UBUSHINJACYAHA v NTAMABYALIRO

UBUSHINJACYAHA v NTAMABYALIRO

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2019-12-06 - Case/document no.: RPAA/GEN 00006/2019/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v NTAMABYALIRO [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA/GEN 00006/2019/CA – (Gakwaya, J. P., Muhumuza na Nyirandabaruta, J.) 06 Ukuboza 2019] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Ifungwa ry’agateganyo – Ubujurire ku ifungwa ry’agateganyo –Mu bujurire ukurikiranweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra ingoboka zose yabyukije ku rwego rwa mbere no kugarura ibibazo byose birebana n'ifungwa rye ry'agateganyo kuko afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko afungururwa by'agateganyo mbere y'uko hacibwa urubanza mu mizi. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Ikurikiranacyaha ry’umuyobozi mukuru – Uyu mwihariko w'ibanze (Privilege de juridiction – Uyu mwihariko w'ibanze (Privilege de juridiction) ureberwa ku munsi uvugwa ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha yagikoze, aho kuba ku munsi wo gukurikiranwa cyangwa kumuregera urukiko. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Ubufatanyacyaha – Ubufatanyacyaha bw’umuyobozi mukuru – Umuyobozi Mukuru ushimira abicanyi mu gihe cya jenoside aba akoze ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku bufasha yatanze no guhagarikira abakoze jenoside (complicite par omission), mu gihe ushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, akoresheje imvugo ijimije, aba yagize ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku gushishikariza (Provocation ou complicite par instigation). Amategeko agenga

imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Kuba icyitso – Mu kwemeza ko umuntu ari icyitso cy’undi muntu, umucamanza agomba kugaragaza igikorwa nyirizina (infraction principale) kigize icyaha kandi cyakozwe, aho kugaragaza gatozi kuri icyo cyaha (auteur). Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakora jenoside – Ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside – Ubushake ku byerekeranye n'ubufatanyacyaha (mens rea ou element intentionnel de la complicite) busaba, ku birebana n'icyitso, ko uwagikoze aba yaratanze inkunga, azi neza ko izafasha mu gukora igikorwa kigize icyaha nyirizina, bitabaye ngombwa ko aba afite umugambi mubisha uhuje n'icyo uwakoze icyaha n'abo bafatanyije bari bagambiriye. Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Icyaha cya jenoside – Ihame ryo kurebera ibyaha bikorwa (théorie du spectateur approbateur) – Ni ihame ryumvikanisha ko uregwa agomba kuba yari aho icyaha cyakorewe igihe cyakorwaga cyangwa se yari hafi y’aho ahantu icyaha cyakorewe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ntamabyariro wari Minisitiri w’Ubutabera muri guverinoma yiyise iy’abatabazi mu mwaka wa 1994, yafashwe nyuma ya jenoside, aregwa mu Rukiko rwa mbere rw'Iremezo rwa Kigali hamwe n’uwitwa Hategekimana Léonard wari Umushinjacyaha muri Parike ya Gitarama, kuba ari umwe mu bateguye, bashishikarije gukora, ndetse bakanashyira mu bikorwa jenoside. Bashinjwa ibyaha binyuranye birimo ibijyanye na jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara. Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’amategeko agenga Urwego rw’Ubucamanza ryo mu mwaka wa 2004, uru rubanza rwagiye rusubikwa maze ruza kuburanishirizwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa

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Nyarugenge, aho Ntamabyariro yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ibyo aregwa bidasobanutse, ikirego gifite amakosa menshi, bikaba bituma adashobora gutegura neza dosiye. Urukiko nyuma yo kubisuzuma, rwemeje ko ikosa riri mu kirego ari iry’imyandikire, ko rudashobora gutesha agaciro inyandiko itanga ikirego. Nyuma yo kwemeza ibyaha bitandukanye bitamuhama n’ibyo yagiye akora bimuhama bigize impurirane y’imbonezamugambi mu mugambi wo gukora Jenoside, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwamuhanishije igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko kuko ibyo byaha bimushyira mu rwego rwa mbere, mu gihe Hategekimana bareganwaga yabaye umwere. Nyuma yo kutanyurwa n’iki cyemezo, impande zombi zajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imipaka, aho Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwirengagije kamere y’ikiburanwa, ko zimwe mu mpamvu rwashingiyeho ruca urubanza zitera urujijo kandi ko zivuguruzanya, ko rwirengagije ihame ry’uburyozwacyaha bw’Umuyobozi, runirengagiza ko gusenya amazu y’Abatutsi byari mu mugambi wo kubasiga iheruheru no kubavutsa uburenganzira mu mitungo yabo. Uregwa nawe ajurira anenga icyemezo cyafashwe ku nzitizi avuga ko impamvu yatanze zo kutakira ikirego cy’Urega zitahawe agaciro, ko haciwe urubanza ku bitararegewe, ko yahamijwe ibyaha hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigenekereje, ko hatubahirijwe uburenganzira bwo

kwiregura n’inshingano yo gufata kimwe ababuranyi n’ihame ry’uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi, kuba urubanza rutagaragaza impamvu zashingiweho mu icibwa ryarwo n’impamvu zashingiweho zikaba zidasobanutse, kandi ko Urukiko rwagoretse ibitekerezo bye, rumwitirira amagambo atavuze. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bw’Urega nta shingiro bufite, ko ubw’Uregwa bufite ishingiro ku birebana no kuba adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi n’ibyaha yahamijwe atarabirezwe ariko akaba ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso cy’abishe uwari Perefe wa Perefegitura ya Butare, maze na rwo rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. Uregwa ntiyishimiye icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru maze ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ariko urubanza rwe rwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’ubujurire kubera ivugururwa ry’amategeko agenga Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 105 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 2/6/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko. Yajuriye avuga ko, Urukiko Rukuru rutigeze ruha agaciro inzitizi yatanze yo kutakira ikirego cy’uruhande baburana no gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe mu gukurikirana icyaha, ko rwanirengagije impamvu yatanze zigaragaza uburyo uburenganzira bwe bwahungabanyijwe mu buryo bunyuranye. Avuga kandi ko rutigeze rugaragaza ibimenyetso simusiga by’amagambo rwemeje ko yavuze ajyanye no gukangurira abantu kwica, ko

kuvuga ko abanyabyaha bagomba guhanwa ari ugushishikariza abantu kwica abatutsi, nyamara ataribyo. Ikindi ni uko rwemeje ko amagabo yavugiye mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri Hotel Meridien yari agamije gukangurira abantu kwibasira ubwoko bw’abatutsi kandi ataribyo, ko rwashingiye ku bimenyetso bidahagije byakuraho ugushidikanya, rwirengagiza imiburanire ye, ko rwamwitiriye ububasha atari afite nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, runavuga ko atigeze yitandukanya na gahunda za Guverinoma y’Abatabazi yo gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa Jenoside n’izo guha abaturage intwaro mu cyo bise kwirindira umutekano, kandi bigamije kwica abatutsi, nyamara nta muntu wigeze amushinja ko yari muri izo gahunda, rwavuze kandi ko atigeze ahagarika jenoside ku Kibuye, kuba yarahageze mu gihe cya jenoside bifatwa nko gushyigikira abayikoraga, nyamara yaragaragaje ko

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nta jambo yari agifite. Avuga kandi ko yahamijwe kuba icyitso cy’abishe Perefe nta bimenyetso rushingiyeho, akaba asoza avuga ko kuba icyaha ari gatozi no kuba atarajyaga mu nama zose za guverinoma, Urukiko Rukuru ntirwagomabaga kumuhamya icyaha rushingiye ku kuba yarajyaga mu nama ya Guvernoma yafatirwagamo ibyemezo ikanavugirwamo ibijyanye no kwica Abatutsi. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Mu bujurire ukurikiranweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra ingoboka zose yabyukije ku rwego rwa mbere no kugarura ibibazo byose birebana n'ifungwa rye ry'agateganyo kuko afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko afungururwa by'agateganyo mbere y'uko hacibwa urubanza mu mizi.

2. Ubushinjacyaha bukuru bw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga nibwo bwonyine bufite inshingano yo gukora iperereza ku madosiye arebana n'abayobozi bakuru, harimo n'abaminisitiri, bakaburanira mu rukiko rwagenewe abayobozi bakuru. Uyu mwihariko w'ibanze (Privilege de juridiction) ureberwa ku munsi uvugwa ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha yagikoze, aho kuba ku munsi wo gukurikiranwa cyangwa kumuregera urukiko.

3. Umuyobozi Mukuru ushimira abicanyi mu gihe cya jenoside aba akoze ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku bufasha yatanze no guhagarikira abakoze jenoside (complicite par omission), mu gihe ushishikariza abantu gukora jenoside, akoresheje imvugo ijimije, aba yagize ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku gushishikariza (Provocation ou complicite par instigation). Bityo, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoze ibigize ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku bufasha yatanze no guhagarikira abakoze jenoside aho we yashyigikiye abakoraga jenoside, abashimira ibyo bari bamaze gukora, avuga ko bagaruye umutekano muri perefegitura ya Kibuye.

4. Mu kwemeza ko umuntu ari icyitso cy’undi muntu, umucamanza agomba kugaragaza igikorwa nyirizina (infraction principale) kigize icyaha kandi cyakozwe, aho kugaragaza gatozi kuri icyo cyaha (auteur).

5. Ubushake ku byerekeranye n’ubufatanyacyaha (mens rea ou element intentionnel de la complicite) busaba, ku birebana n'icyitso, ko uwagikoze aba yaratanze inkunga, azi neza ko izafasha mu gukora igikorwa kigize icyaha nyirizina, bitabaye ngombwa ko aba afite umugambi mubisha uhuje n'icyo uwakoze icyaha n'abo bafatanyije bari bagambiriye.

6. Ihame ryo kurebera ibyaha bikorwa (théorie du spectateur approbateur) ni hame ryumvikanisha ko uregwa agomba kuba yari aho icyaha cyakorewe igihe cyakorwaga cyangwa se yari hafi y'aho ahantu icyaha cyakorewe.

7. Ikibazo cy'umutekano w’umuyobozi mukuru mu gihe cya jenoside, ntikigomba kuba impamvu ituma uwo muyobozi aguma muri guverinoma atemeranywa nayo cyangwa ngo kibe impamvu yo gutuma atagira icyo akora kugirango yamagane ibyaha byose byakorerwaga Abatutsi.

8. Ibyaha by'ubugome byakorwaga mu rwego rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, bibanganira mu buryo bukabije uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, ariyo mpamvu inyungu zo kurinda abaturage zitagereranywa n'ingaruka zishobora kuba ku bayobozi bafashije abantu bari mu kaga. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, ihindutse kuri bimwe. Amagarama aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga N°13/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga N°16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n’imikorere by’inkiko Gacaca. Itegeko Ngenga N°16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n’imikorere by’inkiko Gacaca, ingingo ya 1, 14, 51, 53, 54 n’iya 72. Itegeko Ngenga N˚ 08/96 ryo ku wa 30/8/1996 rigena imitunganyirize n’ikurikirana ry’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu. Itegeko-Teka N° 12/79 ryo ku wa 7 Gicurasi 1979 ryerekeye imbunda n’amasasu yazo, ingingo ya 4 n’iya 13. Itegeko-Teka Nᵒ 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 82, 89, 91, 93, 166, 168, 281, 282, 283, 312 n’iya 444. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 9/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/2/1975, ingingo ya 3. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 12/8/1949 yerekeye kudasaza kw’ibyaha by’intambara n’ibindi byaba byibasiye inyoko muntu, yemewe n’Itegeko-Teka N° 08/75 ryo ku wa 12/12/1975. Itegeko N° 68/018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 26, 92, 334 n’iya 335. Itegeko N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 8, 71, 76 n’iya 765. Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 119. Imanza zifashishijwe: Ubushinjacyaha na

Muvunyi Tharcisse, ICTR-00-55A-T rwaciwe ku wa 25/2/2014. Ubushinjacyaha na Karemera Edouard na bagenzi be, ICTR-98-44-T rwo ku wa 2/2/2012. Ubushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko na bagenzi be, ICTR-98-42-T rwaciwe ku wa 24/6/2011. Ubushinjacyaha na Dr. Zirimwabagabo Charles RPAA 0002/Gén/10/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 20/5/2011. Ubushinjacya n’Abasirikare, ICTR-98-41-T rwo ku wa 18/12/2008. Ubushinjacyaha na Niyitegeka Eliezer, ICTR-96- 14-T rwo ku wa 16/5/2003. Ubushinjacyaha na Bogirishema Ignace, ICTR-95-1A-T rwaciwe ku wa 7/6/2001. Ubushinjacyaha na Musema Alfred, ICTR-96-13-T rwaciwe ku wa 27/1/2000. Ubushinjacyaha na Akayezu Jean-Paul, ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998. Le Procureur contre Rutaganira Vincent, TPIR-95-1C-T, paragraphe 78-79. Le Procureur contre Athanase Seromba, ICTR-2001-66-I, para.

388. Le Procureur contre Laurent Semanza ICTR-97-20-T. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: T. corr. Aix-en-Provence, 14 j anv. 1947; JCP 1947. II. 3645, in Code pénal, 106e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2009, P.

127. Frédéric Desportes et Francis Le Gunehec, Droit pénal général, quatorzième édition, Economica, Paris, 2007, P.502, n° 546. Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Traité de droit pénal général congolais, 2e édition, Editions universitaires africaines, 2007, P.257.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ntamabyaliro Agnès, wari Minisitiri w’Ubutabera muri guverinoma yiyise iy’abatabazi mu mwaka wa 1994, yafashwe nyuma ya jenoside, aregwa kuba ari umwe mu bateguye, bashishikarije gukora, ndetse bakanashyira mu bikorwa jenoside, aregwa hamwe n’uwitwa Hategekimana Léonard wari Umushinjacyaha muri Parike ya Gitarama, mu Rukiko rwa mbere rw'Iremezo rwa Kigali. [2] Aba bombi baregewe Urukiko ku wa 4/11/2001, bashinjwa ibyaha binyuranye byavuzwe haruguru, birimo ibijyanye na jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’ibyaha by’intambara, hashingiwe ku Itegeko Ngenga N˚ 08/96 ryo ku wa 30/8/1996 rigena imitunganyirize n’ikurikirana ry’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, ryavanyweho n’Itegeko Ngenga N˚ 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere, n'ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca, zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n'ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, no ku Gitabo cy'amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda. [3] Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’amategeko agenga Urwego rw’Ubucamanza ryo mu mwaka wa 2004, urubanza rwagiye rusubikwa kubera impamvu zinyuranye, ruza kuburanishwa ku wa 6/7/2006, mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Ntamabyaliro Agnès n’abamwunganira batanga inzitizi basaba ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kitakwakirwa kuko ibyo aregwa bidasobanutse, kandi ko

gifite amakosa menshi, bikaba bituma badashobora gutegura neza dosiye, ariko Urukiko nyuma yo kubisuzuma, rwemeza ko ikosa riri mu kirego ari iry’imyandikire, ko Urukiko rudashobora gutesha agaciro inyandiko itanga ikirego. [4] Urubanza rwakomeje kuburanishwa mu mizi, ku wa 19/1/2009, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ruca urubanza RP/Gén 0081/04/TP/KIG, rwemeza ibi bikurikira: - Rwemeje ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès ahamwa n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, guhamagarira abantu kumugaragaro kandi mu buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside, kuba icyitso cy’abakora jenoside, gufasha kandi agashyigikira gucura umugambi no gutegura jenoside, ubufatanyacyaha mu buhotozi, gufunga umuntu amuziza ubwoko, kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi; - Rwemeje ko ibyaha Ntamabyaliro Agnès aregwa bimushyira mu rwego rwa mbere, agace ka mbere n’aka kabiri; - Rwemeje ko icyaha cyo guteza imvururu, gusubirishamo abaturage no kuyogoza igihugu bica, batsemba imbaga no gusahura, kitamuhama; - Rwemeje ko adahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubuhotozi ku rupfu rwa Damascène, Kalisa, Nyirabakiga, Seromba Stanislas, Gatete Fidèle, Dusabe na Gakunde Augustin; - Rwemeje ko icyaha cyo gusenya ibintu by’abandi kitamuhama; - Rwemeje ko ibyaha byose bigize impurirane y’imbonezamugambi mu mugambi wo gukora jenoside, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko;

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- Rwemeje kandi ko Hategekimana Léonard baregwa hamwe ari umwere. [5] Ubushinjacyaha na Ntamabyaliro Agnès, bose ntibishimiye icyemezo cy’Urukiko, bajuririra Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru, ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imipaka. [6] Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwirengagije kamere y’ikiburanwa, ko zimwe mu mpamvu rwashingiyeho ruca urubanza zitera urujijo kandi ko zivuguruzanya, ko rwirengagije ihame ry’uburyozwacyaha bw’Umuyobozi, runirengagiza ko gusenya amazu y’Abatutsi byari mu mugambi wo kubasiga iheruheru no kubavutsa uburenganzira mu mitungo yabo. [7] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs we yajuriye anenga icyemezo cyafashwe ku nzitizi, ko yatanze asaba kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjayaha no gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe mu ikurikiranacyaha, ariko ntibihabwe agaciro, ko haciwe urubanza ku bitararegewe, ko yahamijwe ibyaha hashingiwe ku bimenyetso bigenekereje, ko hatubahirijwe uburenganzira bwo kwiregura n’inshingano yo gufata kimwe ababuranyi n’ihame ry’uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi, kuba urubanza rutagaragaza impamvu zashingiweho mu icibwa ryarwo n’impamvu zashingiweho zikaba zidasobanutse, kandi ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwagoretse ibitekerezo bye, rumwitirira n’amagambo atavuze. [8] Ubujurire bwombi bwahawe RPA 0001/09/HC/KIG-RPA 0769/08/HC/KIG, buhurizwa mu rubanza rumwe, kandi buburanishirizwa hamwe. Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko

ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imipaka rwaciye urubanza ku wa 27/2/2015, rwemeza ko ubujurire bw’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro bufite (haba ku birebana na Ntamabyaliro Agnès haba no ku birebana na Hategekimana Léonard), ko ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès bufite ishingiro ku birebana no kuba adahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi n’ibyaha yahamijwe atarabirezwe aribyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside no gufasha kandi agashyigikira gucura umugambi wa jenoside n’isano ibyo byaha bifitanye n’icyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi, kubera ko atarezwe ibikorwa bigize ibyo byaha. Rwemeje kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso cy’abishe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, wari Perefe wa Perefegitura ya Butare, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko, ari nacyo gihano Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwari rwaramuhanishije. [9] Ntamabyaliro Agnès ntiyanyuzwe n’imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’ Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, ajuririra Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/3/2015, ubujurire bwe bwandikwa kuri RPAA/GEN 0002/15/CS, iburanisha ry’urubanza rishyirwa ku wa 5/2/2018, nyuma urubanza ruza kwimurirwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kubera ivugururwa ry’amategeko agenga Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 105 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 2/6/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko. [10] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, ku birebana n’inzitizi, yajuriye avuga ko Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru, ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi rutigeze ruha agaciro inzitizi yatanze asaba kutakira ikirego no gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe mu gukurikirana

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icyaha, ko rwanirengagije impamvu yatanze zigaragaza uburyo uburenganzira bwe bwahungabanyijwe mu buryo bunyuranye. [11] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yajuriye kandi avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, rutashyize ahagaragara ikimenyetso ntakuka cyemeza ko amagambo yavugiye ku Kibuye yari agamije gukangurira abantu kwica, ko kuvuga ko abanyabyaha bagomba guhanwa ari ugushishikariza abantu kwica abatutsi, ataribyo. Ku birebana n’ikiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga wa Radio Rwanda ku wa 14/5/1994, Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga ko Urukiko rutacukumbuye amagambo yakoresheje, rukemeza ko yashakaga kuvuga Abatutsi, igihe yavugaga ko umwanzi ari FPR n’abo bafatanyije, kandi ataribyo. [12] Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga ko ku birebana n’ikiganiro n’abanyamakuru cyabereye muri Hôtel Merdien, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi rwemeje ko amagabo yahavugiye yari agamije gukangurira abantu kwibasira ubwoko bw’abatutsi kandi atari byo, ko rwashingiye ku bimenyetso bidahagije ku buryo byakuraho ugushidikanya kandi rwirengagiza imiburanire ye, ko rwamwitiriye ububasha atari afite nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, runavuga ko atigegeze yitandukanya na gahunda za Guverinoma y’Abatabazi yo gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa Jenoside n’izo guha abaturage intwaro mu cyo bise kwirindira

umutekano, kandi bigamije kwica abatutsi, nyamara nta muntu wigeze amushinja ko yari muri izo gahunda. [13] Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi rwavuze ko atigeze ahagarika jenoside ku Kibuye, ko kuba yarahageze mu gihe cya jenoside bifatwa nko gushigikira abayikoraga, kandi yaragaragaje ko nta jambo yari agifite, ko n’abatangabuhamya bamushinje ubuhamya bwabo bushidikanywaho, ko urwo Rukiko rwamuhamije kuba icyitso cy’abishe Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste nta bimenyetso rushingiyeho, kandi ko rutari kumuhamya icyaha rushingiye ku kuba yarajyaga mu nama ya Guvernoma yafatirwagamo ibyemezo ikanavugirwamo ibijyanye no kwica Abatutsi, kuko icyaha ari gatozi kandi inama zose za Guverinoma akaba atarazijyagamo. [14] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe ku wa 28/3/2019, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gashabana, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ruberwa Bonaventure, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu, ruza kwimurirwa ku wa 9/5/2019 kugira ngo Me Gatera Gashabana ategure imyanzuro ye neza ku birebana n’amategeko. Kuri iyi tariki, iburanisha ryasubukuwe Ntamabyaliro Agnès atunganiwe, Me Gatera Gashabana, umwunganira, yandikiye Urukiko ko abanza kuburana urundi rubanza afite, iburanisha rirasubikwa kuko n’ibyo yari yasabe Urukiko atabikoze, rwimurirwa ku wa 13/6/2019. [15] Ku wa 13/6/2019, urubanza rwaburanishijwe Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gashabana, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ruberwa Bonaventure, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu, ruza gusubikwa kubera ubwire, rwimurirwa ku wa 3/7/2019, uyu munsi ruburanishwa ababuranyi bahari, rurapfundikirwa. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO

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1. Kumenya niba inzitizi yatanzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yo gusaba ko ibyakozwe mu ikurikiranacyaha biteshwa agaciro kuko ifatwa n’ifungwa rye ritubahirije amategeko n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ifite ishingiro i. Ku birebana n’ifatwa n’ifungwa rye by’abagateganyo [16] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko mu nkiko zabanje, yatanze inzitizi asaba ko ibyavuye mu ikurikiranacyaha byateshwa agaciro kuko habayeho guhungabanya uburenganzira bwe, ko yafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, agafatirwa aho yari yarahungiye mu gihugu cya Zambia, ko ataje ahungutse nk’uko Ubushinjacyaha bubivuga. Avuga ko yazanywe mu mufuka w’ibirayi atwawe muri coffre y’imodoka, ko atigeze ahabwa uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa icyaha aregwa no kunganirwa nk’uko amategeko abiteganya. [17] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga kandi ko yagaragaje raporo ya Amnesty international, raporo y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ibyavuzwe n’ibinyamakuru bya Zambia ku birebana n’ifatwa rye, ko inyandiko-mvugo y’ifata n’ifunga (procѐs-verbal d’arrestation) itari muri dosiye, ko Ubushinjacyaha butamumenyesheje icyo aregwa, kandi ko yabajijwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 17 na 18/9/1997 ari mu kigo cya gisirikari, aho yamaze igihe amaze kugezwa mu Rwanda, nyuma yo kubazwa, uwamubajije agahita agenda nta nyandiko imufata cyangwa imufunga akoze. Avuga ko aho yahabaye atarya atanywa atanakaraba, ko atigeze ajyanwa kuri station ya polisi cyangwa muri Gereza,

akaba yarajyanywe muri Gereza ku wa 19/9/1997, ku wa 22/12/199 akajyanwa mu nama y’Abacamanza, ko kuva icyo gihe atigeze yongera kujyanwa imbere y’Umucamanza kugira ngo yongere igihe cy’ifungwa ry’agateganyo kugeza mu mwaka wa 2006. [18] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs asoza asaba ko niba ikirego kitateshwa agaciro cyangwa ngo ibikorwa byose byakozwe bivanweho (annulation), impamvu zose atanga zakwitabwaho akagabanyirizwa igihano mu gihe icyaha cyaba kimuhamye, hifashishijwe urubanza rwa Kajerijeri n’urwa Rwamakuba, ko n’ubwo hari abahawe indishyi z’akababaro we atari zo agamije, ahubwo ko asaba kuzagabanya igihano. [19] Me Gatera Gashabana, umwunganira, avuga ko inzitizi batanze ijyanye no kuba igihe Ntamabyariro Agnѐs yafatiwe kugeza atangiye kuburana, ingingo z’amategeko nyinshi zitubahirijwe, ko n’ubwo hari icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye mu gihe cy’ifungwa ry’agateganyo, hatitawe ku bijyanye na actes de procédure ku ifatwa, ifungwa no kuburana, ko bo bifuza ko byose biteshwa agaciro hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 96 y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, kuko ibyakozwe byose bitakurikije amategeko. [20] Me Gatera Gashabana akomeza avuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yashimuswe kuko yafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ko yafungiwe mu mazu atazwi, ko n’ibihe biteganywa n’amategeko bitagiye

byubahirizwa, ko inyandiko zose zakozwe uhereye igihe yafatiwe kugeza igihe yajyaniwe mu Rukiko basabye ko ziteshwa agaciro, ariko Umucamanza w’Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi akabyirengagiza byose, kandi ivanwaho ryabyo barishingira ku byakozwe nabi n’ingaruka zabyo. [21] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga kandi ko ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga ryariho mu mwaka wa 1997, yateganyaga ihame ry’uko ntawakurikiranwaho icyaha mu gihe nta tegeko rigiteganya (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), ubu ikaba ari ingingo ya 26, igika cya kane, y’Itegeko

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Nshinga ririho ubu, n’Itegeko ryo ku wa 23/2/1963 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha ryariho icyo gihe, ingingo yaryo ya 4 irebana na “procès-verbal” d’arrestation, nta na kimwe cyigeze cyubahirizwa, ko ibivugwa mu ngingo yaryo ya 41, birebana na “mandat d’arrêt proviso ire”, bitubahirijwe, kandi izo ngingo z’amategeko ari indemyagihugu ku buryo kutazubahiriza, bituma ibyakozwe byose bitakaza agaciro kabyo ( le non respect de ces dispositions légales entraine d’office la nullité des actes accomplis ou ordonnés peu importe la gravité des faits reprochés au prévenu), ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagombaga gukurikiranwa hakurikijwe amategeko asanzwe, kuko n’ubwo yari yarigeze kuba Minisitiri, yafashwe afite "statut" y’ubuhunzi, akaba yari umuntu usanzwe. [22] Me Gatera Gashabana asoza avuga ko habaye kutubahiriza ubusumbane bw’amategeko (sources du droit), ndetse n’Itegeko Nshinga ryari ririho mu mwaka wa 1997, ko ariyo mpamvu uwo yunganira yari yasabye ko ibyakozwe byakurwaho, bitaba ibyo akagabanyirizwa igihano. [23] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire ishingiye ku nzitizi zari zatanzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs mu rwego rwa mbere n’urwa kabiri, aho yasabaga ko ibyakozwe byose mu iperereza biteshwa agaciro, kuko hari amategeko atarubahirijwe kugira ngo agezwe imbere y’Urukiko, Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwari

rwabifasheho icyemezo, ruvuga ko ibyo asaba bidateganyijwe n’amategeko. Buvuga ko raporo ya Amnesty International itari ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yashimuswe, kuko ibyo yavuze ari ibyatangajwe n’umuryango we, kandi ko yabiburanyeho ubwo yaburanaga ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo. [24] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko n’ubwo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko yafashwe n’abasirikari b’u Rwanda muri Zambia, nta kuntu abasirikari b’u Rwanda bagira ububasha ku butaka bwa Zambia, bakamutwara, bakanyura muri Zaïre bakamuzana mu Rwanda, ahubwo ko yaje mu kivunge cy’abantu bahungukaga yumva atazamenyekana kandi bidashoboka, kuko yabaye Umuyobozi, ko nta cyemezo cya Zambia kigaragaza ko ingabo z’u Rwanda zavogereye ubutaka bwabo. [25] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari mu rwego rw’Ubuyobozi, ko yagombaga gukurikiranwa na Parike Generali mu Rukiko Rusesa imanza (Parquet Général près la Cour Suprême), ko ibazwa rye rya mbere ryakozwe n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru witwaga Rwagasore Siméon ku wa 17/9/1997, rirasubikwa, rikomeza ku wa 19/9/1997, ko atari gukorerwa inyandiko imufata y’Umugenzacyaha hashingiwe ku rwego rw’Ubuyobozi yari arimo, ko amaze kubazwa yakorewe “mandat d’arrệt provisoire” (MAP) ku wa 19/9/1997, inzira ikurikizwa kugira ngo aburane ikaba yari ishingiye ku Itegeko n° 16/97 ryo ku wa 26/12/1996 ryahinduraga Itegeko N° 9/96 ryo ku wa 8/9/96

rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ko hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n’ingingo ya mbere, agace ka kabiri (2) n’aka gatatu (3), bityo ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs n’umwunganira batagombaga kwiyibagiza ko kiriya gihe ubwinshi bw’abantu nka we bari bafashwe, kubahiriza ibihe biteganyijwe (délais de procédure) bitari gushoboka, ko mu mwaka wa 1996 na 1997 bashyizeho uburyo bwihariye ku bantu bagombaga kuba banyuze imbere y’Umucamanza bitarenze itariki ya 31/12/1999. [26] Ubushinjacyaha busobanura ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yatangiye kuburana ku wa 10/11/1999, ko yajyanywe imbere y’Umucamanza mu gihe cyateganywaga n’amategeko, ko nta nzira zishwe, ko icyo gihe yasabye Avoka kandi ko nta kuntu umuntu w’umunyamategeko yari

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kubazwa adafite Avoka, kandi ko yari afite ubushobozi bwose buruta ubw’abandi kuko yabaye Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ko yari umuntu mukuru, ibyo yabajijwe akaba yarabisubije, nta gutotezwa kubayeho. [27] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza busobanura ko icyemezo cyafashwe ku wa 20/12/1999, ko ashakirwa Avoka, ashakirwa uwo mu rugaga rwa Avocats sans frontiѐres, ko hari hashyizweho Me SEIDU DUMBIA, ibijyanye n’ifungwa rye ry’agateganyo bikaba byarongeye gusuzumwa ku wa 22/12/1999, afite Me SEIDU DUMBIA, aburana we ubwe yisobanura, anemera ko icyemezo cy’Umushinjacyaha kimufunga gikurikije amategeko, arabisinyira na Avoka we arasinya, ko uyu munsi ariho avuga ko byari binyuranyije n’amategeko. Busobanura kandi ko n’ubwo inzego z’ubutabera zari mu bihe bitoroshye, kuri we ibikorwa byose byubahirije amategeko, kandi ko uretse n’ibyo, nta hantu bavuga ko uwafunzwe binyuranyije n’amategeko agirwa umwere, ko bigira ingaruka ku ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo gusa, ko bidashoboka ko ibikorwa byakozwe biteshwa agaciro, kandi ko n’ingingo ya 96 y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi bashingiraho basaba gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe, ikoreshwa ku birebana n’inyandiko y’Urukiko mu rwego rw’imanza mbonezamubano (actes de procédure civile), idakoreshwa ku birebana n’inyandiko y’Urukiko mu rwego rw’imanza

nshinjabyaha (actes de procédure pénale). [28] Ku birebana n’imanza zaciwe na I.C.T.R. (Arusha), Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavuze ko zakwifashishwa, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta rubanza rwaburanishijwe igihe kiri munsi y’imyaka icumi (10), kandi ko hari amadosiye menshi yagombaga kwitabwaho agahabwa ubutabera, ko no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (ICC), nta rubanza rwaburanishijwe igihe kiri munsi y’imyaka icumi (10), ko byose biterwa n’ubunini bwa dosiye kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagiye abisobanurirwa, ko rero kuba yarafashwe mu mwaka wa 1997 agacirirwa urubanza mu mwaka wa 2008, hashize imyaka icumi (10), ari igihe kigereranyije urebye ubunini bwa dosiye n’izindi manza zari zihari zarutaga kure umubare w’abakozi, ko kuba yaragiye mu bujurire ari we wabaga utishimiye imikirize. [29] Ku birebana no kuba yarafashwe n’abasirikare, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nta kibazo kirimo, ko nta kosa ryakozwe kuko ariko amategeko y’icyo gihe yabiteganyaga. Busoza buvuga ko inzitizi Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atanga, nta shingiro zifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [30] Ingingo ya 85, igika cya gatatu (3), y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko ariko, iyo icyaha cyabonewe ibimenyetso bikigaragaza, ugikurikiranyweho cyangwa umwunganira agomba kwerekana impamvu zose yireguza, zerekana ko ikirego kitakwemerwa, zihamya ko icyo aregwa atari icyaha cyangwa se ko ari umwere, n’izindi mpamvu zose zivuguruza izimuhamya icyo cyaha.1

1“Toutefois, lorsqu’un fait est suffisamment prouvé, il appartient au prévenu ou à son avocat d’établir toutes exceptions, fins de non recevoir, causes de justification ou d’excuse ou toute preuve contraire.” “However, where evidence to support the offence is presented, the accused or his/her legal counsel must present all the defences available to him/her, raise a plea of inadmissibility or show that the allegations against him/her do not constitue an offence or he/she is innocent and the facts challenging the veracity of incriminating evidence.”

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[31] Ingingo ya 121, igika cya gatatu (3), y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha ufunzwe by’agateganyo ashobora gusaba urukiko yarezwemo urubanza remezo gukuraho icyemezo kimufunga cyangwa ko afungurwa by’agateganyo. [32] Ingingo ya 122, igika cya kabiri (2) y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru itegenya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha ashobora kujurira gusa iyo hemejwe ko akomeza gufungwa by’agateganyo mbere y’urubanza. (….). [33] Ingingo ya 184 y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko Ushinjwa wari ufunze mbere yo gucirwa urubanza rwategetse ko afungwa, akomeza gufungwa nubwo yaba yarajuriye. Ariko ashobora gusaba urukiko rwajuririwe kumufungura by’agateganyo’’. [34] Ingingo ya 1, agace ka gatatu (3°), y’Itegeko N° 16/97 ryo ku wa 26/12/1997 rihindura Itegeko n° 9/96 ryo ku wa 8/9/1996 rihindura by’agateganyo Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko ku bantu bafunze by’agateganyo kugeza ku itariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1997, gushyikirizwa umucamaza bivugwa mu ngingo ya 38 y’itegeko ryo ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1963 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha, bigomba gukorwa bitarenze tariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1999. [35] Ingingo ya 1, agace ka kane (4°), y’Itegeko N° 26/99 ryo ku wa 31/12/1999 rihindura Itegeko N°

16/97 ryo ku wa 26/12/1997 rihindura Itegeko N° 9/96 ryo ku wa 8/9/1996 rihindura by’agateganyo Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko ku bantu bafunzwe by’agateganyo kugeza ku itariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1999, icyemezo cy’uko ushinjwa agomba gufungwa by’agateganyo kivugwa mu ngingo ya 41 y’igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha kumara umwaka uhereye igihe gifatiwe. [36] Ingingo ya 51, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 40/2000 ryo ku wa 26/1/2001 rishyiraho inkiko gacaca kandi rigena imitunganyirize y’ikurikirana ry’ibyaha bigize icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukoboza 1994, iteganya ko uko amaperereza agenda akorwa, urutonde rw’amazina y’abantu bakurikiranweho cyangwa bashinjwa kuba barakoze ibyaha bibashyira mu rwego rwa mbere, rukorwa kandi rugahora rwuzuzwa na Porokireri Mukuru mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga.Urwo rutonde rutangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda kabiri ku mwaka, muri Kamena no mu Ukuboza. [37] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 35/01 ryo ku wa 7/7/2001 rihindura by’agateganyo amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakurikiranyweho icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu, byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya

31 Ukuboza 1994, iteganya ko hatitawe ku bivugwa mu ngingo ya 41 y’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ibyemezo by’uko ushinjwa agomba gufungwa by’agateganyo bigifite agaciro ku minsi Itegeko Ngenga N° 40/2000 rishyiraho inkiko gacaca kandi rigena imitunganyirize y’imikurikiranire y’ibyaha bigize icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu, byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukoboza 1994, ryatangiriye gukurikizwa bizagumana agaciro kugeza igihe gushyirwa mu nzego n’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Akagari bizabera.

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Ku bantu badashyizwe mu rwego rwa 4 kandi Urukiko Gacaca rw’Akagari ntirutegeke ko bafungurwa, kubashyira mu rwego uru n’uru bifatwa nk’ibyongereye igihe icyemezo cyo kubafunga by’agateganyo cyagombaga kumara, bityo icyo cyemezo kigakomeza kugira agaciro kugeza umunsi urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rushyikirijweho ikirego. [38] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N˚15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. [39] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 9 k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rushingiye ku kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs aburana mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye no mu Rukiko Rukuru rwa Repubulika, yarazamuye inzitizi isobanura ko ifatwa n’ifungwa rye binyuranyije n’amategeko, no kuba izo nkiko zaremeje ko akomeza kuburana afunze kuko adafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko, rwasobanuye ko ibisabwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kitakwakirwa cyangwa hagateshwa agaciro ibyakozwe mu ikurikiranacyaha, nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko ntaho biteganyijwe mu mategeko, ahubwo ko ari uburyo buziguye bwo gushaka kugaruka ku bijyanye n’ifungwa ry’agateganyo, kubera ko impamvu ashingiraho yazivuze imbere y’izo nkiko, ari zo gushimutwa n’inzego za Leta y’u Rwanda, gufungwa mu Rwanda mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko no

gukorerwa iyicarubozo. [40] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi (10) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, ku birebana no gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe kubera gutinda kuburanisha, nyuma y’uko Urukiko ruregewe, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko nta shingiro bifite kuko impamvu zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye zirebana n’imiterere ya dosiye, umubare w’amadosiye yari mu nkiko n’ivugurura ry’inzego z’Ubucamanza ari impamvu zumvikana zatumye urubanza rumara igihe rutaraburanishwa. [41] Nk’uko bigaragara kandi mu gace ka kane n’aka gatanu tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, aburana mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavuze ko inzitizi ye, ku birebana no kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha, ishingiye ku kuba yarashimutswe ku wa 27/5/1997 aho yari mu gihugu cya Zambia, agejejwe mu Rwanda afungwa mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko, kuko yafungiwe mu mazu atuwemo n’abasirikare i Remera n’i Nyamirambo ku Kivugiza, mu kigo cya gisirikare cy’abarinda Umukuru w’igihugu ku Kimuhurura, ko n’uburenganzira bwe bwahonyowe bikomeye kubera ko nta nyandiko-mvugo yo kumufata yakorewe, nta bazwa ryabayeho ndetse ko atigeze amenyeshwa icyaha akurikiranyweho cyangwa ngo ahabwe uburenganzira bwo kugira umwunganira, ndetse ko muri icyo gihe yanakorerwaga iyicarubozo, aba muri ubwo buzima kugeza ku wa 19/9/1997,

ubwo yakorerwa urwandiko rumufata, ko urwandiko rumufata rurangiye nta kindi cyakozwe kugeza ku wa 22/12/2000, ubwo yajyanwaga imbere y’inama y’abacamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. [42] Mu gace ka gatandatu k’urubanza rujuririrwa, bigaragara ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavuze ko ibyakozwe byose mu ikurikiranacyaha n’ibyemezo byose byafashwe bigomba guteshwa agaciro kuko yashimutswe, akanakorerwa iyicarubozo. [43] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga isuzuma ry’ingingo ya 85, igika cya gatatu (3), y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, ryumvikanisha ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha

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cyangwa umwunganira bafite uburenganzira bwo kubyutsa inzitizi izo arizo zose, harimo n’inzitizi zitesha agaciro inyandiko zakozwe n’Ubugenzacyaha, Ubushinjacyaha n’Urukiko mu gihe cy’itegurarubanza (phase préliminaire ou instruction préparatoire) cyangwa impamvu zose zituma ikirego nshinjabyaha kitakwakirwa mbere y’uko urubanza rutangira kuburanishwa mu mizi (in limine litis). [44] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe mu gace kabanziriza aka, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnès yari yarabyukije izo ngoboka (exceptions et fins de non recevoir) ku rwego rwa mbere, mbere y’uko urubanza rutangira kuburanishwa mu mizi, yari afite uburenganzira bwo kuzijuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, mu gihe Urukiko rwa mbere rutazihaye ishingiro. [45] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi isuzuma ry’ingingo ya 121, 122 na 184 z’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru, ryumvikanisha ko ushinjwa cyangwa ukurikiranyweho icyaha ashobora kugarura imbere y’Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kumuburanisha mu mizi, ndetse no mu bujurire, ibibazo byose birebana n’ifungwa rye ry’agateganyo, kuko afite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko afungurwa by’agateganyo mbere y’uko hacibwa urubanza mu mizi, no kubisaba mu bujurire, mu buryo bumwe. [46] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha

ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwarakoze amakosa mu kwemeza ko ingoboka zatanzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, nta shingiro zifite, ku mpamvu y’uko ntaho ziteganyijwe mu mategeko ko ari uburyo buziguye akoresha bwo gushaka kugaruka ku bijyanye n’ifungwa ry’agateganyo, nyamara nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, ari uburengazira bwe bwo kuzamura impamvu zose zatuma ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kitakirwa no gusaba gutesha agaciro inyandiko-mvugo zitandukanye bamukoreye n’inzindi nyandiko z’Urukiko zikomoka ku kuba yarafashwe mu buryo butubahirije amategeko, mu gihe abona ko yafashwe, akanafungwa mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko. [47] Ku birebana n’ibimenyetso byatanzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko yashimuswe, aribyo raporo ya “Amnesty international”, itangazo (information) rya “Centre de lutte contre l’impunité et l’injustice au Rwanda”, raporo ya “Human rights watch” n’ibinyamakuru (presses) bya Zambia, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ntaho izo nyandiko zigaragaza ko yaba yarashimuswe ku wa 27/5/1997 n’abasirikare b’u Rwanda, aho yari mu gihugu cya Zambia, akazanwa mu Rwanda ku wa 28/5/1997, nk’uko we abyemeza. [48] Ku birebana no gufungirwa mu mazu atemewe no mu kigo cya gisirikari no gukorerwa iyicarubozo Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nabyo nta shingiro bifite, kuko atabitangira ibimenyetso. [49] Ku birebana no kuba atagomba gukurikiranwa kuko atakorewe inyandiko-mvugo y’ifatwa n’Ubugenzacyaha, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyasobanuwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs bitahabwa agaciro kuko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 10 n’iya 23 z’Itegeko ryo ku wa 23/2/1963 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ishinjabyaha, ryakoreshwaga ubwo yatangiraga gukurikiranwa, no ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 07/96 ryo ku wa 6/6/1996 rigenga

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imitunganyirize, imikorere n’Ububasha by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga2, Umugenzacyaha cyangwa Umushinjacyaha uregewe cyangwa wiboneye icyaha gishinjwa Abayobozi Bakuru, harimo n’Abaminisitiri, yari afite inshingano yo kwoherereza dosiye Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuko aribwo bwonyine bwari bufite ishingano yo gukora iperereza ku madosiye arebana n’Abayobozi Bakuru (privilège d’instruction), bityo rero ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 23/2/1963 ryavuzwe haruguru birebana n’inyandiko-mvugo yo gufata (procès-verbal d’arrestation) bitubahirijwe kuko muri dosiye y’urubanza hatarimo inyandiko-mvugo imufata yakozwe n’Umugenzacyaha, bikaba bitahabwa agaciro. [50] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko atagombaga gukurikiranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru kuko mu mwaka wa 1997 atari akiri Minisitiri, ko yari umuntu usanzwe kuko yari impunzi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko yakurikiranywe n’Ubutabera kubera ibyaha bivugwa ko yakoze akiri Minisitiri, bivuze ko icyo gihe ku bw’amategeko yashoboraga gukurikiranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru “privilèvege d’instruction” no kuburanira mu Rukiko rwagenwe ku ba Minisitiri bakurikiranyweho ibyaha “privilège de jurisdiction”. Kuba rero muri uru rubanza, uwo mwihariko w’ibanze (privilège) utareberwa ku munsi wo gukurikirana Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs cyangwa wo kumuregera

Urukiko, ahubwo ukaba ugomba kureberwa ku munsi bavuga ko yakoreyeho ibyaha aregwa3, Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nibwo bwagombaga kumukurikirana. [51] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko yafunzwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kuko Urwandiko rw’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru rumufunga rutubahirije igihe cy’iminsi itanu (5) kugirango ashyikirijwe Umucamanza ugomba gusuzuma ifungwa n’ifungurwa by’agateganyo, ko yashyikirijwe Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 22/12/1999, rufata icyemezo cyo kumufunga by’abateganyo ku wa 23/12/1999, ko rero urwo rwandiko (Mandat d’arrêt provisoire) rugomba guteshwa agaciro, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 1, agace ka gatatu (3°), y’Itegeko N° 16/97 ryo ku wa 26/12/1997 rihindura Itegeko N° 9/96 ryo ku wa 8/9/1996 rihindura by’agateganyo Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, yagombaga gushyikirizwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga bitarenze tariki ya 31/12/1999, nyamara nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, yashyikirijwe urwo Rukiko ku wa 22/12/1999. [52] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko kuva aho icyemezo cy’Urukiko kimufunga by’agateganyo gifatiwe, ku wa 23/12/1999, atasubijwe imbere y’Urukiko kugirango

2 Ubushinjacyaha mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga bukorwa na Porokireri Jenerali w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga afashijwe na Avoka jenerali wa mbere na ba Avoka Jenerali ba ngombwa. Ingingo yaryo ya mbere iteganya ko mu bice byaryo bitanyuranije n’Itegeko-Shingiro, uretse na none ibihinduwe n’iri tegeko-ngenga, itegeko ngenga ryo ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1963 ryerekeye itunganywa ry’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ryongeye gukurikizwa kandi rigenga Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’uko ruteganywa n’Itegeko-Shingiro. Amategeko yerekeranye n’imitunganyirize, imikorere, ububasha n’imiburanishirize y’imanza ateganywa n’Itegeko Ngenga ryo ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1963 ku birebana n’imitwe igize Urukiko rw’Ikirenga akomeza gukurikizwa. 3 “Ces auteurs enseignent que: C’est au moment où l’infraction a été commise, et non au jour où s’exercent les poursuites, qu’il faut en principe se placer pour déterminer la juridction compétente’’, devant juger les personnes revêtues de la qualité leur accordant le bénéfice du privilège de jurisdiction”, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2006, P.1157. “Il a été jugé que l’auteur doit revêtir la qualité soit au moment de l’infraction, soit au moment des poursuites”, Cass. 19 Avril 1983, Pas., 1983, I, P. 916, in Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, idem. “Le régime du privilège de juridiction s’applique au……. qui avait cette qualité, soit au moment où les faits furent commis, soit au moment où les poursuites sont intentés”, Cass., 19 Février 1962, Pas., I, P.697, in Henri-D. Bosly et Damien Vandermeersch, Droit de procédure pénale, 2e édition, La Charte, Bruges,2001, P.874.

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hasuzumwe niba ari ngombwa kongera igihe cy’ifungwa rye ry’agateganyo, ko rero icyo cyemezo kigomba guteshwa agaciro kuko ifungwa rye ritubahirije amategeko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 1, agace ka kane (4°), y’Itegeko N° 26/99 ryo ku wa 31/12/1999 rihindura Itegeko N° 16/97 ryo ku wa 26/12/1997 rihindura Itegeko N° 9/96 ryo ku wa 8/9/1996 rihindura by’agateganyo Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, icyo cyemezo kimufunga by’agateganyo cyari gifite agaciro kugeza ku wa 22/12/2000, kuko iyo ngingo iteganya ko icyemezo cy’uko ushinjwa agomba gufungwa by’agateganyo kivugwa mu ngingo ya 41 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha kimara umwaka uhereye igihe gifatiwe. [53] Ku birebana n’igihe kiri hagati y’itariki ya 23/12/2000 n’itariki ya 4/11/2001, umunsi Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye mu mizi Urukiko Rwisumbuye, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ishinjabyaha akoreshwa mu buryo bureshya ku bagana Urukiko bose (justiciables), hashingiwe rero ku gika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 35/01 ryo ku wa 7/7/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru, giteganya ko abantu bakurikiranyweho icyaha cy’itsembabwoko n’itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, kandi bashyizwe mu rwego rwa mbere, rwa

kabiri n’urwa gatatu, mu gihe batarekuwe by’agateganyo n’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Akagari, ishyirwa ryabo muri izo nzego, rifatwa nk’ibyongereye igihe icyemezo cyo kubafunga by’agateganyo, kigakomeza kugira agaciro kugeza ku munsi Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rushyikirijweho ikirego no ku gika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 51 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 40/2000 ryo ku wa 26/1/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru giteganya ko Umushinjacyaha Mukuru mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ariwe ukora kandi agahora yuzuza urutonde rw’amazina y’abantu bakurikiranyweho cyangwa bashinjwa kuba barakoze ibyaha bibashyira mu rwego rwa mbere, hagomba kwemezwa ko ibikorwa ku bantu bakurikiranywe imbere y’inkiko gacaca, bigomba gukorwa no ku bashyizwe ku rutonde rw’abantu bo mu rwego rwa mbere (liste des personnes classes dans la première catégorie) n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, kandi bagomba kuburanira imbere y‘inkiko zisanzwe. [54] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa mbere, harimo Abayobozi Bakuru bari bafite ububasha bwo gukurikiranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru “privilèvege d’instruction” n’ububasha bwo kuburanira mu Rukiko amategeko yabageneye “privilège de jurisdiction”, akaba ari nako bimeze kuri Ntamabyaliro Agnès, wagombaga kuburanira mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urugereko rusesa imanza. [55] Hasuzumiwe hamwe izo ngingo z’amategeko zavuzwe mu gace ka mirongo itanu na kane (54), Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

rurasanga byumvikana nta gushidikanya ko ku muntu wari washyizwe mu rwego rwa mbere n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, kandi wari ufite uburenganzira bwo kuburanira mu Rukiko amategeko yamugeneye, mu gihe atari yararekuwe n’urwo Rukiko, bigomba gufatwa ko icyemezo kimufunga by’agateganyo cyongerewe igihe n’agaciro kugeza ku munsi urwo Rukiko rushyikirijweho ikirego kimushinja, ko rero kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnès yari yashyizwe mu rwego rwa mbere n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru, kandi atari yararekuwe n’Urukiko Rusesa imanza igihe yashyirwaga mu rwego rwa mbere, igihe cy’ifungwa rye ry’agateganyo kigomba gufatwa nk’aho cyongerewe, akaba yaragombaga kuguma gutyo kugeza Urukiko ruregewe, ni ukuvuga ku wa 4/11/2001.

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[56] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ifatwa n’ifungwa bya Ntamabyaliro Agnès, mbere y’uko aregerwa Urukiko byarakurikije amategeko. ii. Ku birebana no kutaburanishwa ku gihe (délai raisonnable) 88303680/0783306493 [57] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko urubanza rwatinze cyane mu Rukiko ataburana, kuko yaburanye nyuma y’imyaka icumi (10), ko yafashwe mu mwaka wa 1997, bamuhamagaza kuburana mu mwaka wa 2007, acibwa urubanza bwa mbere mu mwaka wa 2009, ko bamubwira ko ari ikibazo cy’amavugururwa ari mu nzego z’ubutabera n’amahugurwa y’Abacamanza, ariko ko yagiye yerekana ko inkiko zakoraga kuko hari imanza zaburanishwaga kandi nazo zifite uburemere nk’urwe, ntibihabwe agaciro. Asoza avuga ko hashingiwe ku manza yagaragaje zaciwe n’inkiko zitandukanye hagati y’ukwezi kwa gatatu k’umwaka wa 1998 n’ukwezi kwa kabiri w’umwaka wa 2002, ubunini bw’amadosiye, amavugururwa n’amahugurwa mu nzego z’Ubucamanza atari impamvu zari kubuza inkiko guca imanza, harimo n’Urukiko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo rwa Kigali. [58] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yatinze kubona ubutabera, ko uburenganzira ku butabera budatinze buteganywa n’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yemejwe n’u Rwanda ( Le droit de toute personne à ce que sa cause soit entendue dans un délai raisonnable est consacré par l’article 6, paragraphe 1, de la Convention Européenne des droits de

l’homme, par l’article 14, paragraphe 3, du Pacte International relatif aux Droits Civils et Politiques , article 7,d) de la Charte Africaine des Droits de l’homme et des Peuples ), ko ubwo burenganzira bunashimangirwa kandi n’abahanga mu mategeko bagira bati: “Quiconque se trouve privé de sa Iiberté par arrestation ou détention, a Ie droit d'introduire un recours devant un tribunal afin que celui-ci statue sans délai sur la Iégalité de sa détention et ordonne sa libération, si la détention est iIlégaleˮ [59] Me Gatera Gashabana asoza avuga ko hashingiwe ku byanditswe n’abanyamategeko b’impuguke, gutanga ubutabera bidatinze bishingiye ku bikurikira: gutinda gucira urubanza ucyekwaho icyaha bimuheza mu gihirahiro, ku buryo atakaza icyizere cyo guhabwa ubutabera bunoze (Nécessité d’épargner à l’inculpé de trop longues incertitudes sur son sort), ko mu gihe Umucamanza asanze igihe cyo gufata icyemezo cyarenze, ashobora kugabanya igihano (Lorsqu’il constate régulièrement que le délai raisonnable a été dépassé, le juge peut alléger la peine, réduire la peine au minimum légal). [60] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yafashwe ku wa 19/9/1997, aregerwa Urukiko ku wa 4/11/2001, ko ugereranyije n’umubare w’abakorerwaga dosiye muri icyo gihe n’uburemere bwa dosiye ye, yaregewe Urukiko mu gihe kitarambiranye. Bukomeza buvuga ko yahamagajwe kuburana ku wa 26/6/2006,

urubanza rwe rusomwa ku wa 19/1/2009, ko gutinda kuburanishwa byatewe n’amavugururwa yakozwe mu mwaka wa 2004, aho amategeko menshi yahindutse, kandi ko urubanza rwe rwagiye rusubikwa kenshi ku mpamvu ziturutse ku nzitizi zatangwaga cyangwa ku bwunganizi butabonekaga, kubera gusemurira Avoka we w’umubirigi, Me Jean-Louis Libert no kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarakomeje kwiyambaza inzira z’ubujurire zose zishoboka, bigatuma n’ubu urubanza rukiburanishwa, ko rero bitafatwa nko guhabwa ubutabera butinze. [61] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko mu Rukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR (Arusha), nta rubanza rwaburanishijwe igihe kiri munsi y’imyaka icumi (10),

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kandi ko hari amadosiye menshi yagombaga kwitabwaho agahabwa ubutabera, ko no mu Rukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga (ICC), nta rubanza rwaburanishijwe igihe kiri munsi y’imyaka icumi (10), ko byose biterwa n’ubunini bwa dosiye kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagiye abisobanurirwa, ko rero kuba yarafashwe mu mwaka wa 1997 agacirirwa urubanza mu mwaka wa 2008, hashize imyaka icumi (10), ari igihe kigereranyije urebye ubunini bwa dosiye n’izindi manza zari zihari zarutaga kure umubare w’abakozi, ko kuba yaragiye mu bujurire ari we wabaga utishimiye imikirize.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [62] Ingingo ya 14, igika cya gatatu (3), agace ka gatatu (3), y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki, yatangiye gukurikizwa mu Rwanda ku wa 12/2/1975 iteganya ko umuntu wese uregwa icyaha giteganywa n’amategeko ahana yemerewe ku buryo bureshya n’ubw’abandi nibura, kuburanishwa bidatinze bikabije. [63] Ingingo ya 7, igika cya mbere, agace ka kane (4), y’Amasezerano y’Afurika yerekeye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’ubw’abaturage, yatangiye gukurikizwa mu Rwanda ku wa 17/5/1983 iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo kwegera inkiko ngo arenganurwe, ubwo burenganzira bukubiyemo ubwo kuburanishwa mu gihe gikwiye n’urukiko rwemewe kandi rutabogamye. [64] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka cumi (10) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko ibyo gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe kubera gutinda kuburanishwa nyuma y’uko Urukiko ruregewe, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kubera ko impamvu zashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye zirebana n’imiterere ya dosiye, umubare w’amadosiye yari mu nkiko n’ivugurura ry’inzego z’ubucamanza ari impamvu zumvikana zatumye urubanza rumara igihe rutaraburanishwa. [65] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uretse kwemeza ko ubunini bwa dosiye ye, amavugururwa n’amahugurwa mu nzego z’Ubucamanza atari impamvu zari kubuza urubanza

rwe kuburanishwa mu gihe, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ntasobanura igituma we atabibona uko, nk’uko yabisobanuriwe. Rurasanga kandi kuvuga ko hari izindi manza za jenoside zagiye ziburanishwa hagati y’ukwezi kwa gatatu k’umwaka wa 1998 n’ukwezi kwa kabiri k’umwaka wa 2002, naho byaba ari ukuri, bidasobanura ko urubanza rwe narwo rwashoboraga kuburanishwa muri icyo gihe4. [66] Muri rusange, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu by’ukuri, mu gihe atanenga impamvu zasobanuwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka

4 Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset instruisent que “……., la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme ne définissant pas le délai raisonnable, la Cour européenne l’apprécie in concreto, au cas par cas”, Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs et Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 4e édition, Larcier, Bruxelles, 2012, P. 1287. “Le caractère raisonnable du délai dans lequel une personne est jugée ne résulte pas d’une appréciation in abstracto mais doit être examiné à partir des éléments concrets propres à chaque cause”, Cass., 16 décembre 1986, Pas., 1987, I, P. 471 in Henri-D Bosly et Damien Vandermeersch, Droit de la procécure pénale, 2e édition, La Charte, Bruges, 2001, P.35.

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imbibi, iyi nzitizi ye nta gaciro igomba guhabwa, kuko nta kigaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rutubahirije ibiteganywa n’ingingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru.

2. Kumenya niba ijambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugiye ku Kibuye ryarashishikarizaga abantu gukora jenoside [67] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko yarezwe kuba mu ijambo yavugiye ku Kibuye yarakoresheje imvugo ishishikariza abantu bamwumvaga kwica Abatutsi, nyamara atariko bimeze, ahubwo ko hari ubusobanuro inkiko zahaye iryo jambo butari bwo n’abatangabuhamya bakaba baribeshyweho, ko muri iryo jambo yasabye Inkiko na Pariki gushyiraho umwete mu gukurikirana abakoze ibyaha n’abashaka kwambura abantu ibyabo, asaba inkiko kumvikana na Minisiteri y’umutekano kugira ngo babarindire umutekano, kugira ngo bakore akazi kabo ko gukurikirana, gukora iperereza no guca imanza, bo bamusaba ko bahabwa ibikoresho kugira ngo babashe gukora akazi kabo neza. Asobanura ko ariyo mpamvu anenga urubanza rujuririrwa kuko rutagaragaje ukuntu amagambo yakoresheje ari imvugo ijimije, no kuba rutagaragaje ubushake (mens rea) mu cyaha aregwa. [68] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko hari ikibazo cy’abakozi bakeya kuko hari abapfuye, abizeza ko bazakora Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza kugira ngo bongere abakozi, basimbura abapfuye, ariko ko inkiko zaciye uru rubanza mbere, zo zavuze ko yavugaga gukora bica abatutsi, ko zavuze ko yakoresheje imvugo ijimije, ariko we akaba atumva aho inkiko zakuye ibyo bisobanuro kuko nta kintu scientifique bashingiyeho. Avuga ko ijambo batinzeho ari aho yavuze « abadashaka kumva », ariko

ko we yasobanuye abo aribo, ko yavugaga ko abashaka gukomeza gukora ibyaha bagomba gukurikiranwa, abo akaba ari abicaga Abatutsi n’abandi bantu, ko nta mvugo y’amarenga yakoresheje aho ariho hose kandi ko yumvaga ari ubutwari kuba yarabashije kuvuga ngo bakurikirane abanyabyaha, kuko nta wundi munyapolitiki wabashije kubivuga. [69] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nanone ko Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rujuririrwa rutagaragaje ubushake bwo gukora icyaha (élément moral) ku birebana n’iryo jambo, ko yasabye ko iyo mvugo yatangirwa ibimenyetso ariko ko bitakozwe, ko ahubwo inama irangiye, we yagerageje kwegeranya abagize Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza kugira ngo barebere hamwe uko bashaka abakozi, barabikora, ko hari abantu bemeje ko iyo nama yabaye. Avuga ko ijambo ubwaryo ryumvikana, ko ikibazo ari uko ryavuzwe mu gihe gikomeye, ko hari n’abatangabuhamya Hategekimana Sabin, Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne, Munyaneza Pascal bagarukwaho ko bumvise iryo jambo, aho bavuze ko inama irangiye ku wa 3/5/1994, yabajyanye ahandi hantu ari kumwe na Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, babasaba kujya gutera mu Bisesero, nyuma yo kubaha amafaranga, nyamara ariko ko we atari ayirimo, ko yari Arusha nk’uko urwandiko rw’inzira (passport ) yeretse Urukiko rubigaragaza, ko yashyize muri dosiye inyandikomvugo y’iyo nama, akagaragaza amazina y’abari bayirimo, kandi ko nta zina rye ririmo, ahubwo bikaba bigaragara ko hariho

kudashaka kumenya ukuri. [70] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga kandi ko iyo nama bavuze yari iyobowe na Minisitiri w’Intebe Kambanda Jean, ariko ko we iyo yagiyemo ari iyabaye ku wa 16/5/1994 iyobowe na Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore, irimo abakuru b’imirimo n’amatorero, ko nta wundi mu Minisitiri wari uyirimo. Avuga ko abemeza ko yari mu nama yo ku wa 3/5/1994 babigambanye, akaba atazi aho babikuye, inkiko nazo zikaba zitarashatse kugaruka ku kimenyetso cya passport yatanze kuko

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cyagombaga gukuraho urujijo, ko abatangabuhamya bafashe ibyabaye mu nama yo ku wa 3/5/1994 bakabishyira mu yabaye ku wa 16/5/1994. Avuga nanone ko bageze ku Kibuye, Perefe arabakira, ababwira ko umutekano wagarutse, ko niba atari umutekano usanzwe yavugaga ibyo yabibazwa kuko we yumvise umutekano usanzwe kuko abantu bari basubiye ku mirimo yabo, ko ari naho yahise avuga ko abakoze ibyaha bakurikiranwa bagahanwa, naho abadashaka kumva yavugaga akaba ari abakomezaga gukora ibyaha yashakaga ko babireka, ko nta rutonde rw’amagambo y’amarenga rwemejwe, arimo kwica. [71] Ku birebana no kuba yarashimiye muri iyo nama, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko ubwo Perefe yari amaze kubabwira ko inzego zatangiye gukora, ko bari kugarura umutekano, yafashe ijambo agashimira ko bari kugarura umutekano agahita akomeza n’ibibazo by’ubutabera kuko aricyo cyari cyamujyanye. Avuga ko jenoside igitangira yashyizwe mu bantu bagombaga kujya Arusha mu mishyikirano na FPR ya “cessez-le-feu”, ko ahubwo yaba azira ibibazo by’umuryango we kuko hari Abatutsi benshi yakijije, ko ku birebana n’iki kiganiro yarenganurwa. Anavuga ko yagiye ku Kibuye ahungishije umuryango we kuko hari amakuru yari ahari ko hari igitero kizabatera giturutse mu Majyaruguru, abibwiye uwari Burugumesitiri amubwira ko ntacyo yamumarira kuko nawe yahigwaga, agiye kwa Perefe aramufasha kuko icyo gitero kitaje, ko hari abantu benshi yagiriye

neza ariko bakaba badashaka gutanga ubuhamya. [72] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko mu ijambo yavuze ku wa 16/5/1994, nta kimenyetso kirimo cyerekana ko yashishikarizaga abantu kwica Abatutsi, ko bagiye gushaka ibyavuzwe n’abandi, barimo na Perefe Kayishema Clément, kubimwitirira bikaba binyuranye n’ihame rivuga ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi. Avuga ko adahakana ko habayeho imvugo zijimije ari nazo zakoreshwaga mu gihe cya jenoside, ariko ko we ntazo yakoresheje, ko amagambo yakoresheje Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza ko hari abandi bayakoresheje, ko kubwira Abashinjacyaha ngo bakurikirane abakoze ibyaha, atari imvugo ijimije. [73] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs asoza avuga ko nta hantu na hamwe muri dosiye hagaragaza ko yigeze yaka intwaro, ko nta n’uwo yazihaye, ko n’aho bari bemeje ko yazihaye abakozi ba Perefegitura ya Gitarama, yabaye umwere, ko niba hari Abaminisitiri batse intwaro, bidakwiye kuba rusange kuko hari abagera muri batandatu babaye abere mu manza za I.C.T.R., ko n’umushakashatsi André Guichau yakoze ubushakashatsi kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994, akaba nta hantu na hamwe yigeze amuvuga, haba mu ba Minisitiri cyangwa mu ndorerezi. [74] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwavuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yabaye icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kuko yashishikarije abantu gukora jenoside, ariko ko hakwiye

kubanza kugaragazwa icyo kuba icyitso ku bakoze jenoside bisobanuye mu mategeko. Avuga ko icyitso ari umuntu watanze ubufasha bushobora gufasha mu gukora icyaha, ko iyo umuntu aregwa icyaha, hagomba kubanza kugaragazwa uwakoze icyaha ubwe hanyuma bakabona kuvuga ko uregwa yatanze ubufasha, nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rwa Akayesu Jean-Paul mu cyemezo cyafashwe na TPIR, ko byanavuzwe mu rubanza rwa Semanza Laurent. [75] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga kandi ko hari ibintu by’ingenzi bigize icyaha (éléments constitutifs), ko aribyo bikigaragaza, harimo kugaragaza ubufasha bwatanzwe kugira ngo icyaha gikorwe no kugaragaza isano ya hafi ubwo bufasha bwatanzwe bufitanye n’icyaha cyakozwe, ko urebye kuri Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, usanga ubufasha yatanze bwaba ari iryo jambo yavuze, ko

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abatangabuhamya bavuze ku birebana n’iryo jambo bavuze ko inama yavugiwemo iryo jambo yabaye ku wa 3/5/1994 ariko ko we yagaragaje ko atari ahari kuri iyo tariki, ko iyo yagiyemo ari iyabaye ku wa 16/5/1994. Avuga ko mu manza nshinjabyaha ububasha bwo gukora icyaha, bivuga ko utanga inkunga aba yarabikoze azi icyo igamije, azi ko uwo ayiha agamije kurimbura abantu ashingiye ku bwoko, idini, nk’uko bigaragara mu cyemezo cyafashwe ku wa 6/11/98 na “chambre de Première Instance de T.P.Y.” [76] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ibisobanuro Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atanga ku bijyanye n’ijambo yavugiye ku Kibuye nta shingiro bifite kuko adahakana ko yari mu nama yo ku wa 16/5/1994, ko Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yavuze ijambo nyuma y’iryo Perefe Kayishema Clément yari amaze kuvuga, ko rero ijambo rye rigomba kumvikana mu buryo bumwe (contexte) n’andi magambo yavuzwe n’abandi icyo gihe. [77] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko nta ntambara hagati y’ingabo z’u Rwanda na FPR yari yakageze ku Kibuye kuri iyo tariki ya 16/5/1994, ko byumvikana ko ari ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi ku Kibuye no hirya no hino mu gihugu Ntamabyaliro Agnès yavugaga. Naho mu ijambo Kayishema Clément yavuze yakira Perezida wa Repubulika n’abandi Bayobozi bari kumwe, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yavuze ko ubu akazi gatangiye, ko abantu bagenda bakora mu buryo busanzwe, ariko ko ukwo gukora byashakaga kuvuga kwica Abatutsi, ko

abahanga bagiye bagaragaza imvugo zizimije zakoreshwaga icyo gihe, ko mu ijambo Kayishema Clément yavuze, yasubiragamo ibyo Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore yavugiye i Butare, aho yavugaga gukora, ba ntibindeba, n’ibindi, ko ubutumwa bwari buhari muri icyo gihe ari uko umwanzi yari F.P.R. n’ibyitso byayo, aribyo Abatutsi kandi ko hari imanza za I.C.T.R. zabyemeje gutyo. [78] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko mu ijambo rye ryakurikiyeho, Sindikubwabo Théodore yabwiye abaturage ba Perefegitura ya Kibuye ko iyo gahunda igamije kubereka ko babashyigikiye mu murimo barimo, ko urugendo rwabo rugize akamaro kuko rugeze kucyo bifuzaga, kandi ko nta kindi bifuzaga kitari ukwikiza umututsi. Buvuga ko yakomeje avuga ko hari abanyarwanda batumva icyo bagamije, batagishaka, bigize ba ntibindeba, ko abivuga nta ntamabara yari ku Kibuye, ko umwanzi n’abafasha be yari F.P.R. n’ibyitso byayo, ko ku birebana n’umutekano muri Guverinoma y’abatabazi, intego ya mbere yari ukwica Abatutsi mu rwego rwo guhangana na F.P.R., kandi ko Sindikubwabo Théodore ajya ku Kibuye yari agiye kureba ba ntibindeba, ariko asanga ntabahari nk’uko yabibwiraga interahamwe zo ku Kibuye nk’uko kandi na Perefe Kayishema Clément yari amaze kubivuga. [79] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko mu ijambo rya Sindikubwabo Théodore, hari amagambo Urukiko rwafashe, harimo: « ibuye ryagaragaye ntiriba ricyihishe isuka, amayeri

umwanzi akoresha, utarabona yarabonye, n’utarabona yarumvise, aba nibo bake cyane kuko abandi bose bitabiriye ubwicanyi », ko abo bantu batemera gukomeza imirimo ari abahutu bake batemeraga kujya mu bwicanyi, ari naho yavuze ko aza guha Minisitiri w’Ubutabera ijambo. [80] Ubushinjacyaha bunavuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ijambo, yavuzemo ko ashimira abanyakibuye kuko bashoboye kugarura vuba umutekano, ariko ko muri kariya gace hari umutekano, ko nta ntambara yari ihari, ahubwo ko kwari ukubashimira ko bishe Abatutsi, ko ku itariki ya 16/5/1994, Abatutsi bari bamaze kwicwa ari ibihumbi, ko n’abari barahungiye mu Bisesero nabo babahigaga ngo nabo babice.

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[81] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko kuvuga ko Abatutsi bapfuye kuko Perezida Habyarimana yapfuye kuri bo byari ibisanzwe kuko aribwo bwari ubutumwa bwa Guverinoma y’Abatabazi, ko hari n’aho Minisitiri w’Intebe Kambanda Jean yavuze ko Abaminisitiri bose harimo na Ntamabyaliro Agnès bamusabaga imbunda kugira ngo akazi gakorwe neza mu gihugu, ko ako kazi kari ako kwica Abatutsi, ko kuri Ntamabyaliro Agnès kuba Abatutsi baricwaga, byari isubiranamo, kandi nyamara byaragaragajwe ko bakorerwaga jenoside. [82] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko ba bandi biswe ba ntibindeba, ba ndanze bari baranze gukurikira umugambi wa Guverinoma, ari Abahutu bari baranze kwica Abatutsi, akaba ari nabo bagombaga gukurikiranwa na za Parike n’Inkiko, ko rero inkunga ya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs we yari yarayitanze, kuko nk’umuntu w’umunyamategeko, uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yari azi neza ko ikiri gukorwa ari jenoside, ko atari kujya hirya ngo avuge ngo mwice, akaba ariyo mpamvu bakundaga gukoresha imvugo ijimije. [83] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atagiye ku Kibuye agiye guhagarika jenoside, ahubwo ko yari agiye mu butumwa nk’ubwo Abayobozi batatu bari bamaze gutanga, aribwo bwo gukurikirana ba ndanze, ba ntibindeba, ko ijambo yavuze ryumvikana ko yatangaga ubutumwa bwo kwica abatutsi, ko rero basaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite, ko rwashimangira icyo Urukiko rubanza rwemeje hashingiwe ku mvugo zakoreshwaga n’abayobozi zijimije, ku manza zaciwe no ku byo abahanga babajijwe bemeje ku mvugo yakoreshwaga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [84] Ingingo ya 91, agace ka mbere, y’Itegeko–Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, yakurikizwaga igihe Ntamabyaliro Agnès aregwa ko yakoze ibyaha akurikiranweho, iteganya ko abitwa abafashije abandi gukora icyaha ni abazaba bateye gukora icyaha, babikoresheje ibiguzi, amasezerano y’ibihembo, iterabwoba, agakabyo k’ubutegetsi cyangwa k’ubabasha, utunama cyangwa andi mayeri by’ubugiranabi cyangwa amabwiliza agamije gukoresha icyaha. Agace ka gatatu k’iyo ngingo, gateganya ko abitwa abafashije abandi gukora icyaha ni abazaba bafashije nyiri icyaha cyangwa bahagarikiye ukora icyaha cyangwa abagikora, mu byagiteguye cyangwa mu byorohereje imikorere yacyo cyangwa mu byakinononsoye, ariko barabikoze babizi. Naho agace ka kane k’iyo ngingo, gateganya ko abitwa abafashije abandi gukora icyaha ni abazaba babereye nyiri icyaha cyangwa bene icyaha igishuko cyo kugikora babikoresheje amadiskuru, urusaku cyangwa iterabwoba bibereye ahantu h’igiterane cyangwa mu nama, inyandiko, ibitabo cyangwa ibindi byanditswe na imprimeri biguzwe cyangwa byatangiwe ubuntu, byagulishijwe cyangwa byatangalijwe mu biterane cyangwa mu nama, amatangazo amanitse cyangwa atamanitswe yeretswe rubanda, ariko ntibibuze ibihano byateganilijwe ubusembure bw’icyaha naho icyifuzwaga kitagezweho. [85] Ingingo ya 51, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko

Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu, ivuga ko hakurikijwe ibikorwa bigaragaza uruhare rwe mu gukora ibyaha biteganywa n’ingingo ya mbere y’iri Tegeko Ngenga, ushinjwa ashobora gushyirwa mu rwego rwa mbere iyo

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ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by’ubufatanyacyaha yakoze, bimushyira mu bashishikarije abandi umugambi wa jenoside, abagenzuye n’abayoboye jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n’ibyitso bye. [86] Ingingo ya 53, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko mu ikurikizwa ry’iri Tegeko Ngenga, icyitso ni umuntu watanze inkunga mu gukora icyaha, mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ku bantu bavugwa mu ngingo ya 51 y’iri Tegeko Ngenga. [87] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo ine n’umunani (48) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko kuba ku wa 16/5/1994, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yaragiye mu nama yari iyobowe na Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore yabereye ku Kibuye, agafata ijambo, aho kwamagana ubwicanyi, agashimira abanyakibuye ko babashije kwirindira umutekano, nyamara Abatutsi barimo kwicwa mu Bisesero no mu bindi bice bya Kibuye, akanavuga ko abadashaka kumva, abagizi ba nabi n’abagirira nabi abandi bagomba gukurikiranwa, akabivuga yunga mu ijambo Sindikubwabo Théodore yari amaze kuvuga ashimira abanyakibuye ko batabaye ba ntibindeba, bigaragaraza ko yashishikarizaga kwica, ko ibyo avuga ko Urukiko rwafashe amagambo yavuze rukayaha ubusobanuro butari bwo, ruvuga ko yakoresheje imvugo ijimije, nta shingiro bifite, ahubwo ko amagambo yavuze yari agamije

gushishikariza abo yabwiraga gukomeza kwica Abatutsi kuko n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe barimo Hakizimana Sabin na Munyaneza Pascal bavuze ko ariko babyumvise. [88] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye kandi ko ugushyigikira ubwicanyi bwabaye ku Kibuye kwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, kwanareberwa mu byavuzwe mu rubanza ICTR- 98-44-T rwa Karemera Edouard na bagenzi be, rwo ku wa 2/2/2012, aho Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwavuze ko mu nama yo ku wa 16/5/1994, Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore ari kumwe n’abandi Bayobozi, yashimiye ingabo n’abaturage kuba barigaruriye umutekano, nyamara abantu bishwe n’ibyobo rusange (fosse commune) bajugunywagamo bigaragarira buri wese. [89] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo ine n’icyenda (49), urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko amagambo yavuze ubwayo yumvikana kubera ko abadashaka kumva n’abagiriraga nabi abandi yavugaga ari abakoraga ibyaha bagomba gukurikiranwa, nta gaciro byahabwa, kuko icyo gihe hakoreshwaga imvugo ijimije, yumvikanisha ko ari Abatutsi bavugwaga, ko ibyo kwirindira umutekano (auto-défense civile), byari bigamije guhiga no kwica Abatutsi bafatwaga nk’abanzi b’igihugu. [90] Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwavuze nanone ko ibyo kuba mu gihe cya jenoside harakoreshwaga imvugo z’amarenga, byemejwe n’umutangabuhamya w’impuguke Ntakirutimana Evariste, wiyambajwe

n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu rubanza ICTR-98-42-T rwa Nyiramasuhuko na bagenzi be, rwaciwe ku wa 24/6/2011 no mu rubanza ICTR-00-55A-T rwa Muvunyi Tharcisse, rwaciwe ku wa 25/2/2014. [91] Nk’uko bigaragara mu bice bya 54, 55 na 56 by’Urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko kuba ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 9/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana

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icyaha cya jenoside, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/2/1975, iteganya icyaha cyo gushishikariza ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye gukora jenoside5, ariko ayo masezerano akaba adateganyaga igihano ku bakoze icyo cyaha no kuba ingingo ya 51, agace ka gatatu (3°) y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryagiye rivugururwa, ridasobanura ibikorwa bigira uwashishikarije abandi umugambi wa jenoside, uwagenzuye n’uwayoboye jenoside cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, gatozi, umufatanyacyaha cyangwa icyitso, bituma hagombwa kwifashishwa Itegeko-Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana. Rwasobanuye kandi ko iryo Tegeko- Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe haruguru ritarateganyaga by’umwihariko icyaha cyo gukangurira ku mugaragaro kandi ku buryo butaziguye icyaha cya jenoside, ariko ko hashingiwe ku ngingo yaryo rya 91, uwakoraga ibikorwa bikigize, yafatwaga nk’icyitso. [92] Urwo Rukiko rwanzuye ko hashingiwe ku mategeko yakurikizwaga ubwo ibyaha Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs aregwa byakorwaga, ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu ku buryo butaziguye kandi mu ruhame gukora icyaha cya jenoside

Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yahamijwe, atari icyaha cyihariye, ahubwo ko ibyo bikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside. [93] Nk’uko bigaragara nanone mu bice bya 94, 95 na 96 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 91 y’Itegeko–Teka n° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ku ngingo ya 1, 51,3° n’iya 53 z’Itegeko Ngenga n° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryagiye rivugururwa, ku ngingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 9/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside no kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnès yarashishikarije abantu gukora jenoside, akoresheje amagambo yavugiye mu nama yabereye ku Kibuye, jenoside irimo gukorwa mu duce dutandukanye turimo na Bisesero, agafata ijambo ashimira abanyakibuye, (...), rwasobanuye ko icyo gikorwa kimugira icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside mu Bisesero n’ahandi hatandukanye ku Kibuye. [94] Nk’uko bigaragara na nanone mu gace ka 97 k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwavuze ko nk’uko Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga

rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwabisobanuye mu manza zitandukanye rwaciye, ko mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakora jenoside, harimo no gushishikariza gukora jenoside6, ko ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside bugaragarira mu gufasha no gutera inkunga ubizi, umuntu cyangwa abantu benshi mu gukora icyo cyaha, ko atari ngombwa ko igihe cyose uwabaye icyitso cya jenoside aba yari afite ubushake

5 L’article 3 de la Convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide du 9/12/1948 dispose que “Seront punis les actes suivants: a) génocide; b) L’entente en vue de commettre le génocide; c) L’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide; d) La tentative de génocide; e) La complicité de génocide”. 6 Urubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998 rwa Akayezu Jean-Paul, igika cya 537; urubanza ICTR-96-13-T rwaciwe ku wa 27/1/2000 rwa Musema Alfred, igika cya 179; urubanza ICTR-95-1A-T rwaciwe ku wa 7/6/2001 rwa Bagirishema Ignace, igika cya 69.

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bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo7. [95] Hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe mu bice bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko inkiko zabanje zahaye ijambo yavugiye ku Kibuye ku wa 16/5/1994, ibisobanuro bitari byo, ko we abadashaka kumva, abashaka gukomeza gukora ibyaha bagomba gukurikiranwa n’ubutabera yavugaga, ari abicaga Abatutsi n’abandi bantu, bitahabwa agaciro kuko harebwe uko ibintu byari bimeze icyo gihe, nyuma yo kumva Perefe Kayishema Clément avuga ko ubutumwa bwa Guverinoma bwageze ahantu hose ku Kibuye, ko umutekano uhari, ko abanyakibuye bazi umwanzi w’u Rwanda ku buryo bari gukoresha imbaraga zabo, ubwenge bwabo n’ibikoresho bike basigaranye kugira ngo aho uwo mwanzi ari bahamukure n’aho ataragera atazabona uko atinyuka kuhakandagira na nyuma yo kumva ijambo rya Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore aho yashimiriga abanyakibuye ko bo bumvise neza gahunda ya Guverinoma kubera ko nta ba ntibindeba cyangwa ba ndanze bari ku Kibuye, ko muri Kibuye umutekano uhari, ko bashimira abanyakibuye kubera ko bageze ku muhigo, ko babereye urugero abandi Banyarwanda, babandi batanumva neza icyo Guverinoma igamije, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yaje gufata ijambo, nawe agashimira abanyakibuye, ababwira ko Guverinoma ibashimira kubera ko bashoboye

kugarura umutekano vuba, ko abadashaka kumva, abagirira abandi nabi cyangwa se abagiriye nabi abandi, aribo bigize ba simbyemera, basabwa kubumbatira umutekano kugira ngo igihugu kibone amahoro yuzuye, bakabirengaho bakajya mu bindi byo kugirira nabi abaturanyi babo, bose bagomba gukurikiranwa, ibi bigaragaza ko atari gufata ijambo ngo asabe ko abica Abatutsi mu rwego rwa jenoside (dans le cadre du génocide ou de son exécution) bakurikiranwa n’ubutabera, ko ahubwo yashimangiraga ibyari bimaze kuvugwa na Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore na Perefe Kayishema Clément, avuga ko Abatutsi bagomba gukurikiranwa, ni ukuvuga ko bagombaga gukomeza kwicwa, nk’uko byari byagenze mu turere dutandukanye twa Kibuye kuva mu kwezi kwa kane (4) k’umwaka wa 1994 kugeza ku tariki ya 14 y’ukwezi kwa gatanu 1994 (Bisesero), kugira ngo umutekano ugaruke mu Rwanda hose. [96] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarakoresheje imvugo ijimije, nk’uko Abayobozi babisabwaga na Guverinoma8, ashimira abicanyi, anumvisha (en félicitant et en encourageant) abaturage ko bagomba gukomeza gushakisha umwanzi (Abatutsi), bakamwica kugira ngo umutekano wabo wuzure, bivuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yashishikarizaga abanyakibuye gukomeza kwica Abatutsi, nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwabyemeje. Rurasanga kandi mu gihe we ubwe asobanura ko abadashaka kumva, abashaka gukomeza gukora ibyaha bagomba gukurikiranwa yavugaga, ari

7Urubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998 rwa Akayezu Jean-Paul, igika cya 535; urubanza ICTR-97-20-T rwaciwe ku wa 15/5/2003 rwa Semanza Laurent, igika cya 388; urubanza ICTR-96-13-T rwaciwe ku wa 27/1/2000 rwa Musema Alfred, igika cya 181, 183 n’urubanza n° ICTR-95-1A-T rwaciwe ku wa 7/6/2001 rwa Bagirishema Ignace, igika cya 71. 8 Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 722 k’urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline “et consorts”, umuhanga Ntakirutimana Francis (expert en sociolinguistique, analyse du discours, lexicologie, sémantique et aménagement lingustique) yavuze ko Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore yasobanuriye abaturage impamvu bagomba gukoresha imvugo ijimije, mu buryo bukurikira: “Je voudrais que vous puissiez analyser notre message, le comprendre et analyser les termes que nous utilisons, vous devez savoir pourquoi nous choisissons d’utiliser un tel terme et pas celui-là. C’est parce que nous nous trouvons dans une période inhabituelle”. Umuhanga Ntakirutimana Francis yakomeje avuga ko “Sindikubwabo Théodore a mis en garde ses auditeurs et a de nouveau indique ce que son Gouvernement attendait d’eux, comme pour leur rappeler que les populations devaient faire ce que le Gouvernement leur demandait de faire.”

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abicaga Abatutsi n’abandi bantu, ibi ubwabyo bishimangira ko yakoreshaga imvugo ijimije, dore ko nta na hamwe muri disikuru ye yo ku wa 16/5/1994 yakoresheje ijambo Abatutsi. [97] Ku bivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, bigamije kugaragaza ko yakoresheje imvugo ijimije, bitahabwa agaciro kuko bidashingiye ku bimenyetso bigenzuwe n’abahanga (expertise scientifique), Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko kugira ngo hemezwe ko uregwa yakoresheje imvugo ijimije ashimira abicanyi, anashishikariza abaturage kwica Abatutsi, bitari ngombwa ko bibanza kwemezwa byanze bikunze n’umuhanga, ko ahubwo byari bizwi na bose (notoriété publique) ko mu gushishikariza abaturage gukora ubwicanyi, Abayobozi bakoreshaga imvugo ijimije, ari nako abahanga na Perezida Sindikubwabo Théodore babyemeje. [98] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibikorwa (acte reus) Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoze bigize ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku bufasha yatanze no guhagarikira abakoze jenoside (complicité par omission équipolente à la complicité par aide et assistance)9 kuko harebwe ububasha yari afite nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, aho kwamagana ubwicanyi bwari bumaze gukorwa no gukora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo abicanyi bakurikiranywe, we yabashyigikiye, abashimira ibyo bari bamaze gukora, avuga ko bagaruye

umutekano muri perefegitura ya Kibuye. Ibi bikorwa bigize kandi ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku gushishikariza (provocation ou complicité par instigation) kuko nk’Umuyobozi Mukuru kandi uvuka muri Kibuye, mu mvugo ye ijimije, yakoresheje nabi (yarengereye) ububasha bwe (abus de pouvoir)10, asaba abanyakibuye gukomeza ubwicanyi. [99] Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe mu gace kabanziriza aka no kuba byaragaragaye ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwavuze ko

9 Il a été jugé que “il convient d’admettre qu’une attitude passive qui normalement, ne constitue qu’une abstention non punissable, peut, dans les circonstances particulières, et de la part de certaines personnes (….) revêtir le caractère d’une coopération coupable; ce caractère réside bien moins dans le comportement de la personne pris en lui-même que dans l’influence que ce comportement a pu exercer sur l’esprit de l’auteur de l’infraction, dans l’espérance qu’il a pu faire naître dans sa conscience”, T. corr. Aix-en- Provence, 14 j anv. 1947; JCP 1947. II. 3645, in Code pénal, 106e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2009, P. 127. “Toutefois, certaines abstentions circonstanciées ou qualifiées sont retenues comme acte de participation lorsque, à l’analyse, elles s’avèrent revêtir un aspect positif, lorsqu’en raison des circonstances qui les accompagnent, elles peuvent être assimilêes à un acte positif’’, Nyabirungu mwene Songa, Traité de droit pénal général congolais, 2e édition, Editions universitaires africaines, 2007, P.257. “Il a été jugé que la participation peut consister en ce que le prévenu s’est abstenu d’agir, à condition que l’omission comportait une appréciation de l’infraction commise, (…...), et constituait une véritable contribution à la commission de l’infraction”, Gand, appel, 20 févr.1922, R.W., 1992-1993, 305; R.D.P.C., 1993, 489; Voir aussi Cass.b., 24

sSpt. 1951, Pas., 1952, I, 13, avec note, in Nyabirungu mwene Songa, idem. 10 “L’existence de la provocation, par abus d’autorité, ne dépend pas de la condition que l’autorité dont il a été fait abus soit une autorité legale; il suffit que le complice ait abusé de l’autorité morale qu’il avait en fait sur l’auteur principal”, Crim. 24 nov. 1953: Bull.Crim. n° 304; 29 mars 1971: ibid. n° 112, in Code pénal, 106e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2009, P.

131. Dans l’affaire TPIR-95-1C-T, paragraphe 78-79, “en cause Le Procureur contre Rutaganira Vincent, la Chambre de Première Instance rappelle utilement qu’il découle également du droit international, à la charge d’un individu revêtu de l’autorité publique, l’obligation d’agir en vue de protéger la personne humaine. Il s’ensuit que toute autorité publique a l’obligation non seulement de respecter, comme tout autre individu, les droits fondamentaux de la personne humaine, mais aussi de les faire respecter, ce qui implique l’obligation d’agir pour en empêcher toute violation”.

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kutabuza no kutamagana ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga Abatutsi n’ibindi byaha bakorewe kwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès, ahubwo agashimira abicanyi, ari inkunga ikomeye kandi ya ngombwa yatumye bashishikara mu gukomeza ubwicanyi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga urwo Rukiko rwaragaragaje mu buryo buhagije ibikorwa bigize (actus reus ou élément matériel) icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside. [100] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès by’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwaciye urubanza rujuririrwa rutagaragaje ubushake bwo gukora icyaha (élément moral) ku birebana n’iryo jambo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ubushake bwo gukora icyaha cyo kuba icyitso muri jenoside bugaragara mu gufasha no gutera inkunga ubizi, umuntu cyangwa abantu benshi mu gukora icyo cyaha, ko atari ngombwa ko igihe cyose uwabaye icyitso cya jenoside aba yari afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo. Rwasobanuye kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yari azi neza ko abo yabwiraga babifataga nko kubashyigikira muri ibyo bikorwa bya jenoside. [101] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga koko muri rusange, ubushake ku byerekeranye n’ubufatanyacyaha (mens rea ou l’élément moral ou

intentionnel de la complicité), busaba, ku birebana n’icyitso, ko aba yaratanze inkunga, azi neza ko izafasha mu gukora igikorwa kigize icyaha nyirizina (icyaha ubwacyo), bitabaye ngombwa ko aba afite umugambi mubisha uhuje n’icyo uwakoze icyaha n’abo bafatanyije bari bagambiriye11, ari nako Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rwabisobanuye mu rubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998, hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Akayezu Jean-Paul12 [102] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ku birebana n’icyaha cya jenoside, ubushake ku byerekeranye n’ubufatanyacyaha, nk’uko byasobanuwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998, hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Akayezu Jean-Paul mu gace karwo ka 545, bugaragara mu gihe uregwa kuba icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside yafashije cyangwa yahagarikiye cyangwa yashutse, azi icyo abigiriye kandi abishaka, undi muntu cyangwa abandi bantu gukora jenoside, azi neza ko uwo muntu cyangwa abo bantu barimo gukora jenoside, n’ubwo uregwa yaba atari afite umugambi wo kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa idini, bazira icyo baricyo13.

11 “L’élément intentionnel du délit de complicité exige seulement que son auteur ait eu conscience de l’aide apportée à l’action principale”, Crim. 1er oct. 1984: Gaz. Pal.1985.Somm. 96, in Code pénal, 106e édition, Dalloz, Paris, 2009, P. 125. “(….) et il importe peu que le concert frauduleux réponde à des mobiles et objectifs différents de la part de l’auteur principal et de ses complices”, in Code pénal, 106e édition, idem. 12 “S’agissant de l’élément moral ou intentionnel de la complicité en général, il suppose la conscience chez l’agent, au moment où il agit, du concours qu’il apporte dans la réalisation de l’infraction principale. Autrement dit, l’agent doit avoir agi en connaissance de cause”, Urubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998 rwa Akayezu Jean-Paul, igika cya 538. 13 “La Chambre est d’avis, en conclusion, qu’un accusé est complice de génocide s’il a sciemment et volontairement aidé ou assisté ou provoqué une ou d’autres personnes à commettre le génocide, sachant que cette ou ces personnes commettaient le génocide, même si l’accusé n’avait pas lui-même l’intention spécifique de détruire en tout ou en partie le groupe national, ethnique, racial ou religieux, visé comme tel”, Urubanza ICTR-96-4-T rwaciwe ku wa 2/9/1998 rwa Akayezu Jean-Paul, igika cya 545.

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[103] N’ubwo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutabivuze mu magambo yumvikana neza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Ntamabyaliro Agnès, wari Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, wari ufite ubutegetsi n’ububasha mu gihugu kandi wize iby’amategeko muri kaminuza, wari uzi ko jenoside iri gukorwa mu gihugu, yarashimiye abanyakibuye avuga ko bagaruye umutekano, azi neza ko bari barimo gukora jenoside y’Abatutsi, akanabashishikariza gukomeza, azi neza ko aricyo bazakora, ibi bikaba bihagije mu kugaragaza ubushake bwe mu kuba icyitso cy’abakoraga jenoside bagamije kurimbura ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, akaba atari ngombwa kugaragaza ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès ubwe yari afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura Abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo. [104] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe haruguru no ku ngingo z’amategeko zagaragajwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutigeze rwibanda ku kugaragaza ibigize icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda, ku birebana n’ijambo yavugiye mu nama yabereye ku kibuye ku wa 16/5/1994, ataribyo, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwe ikaba nta shingiro ifite.

3. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwaremeje ko amagambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugiye mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga ku wa 14/5/1994 yari agamije kwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi nta kimenyetso rushingiyeho [105] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga yavuze ko umwanzi ari F.P.R. n’abagaragaje ko bafatanyije nayo, ariko ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutasesenguye neza ibyo yavuze, kuko atashakaga kuvuga ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, ahubwo ko yari muri Guverinoma kandi F.P.R. irwana na Guverinoma, ikaba rero yari umwanzi wayo, kandi ko muri F.P.R. hari harimo ubwoko bw’Abahutu n’Abatutsi n’abanyamahanga bari bayishyigikiye, ko rero rutari gufata aya magambo nk’ayo gushishikariza Abahutu kwica Abatutsi. [106] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwazanye inyandiko yasinye yitwa “le peuple rwandais accuse”, ko ijambo yavuze abafatanyije atavugaga Abatutsi kuko atigeze atekereza ko Umututsi yagiye gufasha F.P.R., ko ishyaka yari ayoboye ariwe warikoreye “manifeste” na “statut”, ko atari kuvangura amoko kandi nawe yaritwaga icyitso, kandi ko ibyo atakoze amaze gushinga ishyaka atari kubikora muri icyo gihe, ahubwo ko ariwe wari Umuyobozi wo hejuru bashatse kumusiga icyaha. [107] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko umuntu wagaragaje ko afatanyije na F.P.R. ariwe bise umwanzi, ko mu Rwanda harimo parties belligérantes yarimo na F.P.R., ariko ko bitabujije ko bashoboraga kwitana abanzi, ko kuba ijambo umwanzi ryarakoreshejwe ashaka kuvuga igice batumvikana aricyo F.P.R. bitavuga ko yashakaga kuvuga Abatutsi, ko F.P.R. ifata abanyarwanda bose idashingiye ku moko, haba mu ishingwa cyangwa itangira ryayo, ko ari nako byakomeje kuko

“L’élément intellectuel de la complicité ne doit toutefois en aucun cas être confondu avec celui de l’infraction principale. L’intention du complice est caractérisée par la simple connaissance qu’avait celui-ci de la volonté criminelle de l’auteur. Il n’est en revanche nullement nécessaire que le complice ait lui-même partagé cette volonté. Ainsi, une personne peut être déclarée complice de crimes contre l’humanité alors même qu’elle n’adhérait pas elle- même à la volonté extrerminatrice animant l’auteur” (Crim. 23 janv.1997: D., 1997, P. 147, note Pradel; Dr. Pén., 1997 comm.38), Frédéric Desportes et Francis Le Gunehec, Droit pénal général, quatorzième édition, Economica, Paris, 2007, P.502, n° 546.

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hagiyeho Guverinoma y’ubumwe, ikaba ihuriyeho n’abanyarwanda bose, ko rero bitavugwa ko kuyivuga ari ukuvuga ubwoko bw’Abatutsi. [108] Ku birebana n’ikiganiro Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga ku wa 14/5/1994, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko F.P.R., Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugaga atari ingabo zayo zarwanaga na Guverinoma, ahubwo ko mu ijambo rye yavuze ko ibyitso byashyizwe hirya no hino mu gihugu, bihabwa intwaro n’amasomo na F.P.R., ko mu gihugu hose hari imvururu bitewe n’uko Abatutsi babaga bibumbiye hamwe muri za kiliziya, stade n’ahandi babaga barimo kwicwa, ko uko babaga bibumbiye hamwe bahunga aribyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugaga ko bakoze udutsiko bagatangira gukoresha za ntwaro bahawe barasa abaturage, ariko ko ibyo bitabayeho, kuko n’aho bageragezaga kwirwanaho bakoreshaga amabuye. [109] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko n’ubwo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugaga ko ibyitso biri mu gihugu hose kugeza no ku rwego rwa Nyumbakumi, ko bahawe imbunda kugira ngo nabo bazirwaneho, bitari byo kuko kuri stade ya Gatwaro ku Kibuye haguye abantu ibihumbi kandi ko nta musirikare wa F.P.R. wari uhari, ko ari uburyo akoresha mu kujijisha imvugo ijimije yakoreshaga, ko nta na hamwe yigeze agaragaza Abatutsi bahungiye bagahabwa intwaro. [110] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nta shingiro bifite kuko ari umwe mu bashinze Parti libéral (P.L.) nyuma ikaza

gucikamo ibice, ko atagaragaza uburyo yacitsemo ibice kuko hari P.L. Power ya Mugenzi Justin nawe yari arimo na P.L. ya Ndasingwa Landouald yitwaga iy’abanzi, ko mbere ya jenoside hari abantu barwanyaga Habyarimana Juvénal ariko muri jenoside bakifatanya n’abandi mu bikorwa byo kwica, we akaba yarabwiraga amahanga ko Abatutsi bari kwicwa ari ibyitso bya F.P.R. kandi ko bahawe imbunda, ko rero n’ubwo uwunganira Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko mu mahame ya F.P.R. nta vangura ririmo, atabihuza n’ijambo rya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ngo yumve ubutumwa burimo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [111] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa. [112] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itanu (50) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwemeje ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rutasobanuye nabi amwe mu magambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoresheje mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga, ruvuga ko aho yavugaga ko umwanzi ari F.P.R. n’abagaragaje ko bafatanyije nayo, yavugaga Abatutsi, kuko mu mvugo ijimije yakoreshwaga, umwanzi wavugwaga ko afatanyije na F.P.R. ari Umututsi, kuko bavugaga ko ari icyitso cya F.P.R., nk’uko byasobanuwe mu rubanza ICTR-96-4- A rwa Akayesu Jean-Paul, rwo ku wa 1/6/2001, aho basobanuye ko ijambo umwanzi ryashoboraga gusobanura Umututsi, binagarukwaho n’umutangabuhamya w’impuguke Filip Reyntjens, wiyambajwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko Pauline na bagenzi be, aho yavuze ko imvugo y’amarenga yakoreshejwe mu mabwiriza yo ku wa 27/4/1994 Minisitiri w’Intebe yahaye aba Perefe, amagambo umwanzi (ennemi) n’icyitso

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(complice) yakoreshwaga, yavugaga Umututsi kimwe n’Abahutu batavugaga rumwe n’Ubutegetsi, ko ari nako babisobanuye mu rubanza ICTR-96- 14-T rwa Niyitegeka Eliezer rwo ku wa 16/5/2003 no mu rubanza ICTR-98-41-T rwitiriwe abasirikare, rwo ku wa 18/12/2008. [113] Nk’uko bigaragara mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga, ku wa 14/5/1994, ubwo yari avuye muri Tanzaniya mu mishyikirano na F.P.R., Ntamabyaliro Agnès yavuze ko basobanuye ibirebana no kuba Guverinoma y’Abatabazi yarihatiye gukangurira abaturage kubumbatira umutekano wabo (assurer leur propre sécurité), bakihatira kutagwa mu mutego wo gusubiranamo, bakihatira kumenya neza umwanzi uwo ariwe, ko umwanzi ari F.P.R. n’abagaragaje ko bafatanyije nayo. [114] Nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda mu rubanza ICTR-98-42-T rwaciwe ku wa 24/6/2011, hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline na bagenzi be14, mu Rwanda, mu mwaka wa 1994, hakoreshwaga imvugo z’amarenga15 (l’emploi du double langage), by’umwihariko ku birebana n’amagambo “ennemi”, inyenzi, inkotanyi, “complice” na “infiltré” kugirango humvikanishwe Abatutsi, ndetse ko aya magambo yakoreshwaga mu mabwiriza ya Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho (Gouvernement intérimaire) nko mu mabwiriza ya Minisitiri w’Intebe, Kambanda Jean, arebana no kugarura umutekano mu gihugu16. [115] Nk’uko kandi byemejwe n’Urukiko rwavuzwe mu gace

kabanziriza aka, mbere y’ukwezi kwa Mata 1994, gahunda yo kwirindira umutekano yari yarashyizweho na Leta y’u Rwanda, mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko abantu bo muri F.P.R. bivanga mu baturage barwo ndetse no kururinda kugira ngo rudahungabanywa n’umwanzi n’ibyitso bye, bigizwe n’Abatutsi bari mu gihugu n’abari hanze yacyo17. Muri urwo rubanza, abahanga Alison Des Forges na Filip Reyntjens basobanuye ko hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya Minisitiri w’Intebe yo ku wa 27/4/1994, umwanzi

14 “A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Chambre estime qu’il a été établi au-delà de tout doute raisonnable que durant toute l’année 1994 des termes tels que termes ennemi, inyenzi, inkotanyi, complice et ‘’infiltré étaient utilisés au Rwanda pour désigner les Tutsis”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 578. 15 “Dans le cadre du procès, le Procureur a produit un nombre considérable d’éléments de preuve sur l’emploi du double langage au Rwanda en 1994, en particulier au regard de celui des termes ennemi, inyenzi, inkotanyi, complice et infiltré pour désigner les Tutsis”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 574. 16 “(…). Outre les témoignages portés sur l’emploi du double langage, des éléments de preuve documentaires ont été produits et invoqués dans le cadre de la déposiition du témoin, à l’effet de démontrer que de telles expressions étaient en effet employées par le Gouvernement intérimaire dans ses directives et instructions. A cet égard, la chambre fait observer qu’elle prend note des termes utilisés dans la pièce à conviction P. 118B (Instructions du Premier Ministre Kambanda visant le rétablissement de la sécurité dans le pays, 27/4/1994 ainsi que (…). Elle relève que les termes utilisés dans ces pièces à conviction renvoient à des actes tels que le

fait de démasquer l’ennemi et ses complices et de combattre l’ennemi”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 575. “La Chambre estime en outre que derrière ces directives et ces instructions se cachait l’intention d’encourager la population à traquer l’ennemi et ses complices, termes généralement utilisés pour désigner les Tutsis, de même qu’à engager des actions contre eux”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 583. 17 “En résumé, la chambre se dit convaincue au-delà de tout doute raisonnable que le programme de défense civile avait été mis en place avant avril 1994 dans le but d’assurer la protection du Rwanda contre l’infiltration de sa population par les agents du FPR, mais également contre l’ennemi et ses complices, au nombre desquels figuraient les Tutsis de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 5589.

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(ennemi) ari FPR-Inkotanyi. Banasobanuye ko umwanzi yari yasobanuwe nk’aho ari F.P.R. n’ibyitso byayo, ko gahunda ya Leta yo kwirindira umutekano yashyizweho bitwaza ko igamije kurinda abaturage, nyamara mu by’ukuri ari nk’inzego za gisirikare zigamije kurwanya abandi baturage no kumenya abafatwa nka “cible” hashingiwe ku bwoko bwabo18 , ko ijambo umwanzi n’ibyitso bye ryakoreshwaga ku Batutsi no ku Bahutu, n’ubwo icyo gihe, Abatutsi bose bafatwaga nk’ibyitso bya F.P.R. Urwo Rukiko rwanzuye ko n’ubwo ijambo icyitso ryashoboraga gukoreshwa no ku Bahutu, ko mu by’ukuri abantu benshi ryakoreshwagaho bari Abatutsi19. [116] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu gukoresha ijambo abagaragaje ko bafatanyije nayo, Ntamabyaliro Agnès yaravugaga ibyitso bya F.P.R., kandi kuko ibyo byitso byafatwaga nk’umwanzi, bigaragara ko abavugwaga ari Abatutsi. [117] Hashingiwe kandi ku byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, wari mu bagize Guverinoma nka Minisitiri w’ubutabera, igihe yagiranaga ikiganiro n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga, yari azi neza ko kizatangazwa mu binyamakuru (radios- presses-médias), akaba kandi yari azi neza ko mu kuvuga ko basobanuriye ibihugu by’amahanga bari basuye politiki ya Guverinoma yo gukangurira abaturage kubumbatira umutekano wabo, bakamenya ko umwanzi ari F.P.R. n’abagaragaje ko bafatanyije nayo, abo baturage

bazahita bumva, hakurikijwe ibihe bari barimo, ko bagomba gukomeza gushyira mu bikorwa umugambi w’ubwicanyi batangiye kandi ko abagombaga kwicwa ari Abatutsi. [118] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès ko atashishikarizaga kwica Abatutsi kuko muri F.P.R. harimo ubwoko bw ‘Abatutsi n’Abahutu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo muri F.P.R. harimo n’Abahutu, ariko mu ijambo ry’amarenga yakoresheje humvikanaga ko abagomba kwicwa ari Abatutsi, akaba ari nabyo byagaragaye kugeza mu kwezi kwa karindwi k’umwaka wa 1994. [119] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero nta makosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwakoze mu kwemeza ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga ko umwanzi ari F.P.R. n’abagaragaraje ko bafatanyije nayo ubwo yari mu kiganiro n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga, yavugaga Abatutsi. [120] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi nta makosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwakoze mu guhamya Ntamabyaliro Agnès icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside, kuko ibi bikorwa bigize ubufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku gushishikariza (provocation ou complicité par instigation) kuko nk’Umuyobozi

18 “Alison des Forges a affirmé que l’ennemi avait été défini comme étant le F.P.R. et ses complices. Cela étant, le programme de défense cicile déployé sous prétexte d’œuvrer pour assurer la protection des civils, était en fait une organisation militaire dont le but était d’attaquer d’autres civils et d’identifier les civils à prendre pour cible sur la base de leur appartenance ethnique”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 5557. “Reyntjens a dit que dans les instructions du 27/4/1994 Kambanda avait indiqué que l’ennemi c’était la FPR-Inkontanyi; l’expression ennemi et ses complices s’appliquait tout aussi bien aux Tutsis qu’aux Hutus, bien qu’à l’époque, les Tutsis étaient tous considérés comme étant des complices du F.P.R.”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 5558. 19 “Quoique de l’avis de Reyntjens, le terme complices pouvait des Hutus, le fait est que la majorité des gens auxquels il s’appliquait étaient des Tutsis”, urubanza ICTR-98-42-T hagati y’Umushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline et consorts, agace ka 5558.

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Mukuru, mu mvugo y’amarenga, yarengereye ububasha bwe, asaba abaturage gukomeza ubwicanyi n’ibindi byaha byakorwaga mu rwego rwa jenoside. Rurasanga kandi yari afite ubushake bwo gukora icyo cyaha kuko yashutse abaturage, abigiriye kandi ashaka, gukora jenoside, kandi anazi neza ko bamwe barimo gukora jenoside [121] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès nta shingiro ifite.

4. Kumenya niba amagambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugiye mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri Hôtel Méridien yarakanguriye abantu kwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi [122] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko yarezwe kuba yaravugiye mu kiganiro yagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri Hôtel Méridien amagambo akangurira kwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, ariko ko icyo kiganiro kitigeze gifatwa amajwi, ko n’ishyaka rya P.L. ryari rifite ikinyamakuru, ariko ko uwo munsi kitari gihari ngo kiyafate. [123] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko ikinyamakuru cyari gihari ari Kanyarwanda, ariko nacyo kitigeze cyandika ko yavuze ijambo ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, ko abatangabuhamya Higiro Prosper na Kayiranga Esdras aribo babivuze, bakaba baranyuranyije n’ibyatangajwe n’icyo kinyamakuru. Avuga ko kuvuga ko yabaye icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside, ikiganiro n’abanyamakuru kigafatwa nk’ubufasha yahaye abayikoze, ntaho bihuriye, ko icyo gihe abantu bari bashishikajwe no gushyira mu bikorwa imishyikirano, nawe akaba yari mubayijyagamo. Avuga nanone ko mu kwezi kwa 10/1993 aribwo Perezida w’Uburundi Ndadaye Melchior yapfuye, muri Mugonero ku Kibuye hakaba imvururu bagatangira kwica Abatutsi, ko yari mu bantu bagiye kuzihosha, ko rero nta kuntu yari kuba mubashishikariza abandi gukora jenoside. [124] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga kandi ko we nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, icyo gihe yashyizemo ingufu cyane ngo amasezerano ya Arusha ashyirwe mu

Itegeko Nshinga kuko aribwo yari kugira ingufu, ko ikinyamakuru cyo cyandikwa kugira ngo kigurishwe, ko hari igihe ukuri guhishwa, ariko ko kitigeze kivuga ko yavuze ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, ko ahubwo abona ari uburyo abatarashakaga ko babangikana muri politike bagiye bamurega kugira ngo baremereze dosiye ye, ko hari n’izindi nama zabereye mu Rutsiro yagiye aregwa, ariko bagasanga nta shingiro bifite, ko rero asaba ko n’iki kiganiro cyafatwa nkazo kuko nta bimenyetso bifatika bihari. [125] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nanone ko kuba P.L. yaracitsemo ibice bibiri atabihakana, ko icyo atemera ari impamvu yabyo, ko nk’uko I.C.T.R. yabisobanuye, hari ikibazo cyo kurwanira imyanya y’ubuyobozi muri Guverinoma no mu Nteko Ishingamategeko, aho bamwe bashakaga imyanya mu Buyobozi mu gihe cyo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano, ko kitari ikibazo cy’ivanguramoko cyangwa cyo gutoteza ubwoko bumwe, ko yatanze inyandiko igaragaza uko bagerageje guhuza impande zombi, harimo na Perezida wa Tanzaniya n’abandi bari mu gihugu. [126] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko hakwiye kurebwa ububasha abatangangabuhamya Higiro Prosper na Kayiranga Esdras bari bafite, ko Higiro Prosper we yari afitanye ibibazo na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, kuko yigeze kuvuga ko yakubiswe muri Minisiteri Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs abigizemo uruhare, ko uwo mujinya utari gutuma amuvugira neza, bityo ko n’ubuhamya bwe butahabwa agaciro. Akomeza avuga ko Higiro Prosper yabaga mu gice kimwe cya P.L. na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ari mu kindi, nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rwa Mugenzi Justin rwa Arusha

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mu gice kivuga Cession de la P.L., ko rero aba batangabuhamya batari bakwiye gutanga ubuhamya, bukaba butanashingirwaho hemezwa ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yabaye icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside. [127] Me Gatera Gashabana asoza avuga ko bakoze igereranya hagati y’urubanza rwa Mugenzi Justin n’urwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, Higiro Prosper na Kayiranga Esdras batanzemo ubuhamya, bagaragaza ko harimo ibibazo byo gupfa imyanya mu Buyobozi ku buryo ku bantu bari bafite animosité byashobokaga ko habamo gupfa cyangwa gukira. [128] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs nawe yemera ko ikinyamakuru Kanyarwanda cyabayeho, ko icyo atemera ari inkuru yanditswemo, ariko ko icyo kinyamakuru gisohoka, ntacyo yakoze ngo agaragaze ko cyamubeshyeye, ko kuvuga ko cyanditswe mu buryo bwo kuryoshya inkuru kugira ngo kigurwe, nta bimenyetso yabigaragarije. Buvuga ko nta kugenekereza kwabayeho kuko amagambo yavuze yumvikanaga, ko ibyo avuga ko nta majwi yafashwe atari byo kuko ibyasohotse mu kinyamakuru byanditswe, ariko ko ntacyo yakoze ngo abinyomoze, ko abatangabuhamya bemeje ibyavugiwe mu kiganiro ari abanyamakuru, kuko bari bazi P.L. kuko bayibayemo, busaba ko ijambo animosité ryakoreshejwe ryazahabwa agaciro. [129] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko kuvuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagize uruhare mu gushyira masezerano y’amahoro ya Arusha mu Itegeko Nshinga ataribyo kuko we yari muri P.L. yarwanyaga ko yashyirwa

mu bikorwa, ko kuyashyiramo byatewe n’igitutu cy’ibihugu by’amahanga. [130] Ku birebana no kuba umutangabuhamya Higiro Prosper yari afitanye ibibazo na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, buvuga ko bidakwiye guhabwa ishingiro, kuko yivugiye ko nta bibazo bafitanye, ko yari agifitanye na Mugenzi Justin, kandi ko nta mpamvu ikomoka ku mategeko yatuma ataba umutangabuhamya kuko avuga ibyasohotse mu kinyamakuru kanyarwanda n’ibyo yari asanzwe azi. Buvuga ko uyu mutangabuhamya batari bakiri kumwe mu ishyaka, ko batari bakiri kumwe muri politike ndetse na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarahunze, ko nta nyungu yo kumubeshyera yari afite, ko icyo gihe nka Minisitiri batari kumwitirira ikintu ngo areke kubinyomoza.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [131] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa. [132] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itanu na rimwe (51) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwavuze ko rusanga amagambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugiye mu kiganiro abanyamakuru bagiranye n’abayobozi ba P.L. muri Hôtel Méridien yarayavuze yikoma abantu bo mu bwoko bumwe, avuga ko bifungirana bagakora inama, ko bishobora kurakaza abo mu bundi bwoko, nabo bakishyira hamwe, kandi ko ayo magambo yavuze yakanguriraga kwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, hakurikijwe ibihe igihugu cyarimo n’amagambo ajimije yakoreshwaga.

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[133] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye kandi ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko kuba hataragaragajwe icyo kiganiro bisobanura ko ayo magambo atayavuze, nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko abatangabuhamya Higiro Prosper na Kayiranga Esdras bahamya ko yayavuze, bikanagaragazwa n’inkuru yasohotse mu kinyamakuru Kanyarwanda nimero 8 yo ku wa 29/9/1993, nyuma y’igihe gito icyo kiganiro kibaye. [134] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye nanone ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko ibyanditswe muri icyo kinyamakuru ari ibitekerezo by’abanyamakuru, ko ubuhamya bwa Higiro Prosper butahabwa agaciro kuko bari bahanganye mu ishyaka, nta shingiro bifite, kuko kuba uwo mutangabuhamya yari mu kindi gice cya P.L. bitabuza ubuhamya bwe kwemerwa kuko buhura n’ibyanditswe mu kinyamakuru, bikanahura kandi n’ibyavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya Kayiranga Esdras. [135] Nk’uko bigaragara mu kinyamakuru Kanyarwanda, umunyamakuru Nzabandora Chaste yanditse agira ati: ku wa gatanu tariki ya 24 Nzeri, mu kiganiro abayobozi ba P.L. bagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri hoteli Umubano Méridien i Kigali, abantu barumiwe bumvise Minisitiri w’Ubutabera madamu Ntamabyariro Anyesi, yiyama abantu ngo bifungira mu mazu, bagakoreramo amanama, cyane cyane ariko ngo akababazwa n’uko abo bantu ari ubwoko bumwe, ibyo ngo bikaba byatuma ubundi bwoko burakara, bwibwira ko babugambanira. [136] Hasesenguwe ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha

ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga urwo Rukiko rwarasanze amagambo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavuze muri icyo kiganiro, yarakanguriye ukwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, harebwe ibihe igihugu cyarimo n’amagambo ajimije yakoreshwaga. [137] Ku birebana no kuba ikiganiro kivugwa kitarigeze gifatwa amajwi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibi bitavuga ko amagabo ikinyamakuru Kanyarwanda cyanditse atavuzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnès ku itariki ya 24/9/1993. Rurasanga kandi Ntamabyaliro Agnès adahakana ko yagiranye ikiganiro n’abanyamakuru kuri iyo tariki muri hoteli Umubano Méridien. [138] Ku birebana n’iby’uko Higiro Prosper atavugisha ukuri ku byerekeye ikiganiro kivugwa kubera impamvu yasobanuye muri uru rwego, usibye no kuba atabitangira ibimenyetso, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Ntamabyaliro Agnès atanenga ibyo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye by’uko ibyanditswe muri icyo kinyamakuru bihura n’ibyavuzwe n’undi mutangabuhamya witwa Kayiranga Esdras. [139] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibigaragaza kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yavuze aya magambo, ari uko muri icyo kinyamakuru, umunyamakuru Nzabandora Chaste yanenze cyane ibyo yavuze kugeza ubwo amubaza ibibazo mu nyandiko ye, ku buryo iyo aba ataravuze aya magambo y’ubushotoranyi, muri ibyo bihe byari bikomeye, yari gufata ijambo anenga ibyo bamwanditseho,

byaba ngombwa akanakurikirana uwo munyamakuru. [140] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga umunyamakuru Nzabandora Chaste asesengura aya magambo yavuzwe na Ntamabyaliro Agnès, n’ubwo atanzuye mu buryo bweruye ko ubwoko bumwe bw’abantu bwifungiranaga mu mazu, bukora amanama ari ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, yasobanuye mu buryo buhagije ko aya magambo akangurira ivangura ry’amoko, rigamije kuburizamo uburenganzira bwa bamwe, ukabwemerera abandi.

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[141] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu by’ukuri, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rutaravuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yakoresheje amagambo ubwoko bw’Abatutsi ubwo yatangaga icyo kiganiro, ahubwo urwo Rukiko rwanzuye ko havugwa iyo mvugo, Ntamabyaliro Agnès yakoresheje amagambo ajimije, avuga ko abantu bo mu bwoko bumwe bifungirana mu mazu, bagakoreramo amanama, yavugaga ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, akangurira kwibasira ubwo bwoko. [142] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi kwongeraho ko ibyo bishobora gutuma ubundi bwoko burakara, bwibwira ko babugambaniye, byumvikanisha ko aya magambo, hashingiwe mu bihe koko igihugu cyarimo ubwo Ntamabyaliro Agnès yayavugaga, atari amagambo agamije kubiba amahoro, ahubwo akaba ari amagambo akarishye akangurira Abahutu kwica no kugirira nabi Abatutsi. [143] Ku birebana n’ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwemeje ko ari icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside, ariko ko rutigeze rugaragaza abo yabereye icyitso, cyangwa abo yakanguriye kwica, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga bitahabwa agaciro kuko amategeko adateganya ko mu kwemeza ko umuntu ari icyitso cy’undi muntu, Umucamanza agomba kugaragaza gatozi kuri icyo cyaha (auteur), ahubwo icy’ingenzi akaba ari ukugaragaza ko igikorwa nyirizina (infraction principale) kigize icyaha kandi cyakozwe. [144]

Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe byose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta makosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwakoze mu kwemeza ko amagambo Ntamabyaliro Agnès yavuze mu kiganiro abayobozi ba P.L. bagiranye n’abanyamakuru muri Hôtel Méridien, yakanguriye abantu kwibasira ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, kandi ko ibi bikorwa bimugira icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside. [145] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès nta shingiro ifite.

5. Kumenya niba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yaritiriwe ububasha bwo kuba yarashoboraga guhagarika jenoside nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera kandi ntabwo yari afite [146] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko inkiko zamwitiriye ububasha bw’ikirenga zivuga ko nka Minisitiri yashoboraga guhagarika jenoside, ariko ko icyo gihe bari mu bihe bikomeye, aho umuntu yaramukaga akibaza niba buri bwire, bwakwira akibaza niba ari buramuke. Akomeza avuga ko mu mategeko ububasha bwariho kuri Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ariko ko mu bikorwa nta bwari buhari, ko bitari gushoboka ko agira icyo akora kuko abantu batumviraga Ubutegetsi, ko batabwubahaga, ariko ko Urukiko rwabyirengagije, ko kugira ngo Leta ihaguruke mu cyicaro cyayo ari ikintu gikomeye Urukiko rutari kwirengagiza. [147] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko mu kwezi kwa 4/1994, bakirasa indege ya Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal yabyiyumviye kuri radiyo, ko yahamagaye abashinjacyaha agira ngo barebe icyo bakora kugira ngo umutekano udahungabana, agahamagara n’uwari ukuriye Urukiko Rusesa imanza bakamubwira ko adahari, uwari Umushinjacyaha Mukuru mu Bushinjacyaha bwa Nyarugenge nawe agasanga adahari. Avuga ko yahamagaye Minisitiri Uwiringiyimana Agathe bakavugana, akamubwira ko nawe agiye guhamagaza akanama k’aba Minisitiri bikarangira batabonanye, kuko yaje kumererwa nabi kugeza yambuwe ubuzima, ko yahise ahamagara

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Minisitiri w’Intebe ntabashe kumubona, ko rero nta kindi yari gukora kuko nabo bari bavuye mu rugo bagahungira kwa Ambassadeur wa Amerika kuko bari baturanye, kandi ko nta bubasha yari afite kurusha abasirikali, ingabo za F.P.R. na MINUAR, ko itegeko ritari ricyubahirizwa, ko ahubwo hakwiye kwibazwa niba Guverinoma yahunze iba ikiri Guverinoma. Avuga ko hari gukorwa ubushakashatsi muri politike cyangwa mu Butegetsi (Administration) kugira ngo bamenye ko yari ikiriyo, kandi ko yari iyobowe n’agace k’interahamwe, kari gashyigikiye jenoside, ko ako gace katarimo abantu bose, nawe akaba atari akarimo. [148] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga kandi ko ku itariki ya karindwi (7) y’ukwezi kwa kane yavuye mu rugo agiye mu irahira rya Guverinoma y’Abatabazi, ku itariki ya cyenda (9) ajya muri Hôtel des Diplomates, ko yahavuye ku itariki ya cumi na kabiri (12), nyuma y’abandi Baminisitiri we na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline, batazi igihe abandi bagendeye, bageze i Gitarama bamubwira ko agomba kujya mu mishyikirano Arusha ku itariki ya cumi na gatatu (13), ko yagarutse ku wa 14/5/1994, igice kinini cya jenoside kikaba cyarabaye atari mu Rwanda kandi ko mbere yo kugenda yakoresheje inama Abashinjacyaha Bakuru na ba Perezida b’Inkiko ababwira ko bagomba kubungabunga umutekano, ko ntawe ugomba kugirira nabi undi, ariko ko icyo kiganiro kitigeze kigaragara kandi cyaranyuze kuri radiyo. [149] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs

avuga nanone ko Ubushinjacyaha bwigeze gusaba ko yagaragaza umuntu wafunzwe azira gukora ubwicanyi, ariko ko yagaragaje ko i Butare hari Abashinjacyaha bafunze interahamwe zari zishe abantu ahantu, ariko ko iyo station yatewe n’interahamwe zigira ngo zifunguze bene wabo bari bafunzwe, agasaba Minisitiri wa Gisirikari kumuha abantu bari Abashinjacyaha n’Abagenzacyaha, we amusubiza ko babuze abajya kurwanirira igihugu, ko batabona abajya kurinda abantu. [150] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yongeraho ko uwari Perefe wa Gitarama yamutangiye ubuhamya ko nta ntwaro yatanze, kandi ko na Kibuye bamwitirira, uretse kuyivukamo, hari hashize imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) ahavuye, ashatse umugabo i Gitarama, ko ariho yakoreraga politiki, ndetse ko ku Kibuye yari agiye kuharasirwa, biba ngombwa ko abamurindaga barasa hejuru. Asoza avuga ko inkiko zitiranyije ibiri mu mategeko no kubishyira mu bikorwa, kandi ko na Guverinoma itari igihari, utabasha kumusaba raporo yo mu mezi atandatu ngo ayibone, ko atari no kuvuga ko iyo Guverinoma ayivuyemo kandi nawe yari akeneye umutekano, ko rero Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaza umugambi wo gukora icyaha, ko kuba ntacyo yakoze, bitavuga ko yashakaga kurimbura ubwoko, ko hari “désobéissance civile”. [151] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko mu gihe cya jenoside gukoresha ububasha bushingiye ku mategeko bitashobokaga, ahubwo ko Minisitiri w’Intebe ariwe washoboraga

kugenzura umutekano, abasirikali n’imitwe yari ihari icyo gihe. [152] Me Gatera Gashabana akomeza avuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuye Arusha, yashatse gukoresha inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza, asanga abo bari kuyikorana, utarapfuye yarahunze, ko uretse ububasha bwari mu mategeko gusa, ubundi bwari bufitwe n’abasirikari n’interahamwe, ko icyo gihe Minisitiri yahagarikwaga kuri bariyeri interahamwe zikamusuzugura, ko rero nta kindi yari ashoboye. [153] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga nanone ko mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko Pauline, hari amazina y’abaminisitiri batanze bagendeye ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe na André Guichaoua,

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bashishikarizaga abaturage ubwicanyi, harimo abo bita “les plus agités”, “les politiciens les plus excites” abo bise “les volontaires”, “les tȃcherons” na ba nyakabyizi, ko muri aba, abiswe les ‘’exécutants’’ bose bahamwe n’ibyaha barahanwa, naho abandi baba abere, ko ibi bishatse kugaragaza ko bamwe mu Baminisitiri bo muri Guverinoma y’Abatabazi, nta bubasha bari bafite, bityo ko na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ntacyo yari gukora kuko yari muba Minisitiri bari bafite ububasha “de jure”, ariko badafite ububasha “de facto”. [154] Me Gatera Gashabana asoza avuga ko hashingiwe ku ihame ry’uburyozwacyaha bw’umuyobozi ukuriye abandi (responsabilité pénale du supérieur hiérarchique), rivugwa mu Nkiko Mpuzamahanga, riteganywa kandi n’ingingo ya 6.3) ya Statut za T.P.I.R. kandi rigomba gukoreshwa ku kibazo kirebana no kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atarakoresheje ububasha yari afite igihe cya jenoside, hagomba kugaragazwa ko umuyobozi ukuriye abandi yari afite ububasha bwo kugenzura (contrôler) cyangwa bwo gushyigikira (influencer) ibyo abo ayobora (ses subordonnés) bakora, bivuze ko hagomba kugaragazwa ko hari ihuriro (un lien de subordination) rihuza uwakoze icyaha n’uregwa, rishyira uwakoze icyaha (auteur du crime) mu bubasha bwo kugenzurwa mu buryo bwose n’uregwa (accusé ou supérieur hiérarchique), ko afite cyangwa adafite ububasha bwuzuye bwo guha amabwiriza abo ayobora no kuba afite ubushobozi

bwo kubagenzura koko (Contrôle effectif). [155] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ku bw’amategeko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs nawe yemera ko yari afite ububasha, ko ibyo Urukiko rwavuze mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na kane (64), ari ububasha yari afite mu mategeko, ko atari ukuba yari afite intwaro cyangwa ngo atange amategeko n’amabwiriza ku basirikari, ko hari ibyo yari gukora jenoside ntigire ubukana yagize. [156] Ubushinjacyaha busobanura ko mu kiganiro yagiranye n’umunyamakuru Bamwanga, mu bubasha bushingiye ku mategeko yari afite uburyo bwo kugira icyo abwira amahanga no kwamagana jenoside, ariko ko ataricyo gisubizo yatanze, ko iyo avuga ko hari interahamwe zirimo kwica inzirakarengane kuko yari azi ko Abatutsi bari kwicwa, ubwo butumwa bwari gutambuka, ahubwo we akaba yaravuze ko F.P.R. idakwiye kubeshya, ko abantu barimo gupfa kubera intambara F.P.R. yubuye. [157] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ageze i Bukavu ku itariki ya 21/9/1994, yanditse ibaruwa mu zina rya Guverinoma, yandikira uwari Perezida wa “Commission des Nations-Unies des droits de l’homme i Genève”, ayita “Le peuple rwandais accuse”, arega F.P.R. guhungabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda, ko iyo aba atari muri ibyo bikorwa, yari kwandika avuga ko abantu barimo gupfa. Buvuga ko ububasha bwo kuba yagira icyo akora yari abufite, kuko yashoboraga kwandika mu binyamakuru, kwandika amabaruwa

ahagarika ubwicanyi, ko kuba atarabikoze aribyo bigaragaza ubushake bwo gukora icyaha (élément moral), kuko yari azi ko kubikora bishoboka. [158] Ku birebana n’ibyo uwunganira ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko mu bihe barimo ntacyo yari gukora kuko na Guverinoma itariho, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko atari byo, ko ibyo avuga ko yashatse gukoresha Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza nabyo atari byo, ahubwo ko kuba yaragendaga arinzwe nk’uko abivuga, bigaragaza ko ntacyo yari kuba bikanagaragaza ko abasirikali n’imitwe yariho bubahaga Abayobozi, kandi ko n’igihe yamaze mu gihugu cya Tanzaniya aba yaragize icyo akora akoresheje ububasha yari afite mu guhagarika jenoside, ko n’ubwo atari kuyihagarika ijana ku ijana, yari kugira icyo agabanyaho.

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[159] Ubushinjacyaha busoza buvuga ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nta shingiro bifite, ko Urukiko rwasobanuye ko nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera nta mabwiriza yigeze atanga yo kwamagana ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga abatutsi kandi yari azi ko buri gukorwa, ko rutigeze ruvuga ko imbaraga yari afite ari iz’intwaro, ahubwo ko rwavuze ko ububasha bw’amategeko yari afite atigeze abukoresha nibura ngo yandikire abari bashinzwe ikurikiranacyaha, ngo abasabe gukurikirana abicaga abatutsi, ahubwo ko yakomezaga gukangurira abaturage kumenya umwanzi uwo ariwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [160] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. [161] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa. [162] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na kane (64) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwavuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari Ministiri w’Ubutabera muri Guverinoma y’Abatabazi, ko yari afite mu nshingano ze, guha amabwiriza inzego zishinzwe kugenza no gukurikirana ibyaha, ariko ko ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorwaga mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye bihagarare n’ababikoze bakurikiranwe. [163] Urwo Rukuru rwasobanuye kandi ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atigeze agaragaza ko yitandukanyije na Guverinoma y’Abatabazi mu gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside, no muri gahunda yo guha abaturage intwaro mu cyo bitaga “kwirindira umutekano”,

nyamara bagamije kwica Abatutsi, nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rwa Kambanda Jean muri T.P.I.R. no mu rubanza RPAA 0002/Gén/10/CS rwa Dr. Zirimwabagabo Charles, rwaciwe ku wa 20/5/2011 n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. [164] Mu gace ka mirongo itandatu na gatanu (65) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye nanone ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomoka ku Kibuye akaba yari ahafite ijambo, ko nk’uwari Minisitiri, yajyagayo agakoresha inama za Leta n’iz’ishyaka, nk’uko byemejwe n’abatangabuhamya Rwamucyo Juvénal, Ndagijimana Fidѐle, Ndagiriyiryayo Thaddée, Abimana Mathias na Ngendahayo Gervais, ko nta n’ikigaragaza ko inama y’abakozi bo mu butabera avuga ko yahamagaje yari igamije kurwanya abakoraga ubwicanyi. Uretse n’ibyo, urwo Rukiko rwagaragaje ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yivuguruza kuko avuga ko yatumije inama y’abakozi bo mu nzego z’Ubutabera, ubundi akavuga ko izo nzego zitakoraga, nyamara zarakoraga kuko icyo gihe hari abantu bafunzwe, abafunguwe n’abimuriwe mu yandi magereza, ndetse n’Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza ikaba yarabashije guterana igashyira abakozi mu myanya. [165] Hashingiwe ku ibyo bisobanuro, urwo Rukiko rwanzuye ko ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès ku birebana no kuba nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yaragizwe icyitso cy’abakora jenoside yitirirwa ububasha adafite, nta shingiro bufite.

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[166] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko inkiko zamwitiriye ububasha bw’ikirenga buvuga ko nka Minisitiri yashoboraga guhagarika jenoside, bitahabwa agaciro kuko hashingiwe ku byagaragajwe, byasobanuwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, usanga ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ataribyo rwasobanuye, ahubwo aruvugisha ibyo rutavuze kuko rwo rwavuze ko ntacyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoze kugira ngo icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakorwaga mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Kibuye bihagarare n’ababikoze bakurikiranwe. [167] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko mu mategeko ububasha bwariho kuri Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ariko ko mu bikorwa nta bwari buhari, ko bitari gushoboka ko agira icyo akora kuko abantu batumviraga Ubutegetsi, ko batabwubahaga, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta gaciro byahabwa kuko byagaragaye ko kuva mu mwaka wa 1993 kugeza mu kwezi kwa karindwi k’umwaka wa 1994, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoraga imirimo ye nta kibazo afite, yahagariraga igihugu mu mahanga, yatangaga ibiganiro ku byaberaga mu gihugu icyo gihe, yanafataga ijambo mu nama zinyuranye ari kumwe n’abandi Bayobozi Bakuru, ibi bigaragaza nta gushidikanya ko yari afite ububasha mu mategeko no mu bikorwa. [168] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ko atari kuvuga ko iyo Guverinoma ayivuyemo kandi nawe

yari akeneye umutekano, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ikibazo cy’umutekano we kitari kuba impamvu yari gutuma aguma muri Guverinoma atemeranwa nayo cyangwa ngo kibe impamvu yo gutuma atagira icyo akora kugirango yamagane ibyaha byose byakorwaga mu rwego rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, kuko ibyo byaha by’ubugome bibangamira mu buryo bukabije uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu,ariyo mpamvu inyungu zo kurinda abaturage zitagereranywa n’ingaruka zishobora kuba ku Bayobozi bafashije abantu bari mu kaga20. [169] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo atarakoresheje ubwo bubasha kugira ngo arwanye ibyaha byose byakorwaga mu rwego rwa jenoside, ngo amategeko arebana n’uburenganzira bw’umuntu yubahirizwe. Rurasanga kandi mu byo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yakoze icyo gihe, yaragaragaje ko yemeranyaga na politike ya guverinoma, bityo mu gihe atagaragaza ko hari ibyo yakoze arwanya politike ya Guverinoma, bikamunanira, ibyo asobanura byose nta shingiro bifite. [170] Ku bivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko igice kinini cya jenoside cyabaye atari mu Rwanda, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibi bitari kumubuza gukoresha ububasha bwe mu buryo bukwiye, ari hanze y’igihugu, kandi nyuma yo kugaruka mu gihugu, yashoboraga kubukoresha kubera ko jenoside yari igikomeje gukorwa. Rurasanga kandi kuvuga ko mbere yo kujya mu mahanga mu kwezi kwa kane (4) w’umwaka wa 1994, yakoresheje inama Abashinjacyaha Bakuru

20 “La Chambre considère que l’élément tenant au risque pour soi et pour les tiers, (….), à même de justifier l’inaction de tout individu, ne peut pas être retenu pour une exonération totale, compte tenu du caractère particulièrement grave des crimes commis lors des événements de 1994, au Rwanda. En effet, les atteintes à l’intégrité physique dont a été victimesdes miliers de personnes au cours de ces événements, touchent même aux intérêts fondamentaux de l’Humanité tout entière, intérêts dont la protection ne saurait nullement être contrebalancée par le simple risque personnel qu’aurait tout individu qui, en position d’autorité, a omis d’agir pour porter secours à des personnes dont la vie était en danger”, Jugement TPIR-95-1C-T, paragraphe 81, en cause Le Procureur contre Rutaganira Vincent. “S’agissant du crime contre l’humanité, la Chambre prend en considération qu’il n’y a pas totale équivalence entre la vie de l’accusé et celle de la victime. A la différence du droit commun, l’objet de l’atteinte n’est plus la seule intégrité de la victime mais l’humanité tout entire”, jugement Erdemovic I, para.19.

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na ba Perezida b’Inkiko, ababwira ko bagomba kubungabunga umutekano, ko ntawe ugomba kugirira nabi undi, bigaragaza ko ubwe yemera ko yari afite ububasha buseseyu mu mategeko no mu bikorwa, uretse ko n’ibyo yemeza atabitangira ibimenyetso. [171] Ku bivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko kuba ntacyo yakoze, bitavuga ko yashakaga kurimbura ubwoko bw’Abatutsi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye mu buryo budashidikanywaho impamvu zishingiye ku mategeko zatumye, nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, aba icyitso cy’abakoze icyaha cya jenoside. [172] Ku birebana no kuba mu gitabo cye cyiswe “Le roi est mort, vive le roi”, André Guichaoua ataramuvuze muba Minisitiri bafatanyije na Minisitiri w’Intebe mu gushishikariza abaturage gukora jenoside, ko rero hagomba kwemezwa ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari afite ububasha “de jure”, ariko atari abufite “de facto”, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, bitabagambamiye ibisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atavugwamo, bitavuze ko atakoze icyaha yahamijwe, kandi bikaba bitari igisubizo mu bikorwa aregwa. Rurasanga kandi iyo usomye uko André Guichaoua yanditse ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, bigaragara ko haba ilisiti y’amazina y’Abaminisitiri “les plus volontaires et excités, haba iy’aba “tȃcherons”, haba n’iy’aba “larons politiques”,

zose zitari zirangiye “exhaustives”. [173] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside kuko atakoresheje ububasha yari afite mu gihe cya jenoside, nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ariko ko hashingiwe ku ihame ry’uburyozwacyaha bw’umuyobozi ukuriye abandi, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rutagaragaje ko nk’umuyobozi ukuriye abandi, hari ihuriro (lien de subordination) ryari hagati ye n’abakoraga jenoside, ryamuhaga ububasha bwo kugenzura mu buryo bwuzuye abakoraga jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ko yari afite cyangwa atari afite ububasha bwuzuye bwo guha amabwiriza abo yayoboraga, ni ukuvuga abakoraga jenoside, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, mu guhamya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs icyo cyaha, urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku mategeko yakurikizwaga mu Rwanda ubwo ibikorwa aregwa byakoragwa, ni ukuvuga cyane cyane ingingo ya 91 y’Itegeko-Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, irebana n’ubwitso (complicité). Ibi bigaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutari gukoresha iryo hame hashingiwe ku bivugwa mu ngingo ya 6 ya Statut ya T.P.I.R.21, kuko Statut ya T.P.I.R. itari mu mategeko y’u Rwanda. [174] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi ubwitso n’uburyozwacyaha bw’umuyobozi ukuriye abandi ari ibintu bibiri (notions) bitandukanye mu mategeko nshinjabyaha, ku buryo ibikorwa bisabwa kugaragazwa mu gihe umuntu aregwa kuba icyitso, bitandukanye n’ibigomba kugaragazwa mu gihe umuntu aryoza icyaha kubera ko ari umuyobozi ukuriye abandi22.

21 Ingingo ya 6 3) ya Statut ya T.P.I.R. iteganya ko “Le fait que l’un quelconque des actes visés aux articles 2 à 5 du présent statut a été commis par un subordonné ne dégage pas son supérieur de sa responsabilité pénale s’il savait ou avait des raisons de savoir que le subordonné s’apprêtait à commettre cet acte ou l’avait fait et que le supérieur n’a pas pris les mesures nécessaires et raisonnables pour empêcher que ledit acte soit commis ou en punir les auteurs”. 22 “Dans ces approches (celles du Tribunal pénal international pour la ex-Yougoslavie et de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) en effet, l’omission du supérieur hiérarchique à contrôler ses subordonnés est présentée comme un

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[175] Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwarasobanuye mu buryo budashidikanywaho ko nk’umwe mu bagize Guverinoma, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari afite inshingano n’ububasha busesuye bwo kwamagana Guverinoma kugira ngo hafatwe ibyemezo byo guhagarika ibyaha byakorwaga mu rwego rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ndetse ko nka Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, yari afite inshingano n’ububasha busesuye bwo guha amabwiriza inzego zishinzwe kugenza no gukurikirana ibyo byaha, n’ubwo byanze bikunze atari gushobora kubihagarika. [176] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs nta shingiro ifite.

6. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwarakoresheje nabi “théorie du spectateur approbateur” mu guhamya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi [177] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ko yahaye inkunga ikomeye abakoraga jenoside ubwo yageraga ku Kibuye, ko abamubonye bumvise ko bashyigikiwe mu byo bakoraga, kandi atari byo. [178] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs asobanura ko mu gace ka mirongo itandatu n’icyenda (69) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwashingiye kuri “théorie du spectateur approbateur”, rukemeza ko urugendo rwe rwahaye inkunga abakoze jenoside mu Bisesero, ariko ko hagati ya Bisesero na Kibuye harimo ibirometero bigera kuri makumyabiri (20), ko kuvuga ko uwari mu Bisesero yamubonye bikamutera akanyabugabo, bigaragaza ko iyo “théorie du spectateur approbateur”, yakoreshejwe nabi n’urwo Rukiko, kuko ahubwo ikoreshwa iyo umuntu yageze ahantu hari gukorerwa ibintu bibi, ko kugira ngo ikoreshwe, intera (distance) ari ngombwa kuko abatangabuhamya bagomba kuba barabonye uregwa hafi yabo. [179] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko ubwo yari ku Kibuye yamaganye jenoside agahamagarira inzego z’Ubucamanza n’Ubushinjacyaha guhana abakoze ibyaha, ariko byahinduwemo ko yabahamagariraga guhana abanze gukora jenoside

kandi ataribyo yavugaga, ko abatangabuhamya Hategekimana Sabin, Munyaneza Pascal na Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne batari kumwe mu Bisesero, ku buryo umuntu yari kumubonayo bikamutera inkunga. [180] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko n’ubwo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwashingiye ku byo abatangabuhamya bavuze, kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarageze ku Kibuye ntibihagije kugira ngo abe “spectatrice approbatrice” ku byabaye kuri Paruwasi, kuri Sitade Gatwaro no mu Bisesero, kuko “spectateur approbateur” ari umuntu wagize “rôle actif”, wagiye kureba ibyo bikorwa akanabishyigikira, ariko ko nyamara

crime autonome”, Jacqus B. Mbokani, l’application de laa responsabilite ́ des supérieurs hiérarchiques aux rebelles dans l’affaire Bemba P.39, in http://www.persee.fr/ consulté le 4/11/2019. “Elle (La chambre III de la Cour pénale internationale) a ensuite soutenu que, dans le Statut de Rome, cette forme de responsabilité est présentée comme unr forme différente de celles qui sont prévues à l’article 25 du Statut de Rome, tout en étant liée aux crimes commis par les subordonnés. Sur cette base, elle a estimé que la responsabilité des supérieurs hiérarchiques est sui generis”, idem, P.40-41.

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Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs we, nta “visite d’inspection” yakoze kuko yahageze mu ma saa tatu akavuga ijambo, saa tanu akagenda. Asaba Urukiko gusuzuma niba hari “rôle actif” yagize mu bikorwa byabaye hariya. [181] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwabisobanuye mu gace ka mirongo itandatu n’icyenda (69) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yageze ku Kibuye ku itariki ya 16/5/1994, ubwicanyi bwari bwarakorewe kuri Paruwasi ku wa 17/4/1994 no kuri Home Saint Jean, ubundi bwarakorewe kuri Sitade Gatwaro ku wa 18/4/1994, hakaba hari hashize igihe gito bukozwe. [182] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko n’ubwo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko hagati ya Kibuye na Bisesero hari ibirometero makumyabiri (20), ko nta wari kumubona, ariko ko avuga ririya jambo hari ibihumbi by’imirambo byari bikiri mu sitade n’ubwicanyi buke bugikomeje, ko iryo jambo arivuga ryahaye imbaraga abakoraga ubwicanyi kuko abari abayobozi bose bari muri iyo nama (ba Perefe, ba Burugumesitiri n’abandi) kandi ko aribo bari mu bateguye jenoside muri Kibuye, ko iryo jambo ryaraye rigeze kuri Nyumbakumi, bityo ko abaguye mu yandi makomini atavuga ko bitamureba, kuko hagomba kurebwa ubutumwa yatanze muri iryo jambo, kandi ko bitari ngombwa ko “auteurs principaux” baba bagaragaye, ko uruhare rwe mu cyaha barwerekanye, kandi ko n’ubwo abatangabuhamya bavuze ko bamubonye tariki ya 3/5/1994 kandi atari mu Rwanda, adahakana ko amagambo aregwa ko yavuze kandi ko abo batangabuhamya banagaragaje umurongo yari afite ayavuga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [183] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. [184] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa”. [185] Mu gace ka mirongo itandatu n’icyenda (69) n’aka mirongo irindwi na kabiri (72) tw’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko hashingiwe ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya Hategekimana Sabin, Munyaneza Pascal na Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne bemeje ko kubona Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs hafi y’aho ubwo bwicanyi bwakorerwaga, hamwe n’abandi Bayobozi Bakuru mu rwego rw’igihugu, babifashe nko kubashyigikira, ko kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yaragiye iwabo ku Kibuye, ari kumwe n’Abayobozi Bakuru b’igihugu mu gihe ubwicanyi bwari bumaze iminsi bukozwe ahantu hatandukanye, harimo stade Gatwaro, kuri home St Jean, ndetse no mu Bisesero aho bwari bukomeje gukorwa, aho kugira ngo abwamagane cyangwa se ngo agire icyo akora kugira ngo bihagarare, ahubwo agafata ijambo ashimira abo yavugaga ko babashije kugarura umutekano yunga mu ijambo rya Sindikubwabo Théodore, ibyo ari inkunga ikomeye kandi ya ngombwa yatumye bashishikara mu gukomeza ubwicanyi. Mu gace ka mirongo irindwi (70) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye kandi ko kugera ku Kibuye kwa Ntamabyaliro

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Agnѐs, ari kumwe n’Abayobozi Bakuru mu gihe cy’ubwicanyi, agafata ijambo ashimira ababukoraga, abyitirira kugarura umutekano, bigaragaza ko yari azi neza ko abo yabwiraga babifataga nko kubashyigikira muri ibyo bikorwa bya jenoside, ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 91 y’Itegeko–Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku ihame rijyanye no gutanga inkunga ya ngombwa urebera ibyaha bikorwa (théorie du spectateur-approbateur), akaba ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoraga jenoside, kuko yatanze inkunga ya ngombwa areba ibyaha bikorwa. [186] Nk’uko bigaragara muri dosiye y’urubanza, mu buhamya Hategekimana Sabin yatanze ubwo Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwakoraga iperereza, yavuze ko yabonye Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs mu nama yabereye ku Kibuye mu ngoro ya M.R.N.D. ku wa 3/5/1994, ari kumwe na Karemera Edouard wari Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’igihugu, Ngirumpatse na Nzirorera, babashimira igikorwa cyiza bakoze ngo barengere igihugu, ko icyo gihe Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yababwiye ko umwanzi abugarije, ko badakwiye gutaha batageze no mu Bisesero. [187] Hategekimana Sabin yavuze kandi ko uruhare rwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ari uko iyo batabashishikariza kwica mu Bisesero, bari gutaha batagezeyo. Avuga ko Abaminisitiri bari barize, na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs bari basanzwe bazi akahabasanga akababwira ko agiye kubashakira indi nkunga y’abantu, ko hari n’inkunga yabasigiye, hakaba nta

cyatuma atagwa mu cyaha. Yavuze nanone ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yabahaye amafaranga kandi ko yabasabye kuguma ku Kibuye, ko rero yabashishikaje akanabaha inkunga. [188] Mu buhamya bwatanze na Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne, yavuze ko azi Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs mu gihe cy’amashyaka bari muri meeting mu kwezi kwa 11/1993, aho yababwiraga ngo bishyire hamwe babe umwe, ko ishyaka atari iry’Abatutsi, ndetse aranababwira ati: ese ubundi Umututsi arinda ariyobora muri hehe? aribwo hahise haba amatora, n’igihe bahungaga, aho yabanyuzeho kuri bariyeri, arababwira ati: ziratubwerabweje ariko nimuhumure muhagarare kigabo tuzagaruka, ko nta kindi gihe yamubonye. [189] Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne yavuze kandi ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yababwiriye muri meeting byateye urwango n’ingaruka kuko Abatutsi bari bazi ko barishyigikiwemo (P.L.), ko ari iry’inkotanyi, ariko ko babasuzuguye bagasubira mu bwigunge, bakabura ijambo. Yavuze ko iyo umuntu nka Minisitiri yababwiraga ijambo babyakiraga nk’aho ibyo ababwiye ari ukuri, nk’umuntu ukomeye, bakumva ko bagomba gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo ababwiye, anabakangurira. [190] Mu buhamya bwe, Munyaneza Pascal yavuze ko azi Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, ko ari mwene Gatorano, ko mu mpera z’umwaka wa 1993 yaje gukoresha meeting no gushinga amabendera ya P.L., ko hari n’igihe Konseye yababwiye ko bavuye mu nama yarimo na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, akababwira ko bagomba gutabara Komini

Gishyita yugarijwe n’Abatutsi, ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs na Depite aribo bafashe icyemezo cyo gusaba inkunga mu masegiteri y’interahamwe zo gutabara Komini Gishyita. Avuga ko muri meeting y’amashyaka yakorwaga hajemo ivangura ari nabyo byabaye intandaro yo kwica Abatutsi, kuko mu gihe cyo kubica mu mwaka wa1994, amashyaka yose yahindutse ishyaka rimwe. [191] Munyaneza Pascal yavuze kandi ko impamvu avuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ari umwe mu bashyigikiye ubwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi, ari uko n’ubwo nka Minisitiri batajyanye kwica, ko umwambi w’ijambo ryavuye mu kanwa ke na bagenzi be bagize Guverinoma na radio R.T.L.M.

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bavugiragaho, ari byo byamaze imbaga y’Abanyarwanda, ko Guverinoma yari iriho itafashe icyemezo ngo Abahutu batangiye kwica abatutsi bafatwe bafungwe. [192] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu kwemeza ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutaragaragaje ibikorwa bishimangira ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari hafi ubwo ubwicanyi bwakorwaga kuri stade Gatwaro, kuri home St Jean, ndetse no mu Bisesero. [193] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo urwo Rukiko rwarasobanuye ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yagiye iwabo ku Kibuye, ari kumwe n’Abayobozi Bakuru b’igihugu mu gihe ubwicanyi bwari bumaze iminsi bukozwe ahantu hatandukanye, harimo stade Gatwaro, kuri home St Jean, ndetse no mu Bisesero aho bwari bukomeje gukorwa, bivuze ko urwo Rukiko rwashatse kuvuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yageze Kibuye ku wa 16/5/1994 ari kumwe n’abo Bayobozi Bakuru ubwicanyi bwakorewe kuri stade Gatwaro no kuri home St Jean bwari bwarangiye gukorwa, ariko mu Bisesero bwari bukiri gukorwa. Ibi byumvikanisha nta gushidikanya ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atigeze agera kuri stade Gatwaro, kuri home St Jean no mu Bisesero igihe ubwo bwicanyi bwakorwaga. [194] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atigeze agera aho ahantu, hagomba kwibazwa niba kugera ku Kibuye igihe ubwicanyi bwari

bugikomeje gukorwa mu Bisesero, bishobora gutuma hakoreshwa théorie ya spectateur-approbateur kugira ngo hemezwe ko yatanze inkunga ya ngombwa arebera ibyaha byahakorerwaga. [195] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Inkiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga, théorie ya “spectateur-approbateur” yumvikanisha ko uregwa agomba kuba yari aho icyaha cyakorewe igihe cyakorwaga cyangwa se yari hafi y’aho hantu icyaha cyakorewe igihe cyakorwaga23. [196] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byemejwe n’ababuranyi, aho Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugiye ijambo rye ku Kibuye ari mu birometero makumyabiri (20) uvuye aho ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga mu Bisesero. [197] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hashingiwe ku manza zaciwe n’Inkiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga zavuzwe haruguru no ku bikorwa bigize ibyaha muri izo manza, hagomba kwemezwa ko mu gihe iryo hame rya spectateur approbateur rivuga ko uregwa agomba kuba yari hafi y’aho icyaha cyakorewe, byumvikanisha ko uregwa yari yegereye cyane aho hantu, ni ukuvuga ko muri uru rubanza hagomba kugaragazwa ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari mu Bisesero hafi y’aho ibyaha byakorerwaga, igihe byakorwaga.

23 “La responsabilité du spectateur approbateur n’est engagée que s’il est effectivement présent sur le lieu du crime ou, tout au moins, à proximité de celui-ci, et que sa présence est interprétée par l’auteur proncipal du crime comme une approbation de sa conduit”, Affaire ICTR-2001-66-I Le Procureur contre Athanase Seromba, para. 388, Affaire ICTR-95-1A-T Le Procureur contre Ignace Bagirishema, para. 36, Affaire ICTR-97-20-T Le Procureur contre Laurent Semanza. “La chambre juge au regard que l’Accusé a aidé et encouragé à commettre les actes de violence sexuelle ci-après en permettant qu’ils soient commis à l’intérieur ou près du bureau communal alors qu’il était présent dans les locaux dans le premier cas et en sa présence dans les deuxième et troisième cas, et en facilitant………………...”, Affaire ICTR-96-4-T Le Procureur contre Jean-Paul Akayezu, para.693.

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[198] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi hasuzumwe ibivugwa mu buhamya bwa Hategekimana Sabin, Munyaneza Pascal na Icyizanye Jean Damascѐne, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwashingiyeho, nta n’umwe wemeje ko yabonye Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs hafi y’aho ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga mu Bisesero, igihe bwakorwaga. [199] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rutaragaragaje mu buryo budashindikanywaho ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari hafi y’aho ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga mu Bisesero, igihe bwakorwaga, kugirango hemezwe ko ari icyitso cy’abakoraga jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, hashingiwe ku hame rijyanye no gutanga inkunga ya ngombwa ishingiye ku kurebera ibyaha bikorwa (théorie du spectateur approbateur), ahubwo nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ngingo ya mbere y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, ni icyitso cy’abakoraga jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, hashingiwe ku bufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku bufasha yatanze no guhagarikira abakoze jenoside (complicité par omission équipolente à la complicité par aide et assistance) no ku bufatanyacyaha bushingiye ku gushishikariza (complicité par provocation). [200] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ifite ishingiro.

7. Kumenya niba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abishe Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste kandi nta ruhare yabigizemo [201] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwamuhamije icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abishe Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, rwirengagije ko nta bimenyetso bihagije bikimuhamya, ko urwo Rukiko rwitiranyije itegeko ryo kureka Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste akajya kubazwa (comme un mandat d’extraction), akagaruka muri gereza n’Itegeko ryo kumufungura, ko irya mbere yaritanze, yandikira Umuyobozi wa gereza ku wa 15/5/1994, ari nk’uburenganzira bwo gusohoka nk’ugiye kubazwa akagaruka muri Gereza, naho iryo kumufungura akaba atarigeze aritanga. [202] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko ubuhamya bwa Hategekimana Léonard burimo urujijo, Urukiko n’Ubushinjacyaha batashatse gukuraho, kubirebana n’aho bavuga ko yatanze uburenganzira ngo Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yicwe. Asobanura ko Hategekimana Léonard yabajijwe nk’uwatanze icyemezo cyo gufungura Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste inshuro eshatu, ko inshuro ya mbere atigeze avuga ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yamutegetse kumufungura, ahubwo ko yavuze ko hari abantu bamusanze mu rugo bamusaba kumufungura, ko abazwa ku nshuro ya kabiri, nabwo atigeze avuga ko hari ibaruwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yamwandikiye ngo amufungure, ko ahubwo ho Hategekimana Léonard

yavuze ko yamuhamagaye mu biro i Murambi, akamutonganya ko yataye akazi, akanamutegeka gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ko ku nshuro ya gatatu ariho yavuze ko yamuhaye ibaruwa, amusaba kumufungura. Asaba Urukiko gusuzuma neza iyi mvugo ya gatatu, kuko atari we wabyivugiye, ahubwo ko ari Umushinjacyaha watumye abivuga, kuko yamubajije agira ati: nta baruwa Minisitiri w’Ubutabera yaba yarakwandikiye? we asubiza ko bishoboka ko yaba yarayanditse, ko atabyibuka neza. [203] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza avuga ko Hategekimana Léonard abazwa bwa kabiri, yavuze ko yamuhamagaye mu biro, ariko ko nta biro yagiraga i Murambi, uretse Minisitiri

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w’Intebe, ko mu Rukiko ho yavuze ko batigeze bahura mu gihe cya jenoside, akaba yibaza imvugo yafatwaho nk’ukuri iyo ariyo. Anavuga ko bigaragara ko icyo gitekerezo atariwe wacyitekerereje, kuko aza kuburana yaje yabiteguye neza, avuga ko ibaruwa yaje ayisanga mu biro, ariko ntavuge uwamubwiye ko iyo baruwa ihari, ko uwari umunyamabanga wa Parike witwa Nsengiyumva Phanuel we yavuze ko iyo baruwa itigeze igera mu bunyamabanga bwa Parike, ahubwo ko yumvaga Hategekimana Léonard avuga ko bamutegeka gufungura umuntu atafunze, ko atazabikora, hakaba hagaragara ugushidikanya, kandi kukaba kurengera ushinjwa. [204] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga kandi ko Umuyobozi wa gereza witwa Mugemangango François mu buhamya bwe, avuga ko urupapuro rwageze kuri nyakwigendera Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, mbere yo gusohoka Umuyobozi wa gereza amubaza niba nta kibazo cy’umutekano afite, amubwira ko ntacyo. Avuga ko Mugemangango François yavuze kandi ko abajandarume baje kujyana Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, babwiye Umuyobozi wa Gereza ko bamusubije iwe i Butare, ariko ko iki gice cy’ubuhamya kititaweho. [205] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nanone ko mu buhamya bwa Mugemangango François harimo ibice bibiri, ko mu gice cya mbere yavuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yanditse ibaruwa yo gufungura nyakwigendera Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, ko Umushinjacyaha yakoze icyemezo kimufungura, Umuyobozi wa Gereza ariwe Mugemangango

François akamufungura, ko mu gice cya kabiri ho yavuze ko ataha yafunguwe kubera ko yari afungiye ubusa, nyuma y’uko abantu be basabaga ko afungurwa, ko yafunguwe n’Umuyobozi wa Gereza, akamubaza niba nta kibazo cy’umutekano afite, nawe akamusubiza ko ntacyo, ko ayo magambo yose Urukiko rutayitayeho, ahubwo rukavuga ko ariwe wamufunguje agira ngo yicwe, agasanga barishingikirije ibaruwa yanditse asaba ko yajya kubazwa, kandi ubwo yari arangije kubazwa yaragarutse muri Gereza. [206] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs asaba Urukiko gusuzuma ibyo bibazo byose kuko we nta ruhare yabigizemo, ko bamwe bavuga ko yarasiwe ku marembo ya Gereza, abandi bakavuga ko batazi aho yaguye, ko ntawe uvuga iby’urupfu rwe n’uburyo byagenze, kuko uwari Umuyobozi wa Gereza we yavuze ko bamubwiye ko bamusubije i Butare. Avuga ko inyandiko yo kujya kubazwa yayanditse ku wa 15/5/1994, umutangabuhamya witwa Sinayobye Adrien we akaba avuga ko yamusize muri Gereza ku wa 25/5/1994, ko inama yategetse ko afungwa yabaye ku wa 6/5/1994 kuri Perefegitura, icyemezo cyo kumuvana ku mwanya wa Perefe cyo kikaba cyarafashwe ku wa 17/4/1994. Asaba Urukiko kwita ku buhamya bwa gatatu bwa Hategekimana Léonard, bugateshwa agaciro n’amabaruwa abiri ubunyamabanga bwa Parike bwahakanye ko butakiriye. Anavuga ko habonetse agenda igaragaza amazina y’abaje gufata Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste n’amatariki yafatiweho, ariko Urukiko

rugakomeza kumuhamya ko ariwe watanze inyandiko yo kumufunguza, ko umujandarume wamufashe ahari, ko byose byakozwe ari mu butumwa muri Tanzaniya. [207] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yafashwe, arafungurwa, ho hakwiye kurebwa isano iri hagati yo gufungurwa n’urupfu rwe, no kureba uruhare rwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ugereranyije n’iyo sano, ko Urukiko, Rukuru Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi mu gika cya 97 cy’urubanza rwaciye, rwavuze ko inkunga ya ngombwa ari ibaruwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yatanze ngo Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste avanwe muri Gereza, yagera hanze agahita yicwa, ko ariyo mpamvu hatamenyekanye aho yiciwe.

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[208] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko urebye mu gika cya 91 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, bigaragara ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ashaka kuyobya Urukiko avuga ko Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste afatirwa icyemezo cyo gukurwa ku mwanya w’ubuperefe atari ahari, ko yavuze ko inama y’Abaminisitiri yabaye tariki ya 17/4/1994, atari ayirimo kuko yari arwaje umwana i Kabgayi, ariko ko muri uru Rukiko avuga ko yagiye Arusha tariki ya 20/4/1994. Buvuga ko n’ubwo yaba yari arwaje umwana, yari kumenya ibyemezo by’inama y’Abaminisitiri nk’umuntu wari umwe mu bagize Guverinoma, ko rero nta kuntu yakwigobotora icyo kintu avuga ko icyemezo cyo gukuraho Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste atari ahari. [209] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko nk’uko Urukiko rwabivuze, Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yasinye ibaruwa ishyira Parefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste mu maboko y’inzego z’iperereza, ko yanditse avuga ko afungurwa kandi yari azi neza ko ari Umututsi, ko batamufunguye kuko yari umwere, ahubwo bakaba barabikoze kuko yari yaranze ko jenoside ikorwa muri Perefegitura ya Butare kandi ari Umututsi, bagira ngo bamwikize mu Buyobozi. Buvuga ko inzego z’iperereza zagize ikibazo cy’uburyo bazamwica kuko yasurwaga na C.I.C.R. bakeka ko cyakwitirirwa Guverinoma, ko aribwo habaye ikintu gisa n’ikinamico ngo afungurwe, nagera hanze bazavuge ko yishwe n’interahamwe, bavuga ko bari kumwohereza iwe kandi bazi neza ko umuryango we washize. [210] Ku

birebana no kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko ubuhamya bwa Hategekimana Léonard butahabwa agaciro, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko atari byo, kuko yaregwaga akaba yarageze mu Rukiko akavugisha ukuri asobanura uko ibintu byagenze, ko Perefe yafunguwe ku itegeko rya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, abanza kumuha inzego z’iperereza, ariyo mpamvu avuga ko abantu batandukanye batazi aho yaguye, ariko ko aribyo Guverinoma y’Abatabazi yifuzaga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [211] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana. [212] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa. [213] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo icyenda na rimwe k’urubanza (91) rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwavuze ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko atari mu nama y’Abaminisitiri yo ku wa 17/4/1994 yize ku ikibazo cya Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste wavugwagaho guhungabanya umudendezo w’igihugu, ikanamukura ku mwanya w’ubuperefe, nta shingiro bifite, kuko nta kigaragaza ko icyo gihe yari arwaje murumuna we mu bitaro by’i Kabgayi nk’uko abivuga. [214] Nk’uko bigaragara nanone mu gace ka mirongo icyenda na rimwe (91) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwakomeje rusobanura ko kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari mu nama yize ku kibazo cya Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, nyuma akaza gufatwa, agafungirwa muri gereza ya Karubanda,

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akimurirwa muri gereza ya Gitarama, no kuba yaranditse ibaruwa ikura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste muri Gereza kugira ngo ajye kubazwa n’inzego z’iperereza (services de renseignement) kandi yari azi ko ari Umututsi, ko Abatutsi bari kwicwa ndetse anazi neza ko afunzwe binyuranyije n’amategeko azira ubwoko bwe, bigaragaza inkunga ya ngombwa yatanze mu gutuma yicwa, kuko kuva yajya kubazwa atongeye kugaruka nk’uko abatangabuhamya babyemeje, barimo uwari Umuyobozi wa Gereza ya Gitarama, Mugemangango François, Sinayobye Adrien na Mbera Ferdinand. [215] Mu gace ka mirongo icyenda na kabiri (92) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwavuze ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko Mugemangango François na Hategekimana Léonard bamushinja mu rwego rwo kwirengera ngo batazabibazwa, nta shingiro bifite, ko yiyemerera ko ariwe wanditse ibaruwa isaba ko afungurwa agashyikirizwa inzego z’iperereza, bo bakaba baramusohoye muri Gereza bashyira mu bikorwa ibaruwa ye. [216] Muri ako gace ka mirongo icyenda na kabiri (92) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwavuze kandi ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yireguza ko imvugo z’abatangabuhamya zivuguruzanya ku birebana n’igihe n’ahantu Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yapfiriye, bitamukuraho uruhare yagize mu rupfu rwe, kuko abatangabuhamya bose bemeza ko kuva yatwarwa n’izengo z’iperereza atongeye kuboneka, kandi ko ntawe uhakana ko yishwe, ko urebye uburyo

abantu bicwaga muri jenoside, bitashobokaga ko hamenyekana igihe umuntu runaka yiciwe, aho yiciwe, uburyo yishwemo n’uwamwishe. [217] Ku birebana n’ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavuze ko ibigize icyo cyaha bituzuye, mu gace ka mirongo icyenda na gatatu (93) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwavuze ko nta shingiro bifite, ko kuba yaratanze amabwiriza ngo akurwe muri Gereza kugira ngo ajye kubazwa n’inzego z’iperereza (services de renseignement) zitandukanye n’inzego zari zisanzwe zigenza ibyaha, ari inkunga ya ngombwa kandi ikomeye yatumye yicwa. [218] Nk’uko dosiye y’urubanza ibigaragaza, ubwo yabazwaga mu Bugenzacyaha, Mugemangango François yavuze ko Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yazanywe muri Gereza ya Gitarama n’abajandarume bamukuye i Butare ari kuri mandat y’Umushinjacyaha, aramwakira, ko hashize icyumweru Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yandikiye Procureur Nkubiri, asanga atakiriho, ibaruwa ye yakirwa n’uwari Substitut Hategekimana Léonard, nawe (Mugemangango François) bamuha kopi, ivuga ko nta burenganzira bafite bwo gufunga uwo muntu, ko nyuma haje abantu baherekejwe n’abajandarume, bamusaba kubaha Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, ariko we arabahakanira kuko nta rupapuro rumufungura bazanye, baragenda, bukeye bazana mandat d’élargissement yasinywe na Hategekimana Léonard, nawe ahamagara Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste amubaza

niba nta kibazo cy’umutekano afite, amubwira ko ntacyo, ahita amurekura, ko kuva icyo gihe nta makuru ye yongeye kumenya. [219] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza kandi, ko ubwo yabazwaga mu Bushinjacyaha nk’uregwa, Hategekimana Léonard yavuze ko ariwe wafunguye Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste abitegetswe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs. Asobanura ko ikigaragaza ko ariwe wabimutegetse ari uko yari afungiye i Butare, nta dosiye ye iri kuri parike ya Gitarama, ko ari Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs wamuvanye i Butare akamuzana i Gitarama, nyuma akamusaba kumufungura avuga ko arengana. Hategekimana Léonard yanavuze ko amaze gusinya izo mpapuro zimufungura, ashobora kuba

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yarazishyize mu bunyamabanga kugira ngo ziterweho cachet, Ntagozera Charles akaza kuzijyana. Akomeza avuga ko hari n’uwitwa Me Mbera Ferdinand watanze ubuhamya (Gacaca) avuga ko we (Hategekimana Léonard) yafunguye Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste abisabwe na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera w’icyo gihe, ko impapuro zifungura zajyanywe n’uwitwa Ntagozera Charles, ko uyu mutangabuhamya yavuze ko yabibwiwe na Mugemangango François wari Umuyobozi wa Gereza. [220] Mu Bushinjacyaha, Hategekimana Léonard yakomeje avuga ko hari abantu baje kumureba mu rugo iwe, bamusaba gufungura nyakwigendera, ko nanone kugirango Minisitiri amuhamagare amusaba gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, byatewe n’uko Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yavugaga ko Butare yafashwe, ko Parike yaho idakora, akaba ari nawe wakoze transfert ye, amuvana muri Gereza ya Butare, amuzana i Gitarama. Avuga ko yumvaga nka Minisitiri wiyemeje kumuvana muri Gereza ya Butare, akamuzana i Gitarama kugirango afungurwe, yarashakaga kumuhungisha kuko bavugaga ko bari mu ishyaka rimwe rya P.L., kandi ko we ku cyemezo kimufunga yanditseho ko abisabwe na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera. Avuga ariko nanone ko atibuka niba hari urupapuro Minisitiri yanditse asaba ko Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste afungurwa. [221] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko aburana mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Hategekimana Léonard yavuze ko yemera ko ariwe wafunguye uwari

Perefe wa Butare Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, abitewe n’uko yabonye izina rye mu ibaruwa yari yanditswe na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs, ko atari amuzi, ko atari no kwibaza aho yari kujya amaze gufungurwa, kuko atariwe wateguye ifungurwa rye, ko yashyiraga mu bikorwa itegeko rya Minisitiri. Yavuze kandi ko iyo baruwa avuga Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yanditse asaba kumufungura itandukanye n’iyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga, ko iyo we (Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs) avuga atayizi, kandi ko na Mugemangango François yahamije ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yandikiye Parike ayisaba gufungura Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ko ibaruwa avuga ari nayo we yabonye, ikaba yaravugaga ko afunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ko “mandat d’arrệt provisoire” yacyuye igihe. [222] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza nanone ko Nsengiyumva Phannuel wari Umunyamabanga wa Parike ya Gitarama, abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha, yavuze ko gufunga no gufungura mu gihe cya jenoside bitakorwaga uretse mu bihe byihariye (cas particulier), nko kuri Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste wari ufungiye muri Gereza ya Gitarama, ko amakuru ye nayo yayamenye ayumvanye Hategekimana Léonard, avuga ko bamutegeka gufungura umuntu atafunze, ko we atari bumufungure, ariko ko mu mwaka 2005, Hategekimana Léonard yemeye ko yamufunguye abitegetswe na Ntagozera Charles, ariko ko amenya ko ariwe wamufunguye yabimenyeye muri Gereza mu mwaka wa 1995-1996, abibwiwe na Mugemangango François wari

Umuyobozi wa Gereza, ko yabimubwiye biturutse ko yari avuye kubazwa ku ifungurwa rya Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, ageze muri gereza, abivugaho, nawe ahita amubaza impamvu atari we babajije, ko ariwe ubizi, amubwira ko ari Hategekimana Léonard wamufunguye. [223] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga hasuzumwe ibyavuzwe na Hategekimana Léonard n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe na Mugemangango François, ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès by’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwitiranyije itegeko ryo kurekura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste akajya kubazwa (mandat d’extraction), akagaruka muri gereza n’Itegeko ryo kumufungura (mandat d’élargissement), bitahabwa agaciro, kuko yaba Hategekimana Léonard (Substitut du Procureur) cyangwa Mugemangango François (Directeur de prison), nta n’umwe wemeza ko hari inyandiko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yaba yaranditse, asaba ko nyakwigendera Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste

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ahabwa uburenganzira bwo gusohoka muri gereza kugirango inzego z’iperereza (services de renseignement) zimubaze, ahubwo bombi bemeza ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yanditse ibaruwa bakiriye, ababwira ko nta burenganzira bafite bwo gufunga Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste. [224] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga byaba bitumvikana ukuntu, mu bihe abantu barimo bya jenoside, Umuyobozi wa gereza yayoberwa ko umuntu ufungiye muri gereza ayobora, cyane cyane nka Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ashobora gusohoka, akajya kubazwa n’inzego z’iperereza kubyo yashinjwaga bijyanye n’umutekano, akagaruka, atabizi, ibi bikaba byumvikanisha ko ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnès avuga bitari ukuri. [225] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo Mugemangango François yarasobanuye ko nyuma y’uko yakira kopi y’ibaruwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès yari yamugeneye, hari abantu baje baherekejwe n’abajandarume, bamusaba kubaha Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ariko we arabahakanira kuko nta rupapuro rumufungura bazanye, bukeye bazana mandat d’élargissement yasinywe na Hategekimana Léonard, ahita amurekura. [226] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès ko abazwa ku nshuro ya mbere, Hategekimana Léonard atigeze avuga ko yamutegetse gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga atari byo kuko mu nyandiko mvugo ye yo ku wa 21/7/2006 mu Bushinjacyaha, abajijwe uwafunguye Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste,

Perefe wa Butare, Hategekimana Léonard yavuze ko ariwe, ko yabikoze abitegetswe na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera Ntamabyaliro Agnès. Rurasanga kandi ku itariki ya 29/9/2005, Hategekimana Léonard yarandikiye Perezida w’Inteko rusange ya Gacaca, Umurenge wa Gahogo, atanga amakuru ku bijyanye n’amahano yabaye mumwaka wa 1994, aho yasobanuye ko Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yari afungiwe i Butare, akaba yarazanywe i Gitarama na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera Agnès Ntamabyaliro, nyuma akamutegeka kumufungura avuga ko arengana, we akandika impapuro zimufungura, ibi bigaragaza ko na mbere y’uko abazwa n’Ubushinjacyaha, Hategekimana Léonard yemezaga ko yafunguye Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, abitegetswe na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, Ntamabyaliro Agnès. [227] Ku byerekeye ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès ko abazwa ku nshuro ya kabiri, Hategekimana Léonard atigeze avuga ko hari ibaruwa yamwandikiye yo gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ko ahubwo yavuze ko yamuhamagaye mu biro i Murambi, akamutonganya ko yataye akazi, akanamutegeka gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko mvugo ye yo ku wa 21/7/2006 mu Bushinjacyaha, abazwa ukuntu byagenze kugirango Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès amusabe gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, Hategekimana Léonard yarabisobanuye agira ati: Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès yaraje, areba uwari Perefe

i Gitarama, Uwizeye Fidèle, uyu amubwira y’uko tutakiboneka ku kazi, ubwo Minisitiri amutumaho Ntagozera Charles, aragenda, bombi baramutuka ku buryo Minisitiri yamubwiye y’uko azamufatira “des mesures draconiennes”, yongeyeho ko Ntagozera Charles yaje kumureba, amujyana aho Minisitiri yakoreraga i Murambi, ari bwo Minisitiri yamubwiye ko ataboneka ku kazi, ubwo bahita bamusubiza mu rugo. [228] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga isuzuma ry’imvugo ya Hategekimana Léonard rigaragaza ko ku nshuro ya kabiri, atavuze ko ari mu biro bye i Murambi, Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès

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yamutegetse gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, ahubwo yasobanuye ko nyuma yo kumutuka, bamusubije mu rugo, ko atari uwo munsi yashyize umukono ku cyemezo kimufungura. [229] Ku byerekeranye no kuba ku nshuro ya gatatu, Hategekimana Léonard abazwa ibirebana na Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ari Umushinjacyaha watumye yemeza ko Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès yamwandikiye ibaruwa, amusaba gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo, nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko-mvugo ye mu Bushinjacyaha yavuzwe haruguru, asubiza Umushinjacyaha wamubazaga niba hari urupapuro Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès yaba yaranditse, amusaba gufungura Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, yarasubije agira ati : ndumva yaranditse, simbyibuka neza, ariko ku rupapuro rumufungura, nanditseho ko mbisabwe na Minisitiri w’Ubutabera. Ibi bigaragaza ko icyo gihe, Hategekimana Léonard atemeje ko Minisitiri Ntamabyaliro Agnès yanditse, amuha amabwiriza yo gufungura Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste. [230] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo, Hategekimana Léonard yarabyemeje igihe yaburanaga mu Rukiko, Mugemangango François nawe abyemereza mu Bushinjacyaha, aho yasobanuye agira ati: bamuzana muri gereza ya Gitarama, ndamwakira nk’abandi banyururu, hashize nk’icyumweru, Ntamabyaliro yandikira “procureur” Nkubiri, ariko asanga yarigendeye yakirwa na 1er substitut Hategekimana

Léonard, nanjye bampa copie, bivuga ko nta burenganzira bafite bwo gufunga uwo muntu, bibaye nimugoroba haza Maneko azanye n’aba gendarmes baje kunsaba Habyarimana, mbabwira y’uko ntashobora kumubaha kubera y’uko nta rupapuro rumufungura bazanye, ubwo bahita baragenda, bukeye bazana “mandat d’élargissement” yasinywe na “1er substitut” Hategekimana Léonard, mpamagara Habyarimana mu biro iwanjye, mubaza niba nta kibazo yaba afite, arambwira ati ntacyo, murekura ubwo. [231] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kandi ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès by’uko Nsengiyumva Phanuel yavuze ko iyo baruwa itigeze igera mu bunyamabanga bwa Parike, ahubwo ko yumvaga Hategekimana Léonard avuga ko bamutegeka gufungura umuntu atafunze, ko rero iyo baruwa itabayeho, bitahabwa agaciro, mu gihe Mugemangango François, wari Umuyobozi wa gereza ya Gitarama yemeza ko na we bari bamugeneye kopi yayo, nk’uko byagaragajwe mu gace kabanziriza aka. [232] Ku bivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnès by’uko Mugemangango François yavuze ko abajandarume baje kujyana Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, bamubwiye ko bamusubije iwe i Butare, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo yabivuze, bidahindura ko ariwe wategetse ko arekurwa, kandi ubwo yarekurwaga, akaba yarasanze aba gendarmes hanze bari baje kumufata, ndetse kuva icyo gihe atabonetse. [233] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga n’ubwo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha

ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwasobanuye ko nk’uko Ntamabyaliro Agnès nawe abyemera ko yanditse ibaruwa ikura Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste muri gereza kugira ngo ajye kubazwa n’inzego z’iperereza (services de renseignement), bigaragaza inkunga ya ngombwa yatanze mu gutuma Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste yicwa, kuko kuva yajya kubazwa atongeye kugaruka, bitandukanye n’ibyo Mugemangango François na Hategekimana Léonard bemeje, kuko bo bavuze ko Ntamabyaliro Agnès yategetse ko arekurwa kuko arengana, akaba ari nako uru Rukiko narwo rubibona, ikigaragara ni uko kuva yategeka ko ava muri gereza, yajyanwe n’aba gendarmes, akaba atagarutse kuri gereza, kandi yarabuze burundu. Rurasanga ibyemejwe na

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Mugemangango François na Hategekimana Léonard bigaragaza nta gushidikanya ko, nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwanzuye, Ntamabyaliro Agnès yatanze inkunga ya ngombwa mu iyicwa rya Perefe Habyarimana Jean- Baptiste, bityo akaba ari icyitso cy’abantu bamwishe mu rwego rwa jenioside. [234] Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnès nta shingiro ifite, kuko uruhare rwe rugaragara mu buryo budashidikanywaho.

8. Kumenya niba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yarahanishijwe igihano cya burundu nta mpamvu zishingiweho no kumenya niba yagabanyirizwa igihano [235] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko yahanishijwe igifungo cya burundu nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku byaha bibiri yahamijwe, ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwirengagije ko gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa. Akomeza avuga ko urwo Rukiko kandi rwirengagije ingingo yari yatanze asaba ko ruramutse rusanze icyaha kimuhama rwamugabanyiriza igihano, kuko habayeho gutinza ubutabera ku birebana n’urubanza rwe, ko yasobanuye ko yafashwe mu kwezi kwa gatanu k’umwka wa 1997, bikaba bigeze mu kwezi kwa karindwi k’umwaka wa 2019 atararangiza kuburana ahanini bitewe n’Ubugenzacyaha n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ko yanagaragaje “jurisprudence” yo muri T.P.I.R. igaragaza ko gutinda guha umuturage ubutabera bituma habaho gusana ibyangijwe. Avuga ko n’ubwo bavuze ko hari amadosiye menshi mu nkiko, izindi manza zaburanishijwe, ko dosiye ye ariyo yasigaye, ko Urukiko rwazabisuzuma, kandi ko n’ubwo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko yari kurega uwabikoze, nta wundi yari kuregera uretse Umushinjacyaha wamwakiriye abazwa ari mu kigo cya gisirikali, aho kumurenganura akamurekera aho ngaho. [236] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga nanone ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga

n’ibyambuka imbibi, rwirengagije ko igihano yari yahawe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge cyari kijyanye n’ibyaha yahamijwe kandi atarabirezwe, ibyo akaba ari icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, gufunga umuntu umuziza ubwoko, gufasha kandi agashyigikira gucura umugambi wa jenoside, gufasha mu rupfu rwa Mutembe Protogѐne n’icyaha cyo kurema umutwe w’abagizi ba nabi, ko urwo Rukiko rwasanze koko bitari mu byaha yari yarezwe, runabimuhanaguraho. Avuga ko igihano yari yagihawe ku byaha umunani (8), ko rwasanze bitandatu (6) byose bitamuhama, ariko rukemeza ko igihano yari yaherewe ibyo byaha byose kigumaho, ko rero uru Rukiko rusanze hari icyaha kimuhama rwamugabanyiriza igihano, hakanitabwa ku buzima afite bw’intege nke kuko afite indwara zidakira, zirimo “hypertension, diabѐte, asthma” imitsi, umugongo no kuba yarigeze kubagwa “cancer” mu mwaka wa 2005, akaba yarigeze no kurwara igituntu mu mwaka wa 2011, kandi ko kuri ibyo hiyongeraho kuba akuze cyane kuko afite imyaka mirongo irindwi n’ibiri (72). [237] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akomeza asaba uru Rukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 71 y’Itegeko N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana, ivuga ibyerekeranye n’uko mu kugena igihano Umucamnza areba uko uregwa yari asanzwe yitwara, kuko mu myitwarire ye, atari asanzwe arangwa n’irondamoko iryo ariryo ryose, ko uburere yahawe butabimwemereraga kuko yarangije kwiga amashuri abanza akajya kwiga muri Congo no mu Bubiligi, avuyeyo yiga muri Kaminuza i Butare, kandi ko imyitwarire ye yashimwaga, ko yabaye umucamanza w’umugore wa mbere mu Rwanda kandi ko yakoze mu bintu binyuranye bijyane no

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guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira bw’umutegarugori, ko muri politike yaharaniye ko hajyaho amashyaka menshi ari nabwo hagiyeho Parti Libéral (P.L.), ko yabaye Minisitiri w’Inganda n’Ubukorikori, nyuma aza kuba Minisitiri w’Ubutabera, ariko ko atabimazeho igihe kubera ko hari mu bihe bikomeye. Avuga ko ariwe waharaniye ko amasezerano ya Arusha ashyirwa mu Itegeko Nshinga umushinga wa mbere akaba ariwe wawusobanuye imbere y’Inteko Ishingamategeko, ko byose bigaragaza imyitwarire ye myiza. [238] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yongeraho ko no mu muryango we yabanaga neza n’umugabo we, barera neza abana babo, ndetse n’abandi batagize amahirwe yo kugira ababyeyi, ko yagiye afasha abantu benshi kandi ko mu muryango batagiraga ivangura kuko Abahutu n’Abatutsi bashakanaga. Asaba ko, n’ubwo we abona ko nta cyaha yakoze, uru Rukiko ruramutse rusanze hari icyaha kimuhama rwamugabanyiriza igihano. [239] Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs asoza avuga ko nta cyaha cya jenoside yakoze kuko nta bimenyetso bifatika byagaragajwe, ahubwo ko Umucamanza wa mbere yafashe ibindi byaha akabimushyiraho kugira ngo bigire uburemere, nihagira ibimufata agume muri Gereza. Avuga ko abantu babajijwe mu mwaka wa 1995 yasabye ko bagaruka kubazwa bananirwa gushimangira ibyo bavuze, ko hari n’uwavuze ko ibyo yavuze ari ibyo bamwandikiye, ko we nta bwinyagamburiro yagize kuko ntawe ushobora kumushinjura, ko Urukiko

rwashishoza rukemeza ko ari umwere. [240] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butabashije kugaragaza ko ifatwa n’ifungwa rya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ryubahirije amategeko, ko nawe ashimangira ihame ryo guhabwa ubutabera bwihuse, ariko ko ritubahirijwe k’uwo yunganira kandi hari abandi bari bafite amadosiye akomeye, ko imanza zabo zaburanishwa mu buryo bwihuse, ko rero mu gufata icyemezo rutanga igihano, uru Rukiko rwazabyitaho. [241] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga kandi ko Urugereko rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’byambuka imbibi rwahannye Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs nk’icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside, ko mu kumuha igifungo cya burundu, umucamanza yagombye kureba niba uruhare rwe nk’icyitso rungana cyangwa ruruta urw’uwakoze icyaha. Avuga ko ingingo ya 71 n’iya 76 z’Itegeko Ngenga N°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, zavugaga ibijyanye n’impamvu nyoroshyacyaha umucamanza ashobora kubona mu rubanza no kuzishingiraho, ko kuba uwo yunganira amaze imyaka makumyabiri afunzwe (20 ans) nacyo ari igihano, hakaba hashingirwa kuri iyo ngingo agabanyirizwa igihano, kuko yanagaragaje ko arwaye kuva mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, bakaba batarashoboye kubona inyandiko za muganga kuko nta cyemezo cy’Urukiko kibitegeka bari bafite, ko bibaye ngombwa, mbere yo guca urubanza habanza gucibwa urubanza rubanziriza urundi rusaba dosiye yo kwa muganga. [242] Me Gatera

Gashabana avuga nanone ko abantu barengeje imyaka mirongo irindwi n’ibiri (72) hari uburyo bafungwamo, ko kubera ibibazo uwo yunganira yagize by’uburwayi, byazarebwaho igihe cyo gufata icyemezo, mu gutanga igihano hakagenderwa ku gihe amaze muri Gereza, ariko ko mbere na mbere bo babona nta cyaha yakoze. [243] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire ya Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ku byerekeye igihano nta shingiro ifite, ko Urukiko rutateranyije ibihano, ahubwo ko rwashingiye ku mpurirane mbonezamugambi y’ibyaha byamuhamye, bituma rugena igihano cyateganyirijwe icyaha gifite

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uburemere kurusha ibindi, ko rero Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs n’umwunganira bitiranyije impurirane mbonezabyaha n’impurirane mbonezamugambi. [244] Ku bijyanye n’uko urubanza rwatinze, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko babisobanuye bihagije, ko n’inkiko zabisobanuye kandi ko hari ibyo utagereranya, nk’aho Me Gatera Gashabana yavuze ko guhera mu mwaka wa 1997 kugeza mu wa 2019 urubanza rutaba rukiburanishwa, mu gihe T.P.I.R. yaciye imanza zikarangira, ariko ko nta gushyira mu gaciro kurimo, kuko T.P.I.R. yaciye imanza 72 mu gihe inkiko z’u Rwanda zaciye imanza igihumbi (1.000) z’abantu bakoze jenoside, ko n’ubu hari izikiburanishwa. Busobanura ko muri uru rubanza habayemo inzitizi icumi (10) zazamuwe n’ababuranyi ubwabo, ko imanza zaciwe zigizwe n’impapuro nyinshi ku buryo bigaragaza uburemere bwa dosiye, ahubwo ko usanga urubanza rwe rwarihuse. Buvuga ko atari impamvu yatuma agabanyirizwa igihano harebwe uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze, ko n’ibyo avuga ko yaharaniye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, ko atigeze arangwa n’ivanguramoko, ko yakoze imirimo nka Minisitiri n’ibindi, busanga ahubwo byaba impamvu nkomezacyaha. [245] Ubushinjacyaha bukomeza buvuga ko n’ubwo Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko bwakoresheje ingingo ya 92 y’Itegeko N° 68/018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 rishyiraho amategeko ahana, ridakwiye gukoreshwa kuko ryasohotse nyuma y’uko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs akurikiranwa, bo basanga yivuguruza, kuko bivugiye

ko ryakuyeho igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko, ko rero ariryo rikwiye gushingirwaho kuko ariryo riteganya igihano cyoroheje, hashingiwe mu ngingo za 334 na 335 zaryo. [246] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga nanone ko hibazwa impamvu itegeko rishya ritakoreshwa, n’uburyo impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zajya gushakirwa mu Itegeko rya kera kandi hari irishya, ko mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga ari umwere n’ubwo bitashoboka kuko bagaragaje ibimenyetso, ahubwo ko ibyaha bimuhama, rwakoresha ingingo ya 92 yo mu Itegeko rihana rishya. [247] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko ibyo kuba Urukiko rwakora iperereza, bidakwiriye, kuko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs afite umwunganira kandi ko nta baruwa yigeze agaragaza yasabiyeho raporo yo kwa muganga aho yivuje, ko rero atari akwiye kubisaba urubanza rushojwe, ahubwo ko bari kubisaba mbere, niba bari bazi ko bazabiburanisha. [248] Ku birebana no kuvuga ko abantu barengeje imyaka mirongo irindwi (70) bafungurwa, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyo politiki ntayo buzi, ko ntayo iriho, ko hari abantu bafite iyo myaka bafatwa bagakurikiranwa, ko n’Urukiko rumukatira kiriya gifungo rwari ruzi ko azageza kuri iriya myaka, ko iyo haba hari iyo politiki rwari kumukatira imyaka mikeya akazarekurwa atarayigezaho.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [249] Ingingo ya 119 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z’ibyabaye n’ibyemejwe n’amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomozanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura ari byo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa. [250] Ingingo ya 72, igika cya mbere, agace ka mbere y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no

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gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 na 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu, ryakoreshwaga igihe Ntamabyaliro Agnès yaburanaga ku rwego rwa mbere iteganya ko ushinjwa wo mu rwego rwa mbere wanze kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi cyangwa wireze, akemera icyaha, akicuza agasaba imbabazi, ariko ntibyemerwe ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. [251] Ingingo ya 82, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, yakurikizwaga igihe Ntamabyaliro Agnès aregwa ko yakoze ibyaha akurikiranweho, iteganya ko Juji ubwe aha agaciro impamvu zigabanya ubugizi bwa nabi bw’uwakoze icyaha, ari izakibanjije, ari izagiherekeje cyangwa izagikurikije. [252] Ingingo ya 26 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko igihano cy’igifungo gishobora kumara igihe kizwi cyangwa kikaba icya burundu. [253] Nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka mirongo icyenda n’umunani (98) k’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwasobanuye ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 93 y’Itegeko Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ibyaha bihama Ntamabyaliro Agnès ari impurirane y’imbonezamugambi

bihanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko, giteganywa n’ingingo ya 72 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru, ko ari naryo rishingirwaho kugena igihano muri uru rubanza kuko ibihano riteganya ari nabyo biteganywa n’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 8 n’iya 765 zaryo, zigaragaza ko iri ryakurikizwa gusa igihe riteganya ibihano byoroheje. [254] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs by’uko yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, igifungo cya burundu nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragajwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku byaha bibiri yahamijwe, bitahabwa agaciro kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu zindi ngingo ze z’ubujurire zasuzumwe haruguru, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye mu buryo buhagije ibikorwa bigize ibyaha bimuhama hashingiwe ku bimenyetso byagaragajwe, ubushake bwe mu gukora ibyo byaha n’amategeko rwashingiyeho rumuhama ibyo byaha. [255] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwirengagije ko ugushidikanya birengera ushinjwa nta shingiro bifite, kuko urwo Rukiko rwo rwagaragaje ko hari ibimenyetso bihagije Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwashingiyeho byerekana ko yabaye icyitso mu cyaha cya jenoside kandi

bifite ishingiro, rukaba rero rutarigeze ruvuga ko hari ugushidikanya ku ruhare rwe, ngo nyuma ruze kubyirengagiza. [256] Ku birebana no kuba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwarirengagije ingingo yari yatanze asaba ko ruramutse rusanze icyaha kimuhama rwamugabanyiriza igihano, kuko habayeho gutinza ubutabera ku birebana n’urubanza rwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe mu bice bya mirongo itandatu na gatanu (65) na mirongo itandatu na gatandatu (66) by’uru rubanza, ntacyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs

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yigeze anenga ku mpamvu zasobanuwe n’urwo Rukiko kuri iki kibazo, kuko rwasobanuye ko kuba urubanza rwe rwaramaze igihe rutaraburanishwa byatewe n’imiterere ya dosiye ye, umubare w’amadosiye yari mu nkiko n’ivugururwa ry’Inzego z’Ubucamanza, kandi ko izo mpamvu zumvikana, bityo iyi mpamvu Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs atanga, ikaba itatuma agabanyirizwa igihano. [257] Ku birebana no kuba Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwarirengagije ko igihano yari yahawe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge cyari kijyanye n’ibyaha yahamijwe kandi atarabirezwe, ko igihano yahawe cyari ku byaha umunani, ariko ko ibyo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwamuhamije ari bibiri gusa, bityo ko yagabanyirizwa igihano kuko n’ibyaha byagabanutse, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ibyaha urwo Rukiko rwasanze bimuhama ari icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside n’icyo kuba icyitso cy’abishe Perefe Habyarimana Jean-Baptiste, ibi byaha bikaba byarahanishwaga igihano cya burundu y’umwihariko, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 72 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 ryakoreshejwe n’urwo Rukiko; kuba rero urwo Rukiko rwarasanze hari ibyaha byinshi bitamuhama, ariko ibimuhama nabyo bikaba bihanishwa igihano yahanishijwe, rusanga nta makosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi rwakoze mu kwemeza

ko igihano cya burundu y’umwihariko yari yahanishijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge kidahindutse, kuko igihano yari yagihawe hashingiwe ku gihano kirushije ibindi gukomera, akaba ataragihawe hashingiwe ku mubare w’ibyaha bimuhama. [258] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nanone ibyo Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs avuga ko Urukiko rwakwita ku buzima bwe bufite intege nke kubera indwara zinyuranye afite no kuba ageze mu zabukuru rukamugabanyiriza igihano, nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kuko mu Rwanda abafungwa nabo bitabwaho ku birebana n’ubuvuzi, kandi nk’uko nawe abyivugira akaba yarabashije guhabwa ubuvuzi ku ndwara ya cancer yari afite, igakira, ibi bikaba ari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko muri gereza abarwayi bitabwaho, bityo uburwayi bukaba butaba impamvu yo kumugabanyiriza igihano, hakurikijwe uburemere bw’ibyaha aregwa. Rurasanga kandi kuba Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ageze mu zabukuru bitaba byanze bikunze impamvu yo kumugabanyiriza igihano yakatiwe. [259] Ku birebana no kuba asaba uru Rukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 71 y’Itegeko N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho Igitabo cy‘amategeko ahana, iteganya ibigenderwaho mu gutanga ibihano, akavuga ko yari asanzwe yitwara neza, ko yateje imbere uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, akaba yari mu nzego nkuru za Leta kandi ko yanabanaga neza n’abo mu muryango we, ko hari n’abatagira ababyeyi yafashaga, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, uretse

ko atanatanga ibimenyetso ko yitwaraga neza muri sosiyete nyarwanda mbere yo gukora ibyo byaha, n’ibimenyetso byerekana ko yateje imbere uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, kuba aregwa uruhare mu byaha biremereye nka jenoside, kandi nk’uko byagiye bisobanurwa hakaba hari ibimenyetso byagaragaje ko urwo ruhare yarugize nk’icyitso, izi mpamvu avuga ntizashingirwaho agabanyirizwa igihano, bityo impamvu atanga asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano zikaba zitahabwa agaciro. [260] Usibye n’ibyo kandi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ingingo ya 82, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18/8/1977 ryavuzwe haruguru yumvikanisha ko n’ubwo Umucamanza yasanga hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, adategetswe byanze bikunze kugabanyiriza igihano uwakoze icyaha.

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[261] Hashingiwe rero ku bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, nta makosa rwakoze mu kwemeza ko igihano cya burundu y’umwihariko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs yari yahanishijwe kidahindutse, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ye ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Rurasanga ariko kandi Ku bw’amategeko, agomba guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu, kuko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 26 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, icya burundu y’umwihariko kitagiteganyijwe mu mategeko y’u Rwanda. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [262] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs nta shingiro bufite. [263] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RPA 0001/09/HC/KIG-RPA 0769/08/HC/KIG rwo ku wa 27/2/2015, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyambuka imbibi, ihindutse gusa ku birebana n’igihano yari yarakatiwe. [264] Rwemeje ko Ntamabyaliro Agnѐs ahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu, aho kuba igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cy’umwihariko. [265] Rutegetse ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.