika kibanza, hakiyongeraho ko atanatsinze urubanza, uretse kuba hagenwe ko asubizwa ikiguzi nk’ingaruka yo gutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure no kwanga ko habaho kwikungahaza nta mpamvu. [37] Ku byerekeranya n’amafaranga Gashumba Emile yaba yararangije kwishyura mu rwego rwo kurangiza urubanza, Urukiko rusanga atayasubizwa kuko izo ndishyi zikwiye kandi gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane bikaba bitabuza ko urubanza rusubirishwamo rurangiza. Kuri Nirere Candide, nta ndishyi zasuzumwa ngo zigenwe kuko ntazo yasabye. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [38] Rwemeye kwakira no gusuzuma ikirego cyatanzwe na Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Emile, ariko ko nta shingiro gifite kuri bimwe ; [39] Rwemeje ko nta karengane kaboneka mu rubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa NGOMA ku wa 10/07/202 ku byerekeranye n’amasezerano y’ubugure ; [40] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCA00078/2019/TGI/NGOMA rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane rudahindutse ku birebana n’indishyi zagenwe no ku birebana n’amasezerano y’ubugure ku mutungo ubaruwe kuri UPI : 5/06/10/01/4656 ; ko wandikwa kuri Rupiga Francis na Nirere Candide, nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rusuburishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ; [41] Rutegetse ko Rupiga Francis gusubiza Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther amafaranga miliyoni esheshatu (6.000.000Frw) yatanzwe nk’ikiguzi ku mutungo uburanwa ; [42] Rutegetse Gashumba Emile na Mukashyaka Esther kwishyura amafaranga ibihumbi makumyabiri (20.000Frw) ahwanye na ½ cy’amafaranga 40.000Frw) y’ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza.