RLR V. 2 - 2022

RLR V. 2 - 2022

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Rwanda law reports - Date: 2022-07-30 - Collection: Supreme Court

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

SUPREME COURT P.o. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO Icyegeranyo V. 2 - 2022 Mata, 2022 Law Reports V. 2 - 2022 April, 2022

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

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Icyegeranyo V. 2 - 2022 Mata, 2022 Law Reports V. 2 - 2022 April, 2022

REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

SUPREME COURT Po. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

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ISHAKIRO

ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI ...................................iii I. ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA................................................................................iii II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA .......................................... v IRIBURIRO ............................................................................... ix IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO................................. xi INYITO ...................................................................................... xi AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO ........................................xiii IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE ................................................... xvi AMAGAMBO MPINE ........................................................... xvii Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) ....................................................... 1 BIZIMANA v UWASE ............................................................ 81 KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA .................................... 91 NZEYIMANA N‘UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI ........... 105 UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI............................ 143 i

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ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI

I.

ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO

BATEGUYE

IMANZA

KAGABO U. Stephanie

KAVUTSE M. Claude

KUBWIMANA Jean Claude

MUJABI K. Naphtal

UWINKINDI Angelique

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II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : Perezida wa Komite, Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. MUHIRE G. Yves : Visi Perezida wa Komite, Umwarimu muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda

NSENGIYUMVA Jean Claude : Umwanditsi wa Komite, Umugenzuzi w’Inkiko

RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. KARIMUNDA M. Aimé : Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga

NDAHAYO Xavier : Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru

RUTAZANA Angeline : Umugenzuzi Mukuru w’Inkiko

KALIWABO Charles : Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire

Dr. KAYIHURA Didas :

BURAYOBERA UMUZAYIRE Bibiane : Umuyobozi wa ILPD

Visi Perezida wa Komisiyo y`u Rwanda ishinzwe Ivugururwa ry`Amategeko v

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BWIZA N. Blanche : Umugenzuzi w’Inkiko

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu

BUNYOYE Grace : Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu

KABIBI Specioza : Intumwa ya Leta

MUREREREHE Saouda : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru

Lt. col. MADUDU A. Charles :

Umucamanza mu Rukiko rwa Gisirikare

Dr. NSHIMIYIMANA Didace :

GIRANEZA Clémentine :

TASHOBYA Benon : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru

Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye

Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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BAGABO Faustin :

GAPARAYI Idi :

Dr. SHEMA Pierre :

KARAKE Canisius :

HABIMANA Pie :

RWIGEMA Royck :

YANKURIJE Dorothée : Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka

Umwarimu muri University of Kigali

Umwarimu muri ULK

Umwarimu muri UNILAK

Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka

Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi

Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ibanze

KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA

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IRIBURIRO Basomyi bacu, Tunejejwe no kubagezaho Icyegeranyo cy’Ibyemezo by’Inkiko, Volime 2 [2022]. Nk’uko mubizi, tubahitiramo imanza zikubiyemo bimwe mu bisubizo by’ibibazo muhura nabyo kenshi, haba mu mirimo yanyu ndetse no mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Muri iyi nomero murasangamo imanza ishanu (5) zikurikira: urubanza rumwe (1) rurebana n’ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko Itegeko rinyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga, urubanza rumwe (1) rw’ubutegetsi n’inzindi eshatu (3) zerekeranye n’imiburanishirize y’imanza. Nk’uko mumaze kubimenyera imanza ziri muri iki cyegeranyo ziboneka no ku rubuga rwa murandasi rw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga: http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/kn/nav.do. Dr NTEZILYAYO Faustin Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga akaba na Perezida w’Inama Nkuru y’Ubucamanza

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IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO Iki Cyegeranyo gikubiyemo imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’ Urukiko rw’Ubujurire

INYITO Imanza ziri muri iyi volime zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo: [2022] 2 RLR

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AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO

a. Amategeko akoreshwa ubu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015; ingingo ya 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23 n’iya 61……………………………………………………………………...11 Itangazo ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bwa muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights), ryo mu mwaka wa 1948, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 25…………………………………….11 Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki yo mu mwaka wa 1966, ingingo ya 6, 17 n’iya 26………11 Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku bwoko yasinywe mu mwaka wa 1965, ingingo ya 5………………………………………………………….11 Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rikorerwa abagore, ingingo ya 2,11 n’iya 12……..11 Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Ubukungu, Imibereho Myiza n’Umuco (ICESCR), ingingo ya 12…………………………………………………………………...…11 Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ingingo ya 6 n’iya 16…………………………11 Amasezerano y’inyongera ku masezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’ubw’abaturage yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umugore yashyiriweho umukono i Maputo ku wa 11 Nyakanga 2003, ingingo ya 8 n’iya 14……………………11 Itegeko Ngenga Nº 12/2013 ryo kuwa 12/07/2013 ryerekeye imari n'umutungo bya Leta, ingingo ya 3, 11, 18,19, n’iya 21………93 xiii

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Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 107,123, 124, 125, 126, 155 n’iya 158……………………………………………………………..12 Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 105………………………………………...107 Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 59 igika cya mbere…………………………….83 ingingo ya 3, n’iya 184…………………………………….93 ingingo ya 3, n’ya 111……………………………………107 Itegeko N° 014/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n’ububasha, by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare……………………..145 Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango, ingingo ya 10……………………………………….12 Itegeko N° 21/05/2016 ryo ku wa 20/05/2016 ryerekeye ubuzima bw’imyororokere y’abantu………………………………………...12 Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi, ingingo ya 4…………………………………...12 Itegeko N° 46/2012 ryo ku wa 14/01/2013 rishyiraho urugaga nyarwanda rw’abakora imirimo ishamikiye ku buvuzi kandi rikagena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha byarwo, ingingo ya 36……………………………………………………………………...12 Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta, ingingo ya 6, 24, 27, n’iya 39………………………………………………….107 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo 141…………………………………………………………145 Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3……………………..107 Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe No 006/03 ryo ku wa 30/01/2017 rishyiraho urutonde rw’ibishanga, imiterere n’imbibi zabyo…..93 Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umugore cyangwa umukobwa inda, ingingo ya 2……………….12 Iteka rya Minisitiri No 20/39 ryo ku wa 29/01/2016 rigena ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi………………………………………………..12 Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 20/25 18/04/2012 rigena uko imyuga y’ubuforomo n’ububyaza ikorwa………………………………….12

b. Amategeko yakuweho ariko yakoreshwaga igihe ikibazo cyavukaga Itegeko ngenga N° 04/2011/OL ryo ku wa 03/10/2011 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’Ububasha by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare………………………………145 Itegeko ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryagenaga imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko, ingingo ya 121, 122, 152, 156, n’iya 178…………………………………………………………………107

c. Amategeko yo hanze yashingiweho Amasezerano y’ibihugu by’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu, ingingo ya 2………………………………………………………….13

AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO

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IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE Akagera Business Group, RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 23/09/2016………………………...13 Bărbulescu v. Romania, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi, Application no. 61496/08, para 71………………………………..13 Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para. 130…13 Cass. com., 5 Oct. 1953: Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280…………...145 Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Dheli and others rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde kuwa 13 Mutarama 1981…………………………………………...13 Justice K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India. rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde…………………………….13 Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para. 71………13 Re Kabasinga Florida, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 27/11/2020……………..13 Re Murangwa Edward, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2019/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 29/11/2019……………..13 The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998)……………………………..13 Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000……………………………………………………………13

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AMAGAMBO MPINE 1. Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubutegetsi – Impamvu itunguranye – Icyemezo cy’ubutegetsi – Nta buryozwe buhaba bushingiye ku kutubariza amasezerano iyo habonetse icyemezo cy'ubutegetsi gituma uruhande rumwe rutubahiriza inshingano zarwo. UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI…………143 2.Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano – Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Kutitaba kwababuranyi – Iyo mu kirego kigamije gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye nyuma y’imihango yose y’ihamagara iteganywa n’itegeko, nk’uko bigenda mu nzira zindi z’imiburanishirize y’imanza, Urukiko rushobora kwimurira urubanza ku wundi munsi, cyangwa gusiba urubanza mu gihe bigaragarira urukiko ko ababuranyi badafite inyungu yo gukurikirana urubanza rwabo. BIZIMANA v UWASE………………………………...81 3. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubutegetsi – Urubanza ruregwamo urwego rw’ubutegetsi rwa Leta rutarangije ibyategetswe n ‘urubanza – Minisiteri – Umuyobozi uhamagazwa – Hahamagazwa Minisitiri kuko niwe uhagarariye Minisiteri, agahuza imirimo yose ihakorerwa, akanabazwa ibigenda n’ibitagenda uko bikwiye muri Minisiteri ashinzwe – Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 184 KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA………………...91 xvii

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Ubusobekerane bw’imanza – Ubujurire bw’ibyemezo ku busobekerane bw’imanza – Ibyemezo bitegeka cyangwa ibyanga ko imanza zifatanywa bijuririrwa kimwe nk’uko bikorwa ku bijyanye n’ububasha bw’inkiko kandi bikaba bigomba kubanza gukemuka mbere y’uko imanza zikomeza kuburanishwa

NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v.

MUHIRWA N’ABANDI………………………………………….105 Kuregera urukiko – Inyungu yo kurega – Ni agaciro urega ku giti cye aha icyo asaba urukiko, kagomba kuba kataziguye kandi kemewe n’amategeko, ku buryo kadahari, nta burenganzira aba afite bwo kurega. Iyo nyungu ireberwa kuba hari ihungabana ry’uburenganzira, nubwo urubanza rwagaragaza ko ubwo burenganzira bwahungabanye cyangwa butahungabanye.

NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v.

MUHIRWA N’ABANDI……………………………………………105 4. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwo kubaho – Ni uburenganzira shingiro bw’ikiremwamuntu ubundi burenganzira bwose bushingiyeho, bugomba kurindwa ku buryo nta muntu ushobora kubuvutswa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko – Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 12. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza – Kugira ubuzima bwiza ntibigarukira gusa kuba umuntu yumva atarwaye cyangwa se yumva nta bumuga afite ahubwo ni ukuba yumva ameze neza mu mubiri, mu mitekerereze no mu mibereho ye n’abandi. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe – Ibikorwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe – Ni ibikorwa byose bibabaza umubiri nko kwica umuntu, kumukomeretsa byaba mu buryo bukomeye cyangwa bworoheje, kumukorera ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, kumushyira mu bikorwa by’ubucakara, kumusambanya ku gahato cyangwa se kumukorera irindi hohotera iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, n’ibindi bikorwa byose bigamije kumutesha agaciro. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko – Ivangura – Abantu bafatwa kimwe imbere y’itegeko, nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura, ndetse n’itegeko rigiyeho rigafata kimwe abo rireba – Byitwa gutandukanya abantu hagamijwe kuvutsa amahirwe bamwe no gutonesha abandi, bigakorwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu zitumvikana. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Uburenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu – Ni uburenganzira umuntu wese afite bwo kwishyira akizana mu mibereho ye bwite, mu mibanire ye n’abandi ntawe umuvogereye cyangwa ngo yivange mu mibereho ye bwite mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, akabikora mu bwisanzure kandi ntacyo yikanga – Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 23 Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 xix

AMAGAMBO MPINE

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IBIREGO BYIHARIYE

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IBIREGO BISABA KWEMEZA KO

ITEGEKO RINYURANYE N’ITEGEKO NSHINGA

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Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2021/SC – (Ntezilyayo, P.J., Nyirinkwaya, Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye na Karimunda) 24 Ukuboza 2021] Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwo kubaho – Ni uburenganzira shingiro bw’ikiremwamuntu ubundi burenganzira bwose bushingiyeho, bugomba kurindwa ku buryo nta muntu ushobora kubuvutswa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko – Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 12. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza – Kugira ubuzima bwiza ntibigarukira gusa kuba umuntu yumva atarwaye cyangwa se yumva nta bumuga afite ahubwo ni ukuba yumva ameze neza mu mubiri, mu mitekerereze no mu mibereho ye n’abandi. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe – Ibikorwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe – Ni ibikorwa byose bibabaza umubiri nko kwica umuntu, kumukomeretsa byaba mu buryo bukomeye cyangwa bworoheje, kumukorera ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, kumushyira mu bikorwa by’ubucakara, kumusambanya ku gahato cyangwa se kumukorera irindi hohotera iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, n’ibindi bikorwa byose bigamije kumutesha agaciro. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko – Ivangura – Abantu bafatwa kimwe imbere 1

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y’itegeko, nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura, ndetse n’itegeko rigiyeho rigafata kimwe abo rireba – Byitwa gutandukanya abantu hagamijwe kuvutsa amahirwe bamwe no gutonesha abandi, bigakorwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu zitumvikana. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu – Ni uburenganzira umuntu wese afite bwo kwishyira akizana mu mibereho ye bwite, mu mibanire ye n’abandi ntawe umuvogereye cyangwa ngo yivange mu mibereho ye bwite mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, akabikora mu bwisanzure kandi ntacyo yikanga – Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 23.. Incamake y’ikibazo: Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development (GLIHD) yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga irusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranye n’ingingo za 12, 14, 15, 16, 21 na 23 z’Itegeko Nshinga, ndetse zikananyuranya n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko zibangamiye uburenganzira bw’abagore n’abakobwa, aho izo ngingo zitegeka ko, mu gihe byemewe n’amategeko, gukuramo inda bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, bityo zigakumira abandi bavuzi babihuguriwe. Ikomeza ivuga ko izo ngingo kimwe n’ingingo ya 2 (3°) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umugore cyangwa umukobwa inda zikwiye kwandikwa mu bundi buryo, ahanditse muganga wemewe na Leta hakongerwamo cyangwa undi muvuzi wabihuguriwe kandi wabiherewe uburenganzira n’Ikigo cya Leta kibifitiye ububasha. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Muri uru rubanza hari Inshuti y’Urukiko ariyo Umuryango uharanira iterambere ry’ubuzima (Health Development Initiative, HDI) na Leta y’u Rwanda nayo ikaba yari ihagarariwe, aho ivuga ko izo ngingo zose zitagomba kwandikwa mu bundi buryo. Ku kibazo cyabanje gusuzumwa muri uru Rukiko ni ikijyanye no kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2 n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru zinyuranye n’uburenganzira bwo kubaho n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza buteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 n’iya 21 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Aha Urega asobanura ko ingingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abanyarwanda bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza kandi ku rwego rwo hejuru rushoboka nk’uko kandi bishimangirwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga atandukanye u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono. Avuga ko amategeko mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu ateganya ko, mu rwego rwo kuzamura ireme ry’ubuzima bwiza, ibihugu bifite inshingano zo gushyiraho serivisi zerekeranye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere zujuje ubuziranenge. Kugira ngo iyo nshingano yubahirizwe, bigasaba ko haboneka amakuru ahagije ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ko habaho ibigo byita ku buzima bw’abantu, ko abakozi babihugurirwa kandi bakaba abanyamwuga, ndetse hakaboneka n’imiti y’ingenzi. Urega asobanura ko kuba abana b’abakobwa basambanyijwe bagaterwa inda, itegeko ribategeka guhabwa serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda na muganga gusa, bibangamiye uburenganzira bwabo kuko uyu muganga aba ku bitaro gusa kandi abo bana nta bushobozi ndetse nta n’igihe cyo kugerayo bafite. Ikindi ni ukuba abandi baturage babonera serivisi z’ubuvuzi ku kigo nderabuzima aricyo cyegerejwe abaturage, ariko abagore n’abana 1 Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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b’abakobwa bo bagategekwa kubonera iyo serivisi ku bitaro, nabyo bibangamiye uburenganzira bwabo ku buzima bwiza. Asoza avuga ko kuba iyo serivisi idatangirwa ku rwego rw’ubuzima rwegerejwe abaturage kuko aho nta baganga bahaba, ngo ibe yatangwa n’abaforomo n’ababyaza, bituma iyo serivisi itaboneka bigaca intege abagore n’abana b’abakobwa bigatuma bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe kandi babyemerewe n’amategeko, bikongera n’ibyago ku bagore n’abakobwa kuko bashobora gupfa babyara. Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko ingingo ya 123 n’iya 124 z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru zirengera uburenganzira bwo kubaho, aho zigaragaza ihame ry’uko gukuramo inda cyangwa gukuriramo undi muntu inda bibujijwe kandi ko ari icyaha mu gihe ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’iryo Tegeko zo zikaba zerekana ibihe bidasanzwe umugore cyangwa umukobwa yemerewe gukurwamo inda na muganga wemewe na Leta,bityo zikaba ntaho zitanyuranye n’ingingo ya 12 n’iya 21 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Naho ku bijyanye n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga, uruhande rurega rushingiraho, akwiye gukurikizwa nk’andi mategeko kuko yemejwe n’u Rwanda, ariko ko amwe muri yo ateganya ko gukuramo inda biterwa n’impamvu zidasanzwe. Ku birebana no kuba serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku bagore n’abakobwa babyemerewe idashobora gutangirwa ku bigo nderabuzima ngo itangwe n’abaforomo n’ababyaza, Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko ntibishobora gukorerwa aho hantu ku nyungu z’abashaka iyo serivisi, kuko hari igihe bakenera ubutabazi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru ntibabe bahabubonera. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Inshuti y’urukiko, ivuga ko iri tegeko rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange rituma abashobora kubona serivisi zo gukuramo inda ari abagore bafite ubushobozi bwo kubona umuganga cyangwa bafite amikoro yo kuriha ingendo cyangwa amafaranga yo kwishyura kwa muganga. Ivuga kandi ko mu bindi bihugu, abakozi bashinzwe ubuzima batari abaganga bahuguwe, batanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bagakurikirana abarwayi nyuma yo kubaha iyo serivisi. Byongeye kandi n’amabwiriza mpuzamahanga y’ubuvuzi, na yo yemera ko abatanga serivisi z’ubuzima zoroheje bashobora kandi bakwiye kwemererwa gutanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda. Ikomeza isobanura ko kubera inzitizi zibangamira gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko, abagore n’abakobwa benshi mu Rwanda bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe bigashyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga. Ivuga ko kubanza kwemererwa n’undi muntu gukuramo inda harimo n’undi muganga bikereza guhabwa ubuvuzi, bikaba byatuma serivisi yo gukuramo inda itangwa igihe kigenwa n'amategeko cyarenze bikagorana, ikiguzi cyo kuyikuramo kikiyongera, ndetse bikaba byanashyira ubuzima bw’umugore mu kaga gakomeye. Ku birebana na serivisi zitangwa n’ababyaza n’abaforomo, HDI, Inshuti y’Urukiko, isobanura ko kuba abaforomo, ababyaza n’abafasha b’abaganga mu Rwanda bemerewe gutanga ubuvuzi ku mugore nyuma yo gukuramo inda, ari bwo buvuzi bwa ngombwa butangwa iyo umugore ahuye n’ibibazo biterwa no gukuramo inda mu buryo butizewe cyangwa mu gihe inda itavuyemo mu buryo bwuzuye bifashishije uburyo bwo koza nyababyeyi mu gihembwe cya mbere kuva umugore asamye, nta mpamvu abo bakozi baboneka ku kigo nderabuzima batakwemererwa no gutanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda. Bityo, Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ritari rikwiye kubakura mu bagomba gutanga iyo serivisi. Ku kibazo cya serivisi yo gukuramo inda ikozwe na muganga wemewe na Leta aho kuba umuntu wese wize ibijyanye n’ubuvuzi, Urega avuga ko binyuranye n’uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe biteganywa n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko bibangamira uburenganzira bw’abagore ndetse n’ubw’abakobwa aho bigabanya umubare w’abatanga iyo serivisi n’uw’abayihabwa. Urega avuga ko Komisiyo Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ishingiye ku Masezerano ya Maputo, mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa ingingo zirebana no gutanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi zo gukuramo inda mu buryo bunoze, bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko zigaragara muri ayo masezerano, yashyizeho amabwiriza ngenderwaho ko ibihugu bitagomba gushyiraho imbogamizi cyangwa inzitizi ku bisabwa abavuzi bemerewe gutanga iyo serivisi y’ubuvuzi. Avuga ko Komisiyo yakomeje igaragaza ko, muri rusange kuba mu bihugu byinshi by’Afurika hari umubare udahagije w’abaganga, abafasha b’abaganga, nk’ababyaza ndetse n’abandi bakozi bita ku buzima, bakagombye guhabwa amahugurwa kugira ngo nabo bajye bita ku bakeneye serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuramo inda. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko kuri iyi ngingo, bigaragara ko Leta yahisemo ko ufite ubushobozi bwo gufasha umugore wifuza gukuramo inda ari umuganga

(medical doctor) ufite ubumenyi bwemewe n’inzego zibifitiye ububasha. Ibi bivuze ko utari umuganga adashobora gutanga iyo serivisi kubera ingaruka z’ubuzima zishobora gukomoka mu gukurwamo inda mu gihe bikozwe n’undi muntu utari umuganga. Asoza avuga ko asanga ntaho igika cya 2 cy’ingingo ya 125 n’igika cya 3 cy’ingingo ya 126 z’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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ryavuzwe haruguru zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe. Ikindi kibazo cyasuzumwe muri uru rubanza ni icyo kumenya niba ingingo ziteganya gukuramo inda bikozwe na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa binyuranye n’uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kurindwa ivangura buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 15 n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga no mu Masezerano mpuzamahanga. Kuri iki kibazo, Urega avuga ko imitangire y’iyo serivisi binyuranyije n’uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kutavangurwa kw’abagore n’abakobwa muri rusange. Akomeza avuga ko ayo masezerano aha ibihugu inshingano zo kurandura impamvu iyo ariyo yose yatuma habaho ivangura kandi bigashyigikira uburenganzira bwo kureshya kuri bose harimo n’abagore. Asoza asobanura ko kutareshya imbere y’amategeko n’ivangura babona mu ngingo zavuzwe haruguru ziregerwa ari uko serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda umugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko bisabwa muganga wemewe na Leta gusa uboneka mu bitaro by’Akarere, bityo bikaba binyuranyije n’uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kutavangurwa kw’abagore n’abakobwa muri rusange buteganywa mu Itegeko Nshinga. Bavuga ko hari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina kuko hari serivisi y’ubuvuzi umuntu w’igitsina gabo abonera ku bigo nderabuzima bimwegereye, nyamara uw’igitsina gore akaba adashobora kuhabonera serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukurirwamo inda. Bavuga kandi ko hari irindi vangura no kutareshya rishingiye ku byiciro by’ubukungu kubera ko abagore n’abakobwa bifite aribo bashobora kubonera iyo serivisi ku bitaro bikuru ahaboneka muganga wemewe, mu gihe abatifite badashobora kugerayo kubera ko bihenze cyane. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko uruhande rurega rutagaragaza ukutareshya imbere y’amageteko cyangwa ivangura rikorerwa abagore biri mu ngingo z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, uretse kubivuga mu magambo no kugaragaza ingingo z’amasezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye kandi rushyira mu bikorwa. Nti bagaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana icyo bita kutareshya mu mategeko cyangwa kuvangurwa kw’abashaka guhabwa serivisi z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Avuga kandi ko serivisi z’ubuvuzi zitandukanye zihabwa abagana ibitaro guhera ku mavuriro y’ibanze ibigo nderabuzima, ibitaro by’Uturere, ibitaro by’Intara n’ibitaro bikuru zashyizwe ku mugereka w’Iteka rya Minisitiri No 20/39 ryo ku wa 29/01/2016 rigena ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi, kugira ngo bimenyekane kandi buri muntu ugana ibitaro amenye ko ari uburenganzira bwe guhabwa izo serivisi nta vangura cyangwa kutareshya mu matageko Ibyo bikaba byarakozwe mu rwego rwo kugira ngo buri muntu wese nta vangura iryo ariryo ryose ugana amavuriro amenye serivisi ihatangirwa n’ikiguzi cyayo. Bityo, akaba asanga nta kutareshya mu mategeko cyangwa kuvangura uruhande rurega rugaragaza, ko kandi n’iyo byaba, byakorerwa iperereza uwaba yabigizemo uruhare akaba yabitangira indishyi kubera ko bene ibyo bikorwa bibarizwa mu mategeko mbonezamubano aho kuba mpanabyaha. Urega yasabye ko muri uru Rukiko kandi hasuzumwa niba gukuramo inda

biteganywa mu ngingo z’Itegeko rigenga ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange binyuranye n’uburenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu buteganywa n’Itegeko nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 23. Avuga ko iryo tegeko riteganya ko muganga wemewe na Leta ariwe wenyine utanga serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda mu buryo buboneye umugore cyangwa umwana w’umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko, ariko kugirango ayibone bimusaba kubanza guca ku kigo nderabuzima kwaka ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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urupapuro rumwohereza ku bitaro (transfer), bikumvikana ko abakozi bose urwo rupapuro ruzaca mu ntoki bazaba bamenye icyo agiye kwivuza kugera ageze ku bitaro, nabwo akaba agomba kubanza guhabwa serivisi y’ubujyanama bwimbitse mbere yo guhabwa serivisi yo gukuramo inda. Bivuze ko, muri izo ngendo zose bwa burenganzira bwe bwo kugirirwa ibanga kuri serivisi y’ubuvuzi yakorewe azaba yamaze kubutakaza kuko abantu benshi bazaba bazi serivisi ari gusaba kandi amakuru yakabaye ari hagati ye n’umuvura. Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ihame ryo kurinda ibanga ry’amakuru akomoka ku murwayi cyangwa umuntu wese ugana ibitaro riteganywa n’Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi ndetse n’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MoH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda. Mu gihe muganga arenze ku mategeko ntagirire ibanga uwo ashinzwe kuvura, akurikiranwa maze akirengera ingaruka zabyo bityo, nta kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga guhari hagati y’igika cya 2 cy’ingingo ya 125 n’igika cya 3 cy’ingingo ya 126 z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Uburenganzira bwo kubaho ni uburenganzira shingiro bw’ikiremwamuntu ubundi burenganzira bwose bushingiyeho, bugomba kurindwa ku buryo nta muntu ushobora kubuvutswa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Bityo, kwemerera ababyaza n’abaforomo cyangwa abaforomokazi gukuramo inda kandi bigakorerwa ku bigo nderabuzima nk’uko Urega abyifuza, bishobora gushyira mu Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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kaga ubuzima bw’abagore n’abakobwa bakenera guhabwa iyo serivisi kurusha uko byabafasha.

2. Kugira ubuzima bwiza ntibigarukira gusa kuba umuntu yumva atarwaye cyangwa se yumva nta bumuga afite ahubwo ni ukuba yumva ameze neza mu mubiri, mu mitekerereze no mu mibereho ye n’abandi. Bityo, ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2 n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ari zimwe mu ngamba zigamije kurengera uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza ku bireba by’umwihariko ubuzima bw’imyororokere, igikorwa cyo gukuramo inda mu bihe bigenwa n’itegeko gishyirwa mu biganza by’umuganga ubifitiye ubumenyi n’ibikoresho bya ngombwa.

3. Ibikorwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe ni ibikorwa byose bibabaza umubiri nko kwica umuntu, kumukomeretsa byaba mu buryo bukomeye cyangwa bworoheje, kumukorera ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, kumushyira mu bikorwa by’ubucakara, kumusambanya ku gahato cyangwa se kumukorera irindi hohotera iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, n’ibindi bikorwa byose bigamije kumutesha agaciro. Bityo, kuba umugore cyangwa umukobwa ukeneye serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda, bishobora kumuvuna ajya kuyishakira aho itegeko ryategetse, ntaho bihuriye n’uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe.

4. Abantu bafatwa kimwe imbere y’itegeko, nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura, ndetse n’itegeko rigiyeho rigafata kimwe abo rireba. Byitwa gutandukanya abantu hagamijwe kuvutsa amahirwe bamwe no gutonesha abandi, bigakorwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu zitumvikana. Bityo, kuba serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda ku bakobwa n’abagore bashobora kuyibonera ku bitaro bikuru ahari muganga wemewe na Leta, si ikibazo cy’ivangura ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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kuri bo, ahubwo ni ikibazo kireba abakenera serivisi za muganga no ku bindi bibazo bidakemukira ku bigo nderabuzima muri rusange.

5. Uburenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu ni uburenganzira umuntu wese afite bwo kwishyira akizana mu mibereho ye bwite, mu mibanire ye n’abandi ntawe umuvogereye cyangwa ngo yivange mu mibereho ye bwite mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, akabikora mu bwisanzure kandi ntacyo yikanga. Bityo, kuba serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda ku bagore n’abakobwa babyemerewe itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, ntaho bihuriye no kutubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu. Ikirego nta shingiro gifite. Ingingo ya 125, igika cya kabiri n’iya 126, igika cya gatatu, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ntaho zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23 n’iya 61. Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu ryo mu mwaka 1948, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 25. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki yo mu mwaka wa 1966, ingingo ya 6, 17 n’iya 26. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Ubukungu, Imibereho Myiza n’Umuco (ICESCR), ingingo ya 12. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku bwoko yasinywe mu mwaka wa 1965, ingingo ya 5. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rikorerwa abagore, ingingo ya 2,11 n’iya 12. Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ingingo ya 6 n’iya 16. Amasezerano y’inyongera ku masezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’ubw’abaturage yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umugore yashyiriweho umukono i Maputo ku wa 11 Nyakanga 2003, ingingo ya 8 n’iya 14 Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 107,123, 124, 125, 126, 155 n’iya 158. Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango, ingingo ya 10. Itegeko N° 21/05/2016 ryo ku wa 20/05/2016 ryerekeye ubuzima bw’imyororokere y’abantu. Itegeko N° 46/2012 ryo ku wa 14/01/2013 rishyiraho urugaga nyarwanda rw’abakora imirimo ishamikiye ku buvuzi kandi rikagena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha byarwo, ingingo ya 36. Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi, ingingo ya 4. Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umugore cyangwa umukobwa inda, ingingo ya 2. Iteka rya Minisitiri No 20/39 ryo ku wa 29/01/2016 rigena ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi. Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 20/25 18/04/2012 rigena uko imyuga y’ubuforomo n’ububyaza ikorwa. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Amategeko yo mu mahanga yashingiweho: Amasezerano y’ibihugu by’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu, ingingo ya 2. Imanza zifashishijwe: Re Kabasinga Florida, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 27/11/2020. Re Murangwa Edward, RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2019/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 29/11/2019. Akagera Business Group, RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kuwa 23/09/2016. Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000. The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998). Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para. 130. Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para.

71. Bărbulescu v. Romania, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi, Application no. 61496/08, para 71. Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Dheli and others rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde kuwa 13 Mutarama 1981. Justice K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India. rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde. Inyandiko z’Abahanga zifashishijwe: Paulin Basinga, Ann M. Moore, Susheela D. Singh, Elizabeth E. Carlin, Francine Birungi, and Fidele Ngabo, Abortion Incidence and Postabortion Care in Rwanda, in Rwanda Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Medical Journal / Revue Médicale Rwandaise, June 2012, Vol. 69 (2).

URUBANZA I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] GLIHD ihagarariwe na Mulisa Tom yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga irusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranye n’ingingo za 12, 14, 15, 16, 21 na 23 z’Itegeko Nshinga, ndetse zikananyuranya n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko zibangamiye uburenganzira bw’abagore n’abakobwa, aho izo ngingo zitegeka ko, mu gihe byemewe n’amategeko, gukuramo inda bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, bityo zigakumira abandi bavuzi babihuguriwe. [2] Bavuga ko izo ngingo kimwe n’ingingo ya 2 (3°) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umugore cyangwa umukobwa inda zikwiye kwandikwa mu bundi buryo, ahanditse muganga wemewe na Leta hakongerwamo cyangwa undi muvuzi wabihuguriwe kandi wabiherewe uburenganzira n’Ikigo cya Leta kibifitiye ububasha. [3] Ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko gukurirwamo inda bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta, naho ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, yo igateganya ko usaba ko umwana afiteho ububasha ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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bwa kibyeyi akurirwamo inda, abisaba umuganga wemewe na Leta yitwaje inyandiko y’ivuka igaragaza igihe umwana yavukiye. [4] Leta y’u Rwanda yo ivuga ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nta na hamwe zinyuranye n'Itegeko Nshinga cyangwa amasezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye, bityo ko nta n’impamvu izo ngingo kimwe n’ingingo ya 2 (3°) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru zakwandikwa mu bundi buryo. [5] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku itariki ya 18/10/2021, GLIHD ihagarariwe na Mulisa Tom yunganiwe na Me Twizeyimana Théophile afatanyije na Me Umulisa Vestine, hari Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Kabibi Spéciose. Hari kandi n’inshuti y’Urukiko, HDI ihagarariwe na Me Garuka Christian. [6] Muri uru rubanza, uwatanze ikirego yari yasabye Urukiko gusuzuma ibibazo bikurikira: - Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 12 hamwe n’iya 21 z’Itegeko Nshinga zivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaho n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza. - Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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ku burenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe. - Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 hamwe n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga zivuga ku burenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kurindwa ivangura. - Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite. - Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, kimwe n’ingingo ya 2(3°) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda, zigomba kwandikwa mu bundi buryo.

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II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 12 n’iya 21 z’Itegeko Nshinga zivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaho n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza [7] Mulisa Tom uhagarariye GLIHD n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ko gukuramo inda mu buryo buteganywa n’amategeko bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa haba ku mugore cyangwa ku mwana w’umukobwa, binyuranyije n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza nk’uko buteganywa mu Itegeko Nshinga ndetse no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono. [8] Basobanura ko ingingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abanyarwanda bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza kandi ku rwego rwo hejuru rushoboka nk’uko kandi bishimangirwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga atandukanye u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono. Bakomeza bavuga ko ingingo ya 14 y’Amasezerano y’Inyongera ya Maputo ku masezerano nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono mu mwaka wa 2004, iha Leta inshingano zo kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abagore harimo n’ubuzima bwerekeranye n’imyororokere. [9] Bavuga ko, mu rwego rwo kubungabunga uburenganzira bw’abagore ku buzima bw’imyororokere, ingingo ya 14 (2) Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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y’Amasezerano amaze kuvugwa isaba u Rwanda nk’igihugu cyayashyizeho umukono kugenzura ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo hatangwa serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuramo inda mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi buboneye. Bavuga ko ingingo ya 16 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage yemera ko buri muntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza mu buryo bushoboka, haba ku birebana n’imitekerereze ndetse no ku mubiri, bityo ikaba inategeka ibihugu gufata ingamba zishoboka mu kurengera ubuzima bw’abaturage babyo. [10] Bavuga ko ari kimwe kandi n’ibiteganywa mu Masezerano Nyafurika arengera abana aho ateganya ko buri mwana afite uburenganzira bwo kugira imimerere ishoboka myiza yo ku buzima bwo ku mubiri, mu mutwe ndetse no mu myemerere, ibi bakabisanisha n’ibiteganywa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bw’umwana asaba za leta gushyiraho ubufasha bushoboka kugira ngo buri mwana wese avurwe neza. [11] Bakomeza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza kandi bushimangirwa mu ngingo ya 12 (1) y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Ubukungu, Imibereho Myiza n’Umuco (ICESCR), iteganya ko buri muntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza ku rwego rwo hejuru rushoboka ku mubiri ndetse no mu mutwe. [12] Bavuga ko n’ubwo nta gisobanuro cy’ijambo « ubuzima bwiza » Itegeko Nshinga ritanga, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO) ryatanze icyo gisobanuro nk’imimerere yuzuye ku mubiri, mu bwenge no mu mibereho myiza. Bakomeza bavuga ko bashingiye kuri icyo gisobanuro, kugira imibereho myiza bitavuze kuba nta byorezo cyangwa ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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indwara biriho, ko ahubwo mu mibereho myiza harimo n’ibindi byose nk’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, guhabwa serivisi zerekeranye n’ubuvuzi bw’abagore, kuboneza urubyaro ndetse no kugira amakuru ku bijyanye na serivisi y’ubuzima yo gukurirwamo inda mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi bwizewe. [13] Bavuga kandi ko amategeko mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu ateganya ko, mu rwego rwo kuzamura ireme ry’ubuzima bwiza, ibihugu bifite inshingano zo gushyiraho serivisi zerekeranye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere zujuje ubuziranenge. Kugira ngo iyo nshingano yubahirizwe, bigasaba ko haboneka amakuru ahagije ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, ko habaho ibigo byita ku buzima bw’abantu, ko abakozi babihugurirwa kandi bakaba abanyamwuga, ndetse hakaboneka n’imiti y’ingenzi. [14] Ku birebana n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza kandi, abahagarariye

GLIHD bavuga ko Komite ikurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco yasesenguye ingingo ya 12 y’ayo masezerano ari nayo ihuye n’iya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga, isanga kugira ngo ubwo burenganzira bwubahirizwe bisaba ibintu by’ingenzi bikurikira: - Kuba abaturage bashobora kugera ku rwego rw’ubuvuzi (accessibility), ibi bigasobanura ko serivisi y’ubuvuzi ndetse n’imiti bigomba kubonekera ku rwego rw’ubuvuzi rwegerejwe abaturage. - Kuba nta vangura (non-discrimination) mu guhabwa serivisi z’ubuvuzi. Ibi bisobanuye ko imiti na serivisi z’ubuvuzi bigomba guhabwa buri wese nta vangura ribayeho cyane cyane hitabwa ku matsinda y’abantu Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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basanganywe ibibazo bitandukanye byaba ibijyanye n’amategeko cyangwa ibigaragarira buri wese (the most vulnerable and marginalized sections of the population, in law or in facts). Urugero: abana basambanyijwe, abagore n’abakobwa bafashwe ku ngufu n’abandi. - Kuba abaturage bose bashobora kwishyura serivisi z’ubuvuzi (affordability). Ibi bisobanuye ko ibikorwa remezo by’ubuvuzi, imiti na serivisi z’ubuvuzi bigomba kuba bishobora kugerwaho na buri wese mu bushobozi bwe. [15] Bashingiye ku bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, abahagarariye GLIHD basobanura ko kuba abana b’abakobwa basambanyijwe bagaterwa inda, itegeko ribategeka guhabwa serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda na muganga gusa, bibangamiye uburenganzira bwabo kuko uyu muganga aba ku bitaro gusa kandi abo bana nta bushobozi ndetse nta n’igihe cyo kugerayo bafite. Bongeraho ko kuba abandi baturage babonera serivisi z’ubuvuzi ku kigo nderabuzima aricyo cyegerejwe abaturage, ariko abagore n’abana b’abakobwa bemerewe gukuramo inda kubera impamvu zitandukanye nko gufatwa ku ngufu, gushyingirwa ku gahato n’izindi, bo bagategekwa kubonera iyo serivisi ku bitaro, nabyo bibangamiye uburenganzira bwabo ku buzima bwiza. [16] Barangiza bavuga ko ibyategetswe mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2 n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ko serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda umugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko bikorwa n’abaganga bemewe na Leta gusa bibangamiye uburenganzira bw’abagore n’abana b’abakobwa bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza buteganywa ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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n’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga kuko bituma iyo serivisi y’ubuvuzi itaboneka cyangwa ngo igerweho uko bikwiye kubera ko muganga wemewe na Leta aba ku bitaro gusa, mu gihe urwego rw’ubuvuzi rwegerejwe abaturage ari Ikigo Nderabuzima n’amashami yacyo (postes de santé). Bavuga ko kuba iyo serivisi idatangirwa ku rwego rw’ubuzima rwegerejwe abaturage kuko aho nta baganga bahaba, ngo ibe yatangwa n’abaforomo n’ababyaza, bituma iyo serivisi itaboneka bigaca intege abagore n’abana b’abakobwa bigatuma bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe kandi babyemerewe n’amategeko, bikongera n’ibyago ku bagore n’abakobwa kuko bashobora gupfa babyara. [17] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ingingo ya 1231 n’iya 1242 z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, zitangira zigaragaza ihame ry’uko gukuramo inda cyangwa gukuriramo undi muntu inda

1 Iteganya ko umuntu wese wikuyemo inda, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’umwaka umwe (1) ariko kitarenze imyaka itatu (3) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi ijana (100.000 Frw) ariko atarenze ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw). 2 Iteganya ko umuntu wese ukuramo undi muntu inda, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5). Umuntu wese, ku bw’uburangare cyangwa umwete muke, utuma umuntu akuramo inda, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’umwaka umwe (1) ariko kitarenze imyaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) ariko atarenze ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. Iyo gukuramo inda biteye ubumuga byemejwe n’umuganga ubifitiye ububasha, uwakoze icyaha ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20) ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). Iyo gukuramo inda biteye urupfu, uwakuriwemo inda yaba yabyemeye cyangwa atabyemeye, uwakoze icyaha ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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bibujijwe kandi ko ari icyaha, ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’iryo Tegeko zo zikaba zerekana ibihe bidasanzwe (exceptions) umugore cyangwa umukobwa yemerewe gukurwamo inda na muganga wemewe na Leta. [18] Akomeza avuga ko ahereye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho, ko ntawe ushobora kuvutswa ubuzima mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, no ku ya 21 iteganya ko abanyarwanda bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza, asanga ntaho binyuranyije n’ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, kubera ko ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kubaho birengerwa n’ingingo ya 123 n’iya 124 z’iryo tegeko. [19] Uhagarariye Leta avuga kandi ko ku bijyanye n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga, uruhande rurega rushingiraho, akwiye gukurikizwa nk’andi mategeko kuko yemejwe n’u Rwanda, ariko ko amwe muri yo ateganya ko gukuramo inda biterwa n’impamvu zidasanzwe. Atanga urugero rw’ingingo ya 14, igika cya 2, agace ka (c), y’Amasezerano y’inyongera ku masezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’ubw’abaturage yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umugore yashyiriweho umukono i Maputo ku wa 11 Nyakanga 2003 iteganya ko mu gihe abagore babyifuza bemerewe gukuramo inda babifashijwemo n’abaganga mu gihe habayeho gutwita nyuma yo gukorerwa ibikorwa by’urukozasoni, gufatwa ku ngufu, guterwa inda n’uwo bafitanye amasano, cyangwa mu gihe ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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gukomeza gutwita iyo nda bishobora gushyira ubuzima bw’utwite cyangwa iyo nda, mu kaga3. [20] Akomeza avuga ko izo mpamvu enye (4) zemerera umugore gusaba gukuramo inda mu bihe bidasanzwe, zemeranyijweho n’ibindi bihugu byasinye ayo masezerano. Asobanura ko nk’uko bisanzwe bigenda, amasezerano mpuzamahanga atanga imirongo migari, maze buri gihugu kigashyiraho amategeko cyangwa ingamba ziyashyira mu bikorwa hashingiwe ku muco, ubushobozi cyangwa izindi mpamvu, akaba ari muri urwo rwego ingingo zaregewe zabujije gukuramo inda ku bushake ariko Leta ishyiraho izo mpamvu enye zonyine zatuma umugore cyangwa umukobwa yemererwa gukuramo inda. [21] Asoza kuri iyi ngingo avuga ko GLIHD yakabaye ivuga no ku Itegeko N° 21/05/2016 ryo ku wa 20/05/2016 ryerekeye ubuzima bw’imyororokere y’abantu kuko iryo Tegeko risubiza bimwe mu bibazo yibaza bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere y’umugore hamwe n’inshingano za Leta mu kubungabunga ubuzima bw’umugore n’ubw’abana, ko rero ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2 no mu ngingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, bitanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. [22] Ku birebana no kuba serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku bagore n’abakobwa babyemerewe idashobora gutangirwa ku Bigo Nderabuzima ngo itangwe n’abaforomo n’ababyaza nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abyifuza, Minisiteri y’Ubuzima

3 Medical abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, and where the continued pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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(MINISANTE), mu nyandiko Uhagarariye Leta yashyize muri dosiye, ivuga ko gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko bidashobora gukorerwa aho hantu ku nyungu z’abashaka iyo serivisi, kuko hari igihe bakenera ubutabazi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru ntibabe bahabubonera. Ishingiye ku byemejwe n’abahanga mu by’ubuzima nka Calvert C. Na Owolabi O., Minisiteri y’Ubuzima igaragaza ko ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko imwe mu ngaruka zikomeye zikunze kubaho mu gihe cyo gukuramo inda ari ukuva amaraso menshi mu buryo bukabije, icyo gihe bikaba byagorana kubikemurira ku Bigo nderabuzima kuko bisaba kongerera amaraso uwakuriwemo inda (transfuse) ndetse bibaye na ngombwa akabagwa inda ibyara (utérus). Ibyo bikorwa byombi bikaba bisaba kubera ku rwego rw’Ibitaro Bikuru (Hospitals) kugira ngo abaganga babizobereyemo (medical doctors) babe bafatanya kubikemura. [23] Izindi mpamvu Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ishingiraho ivuga ko iyo serivisi igomba gutangirwa mu Bitaro Bikuru (Hospitals), ni uburyo uwakuriwemo inda aba agomba kwitabwaho haba mbere ndetse na nyuma y’icyo gikorwa kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zacyo, ibikoresho bikenerwa mu kubanza kumenya uko umwana ameze mu nda (ultrasound) n’ibijyanye no kumenya ubwoko bw’amaraso (Blood Group) na Rhesus mu rwego rwo kurinda uwakuriwemo inda mu gihe yongeye gusama. Ikindi kandi usanga abakenera iyo serivisi baba banakeneye inama mu rwego rw’amategeko (legal services), ubusanzwe zitangwa na ISANGE One Stop Centre ikorera ku rwego rwa buri Bitaro Bikuru. [24] Minisiteri y’Ubuzima isobanura kandi ko mu nshingano zitandukanye z’abaforomo (nurses) n’ababyaza (midwives) ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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zigenwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri N°20/2518/04/2012 rigena uko imyuga y’ubuforomo n’ububyaza ikorwa, ntaho bashinzwe gutanga serivisi yo gukuramo inda. Ndetse umubare muto w’ababyaza (1562 midwives for a population estimated at 12,518,757) mu Rwanda, aho usanga hari ikigo nderabuzima kidafite n’umwe, ahandi hari umwe nawe udakora buri munsi, ukaba waba imbogamizi mu gukurikirana umugore wakuriwemo inda ku Kigo Nderabuzima, bityo Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ikavuga ko kubera izo mpungenge zose, gukuramo inda bigomba gukorerwa ku Bitaro Bikuru ahari abaganga babizobereyemo ndetse hari n’uburyo bufasha kuri buri kibazo cyavuka ku buryo cyabasha gukemurwa n’itsinda rigari ry’abaganga. [25] Ku bivugwa na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, GLIHD ivuga ko yemeranya nayo ku birebana n’imfu n’ubumuga bikomoka ku gukuramo inda bikozwe mu buryo butizewe kandi ko byakumirwa mu gihe bikozwe n’abantu babifitiye ubumenyi. GLIHD ivuga ko ibi bishyigikira igitekerezo cyayo cy’uko ububasha bwahawe abaganga b’inzobere bwo gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwubahirije amategeko, bwahabwa abakora mu bigo nderabuzima hagamijwe kwirinda izo mfu mu gihe abakeneye gukurirwamo inda badashoboye kubona abaganga b’inzobere kubera ubuke bwabo. Ku bw’ibyo isaba ko Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yaha amahugurwa abakora mu bigo nderabuzima mbere y’uko batangira gutanga izo serivisi, dore ko benshi muri bo bahuguwe ku birebana n’ubuvuzi burebana n’ingaruka zo gukuramo inda. [26] GLIHD isobanura ko ibikorwa bigamije gukemura ibibazo bikomoka ku gukuramo inda bigizwe ahanini no gutanga ubuvuzi bwihutirwa, gutanga inama ku birebana n’igihe cyo gukurikiza umwana hagamijwe kwirinda gusama mu buryo Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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butateguwe ku buryo byatuma habaho kongera gukuramo inda mu buryo butizewe. Ivuga ko kuba Ibitaro by’Akarere bifite abaganga b’inzobere bake, umurwayi ashobora kumara amasaha arenze abiri mbere yo gusuzumwa, ariyo mpamvu Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ikwiye guhugura abaforomo n’ababyaza ku birebana no gukuramo inda akaba aribo bajya batanga iyo serivisi. [27] Ku birebana n’ibikoresho, GLIHD ivuga ko hari ibigo nderabuzima byo mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba no mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo bifite ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gusuzuma uko umwana ameze mu nda ya nyina byatanzwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ifatanyije na Belgian Development Agency (ENABEL). Naho ibikoresho byifashishwa mu gupima ubwoko bw’amaraso (Blood group) na rhésus nabyo biri mu bihabwa ibigo nderabuzima nk’uko bikubiye mu byiciro bya serivisi ibyo bigo bitanga byemejwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima. Ivuga kandi ko hari ibigo nderabuzima nk’icya Bigogwe mu Karere ka Nyabihu n’icya Gikonko mu Karere ka Gisagara byamaze kubona ibikoresho nkenerwa ku buryo umuntu ashobora kuhabonera serivisi nk’izitangirwa mu bitaro. [28] Ku birebana n’ubufasha mu mategeko butangwa na Isange One Stop Centre ikorera ku rwego rw’Ibitaro, GLIHD ivuga ko ibyo ntaho biteganyijwe mu Iteka rya Minisitiri, ko uretse n’ibyo hari amakuru yizewe yatanzwe n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Ubugenzacyaha, Rwanda Bureau of Investigation (RIB) ko hari gahunda yo kugeza izo serivisi ku rwego rw’ibigo nderabuzima. [29] Ku kirego cyatanzwe na GLIHD, HDI, inshuti y’urukiko, ivuga ko n’ubwo hatewe intambwe mu birebana n'amategeko, u Rwanda rugifite imbogamizi nyinshi mu Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange mu ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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gufasha abagore n’abakobwa gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko, kuko hashingiwe kuri iryo Tegeko no ku Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019, abaganga bemewe na Leta bonyine aribo bemerewe gukuriramo abantu inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko, abandi bashinzwe ubuzima bw'imyororokere nk'ababyaza cyangwa abaforomo bo bakaba batabyemerewe. [30] Igaragaza ko mu Rwanda abaganga ari bake kuko imibare iheruka gutangazwa na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yerekana ko abaganga bakorera mu mavuriro ya Leta n’ayigenga ari 709 gusa, bivuze ko umuganga umwe yita ku baturage 15.510, kandi muri bo abemera gukuriramo abantu inda bakaba baherereye mu Mujyi wa Kigali no mu nkengero zawo gusa. Ivuga ko iri tegeko rituma abashobora kubona serivisi zo gukuramo inda ari abagore bafite ubushobozi bwo kubona umuganga cyangwa bafite amikoro yo kuriha ingendo cyangwa amafaranga yo kwishyura kwa muganga. Ivuga kandi ko mu bindi bihugu, abakozi bashinzwe ubuzima batari abaganga bahuguwe, batanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bagakurikirana abarwayi nyuma yo kubaha iyo serivisi. Byongeye kandi n’amabwiriza mpuzamahanga y’ubuvuzi, na yo yemera ko abatanga serivisi z’ubuzima zoroheje bashobora kandi bakwiye kwemererwa gutanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda. [31] Ikomeza isobanura ko kubera inzitizi zibangamira gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko, abagore n’abakobwa benshi mu Rwanda bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe bigashyira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga. Itanga urugero rwa raporo yavuze ko inda zirenga kimwe cya kabiri zikurwamo mu Rwanda, zivanwamo mu buryo butizewe bikozwe n’abantu batabihuguwemo, nk'abavuzi ba gakondo, Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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cyangwa na ba nyir’ubwite. Ivuga ko abagore bo mu cyaro bafite amikoro make aribo bari ku gipimo cyo hejuru cya 74% cy’abakuramo inda muri bene ubwo buryo, ugereranyije na 15% by’abagore bafite amikoro batuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Inagaragaza ko 40% by’inda zivanwamo ziteza ibibazo, muri zo 67% zakuwemo na ba nyir’ubwite, naho 61% zikurwamo n'abavuzi ba gakondo. Ivuga kandi ko n’ubwo nta mibare ihari igaragaza abana b’abakobwa bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe mu Rwanda, Leta yasohoye raporo yerekana ko inda zitateganyijwe mu rubyiruko ari ikibazo gikomeye, iyo nayo ikaba ari impamvu ishobora gutuma bakuramo inda mu buryo butizewe. [32] Ikomeza ivuga ko mu Nyandiko y’Umurongo ngenderwaho mu gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku buzima, World Health Organisation (WHO) ryasanze ibihugu bitagomba gusaba ko hagira undi muntu utanga uburenganzira bwo gukuramo inda usibye umugore bireba n’umukozi wo mu buvuzi umuha iyo serivisi. Isobanura ko WHO ivuga ko gukuramo inda bigomba gukorwa nta bukererwe, cyane cyane iyo ubuzima bw’umugore bubangamiwe haba ku mubiri cyangwa mu mutwe. Ishingira kuri ibyo bisobanuro ivuga ko kubanza kwemererwa n’undi muntu gukuramo inda harimo n’undi muganga bikereza guhabwa ubuvuzi, bikaba byatuma serivisi yo gukuramo inda itangwa igihe kigenwa n'amategeko cyarenze bikagorana, ikiguzi cyo kuyikuramo kikiyongera, ndetse bikaba byanashyira ubuzima bw’umugore mu kaga gakomeye. [33] Kubera umubare muto w’abaganga bafite ubumenyi mu bijyanye n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere, HDI ivuga ko Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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yatanze igitekerezo rusange aho isobanura mu buryo burambuye imbibi z’ingingo ya 14 (2) y’Amasezerano y’i Maputo, yemera ko hari umubare muto w’abaganga bahuguwe, bityo ihamagarira ibihugu biyahuriyeho guhugura abatanga serivisi z’ubuzima zoroheje nk’ababyaza n’abandi bashinzwe ubuzima kugira ngo babashe gukuriramo abantu inda mu buryo bwizewe. Ubwo buryo nibwo butuma serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku bayikeneye itangwa vuba kandi ihenduka kuko itangirwa ku rwego rw’ibanze (Ibigo nderabuzima) aho abayikeneye batuye. Inatanga ingero z’Ibihugu muri Afurika nka Etiyopiya, Kenya, Afurika y’Epfo, Mozambike, Ghana, Senegali na Burukina Faso byemerera abatanga serivisi z’ubuzima zoroheje gukuriramo abantu inda, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo koza nyababyeyi mu gihembwe cya mbere n’imiti ikuramo inda. [34] Ku birebana na serivisi zitangwa n’ababyaza n’abaforomo, HDI isobanura ko kuba abaforomo, ababyaza n’abafasha b’abaganga mu Rwanda bemerewe gutanga ubuvuzi ku mugore nyuma yo gukuramo inda, ari bwo buvuzi bwa ngombwa butangwa iyo umugore ahuye n’ibibazo biterwa no gukuramo inda mu buryo butizewe cyangwa mu gihe inda itavuyemo mu buryo bwuzuye bifashishije uburyo bwo koza nyababyeyi mu gihembwe cya mbere kuva umugore asamye, nta mpamvu abo bakozi baboneka ku kigo nderabuzima batakwemererwa no gutanga serivisi zo gukuramo inda. HDI irangiza ivuga ko Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ritari rikwiye kubakura mu bagomba gutanga iyo serivisi.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA Ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kubaho (right to life) buteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga [35] Ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kubaho, ko ntawe ushobora kuvutswa ubuzima mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Ubu burenganzira tubusanga no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga anyuranye, harimo Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)4, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki (International covenant on civil and political rights)5, Amasezerano nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage (African charter on human and people’s rights)6, Amasezerano y’ibihugu by’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu (European Convention on Human Rights)7. [36] Mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa Amasezerano y’Inyongera ya Maputo ku Masezerano Nyafurika ku

4 Article 3 of the Declaration reads: everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. 5 Article 6, 1° of the Covenant reads: every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. 6 Article 4 of Charter stipulates: human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right. 7 Article 2§1 of the Convention reads: everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, aho mu ngingo yayo ya 14.2(c), ibihugu byayashyizeho umukono harimo n’u Rwanda byiyemeje gufata ingamba zo kurinda uburenganzira bw’igitsina gore bwo gukuramo inda mu bihe biteganywa muri iyo ngingo8, mu Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizemo ingingo ya 125 iteganya igihe nta buryozwacyaha bubaho ku wakuyemo inda9. Mu rwego rwo kugera kuri iyo ntego yo gufasha uwahuye n’ikibazo, mu gika cya kabiri cy’iyo ngingo n’icya gatatu cy’ingingo ya 126, umushingamategeko yateganyije ko gukuramo inda ku bari mu byiciro biteganyijwe muri izo ngingo bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa. Ubwo buryo Umushingamategeko akaba yarabuhisemo kugira ngo ikigamijwe muri izo ngingo kigerweho neza nta zindi ngorane zivutse, n’izavuka zikabona uko zikemurwa mu buryo bwihuse mu rwego rwo kurengera ubuzima bw’abahabwa iyo serivisi nk’uko Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yabigaragaje mu nyandiko iri muri dosiye. [37] Ishingiye kuri ubwo buryo Umushingamategeko yahisemo ko gukuramo inda umugore cyangwa umwana

8 States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to: […] c. protect the reproductive rights of women by authorizing medical abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, and where the continued pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus. 9 1º kuba utwite ari umwana; 2º kuba uwakuriwemo inda yarakoreshejwe imibonano mpuzabitsina ku gahato; 3º kuba uwakuriwemo inda yarayitwaye nyuma yo kubanishwa n’undi nk’umugore n’umugabo ku gahato; 4º kuba uwakuriwemo inda yaratewe inda n’uwo bafitanye isano ya hafi kugera ku gisanira cya kabiri; 5º kuba inda ibangamiye ubuzima bw’utwite cyangwa ubw’umwana atwite. 9 (Ibi biteganywa n’ingingo ya 125, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko n° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange). Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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w’umukobwa ubyemerewe bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, GLIHD yatanze ikirego isaba ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya kabiri n’iya 126, igika cya gatatu, z’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru zibiteganya zakurwaho ivuga ko zibangamiye uburenganzira bwo kubaho buteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Mu gukemura icyo kibazo, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza gusobanura icyo ubwo burenganzira buvuga, no kureba niba koko, kuba muganga wemewe na Leta ariwe wenyine wemerewe gutanga serivisi yo gukuramo inda bibangamiye uburenganzira bwo kubaho ku bakeneye iyo serivisi. [38] Mu gusobanura uburenganzira bwo kubaho burengerwa na Leta, Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (European Court of Human Rights), mu rubanza rwa Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu c. Romania10, rwasobanuye ko ingingo ya 2§1 y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeye uburenganzira bwa Muntu idategeka ibihugu kwirinda icyatuma ababituyemo bapfa mu buryo budasobanutse gusa, ko ahubwo inategeka ibyo bihugu gufata ingamba za ngombwa mu rwego rwo kurinda ubuzima bwabo. Mu rubanza rwa Öneryıldız c. Turquie11,

10 Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para.130. The first sentence of Article 2 § 1 enjoins the State not only to refrain from the intentional and unlawful taking of life, but also to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within its jurisdiction. 11 Case of Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para.

71. In this connection, the Court reiterates that Article 2 does not solely concern deaths resulting from the use of force by agents of the State but also, in the first sentence of its first paragraph, lays down a positive obligation on States to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within their jurisdiction. […] The Court considers that this obligation must be construed as applying ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Urukiko rwasobanuye ko uburenganzira ku buzima buvugwa mu ngingo ya 2 butagarukira gusa ku mfu z’abantu zikomoka ku bakozi ba Leta bakoresha imbaraga z’umurengera, ahubwo inareba inshingano ibihugu bifite zo gufata ingamba za ngombwa mu rwego rwo kurinda ubuzima bw’abantu babituyemo. Iyo nshingano igomba kumvikana nk’igomba kubahirizwa mu bikorwa byose bya buri munsi mu gihe hari icyashyira uburenganzira ku buzima mu kaga, cyane cyane nk’ibikorwa by’inganda bikunze gukurura ibyago, urugero nk’ibikorwa byo kubyaza umusaruro ubuhunikiro bw’imyanda. [39] Mu gusobanura nanone icyo ijambo ubuzima rishatse kuvuga, mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde haburana uwitwa Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Dheli and others on 13 January, 1981,12 rushingiye ku ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga ry’Ubuhinde, iteganya ko ntawe ushobora kwamburwa ubuzima

in the context of any activity, whether public or not, in which the right to life may be at stake, and a fortiori in the case of industrial activities, which by their very nature are dangerous, such as the operation of waste-collection sites. 12 Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & ORS, P.

12. By the term life as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body or amputation of an arm or leg or the putting out of an eye or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world. N.B.: Aya magambo yavuye mu rubanza rwo muri USA, Munn v. Illinois, akoreshwa mu rubanza Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga India mu rubanza Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & ORS narwo rurayakoresha rwemeranya n’umucamanza wo muri USA. (reba kuri p.12, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/78536/). Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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bwe n’ukwishyira ukizana kwe uretse mu gihe byaba bikozwe mu buryo buteganyijwe n’amategeko (No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law), rwasobanuye ko ijambo ubuzima rikwiye kumvikana nk’ikintu kirenze kubaho bisanzwe, ko kuvutsa umuntu ubuzima bigera no kumubangamira mu buryo bwose bwatuma yisanzura mu mibereho ye. Rwasobanuye ko itegeko ribuza konona umubiri uwukuraho kimwe mu bice biwugize ari nabyo bituma umuntu abaho agashobora kubana n’abandi. [40] Mu bisobanuro byatanzwe kandi n’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu (Human Right Committee), ubwo kasobanuraga ingingo ya 6 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki (International covenant on civil and political rights) yavuzwe haruguru ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaho, kasobanuye ko uburenganzira bwo kubaho ari ubutuma ntacyo umuntu yakwikanga cyamukururira urupfu rudasanzwe cyangwa rw’imburagihe, kandi akabaho yumva afite agaciro. Kavuze ko ingingo ya 6 iha ubwo burenganzira abantu bose nta vangura iryo ariryo ryose kugeza ndetse no ku bantu bakatiwe nyuma yo guhamwa n’ibyaha by’ubugome. Kabivuze muri aya magambo: the right to life is a right which should not be interpreted narrowly. It concerns the entitlement of individuals to be free from acts and omissions that are intended or may be expected to cause their unnatural or premature death, as well as to enjoy a life with dignity. Article 6 guarantees this right for all human beings, without distinction of any kind, including for persons suspected or convicted of even the most serious crimes.13

13 Human Rights Committee General, Comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life, 30 October 2018, §3. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[41] Nanone mu gusobanura icyo uburenganzira bwo kubaho bishatse kuvuga, Komisiyo Nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ubwo yatangaga ibisobanuro ku ngingo ya 4 y’Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage14, yavuze ko ubwo burenganzira bugomba kumvikana mu buryo bugari, aho Leta ifite inshingano zo kurinda abaturage bayo ku buryo ntacyahungabanya ubuzima bwabo bitewe n’ibikorwa by’abandi bantu cyangwa se kutagira igikorwa mu gihe bugarijwe n’akaga. Izo ngamba ni nko kurinda ibidukikije, gutanga ubufasha mu gihe abaturage bugarijwe n’ibiza, amapfa cyangwa indwara z’ibyorezo, no gutanga ubundi butabazi bwihutirwa15. [42] Urukiko rurasanga uburenganzira bwo kubaho ari uburenganzira shingiro bw’ikiremwamuntu ubundi burenganzira bwose bushingiyeho, ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga ikaba iteganya ko ari uburenganzira bugomba kurindwa ku buryo nta muntu ushobora kubuvutswa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Mu rwego rwo kurinda ubwo burenganzira nk’uko

https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global /CCPR_C_GC_36_8785_E.pdf. Consulté le 02/12/2021. 14 Supra, réf. 6. 15 Commission Africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, Observation Générale n° 3 sur la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples: Le droit à la vie (Article 4), §41 Le droit à la vie devrait être interprété au sens large. L’État a pour obligation positive de protéger les personnes et les groupes contre des risques réels et immédiats pour leur vie dus à l’action ou à l’inaction de tierces parties. Dans les cas où le risque ne procède pas d’une intention malveillante ou autre, les actions de l’État peuvent ne pas relever de la justice pénale. Ces actions comprennent, notamment, des mesures de prévention pour conserver et protéger l’environnement naturel et des interventions humanitaires en cas de catastrophes naturelles, de famines, des flambées de maladies infectieuses ou d’autres urgences. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa Muntu kabitanzeho icyifuzo16, mu Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, hateganyijwemo ingingo ibuza kuba umuntu yakwambura undi ubuzima, aho yateganyije igihano kiremereye ku wabikora.17 Umushingamategeko yashatse kurengera ubwo burenganzira nanone ashyira muri iryo tegeko ingingo zibuza gukuramo inda18, kubera ko umwana wasamwe nawe aba afite uburenganzira mbonezamubano bwemererwa buri muntu19, gusa akaba yarashyizeho irengayobora yemera ko kuvanamo inda bishoboka mu bihe bivugwa mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange20, kandi nabwo bigakorwa n’abaganga babifitiye ubumenyi kandi bafite ibyangombwa byose nkenerwa kugira ngo bidashyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’ukeneye gukuramo inda ku buryo bwanahatakarira. [43] Ku bijyanye n’ingorane zikunze kuvuka mu gukuramo inda, ubushakashatsi bukubiye mu nyandiko yiswe “Abortion

16 Idem. §4. Paragraph 1 of article 6 of the Covenant provides that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life and that the right shall be protected by law. It lays the foundation for the obligation of States parties to respect and to ensure the right to life, to give effect to it through legislative and other measures, and to provide effective remedies and reparation to all victims of violations of the right to life. 17 Ingingo 107 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko umuntu wica undi abishaka aba akoze icyaha, ko iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. 18 Ingingo ya 123 n’iya 124 z’Itegeko No 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. 19 Ingingo ya 10 y’Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango igira iti: Umwana wasamwe afite uburenganzira mbonezamubano bwemererwa buri muntu apfa gusa kuvuka ari muzima. Umwana wasamwe afatwa nk’uwavutse igihe cyose hagamijwe inyungu ze. 20 Idem supra. réf. nimero 9. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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incidence and postabortion care in Rwanda” bwakozwe na Dr Basinga Paulin na begenzi be, bugaragaza ko mu mwaka wa 2009, mu Rwanda hari abagore n’abakobwa 25.727 bitaweho n’abaganga nyuma yo kugira ibibazo bikomeye bifitanye isano no gukuramo inda, 40 % byabo bikaba byarabaye ngombwa ko bakurikiranwa n’umuganga (medical doctor) kubera ibibazo bikomeye. Muri iyo nyandiko, abahanga bayikoze bavuga ko ingorane zivuka mu gukuramo inda zituruka ku bunararibonye buke bw’abatanga serivisi yo gukuramo inda cyangwa no kuba iyo serivisi itangirwa ahantu hadatunganye (Complications may result, however, from procedures conducted by trained providers who have little experience or who work in unhygienic settings) [...]. Basobanura ko mu Rwanda abaganga bakoresha uburyo bukurikira mu gukuramo inda: surgical method (evacuation dilation and curettage), oral and vaginal administration of harmonal medication n’ubwa manual vacuum aspiration (MVA). Bavuga ko uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa n’Ibitaro by’Uturere kimwe n’Ibitaro by ‘Icyitegererezo (district and referral hospitals) ari ubwa surgical method (evacuation dilation and curettage). Nyuma yo kubona ibibazo bivuka mu gukuramo inda, basaba ubuyobozi ko uburyo bwo kubikora byemewe n’amategeko bwanozwa, urugero hakemezwa ko muganga (medical doctor) ari we wenyine wemererwa kugena ko gukuramo inda bikorwa, kandi hakajyaho amabwiriza yerekana abakozi bo mu buvuzi bemerewe gutanga bene iyo serivisi n’ibigo by’ubuvuzi igomba gutangirwamo21.

21 Paulin Basinga, Ann M. Moore, Susheela D. Singh, Elizabeth E. Carlin, Francine Birungi, and Fidele Ngabo, Abortion Incidence and Postabortion Care in Rwanda, in Rwanda Medical Journal / Revue Médicale Rwandaise, June 2012, Vol. 69 (2). Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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[44] Ku birebana n’uburyo bwa surgical method nka bumwe mu bukunze gukoreshwa mu Rwanda nk’uko bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru, Umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima (WHO), mu nyandiko yitwa safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health system, uvuga ko ari uburyo bubabaza cyane, ugatanga inama ko aho ubwo buryo bwaba bugikoreshwa hakorwa ibishoboka byose bugasimbuzwa ubwa manual vacuum aspiration mu rwego rwo kunoza uburyo abagore bakenera iyo serivisi bitabwaho, ko aho ubwo buryo butarashoboka, surgical method yakorwa n’abakozi babihuguriwe bihagije kandi bakagenzurwa neza22. Naho Patrick Adams mu nyandiko ye yitwa in Hospital across Africa, A Lack of post-abortion care, avuga ko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko uburyo bwa dilation and curetage aribwo bufite ingaruka nyinshi, budatanga umusaruro kandi bubabaza ugereranyije n’uburyo bwa manual vacuum aspiration, ikindi kandi kuba busaba ko bukoreshwa n’umuganga ufite uburyo ashobora guhita abaga umugore cyangwa umukobwa wakuyemo inda bibaye ngombwa, burahenze cyane23. [45] Urukiko rurasanga ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru bigaragaza ko kwemerera ubu ababyaza n’abaforomo cyangwa abaforomokazi gukuramo inda kandi bigakorerwa ku bigo nderabuzima nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abyifuza, bishobora

22 Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems Second edition, p. 41, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70914/9789241548434_eng .pdf 23 Patrick Adams mu nyandiko ye yitwa in Hospital across Africa, A Lack of post-abortion care, NPR (Mar 2021) https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/09/936206516/in-hospitals- across-africa-a-lack-of-post- abortion-care. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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gushyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’abagore n’abakobwa bakenera guhabwa iyo serivisi kurusha uko byabafasha. Kubibemerera bisaba ko baba barahawe amahugurwa yihariye, hakajyaho n’amabwiriza yihariye abasaba gukuramo inda bakoresheje uburyo bwa vacuum aspiration na medical abortion, ndetse n’ibigo nderabuzima bakoreramo bigahabwa ibikoresho bijyanye n’iyo serivisi. Iki ariko akaba atari ikibazo cy’amategeko, ahubwo ari ikirebana n’ingamba zigomba gufatwa n’inzego zibishinzwe mu rwego kunoza imitangire ya serivisi yo gukuramo inda bigendanye n’amikoro y’Igihugu. [46] Ku bivugwa n’urega bijyanye no guhugura abatanga serivisi z’ubuzima zoroheje nk’ababyaza n’abandi bashinzwe ubuzima kugira ngo babashe gukuriramo inda ababikeneye mu buryo bwizewe kandi bikorewe mu bigo nderabuzima, Urukiko rusanga, n’ubwo ibyo byakumvikana harebwe ingorane n’ibibazo bishobora kuvuka mu gutanga bene iyo serivisi nk’uko byasabanuwe haruguru, ariko bitakemurirwa mu kirego gisaba gukuraho ingingo z’amategeko ziteganya ko iyo serivisi itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, mu yandi magambo, ubifitiye ubushobozi n‘ubumenyi, ahubwo ari ibyagezwa ku nzego zishinzwe gushyiraho ingamba mu bijyanye n’ubuzima, kuko kugeza ubu izo nzego zasanze muganga wemewe na Leta ariwe ufite ubumenyi buhagije bwo gutanga serivisi yo gukuramo inda mu buryo bwizewe. Gusaba Urukiko gutegeka ibigomba gukorwa mu rwego rw’ingamba na politiki zirebana n’urwego rw’ubuzima, byaba binyuranyije n’ihame ry’uko inzego z’ubutegetsi za Leta zitandukanye kandi zigenga zikanubahana (separation of powers)24. Uyu akaba ari nawo murongo watanzwe n’uru Rukiko mu manza n° RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS,

24 Ingingo ya 61 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Akagera Business Group25, na RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2019/SC26. [47] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga GLIHD yatanze ikirego itarashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo kuba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2 n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ziteganya ko serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku bagore no ku bana b’abakobwa babyemerewe itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, bibangamiye uburenganzira bwo kubaho buteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko Nshinga. Kubera iyo mpampu, ikirego cyayo kuri iyi ngingo kikaba nta shingiro gifite. Ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza (right to good health) buteganywa n’ingingo ya 21 y’Iteko Nshinga [48] Ingingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko abanyarwanda bose bafite uburenganzira bwo kugira ubuzima bwiza. Ubu burenganzira tubusanga kandi no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga anyuranye, harimo Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)27, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije

25 Urubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, Akagera Business Group, para. 29, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 23/09/2016. 26 Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2019/SC, MURANGWA Edward, para. 102, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 29/11/2019. 27 Article 25, 1° reads: everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku bwoko yasinywe mu mwaka wa 1965 (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)28, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga arebana n’uburenganzira mu by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)29, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga agamije kurandura ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)30, Amasezerano

28 Article 5 (e) (iv) reads: in compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights: … The right to public health, medical care, social security and social services. 29 Article 12 reads: 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child. (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene. (c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases. (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. 30 Article 11 (1) (f) reads: 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of employment in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, the same rights, in particular: … The right to protection of health and to safety in working conditions, including the safeguarding of the function of reproduction. Article 12, 1° reads: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage (African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights)31. [49] Itegeko shingiro ryashyizeho umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubuzima ryatanze igisobanuro cy’ubuzima bwiza ko ari ukuba umuntu yumva ameze neza mu mubiri, mu mitekerereze no mu mibereho ye n’abandi, ko kugira ubuzima bwiza bidasobanuye gusa kuba umuntu yumva atarwaye cyangwa se yumva nta bumuga afite32. [50] Ku bijyanye n’uko uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza bugomba kumvikana, Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira mu by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), ubwo kasobanuraga ingingo ya 12 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga arebana n’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco yavuzwe haruguru, kanzuye ko uburenganzira buvugwa muri iyo ngingo butagarukira ku buvuzi buboneye gusa, ko ahubwo bugenda bukagera no ku bijyana nabwo nk’amazi meza n’isuku, ibiribwa biteguye neza kandi bifite akamaro, aho gutura heza, gukorera mu mwuka mwiza no kubona inyigisho zirebana n’ubuzima harimo n’uburebana n’imyororokere. Ikindi gikomeye ni uko abaturage bagomba kugira uruhare mu byemezo

to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, access to health care services, including those related to family planning. 31 Article 16 reads: every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health.

2. States parties to the present Charter shall take the necessary measures to protect the health of their people and to ensure that they receive medical attention when they are sick. 32 The preamble defines health as state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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byose birebana n’ubuzima, haba ku rwego rw’aho batuye, ku rwego rw’igihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga.33 [51] Mu nyandiko yiswe “Ruling for Access, Leading court cases in developing countries on access to essential medicines as part of the fulfilment of the right to health” yashyizwe ahagaragara n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku buzima (WHO), abahanga bayanditse basobanuye ko kugira ngo byemezwe ko igihugu cyahutaje uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza, ari ngombwa kureba niba icyo gihugu nta bushobozi gifite cyangwa se niba ari ubushake bubura kugira ngo kirangize inshingano cyiyemeje mu ngingo ya 12. Bifatwa ko igihugu cyarenze ku nshingano zacyo iyo nta ngamba za ngombwa cyafashe kugira ngo umuntu wese agire uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza. Ingero zatanzwe n’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira mu by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ni ukuba nta politike yashyizweho ituma abantu bose bagira ubuzima bwiza, kutagena ingengo y’imari ihagije, kutagenzura uburyo uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza bwubahirizwa, no kutagira igikorwa mu rwego rwo

33 CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art.

12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4), § 11, the Committee interprets the right to health, as defined in article 12.1, as an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health. A further important aspect is the participation of the population in all health- related decision-making at the community, national and international levels. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4538838d0.pdf, consulté le 24/11/2021. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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kugabanya ubusumbane bw’ibikorwa remezo n’izindi serivisi zo mu rwego rw’ubuzima34. [52] Nk’uko byagarutsweho n’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira mu by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, kugira ngo uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza bugerweho mu gihugu, ni ngombwa ko ibintu bikurikira by’ingenzi kandi bifitanye isano biba bihari, ariko nanone mu rugero rugendanye n’ubushobozi bwa buri gihugu: - Kuba mu gihugu hari amavuriro ahagije kandi ubuvuzi bukora neza na serivisi muri ayo mavuriro zitangwa neza (availability);

34Hans V. Hogerzeil, Melanie Samson andi Jaume Vidal Casanova, “Ruling for Access Leading court cases in developing countries on access to essential medicines as part of the fulfilment of the right to health”, World Health Organization Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy Geneva November 2004, p. 11, 12 “In determining which actions or omissions amount to a violation of the right to health, it is important to distinguish between the inability and the unwillingness of a State party to comply with its obligations under Article 12. However, a State party cannot, under any circumstances whatsoever, justify its non-compliance with the core obligations mentioned above. Violations of the obligation to fulfill occur through the failure of states to take all necessary steps to ensure the realization of the right to health. Examples quoted in General Comment No.14 include the failure to adopt or implement a national health policy designed to ensure the right to health for everyone; insufficient expenditure or misallocation of public resources; failure to monitor the realization of the right to health at a national level; and failure to take measures to reduce the inequitable distribution of health facilities, goods and services”. https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/human_rights/Details_on_20_court_c ases.pdf?ua consulté le 24/11/2021. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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- Kuba umuntu wese ashobora kugera ku mavuriro yose na serivisi ziboneka muri ayo mavuriro nta vangura iryo ariryo ryose (accessibility); - Kuba mu mavuriro yose na serivisi zitangirwamo harangwa n’imyifatire myiza ikwiye abakozi bo kwa muganga, mu mikorere yabo bakamenya kwita ku muntu wese bitaye ku kuntu ameze, urugero nk’umugore bakamenya uko bamufata, rubanda rugufi, n’ibindi byiciro by’ababagana. Bagomba kandi kugirira ibanga uje abagana, buri gihe bagashishikazwa no gutuma uje abakeneyeho serivisi agira ubuzima bwiza kurushaho (acceptability); - Kuba mu mavuriro hatangirwa sirivisi zifite ireme. Ibi bisobanuye ko kuri ayo mavuriro hagomba kuba hari abakozi b’abahanga babyigiye, haboneka imiti myiza n’ibikoresho bigezweho (quality)35. [53] Ibisobanuro bimaze gutangwa bigaragaza ko: - mu biranga ubuzima bwiza harimo kuba umuntu yumva ameze neza mu mubiri, mu mitekerereze no mu mibereho ye n’abandi; - uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza butagarukira ku buvuzi buboneye gusa, ko ahubwo bugenda bukagera no ku bijyana nabwo nk’amazi meza n’isuku, ibiribwa biteguye neza kandi bifite akamaro, aho gutura heza, gukorera mu mwuka mwiza no kubona inyigisho

35 CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art.

12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4), § 12, Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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zirebana n’ubuzima harimo n’uburebana n’imyororokere; - uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza bugendana no kuba mu gihugu gifite amavuriro ahagije kandi atanga serivisi mu buryo bunoze hagendewe ku bushobozi bwa buri gihugu; - Bifatwa ko igihugu cyarenze ku nshingano zacyo iyo nta ngamba za ngombwa cyafashe kugira ngo umuntu wese agire uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza. [54] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Urukiko rurasanga ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza, igihugu gifite inshingano zo gushyiraho politiki, amategeko n’amabwiriza bigenga ibigo by’ubuvuzi bya Leta n’iby’abikorera kugira ngo harengerwe ubuzima bw’abantu. Iyo inzego z’ubuvuzi zihari ndetse n’abakozi bazobereye bakaba bahari nk’uko GLIHD ibyivugira, inshingano z’igihugu ziba zisigaye ni ugusuzuma niba abaturage bose bahabwa serivisi kimwe hakurikijwe amahame yashyizweho, Leta ikaba yagira ibyo ibazwa ari uko ubuzima bw’umuturage bushyizwe mu kaga bitewe ni uko yangiwe guhabwa serivisi iriho kandi yari yemerewe. [55] Ku bireba uru rubanza, bigaragara ko igihugu cyashyizeho ibitaro bihabwa n’abaganga bashobora gukuriramo inda abagore n’abakobwa mu buryo bunoze. Kuba iyo serivisi itangirwa ku bitaro kandi igatangwa n’abaganga aho gutangirwa ku Bigo Nderabuzima ngo itangwe n’ababyaza cyangwa abaforomo nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abyifuza, sibyo byafatwa nko kutubahiriza uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza. Byari gufatwa nko kutubahiriza ubwo burenganzira iyo serivisi iba yemewe n’amategeko ariko idatangwa na mba, itangirwa ahantu hadakwiye, itangwa n’abatabifitiye ubumenyi n’ubushobozi ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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cyangwa byaragaragaye ko abayikinera ari benshi cyane ugereranyije n’abashinzwe gutanga iyo serivisi, ku buryo gutinda kuyihabwa bibagiraho ingaruka. [56] Urukiko rusanga ahubwo ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2 n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ari zimwe mu ngamba zigamije kurengera uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza ku bireba by’umwihariko ubuzima bw’imyororokere, igikorwa cyo gukuramo inda mu bihe bigenwa n’itegeko gishyirwa mu biganza by’umuganga ubifitiye ubumenyi n’ibikoresho bya ngombwa. Nyuma y’ibyo bisobanuro, Urukiko rukaba rusanga GLIHD itarashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo kuba ingingo z’itegeko iregera zarateganyije ko serivisi yo gukuramo inda itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa binyuranyije n’uburenganzira ku buzima bwiza buvugwa mu ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Nshinga, bityo ikirego cyayo kuri iyo ngingo kikaba nta shingiro gifite.

2. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe [57] Mulisa Tom uhagarariye GLIHD n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ibisabwa n’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryavuzwe haruguru ko serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukurirwamo inda mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi bunoze itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa aho kuba umuntu wese wize ibijyanye n’ubuvuzi, bibangamira Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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uburenganzira bw’abagore ndetse n’ubw’abakobwa kubera ko bigabanya umubare w’abatanga iyo serivisi n’uw’abayihabwa. [58] Basobanura ko Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryagaragaje neza ko abafasha b’abaganga, nk’abaforomo n’abaforomokazi, ababyaza cyangwa se abandi bakozi bo mu mavuriro bashobora gutanga neza kandi mu buryo bwizewe serivisi zo gukuramo inda. Bavuga ko Komisiyo Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ishingiye ku Masezerano ya Maputo, mu rwego rwo gushyira mu bikorwa ingingo zirebana no gutanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi zo gukuramo inda mu buryo bunoze, bwizewe kandi bwemewe n’amategeko zigaragara muri ayo masezerano, yashyizeho amabwiriza ngenderwaho ko ibihugu bitagomba gushyiraho imbogamizi cyangwa inzitizi ku bisabwa abavuzi bemerewe gutanga iyo serivisi y’ubuvuzi. Bavuga ko Komisiyo yakomeje igaragaza ko, muri rusange kuba mu bihugu byinshi by’Afurika hari umubare udahagije w’abaganga, abafasha b’abaganga, nk’ababyaza ndetse n’abandi bakozi bita ku buzima, bakagombye guhabwa amahugurwa kugira ngo nabo bajye bita ku bakeneye serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuramo inda. [59] Barangiza bavuga ko kuba abagore n’abakobwa bemerewe gukuramo inda bahura n’imbogamizi yo kujya ku bitaro bikuru ahashobora kuboneka muganga kubera ko biri kure yabo, usanga birangiye bagiye gukuramo inda mu buryo butaboneye, ibyo bigatuma bajya kwa muganga benda gupfa, byongeye kandi bagahanirwa icyaha cyo gukuramo inda, bakavuga ko ibi bibahungabanya ku mubiri no mu mutwe. [60] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko kuri iyi ngingo, bigaragara ko Leta yahisemo ko ufite ubushobozi bwo gufasha umugore wifuza gukuramo inda ari umuganga (medical doctor) ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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ufite ubumenyi bwemewe n’inzego zibifitiye ububasha. Ibi bivuze ko utari umuganga adashobora gutanga iyo serivisi kubera ingaruka z’ubuzima zishobora gukomoka mu gukurwamo inda mu gihe bikozwe n’undi muntu utari umuganga. Ibyo bikanashimangirwa ni uko mu ngingo ya 4 n’iya 7 z’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MoH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda hateganyijwe ko usaba gukurirwamo inda agomba kubanza gusuzumwa ko ari muzima mu buryo bwimbitse, kandi ko iyo nda igomba kuba itarengeje ibyumweru makumyabiri na bibiri (22) ndetse akabanza kugirwa inama ku ngaruka zo gukuramo inda. [61] Avuga kandi ko Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MoH/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru risobanura ko umuganga wemewe na Leta ari umuntu ufite ubumenyi mu buvuzi bw’abantu, ufite nibura impamyabushobozi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu ishami ry’Ubuvuzi kandi wemewe n’urwego rushinzwe kugenzura imirimo y’ubuvuzi mu Rwanda, ukorera mu kigo cy’ubuvuzi cya Leta cyangwa cyigenga. Ibi bisobanuye ko ugomba gufasha umuntu gukuramo inda agomba kuba yemera ingaruka zabyo kandi akaba afite ubumenyi buhagije bwo gukuramo inda. [62] Asoza kuri iyo ngingo avuga ko asanga ntaho igika cya 2 cy’ingingo ya 125 n’igika cya 3 cy’ingingo ya 126 z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ibijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [63] Ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe. Ntawe ushobora kwicwa urubozo, gukorerwa ibibabaza umubiri cyangwa ngo akorerwe ibikorwa by’ubugome, ibikorwa bidakwiye umuntu cyangwa bimutesha agaciro. Ntawe ushobora gukorerwaho igerageza atabyiyemereye. Uburyo bwo kubyemera kimwe n’ubw’iryo gerageza bugenwa n’itegeko. Ubu burenganzira tubusanga kandi no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga atandukanye harimo Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)36, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki (International covenant on civil and political rights)37, Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu bw’Uburayi (The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union)38, Amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira

36 Article 5 states: no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 37 Article 7 reads: no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation. 38 The article 3 of the Charter reads: 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity.

2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be respected in particular: the free and informed consent of the person concerned, according to the procedures laid down by law, the prohibition of eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at the selection of persons, the prohibition on making the human body and its parts as such a source of financial gain, the prohibition of the reproductive cloning of human beings. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage (African charter on human and people’s rights)39. [64] Ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nshinga igaragaramo ibice bitatu by’ingenzi bikurikira: - Kuba ntawe ugomba guhungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe. - Kuba ntawe ushobora kwicwa urubozo, gukorerwa ibibabaza umubiri cyangwa ngo akorerwe ibikorwa by’ubugome, ibikorwa bidakwiye umuntu cyangwa bimutesha agaciro. - Kuba ntawe ushobora gukorerwaho igerageza atabyiyemereye. [65] Ku birebana n’igice cya mbere, Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Human Rights Committee), ubwo kasobanuraga ingingo ya 7 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki yavuzwe haruguru, kavuze ko intego y’iyo ngingo ari ukurinda agaciro umuntu afite, haba ku mubiri cyangwa mu mutwe, ko ibihugu byose bitegetswe gushyiraho amategeko no gufata ibindi byemezo bya ngombwa mu rwego rwo gukumira ibikorwa bibujijwe mu ngingo ya 7, byaba bikozwe n’umuntu igihe ari mu kazi, yaba atari mu kazi cyangwa se bikozwe n’umuntu ku giti cye. Kavuze ko n’uwakwamburwa uburenganzira agomba gukomeza gufatwa mu buryo

39 Article 5 of the Charter reads: every individual shall have the rhight to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman and degradating punishment and treatment shall be prohibited. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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bumuhesheje icyubahiro gikwiye ikiremwamuntu. Kabivuze muri aya magambo:” The aim of the provisions of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is to protect both the dignity and the physical and mental integrity of the individual. It is the duty of the State party to afford everyone protection through legislative and other measures as may be necessary against the acts prohibited by article 7, whether inflicted by people acting in their official capacity, outside their official capacity or in a private capacity. The prohibition in article 7 is complemented by the positive requirements of article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which stipulates that “All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person”.40 [66] Ku birebana n’igice cya kabiri, ako Kanama kasobanuye ko ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 7 y’Amasezerano yavuzwe haruguru bitagarukira ku bikorwa bibabaza umubiri gusa, ko ahubwo n’ibitesha ubwenge birebwa n’iyo ngingo. Ku bw’ako Kanama, ibibujijwe muri iyo ngingo biragenda bikagera no ku bihano by’umubiri ku muntu wakoze icyaha cyangwa bigamije gukosora. Kavuga ko by’umwihariko ari ngombwa gushimangira ko ingingo ya 7 irengera abana, abanyeshuri n’abarwayi bari mu mavuriro. Ako Kanama kabivuze muri aya magambo:” The prohibition in article 7 relates not only to acts that cause physical pain but also to acts that cause mental suffering to the victim. In the Committee’s view, moreover, the prohibition must extend to corporal punishment, including excessive chastisement ordered

40 CCPR General Comment No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) Adopted at the Forty-fourth Session of the Human Rights Committee, on 10 March 1992. §2. https://uniteforreprorights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/453883fb0.pdf consulté le 1/12/2021. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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as punishment for a crime or as an educative or disciplinary measure. It is appropriate to emphasize in this regard that article 7 protects, in particular, children, pupils and patients in teaching and medical institutions.41 [67] Ku birebana n’igice cya gatatu, ako Kanama nako kagarutse ku burenganzira umuntu afite bwo kudakorerwaho igerageza ry’imiti cyangwa ubundi bushakashatsi atabyiyemereye, ko kandi ubwo burenganzira bugenda bukagera no ku muntu udashobora kwivugira cyangwa ufunze. Kabivuze muri aya magambo:” Article 7 expressly prohibits medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent of the person concerned. The Committee notes that the reports of States parties generally contain little information on this point. More attention should be given to the need and means to ensure observance of this provision. The Committee also observes that special protection in regard to such experiments is necessary in the case of persons not capable of giving valid consent, and in particular those under any form of detention or imprisonment. Such persons should not be subjected to any medical or scientific experimentation that may be detrimental to their health.42 [68] Mu rwego rwo kurinda ubwo uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe nk’uko Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburengazira bwa Muntu kabitanzeho icyifuzo, mu Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange,

41 Idem, § 5. 42 Idem, § 7. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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hashyizwemo ingingo ya 11243 n’iya 11344 ziteganya kandi zigahana icyaha cy’iyicarubozo. [69] Ku birebana n’aho uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe buva bukagera, Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda), mu rubanza rwa Akayesu Jean Paul, ubwo rwasobanuraga ingingo ya 2(2)(b)45 y’amategeko yarugengaga, rwavuze ko guhungabanya umuntu ku mubiri no mu mutwe bisobanuye ibikorwa byose by’iyicarubozo, byaba bikozwe ku mubiri cyangwa bigamije gutesha umuntu umutwe, ibikorwa bya kinyamaswa cyangwa bitesha agaciro, gusambanya ku ngufu, ihohotera rishingiye ku gitsina, itotezwa n’ibindi. Rwabivuze

43 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko muri iri tegeko, iyicarubozo risobanura igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose gitera uburibwe cyangwa ububabare haba ku mubiri cyangwa ku bwenge, gikorewe umuntu ku bushake hagamijwe kumushakaho amakuru cyangwa kuyashaka ku wundi muntu cyangwa ukwemera icyaha, kumuryoza igikorwa yakoze cyangwa cyakozwe n’undi muntu cyangwa akekwaho kuba yarakoze, cyangwa kumukangisha cyangwa kumuhatira we ubwe cyangwa undi muntu, cyangwa kubera impamvu iyo ariyo yose ishingiye ku ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose. Umuntu wese ukora kimwe mu byaha bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo aba akoze icyaha. Icyaha cy’iyicarubozo ntigisaza. 44 Umuntu wese uhamijwe n’urukiko gukora icyaha cy’iyicarubozo, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka makumyabiri (20) ariko kitarenze imyaka makumyabiri n’itanu (25). Iyo iyicarubozo riteye urikorewe indwara idakira, ubumuga buhoraho butuma atagira icyo yikorera, kubuza burundu umwanya w’umubiri gukora, gutakaza igice cy’umubiri gikomeye, urupfu cyangwa rikozwe n’umuntu ukora umurimo wa Leta mu mirimo ashinzwe, igihano kiba igifungo cya burundu. 45 […]2. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: […] (b). Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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muri aya magambo: For purposes of interpreting Article 2 (2)(b) of the Statute, the Chamber takes serious bodily or mental harm, without limiting itself thereto, to mean acts of torture, be they bodily or mental, inhumane or degrading treatment, persecution.46 [70] Urukiko rurasanga ibikorwa bibangamira uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe ari ibikorwa byose bibabaza umubiri nko kwica umuntu, kumukomeretsa byaba mu buryo bukomeye cyangwa bworoheje, kumukorera ibikorwa by’iyicarubozo, kumushyira mu bikorwa by’ubucakara, kumusambanya ku gahato cyangwa se kumukorera irindi hohotera iryo ariryo ryose rishingiye ku gitsina, n’ibindi bikorwa byose bigamije kumutesha agaciro. Kuba rero umugore cyangwa umukobwa ukeneye serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda kugeza ubu atayibonera ku bigo nderabuzima nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abyifuza, bikaba bishobora kumuvuna kujya kuyishakira aho itegeko ryategetse ku mpamvu zasobanuwe haruguru mu gika cya 42 cyangwa se hagati aho akaba yahura n’ibindi bibazo, ntaho bihuriye n’uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe, kuko kugira ngo ibyo bibe, nk’uko bimaze kugusobanurwa, haba hari ibikorwa bibabaza umubiri byabaye bigamije guhungabanya ubwo burenganzira. [71] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa haruguru bijyanye n’icyo uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe aricyo, Urukiko rurasanga GLIHD yatanze ikirego itarashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo kuba serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku bagore n’abakobwa babyemerewe bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, binyuranye n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko

46 The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case number. ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998). Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira bwo kudahungabanywa ku mubiri no mu mutwe, bityo ikirego cyayo kuri iyo ngingo kikaba nta shingiro gifite.

3. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko No68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo za 15 na 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga zivuga ku burenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kurindwa ivangura [72] Mulisa Tom uhagarariye GLIHD n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ko serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda umugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, binyuranyije n’uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kutavangurwa kw’abagore n’abakobwa muri rusange buteganywa mu ngingo ya 1547 n’iya 1648 z’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse no mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga n’ayo mu Karere u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono.

47 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ko itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe 48 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko: abanyarwanda bose bavukana kandi bagakomeza kugira uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bingana. Ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose cyangwa kurikwirakwiza byaba bishingiye ku bwoko, ku muryango cyangwa ku gisekuru, ku nzu, ku ibara ry‟umubiri, ku gitsina, ku karere, ku byiciro by’ubukungu, ku idini cyangwa ukwemera, ku bitekerezo, ku mutungo, ku itandukaniro ry‟umuco, ku rurimi, ku bukungu, ku bumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa ubwo mu mutwe no ku rindi vangura iryo ari ryo ryose, birabujijwe kandi bihanwa n’amategeko.

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[73] Bakomeza bavuga ko hari n’ingingo z’amasezerano mpuzamahanga zikurikira zishimangira uburenganzira bwo kureshya no kutavangurwa imbere y’amategeko kuri buri wese: - Ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’Ubukungu, Imibereho Myiza n’Umuco (ICESCR). - Ingingo ya 2 n’iya 12 z’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW). - Ingingo ya 2 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na Politiki [ICCPR]. - Ingingo ya 14 y’Amasezerano y’Inyongera ya Maputo, n’ - Ingingo ya 18 y’Amasezerano ya Banjul zose zivuga ku burenganzira bwo kureshya no kutavangurwa imbere y’amategeko kuri buri wese. [74] Bavuga ko by’umwihariko, aya masezerano aha ibihugu inshingano zo kurandura impamvu iyo ariyo yose yatuma habaho ivangura kandi bigashyigikira uburenganzira bwo kureshya kuri bose harimo n’abagore. Urugero, Komite y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu yemera ko ibihugu byasinye ayo masezerano bigomba gutanga uburenganzira bungana nta vangura iryo ariryo ryo ryose. Bavuga ko Amasezerano ya Banjul ateganya ko “ibihugu bigomba kurandura ivangura iryo ari ryose rikorerwa abagore ndetse no kurinda uburenganzira bw’abagore n’ubw’abana nk’uko buteganywa mu Masezerano n’Amatangazo Mpuzamahanga. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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[75] Bavuga kandi ko, nk’uko bikomeza bigarukwaho muri ayo Masezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abagore bitagomba kugaragarira gusa mu biteganywa n’amategeko, ko ahubwo bigomba no kugaragarira mu bibakorerwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi kugira ngo uko kureshya kubahirizwe. [76] Bakomeza basobanura ko kutareshya imbere y’amategeko n’ivangura babona mu ngingo zavuzwe haruguru ziregerwa ari uko serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda umugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko bisabwa muganga wemewe na Leta gusa uboneka mu Bitaro by’Akarere, bityo bikaba binyuranyije n’uburenganzira bwo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kutavangurwa kw’abagore n’abakobwa muri rusange buteganywa mu Itegeko Nshinga. Bavuga ko hari ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina kuko hari serivisi y’ubuvuzi umuntu w’igitsina gabo abonera ku bigo nderabuzima bimwegereye, nyamara uw’igitsina gore akaba adashobora kuhabonera serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukurirwamo inda. Bavuga kandi ko hari irindi vangura no kutareshya bigaragara muri izo ngingo rishingiye ku byiciro by’ubukungu kubera ko abagore n’abakobwa bifite aribo bashobora kubonera serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda ku bitaro bikuru ahaboneka muganga wemewe, mu gihe abatifite badashobora kugerayo kubera ko bihenze cyane. [77] Banzura bavuga ko impamvu bemeza ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru zigaragaramo ivangura no kutareshya bikorerwa abagore n’abana b’abakobwa bashaka serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukurirwamo inda, ari uko mu mategeko yo mu Rwanda nta bundi buvuzi busaba ko ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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umuganga ariwe wemerewe gutanga serivisi y’ubuvuzi runaka gusa. [78] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko uruhande rurega rutagaragaza ukutareshya imbere y’amageteko cyangwa ivangura rikorerwa abagore biri mu ngingo z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru baregera, uretse kubivuga mu magambo no kugaragaza ingingo z’amasezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye kandi rushyira mu bikorwa. Avuga ko abarega batagaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana icyo bita kutareshya mu mategeko cyangwa kuvangurwa kw’abashaka guhabwa serivisi z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere. Asobanura ko kureshya imbere y’amategeko cyangwa kutavangura abahabwa serivisi z’ubuvuzi, biteganywa mu ngingo ya 4 y’Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi aho ivuga ko nta muntu ugomba gukorerwa ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose mu bikorwa by’isuzumwa, ivurwa n’ibindi bikorwa byose bijyanye n’ubuvuzi. [79] Avuga kandi ko serivisi z’ubuvuzi zitandukanye zihabwa abagana ibitaro guhera ku mavuriro y’ibanze (health posts), ibigo nderabuzima, ibitaro by’Uturere, ibitaro by’Intara n’ibitaro bikuru, zashyizwe ku mugereka w’Iteka rya Minisitiri No 20/39 ryo ku wa 29/01/2016 rigena ibikorwa by’ubuvuzi, kugira ngo bimenyekane kandi buri muntu ugana ibitaro amenye ko ari uburenganzira bwe guhabwa izo serivisi nta vangura cyangwa kutareshya mu matageko. Ibyo bikaba byarakozwe mu rwego rwo kugira ngo buri muntu wese nta vangura iryo ariryo ryose ugana amavuriro amenye serivisi ihatangirwa n’ikiguzi cyayo. Arangiza avuga ko asanga nta kutareshya mu mategeko cyangwa kuvangura uruhande rurega rugaragaza, ko kandi n’iyo byaba, byakorerwa iperereza uwaba yabigizemo uruhare akaba Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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yabitangira indishyi kubera ko bene ibyo bikorwa bibarizwa mu mategeko mbonezamubano aho kuba mpanabyaha.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [80] Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, itegeko ribarengera ku buryo bumwe. Naho iya 16 y’Itegeko Nshinga na none, igateganya ko ivangura iryo ariryo ryose cyangwa kurikwirakwiza byaba bishingiye ku bwoko, ku muryango cyangwa ku gisekuru, ku nzu, ku ibara ry’umubiri, ku gitsina, ku karere, ku byiciro by’ubukungu, ku idini cyangwa ukwemera, ku bitekerezo, ku mutungo, ku itandukaniro ry’umuco, ku rurimi, ku bukungu, ku bumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa ubwo mu mutwe no ku rindi vangura iryo ari ryo ryose, bibujijwe kandi bihanwa n’amategeko. [81] Ingingo GLIHD isaba ko zakurwaho ivuga ko zinyuranye n’ingingo z’Itegeko Nshinga zimaze kuvugwa, ni ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Muri rusange izo ngingo ziteganya ko gukurirwamo inda ku mugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa. [82] Kugira ngo byumvikane niba muri izi ngingo hagaragaramo kutareshya imbere y’amategeko cyangwa ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina no ku byiciro by’ubukungu nk’uko GLIHD yatanze ikirego ibivuga, bityo zikaba zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 kimwe n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanura uburyo izo ngingo zumvikana. Nk’uko ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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byasobanuwe mu rubanza rw’Akagera Business Group49 rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku itariki ya 23/09/2016, ingingo ya 15 n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga zifitanye isano ku buryo mu kuzisobanura zidakwiye gutandukanywa. Nk’uko byasobanuwe kandi muri urwo rubanza, ingingo ya 15 ivuga ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi bakarengerwa n’amategeko mu buryo bumwe. Ni ukuvuga ko hatagomba kubaho ivangura rituma abantu batarengerwa mu buryo bumwe cyangwa kutagira uburenganzira aho bakabugize. Naho ingingo ya 16 ikomerezaho ivuga uburyo gutandukanya abantu bifatwa nk’ivangura kandi ko bitemewe n’Itegeko Nshinga. Izi ngingo zombi zafatwa nk’izikubiyemo ihame rimwe ryo kudasumbanya abantu mu byo bemerewe cyangwa babujijwe ugamije kugira abo uheza ku burenganzira bemererwa n’amategeko. [83] Ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kudakorerwa ivangura, si mu Itegeko Nshinga ry’u Rwanda turisanga gusa, rigaragara no mu Masezerano Mpuzahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono. Twavuga nk’ingingo ya 7 y’Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights), ryo mu mwaka wa 194850, ingingo ya 26 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na Politiki (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966)51. By’umwihariko ku birebana

49 Urubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, Akagera Business Group, igika cya 29, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 23/09/2016. 50 Article 7 states: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 51 All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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no kureshya hagati y’umugabo n’umugore, ingingo ya 8 (f) y’Amasezerano y’Inyongera ya Maputo ku Masezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, iteganya ko abagore n’abagabo bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi ko bagomba kurindwa ku buryo bungana kandi amategeko akabarengera kimwe. Ivuga ko Ibihugu byemera aya masezerano bifite inshingano yo kuvugurura amategeko n’imigirire bisanzweho bigaragaramo ivangura mu rwego rwo guteza imbere no kurinda uburenganzira bw’umugore (“Women and men are equal before the law and shall have the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure:… (f): reform of existing discriminatory laws and practices in order to promote and protect the rights of women)52. [84] Nyuma yo gusobanura icyo kureshya imbere y’amategeko bivuze, kugira ngo ikibazo kiri muri uru rubanza kigamije kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zigaragaramo ivangura gisobanuke, ni ngombwa kandi gusobanura icyo ivangura ari cyo. Mu rubanza rw’Akagera Business Group53 rwaciwe ku itariki ya 23/09/2016, uru Rukiko rwasobanuye ko muri rusange ivangura ari ugutandukanya abantu hagamijwe kuvutsa amahirwe bamwe no gutonesha abandi, bigakorwa hashingiwe ku mpamvu

prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 52 U Rwanda rwashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano ku itariki ya 25/06/2004. 53Urubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, igika cya 22. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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zitumvikana. Ku birebana n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina, amasezerano mpuzamahanga agamije gukumira ivangura iryo ariryo ryose rikorerwa abagore, mu ngingo yayo ya mbere ivuga ko iryo vangura ari irishingiye ku gutandukanya umugore n’umugabo hagamijwe kuburizamo uburenganzira mu bya politike, ubukungu, umuco n’ibindi (For the purposes of the present Convention, the term discrimination against women shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field)54. [85] Nk’uko bimaze kugaragazwa mu ngingo z’amategeko ndetse n’iz’amasezerano mpuzamahanga zavuzwe haruguru, ihame ry’uko abantu bareshya imbere y’amategeko rivuze ko abantu bafatwa kimwe imbere y’itegeko, nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura, ndetse n’itegeko rigiyeho rigafata kimwe abo rireba. Mu rubanza rwa Murangwa Edward55 rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku itariki ya 29/11/2019, rushingiye ku byanditswe n’umuhanga Erwin Chemerinsky, rwasobanuye ko ibigomba gufatwa kimwe ari ibimeze kimwe, naho ibintu bitandukanye bigafatwa ku buryo butandukanye hakurikijwe itandukaniro ryabyo. Mu yandi magambo, abantu bagomba gufatwa kimwe, ariko hitawe ku miterere yabo. Iri hame ry’uko kugira ngo byitwe ko hari ivangura cyangwa ukutareshyeshya abantu ari uko abantu bari mu cyiciro kimwe baba bafashwe mu buryo butandukanye

54 U Rwanda rwashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano ku itariki ya 02/03/1981. 55 Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/ 2019/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 29/11/2019, para.

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kandi nta mpamvu yumvikana, ryanagarutsweho mu rubanza rwa Thlimmenos v. Greece rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, aho rwavuze ko kugira ngo bifatwe ko igihugu cyarenze ku ngingo ya 14 y’Amasezerano ibuza ivangura, ari uko kiba cyafashe mu buryo butandukanye abantu bari mu byiciro bimwe kandi nta mpamvu yumvikana gitanga. Rwabivuze muri aya magambo: “The Court has so far considered that the right under Article 14 not to be discriminated against in the enjoyment of the rights guaranteed under the Convention is violated when States treat differently persons in analogous situations without providing an objective and reasonable justification.”56 [86] Nyuma y’ibisobanuro rusange bimaze gutangwa ku birebana no kutareshya imbere y’amategeko ndetse n’ivangura, igisigaye ni ukureba niba, ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko nº 68/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ziteganya ko gukurirwamo inda ku mugore cyangwa umukobwa ubyemerewe bikorwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, ibyo ubwabyo ari ukutareshya imbere y’itegeko cyangwa ivangura kubera ko itegeko ryateganyije ko iyo serivisi itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa utaboneka ku bigo nderabuzima, bityo umugore cyangwa umukobwa uyikeneye akaba atayihabonera, nyamara uw’igitsinagabo ukeneye indi serivisi y’ubuvuzi we akaba ashobora kuyihabonera nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abivuga. [87] Ku birebana n’ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina urega avuga ko rigaragara mu ngingo zavuzwe, hashingiwe ku ihame ryagarutsweho haruguru ko ibigomba gufatwa kimwe ari ibimeze

56 Case of Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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kimwe, naho ibintu bitandukanye bigafatwa ku buryo butandukanye hakurikijwe itandukaniro ryabyo, Urukiko rurasanga kuba abantu b’igitsina gabo, hakurikijwe imiterere yabo, badashobora gutwita ngo babe bajya gusaba serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda, ntawavuga ko kuba ab’igitsinagore bakenera iyo serivisi bayihererwa aho itegeko ryagennye, ni ukuvuga ku bitaro ahari muganga wemewe na Leta, hari ivangura ribakorerwa ugeranyije n’abadashobora gukenera iyo serivisi. Icyo gitekerezo ni nacyo kigaragara mu rubanza rwa Kabasinga Florida57 rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko, aho rwemeje ko hari icyaha cyateganyijwe ku bantu b’igitsinagore kidashobora gukorwa n’umugabo bitewe n’imiterere ye nk’umuntu udashobora gutwita ngo abyare, nk’uko biba ku mugore, kandi ko ibyo bitafatwa nk’ivangura. [88] Ku kibazo cy’uko abagore cyangwa abakobwa bakenera serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda bifite aribo bashobora kubonera iyo serivisi ku bitaro bikuru ahaboneka muganga wemewe, mu gihe abatifite badashobora kugerayo kubera ko bihenze cyane, Urukiko rusanga iki atari ikibazo kireba abasaba serivisi zo gukuramo inda gusa ku buryo byafatwa nk’ivangura kuri bo, ahubwo kirareba abakenera serivisi za muganga no ku bindi bibazo bidakemukira ku bigo nderabuzima muri rusange. Igisubizo kuri icyo kibazo kikaba kitashakirwa mu kuvanaho ingingo z’amategeko, ahubwo cyashakirwa mu ngamba zo kwegereza abaturage bose ubuvuzi batabonera ku bigo nderabuzima. Kutabona amikoro cyangwa ubushobozi kuri Leta bituma itabona abaganga bahagije ngo inabashyire no bigo nderabuzima, nticyakemurwa no guhindura ingingo z’Itegeko, cyane cyane ko n’uwatanze ikirego ubwe aniyemerera ko

57 Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC, § 27, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 27/11/2020. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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n’abaforomo kimwe n’ababyaza nabo ubwabo ari bake kubera amikoro yo kubabona adahagije. [89] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga nta kutareshya imbere y’amategeko cyangwa ivangura bigaragara mu ngingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, bityo zikaba ntaho zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Kubera izo mpamvu rero, ikirego cye kuri iyo ngingo kikaba nta shingiro gifite.

4. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’ingingo ya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu. [90] Mulisa Tom uhagarariye GLIHD n’abamwunganira bavuga ko imibereho bwite y’umuntu, iy’umuryango we, urugo rwe cyangwa ubutumwa yohererezanya n’abandi bidashobora kuvogerwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, icyubahiro n’agaciro ke bikaba bigomba kubahirizwa. Bavuga ko mu gihe itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryavuzwe haruguru riteganya ko muganga wemewe na Leta ariwe wenyine utanga serivisi y’ubuvuzi yo gukuriramo inda mu buryo buboneye umugore cyangwa umwana w’umukobwa ubyemerewe n’amategeko, bituma uwo mugore cyangwa umwana w’umukobwa ushaka iyo serivisi y’ubuvuzi bimusaba kubanza guca ku kigo nderabuzima kwaka urupapuro rumwohereza ku bitaro (transfer), bikumvikana ko abakozi bose urwo rupapuro ruzaca mu ntoki bazaba bamenye icyo agiye kwivuza kugera ageze ku bitaro, nabwo akaba agomba kubanza ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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guhabwa serivisi y’ubujyanama bwimbitse mbere yo guhabwa serivisi yo gukuramo inda. Ku bw’ibyo, bakavuga ko muri izo ngendo zose bwa burenganzira bwe bwo kugirirwa ibanga kuri serivisi y’ubuvuzi yakorewe azaba yamaze kubutakaza kuko abantu benshi bazaba bazi serivisi ari gusaba kandi amakuru yakabaye ari hagati ye n’umuvura. [91] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ihame ryo kurinda ibanga ry’amakuru akomoka ku murwayi cyangwa umuntu wese ugana ibitaro riteganywa n’Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi mu ngingo yaryo ya 8, igika cya 3 ndetse n’’Ingingo ya 3, igika cya 3 (sic) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MoH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda, ikaba iteganya ko usaba gukurirwamo inda adasabwa gutanga ibimenyetso by’impamvu ashingiraho. Ibyo bivuze ko usaba gukurirwamo inda atagomba kubanza kubitangira ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo yayisamye. [92] Akomeza avuga ko mu gihe muganga arenze ku mategeko ntagirire ibanga uwo ashinzwe kuvura, akurikiranwa maze akirengera ingaruka zabyo nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 13 n’iya 25 z’Itegeko N° 49/2012 ryo ku wa 22/01/2013 rigena ubwishingizi ku mwuga w’ubuvuzi. Yanzura avuga ko nta kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga guhari hagati y’igika cya 2 cy’ingingo ya 125 n’igika cya 3 cy’ingingo ya 126 z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga ivuga ku burenganzira bwo kubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu.

Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [93] Ingingo ya 23, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko imibereho bwite y’umuntu, iy’umuryango we, urugo rwe cyangwa ubutumwa yohererezanya n’abandi budashobora kuvogerwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, ko icyubahiro n’agaciro ke bigomba kubahirizwa. Ubu burenganzira tubusanga no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga anyuranye, harimo Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)58, Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki (International covenant on civil and political rights)59, Amasezerano y’ibihugu by’Iburayi ku burenganzira bwa Muntu (European Convention on Human Rights)60.

58 Article 12 of the Declaration reads: no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 59 Article 17 of the Covenant reads: 1. no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 60 Article 8 of the Convention reads: 1. everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[94] Ku birebana n’icyo uburenganzira ku buzima bwite bw’umuntu aricyo, mu rubanza Bărbulescu v. Romania61, Urukiko rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi (European Court of Human Rights) rwasobanuye ko ari uburenganzira bugomba kureberwa mu buryo bugari, ko ingingo ya 8 y’Amasezerano y’ibihugu by’Iburayi ku burenganzira bwa Muntu irengera ukwishyira ukizana kwa muntu harimo no kubaho ntawivanze mu buzima bwe atabimwemereye. Uburenganzira ku buzima bwite bugomba gutuma umuntu akora mu bwisanzure yiteza imbere. Mu rubanza Justice K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India62 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’Ubuhinde, rwasobanuye ko kugira ubuzima bwite ari ukuba umuntu ari ahantu ha wenyine ntawe umuvogera, n’ubwo uko kwishyira ukizana guterwa n’imibanire ye n’abandi. Rwabivuze muri aya magambo:” Privacy, in its simplest sense, allows each human being to be left alone in a core which is inviolable. Yet the autonomy of the individual is conditioned by her relationships with the rest of society. Those relationships may and do often pose questions to autonomy and free choice…”.

61 Case of Bărbulescu v. Romania, Application no. 61496/08, § 71. The Court considers that the notion of private life may include professional activities, or activities taking place in a public context. Restrictions on an individual’s professional life may fall within Article 8 where they have repercussions on the manner in which he or she constructs his or her social identity by developing relationships with others. It should be noted in this connection that it is in the course of their working lives that the majority of people have a significant, if not the greatest, opportunity to develop relationships with the outside world. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/spa?i=001-177082. 62 Writ Petition (Civil) n° 494 of 2012, §2. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/127517806. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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[95] Mu nyandiko yiswe “Internet: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights”63 yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ishami ry’ubushakashatsi ry’Urukiko rushinzwe kurengera Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi (Research Division), batanze igisobanuro cy’ubuzima bwite buvugwa mu ngingo ya 8 y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu (European Convention on Human Rights) yavuzwe haruguru. Bavuze ko ubuzima bwite bukubiyemo itumanaho bwite ririmo inzandiko, telefoni, imeyiri (email) n’ubundi buryo bw’itumanaho. Bakomeza bavuga ko uburenganzira ku buzima bwite bw’umuntu bugera no ku mafoto

63 Division De La Recherche Research Division Internet: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, Updated: June 2015, p.

8. Private life includes the privacy of communications, which covers the security and privacy of mail, telephone, e-mail and other forms of communication; and informational privacy, including online information (Copland v. the United Kingdom, no. 62617/00, ECHR 2007-I). The concept of private life moreover includes elements relating to a person’s right to their image (Sciacca v. Italy, no. 50774/99, § 29, ECHR 2005-I). In other words, photographs or videos which contain a person’s image will fall within the scope of Article 8. In fact, the right to the protection of one’s image presupposes the individual’s right to control the use of that image, including the right to refuse publication thereof (Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) [GC], nos. 40660/08 and 60641/08, § 96, ECHR 2012). This is relevant for the storing of images on communal or social websites. This is an area where the protection of the reputation and the rights of others takes on a special importance, as photos may contain highly personal or even private information about an individual or his or her family. The Verlagsgruppe News GmbH and Bobi v. Austria case (no. 59631/09, 4 December 2012) is interesting in this connection. Photos were taken in the course of a private event in the applicant’s apartment. They were taken with his agreement but were not meant for the eyes of outsiders (§ 86). They concerned his private life and were not essential to the offending article, so the claimant’s interest in the protection of his image prevailed (§§ 89-90). https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/research_report_internet_eng.pdf. Consulté le 01/12/2021. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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ye cyangwa amashusho bitagomba gushyirwa ku karubanda nyirabyo atabitangiye uruhushya, ko uwabikora yaba yivanze mu buzima bwite bw’umuntu. Icyo gisobanuro bakaba baragitanze bifashishije imanza zinyuranye zaciwe n’urwo Rukiko. [96] Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa Muntu (Human Rights Committee), ubwo kasobanuraga ingingo ya 17 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki yavuzwe haruguru, kavuze ko iyo ngingo iha buri muntu uburenganzira bwo kuba ntawemerewe kwivanga mu buzima bwe bwite, mu muryango we no mu rugo rwe cyangwa mu butumwa yohererezanya n’abandi no kumutesha agaciro mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Kavuze ko mu myumvire yako, ubwo burenganzira bugomba kurindwa ku buryo ntawabuhungabanya, byakorwa n’inzego za Leta cyangwa undi wese. Za Leta zasabwe gushyiraho amategeko no gufata izindi ngamba zose mu rwego rwo kurengera ubwo burenganzira. Kabivuze muri aya magambo:” Article 17 provides for the right of every person to be protected against arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence as well as against unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. In the view of the Committee, this right is required to be guaranteed against all such interferences and attacks whether they emanate from State authorities or from natural or legal persons. The obligations imposed by this article require the State to adopt legislative and other measures to give effect to the prohibition against such interferences and attacks as well as to the protection of this right.”64

64 CCPR General Comment No. 16: Article 17 (Right to Privacy) The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation Adopted at the Thirty-second Session of the Human Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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[97] Mu rwego rwo kurinda uburenganzira ku mibereho bwite y’abantu nk’uko iyo ngingo ibisaba, mu Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, hashyizwemo ingingo ya 15565 iteganya kandi igahana icyaha cyo kwinjira aho umuntu atuye mu buryo butemewe, n’ingingo ya 15666 iteganya kandi igahana icyaha cyo kumviriza ibiganiro, gufata amashusho cyangwa kubitangaza.

Rights Committee, on 8 April 1988, §1. https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883f922.html. Consulté le 02/12/2021. 65 Uretse mu bihe biteganywa n’amategeko, umuntu wese winjira mu rugo, mu nzu, mu cyumba cyangwa mu icumbi rituwemo n’undi muntu, atabyemerewe n’uhatuye aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi abiri (2) ariko kitageze ku mezi atandatu (6) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi y’ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 FRW) ariko atarenze miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 FRW). Iyo kwinjira aho umuntu atuye byakoreshejwe ibikangisho, guca icyuho cyangwa gufunguza imfunguzo zidakoreshejwe na nyirazo, igihano kiba igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda arenze miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 FRW) ariko atageze kuri miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 FRW) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. 66 Umuntu wese, ku bw’inabi, mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, wivanga mu mibereho bwite y’undi akoresheje: 1º kumviriza cyangwa gutangaza amagambo abantu bavugiye mu muhezo atabiherewe uruhushya; 2º gufata ifoto, amajwi cyangwa amashusho cyangwa kubitangaza nyirayo atabitangiye uruhushya; aba akoze icyaha. Umuntu wese uhamijwe n’urukiko gukora kimwe mu bikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi atandatu (6) ariko kitarenze umwaka umwe (1) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 FRW) ariko atarenze miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 FRW) cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano. Iyo ibikorwa bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo byabaye bene byo babibona kandi babizi, ntibabyamagane kandi bashoboraga kubyamagana, bifatwa nk’aho babyemeye. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[98] Ku bivugwa n’uwatanze ikirego ko kuba serivisi yo gukuramo inda itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo z’itegeko aregera bihungabanya imibereho bwite y’umuntu bitewe n’inzira avuga binyuramo kugira ngo iyo serivisi itangwe, n’ubwo iyo nzira atariyo harebwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 9 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri n° 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda67, Urukiko rurasanga ibyo bitaba ari ukutubaha imibereho bwite y’umuntu hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, ahubwo ni ibanga ukeneye serivisi y’ubuvuzi agomba kugirirwa n’uwamuhaye iyo serivisi. Iryo banga rikaba ririndwa hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 36 y’Itegeko N° 46/2012 ryo ku wa 14/01/2013 rishyiraho urugaga nyarwanda rw’abakora imirimo ishamikiye ku buvuzi kandi rikagena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha byarwo, iteganya ko abakora imirimo ishamikiye ku buvuzi n’abagize inzego z’Urugaga bose bagomba kugira ibanga ry’akazi ku bintu byose bamenye igihe bari mu mirimo bashinzwe cyangwa igihe bayikoraga ndetse bakarikomeza na nyuma yo kuva muri iyo mirimo. Ibyo kandi bireba undi muntu wese ugira uruhare mu mikorere y’Urugaga ku buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose. [...] Ibyo bishimangirwa kandi n’ingingo ya 158, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri

Ibihano bivugwa mu gika cya 2 cy’iyi ngingo ni byo bihabwa umuntu, ku bw’inabi, usakaza hakoreshejwe uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose, ifoto, amajwi n’amashusho, ifatamajwi cyangwa inyandiko yabonywe hakoreshejwe igikorwa kimwe mu bivugwa mu gika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo. 67 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko Umuntu wifuza kubona serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda afite uburenganzira bwo kugana ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cyabiherewe uburenganzira yihitiyemo no guhabwa serivisi akeneye atabanje kubazwa urupapuro ruhamwohereza. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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rusange.68 By’umwihariko, ingingo ya 10 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko umuganga n’ikigo cy’ubuvuzi bakiriye umuntu usaba gukurirwamo inda bagomba kwita ku iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira bwo kugirirwa ibanga. [99] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 23, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nshinga, iha umunyarwanda n’undi muturarwanda wese uburenganzira bwo kwishyira akizana mu mibereho ye bwite, mu mibanire ye n’abandi ntawe umuvogereye cyangwa ngo yivange mu mibereho ye bwite mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko atabimuhereye uburenganzira. Ibyo agomba kubikora mu bwisanzure kandi ntacyo yikanga. Hashingiwe kuri icyo gisobanuro kimwe n’ibindi byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga uwatanze ikirego atarashoboye kurugaragariza uburyo ingingo z’itegeko aregera ziteganya ko serivisi yo gukurirwamo inda ku bagore no ku bakobwa babyemerewe itangwa na muganga wemewe na Leta gusa, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 23 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ahubwo ibyo avuga birareba uburenganzira bwo kugirirwa ibanga, kandi nabyo nk’uko byasobanuwe, Urukiko rwasanze nta shingiro bifite. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ikirego cye kuri iyo ngingo kikaba nta shingiro gifite.

68 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko Umuntu wese umena ibanga kandi ashinzwe kuribika, ku mpamvu z’akazi, z’umwuga cyangwa z’idini, yaba akiri mu kazi cyangwa yarakavuyemo, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’umwaka umwe (1) ariko kitarenze imyaka ibiri (2) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni ebyiri (2.000.000 FRW) ariko atarenze miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000 Frw). ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[100] Muri rusange, Urukiko rurasanga ikibazo cyari gifitwe n’uwatanze ikirego kandi cyasuzumwe muri uru rubanza, ari icy’ingorane abagore cyangwa abakobwa bashobora guhura nazo mu gihe badaherewe serivisi yo gukuramo inda ku Bigo Nderabuzima bibari hafi nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abivuga ashaka kubihuza n’uburenganzira avuga buteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga. Ikibazo gisa n’iki cyasuzumwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu rubanza A, B and C v. Ireland, ubwo abagore bo muri icyo gihugu bavugaga ko uburenganzira bwabo ku buzima bubangamiwe no kuba batemerewe gukurira inda mu Bitaro byo muri Ireland. Urukiko rwasanze nta kibazo cy’uburenganzira ku buzima gihari kubera ko ntacyabuzaga abo bagore kujya gukuriramo inda mu bihugu bibyemera.69 Uru Rukiko narwo rukaba rusanga nta nzitizi mu rwego rw’amategeko iriho ibuza abakobwa cyangwa abagore mu gihe bujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko kujya kwa muganga wemewe na Leta kugira ngo babakuriremo inda batifuza hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko. [101] Nyuma yo gusanga muri rusange ingingo ya 125, igika cya 2, n’iya 126, igika cya 3, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ntaho zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, Urukiko rurasanga nta mpamvu ihari yo gusuzuma ingingo irebana no kuba izo ngingo kimwe n’ingingo ya 2(3°) y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/MOH/2019 ryo ku wa 08/04/2019 rigena ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo muganga akuriremo umuntu inda, zikwiye kwandikwa mu bundi buryo nk’uko uwatanze ikirego yari yabisabye.

69 A, B and C v Ireland, (CG) n° 25579/05, para 158 α 159, ECHR, 2010. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [102] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development (GLIHD) nta shingiro gifite. [103] Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 125, igika cya kabiri n’iya 126, igika cya gatatu, z’Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ntaho zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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IMANZA ZEREKERANYE N’IMIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA

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URUBANZA

RWEREKERANYE N’IMIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA

ZASABIWE GUSUBIRISHWAMO KU Z’AKARENGANE

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BIZIMANA v UWASE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INJUST/RC 00015/2017/SC (Ntezilyayo, P.J, Nyirinkwaya Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye na Rukundakuvuga, J.) 23 KAMENA 2020] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza zasabiwe kusubirishwamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Kutitaba kwababuranyi – Iyo mu kirego kigamije gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye nyuma y’imihango yose y’ihamagara iteganywa n’itegeko, nk’uko bigenda mu nzira zindi z’imiburanishirize y’imanza, Urukiko rushobora kwimurira urubanza ku wundi munsi, cyangwa gusiba urubanza mu gihe bigaragarira urukiko ko ababuranyi badafite inyungu yo gukurikirana urubanza rwabo Incamake y’ikibazo: Uwase yareze Bizimana mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gisenyi asaba ubutane, Urukiko rwafashe umwanzuro rwemeza ko batanye burundu, rutegeko umutungo bahahanye ugizwe n’inzu ebyiri, imwe igumana Bizimana wayibagamo naho Uwase akagumana indi, moto bafite bakayigurisha bakagabana amafaranga naho umwenda wa banki bafite bagafatanya kuwishyura. Abana babiri bayaranye bakarerwa na Uwase, Bizimana ategekwa kujya atanga amafaranga 10.000 buri kwezi. yo kumufasha kubarera. Bizimana ntiyishimiye imikirize ajuririra Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Bizimana bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; rutegeka ko umutungo ugizwe n’inzu 2, ugomba kwandikwa ku bana babo bagahagararirwa na Bizimana na Uwase, kandi Bizimana na Uwase bakaba batemerewe kuwugurisha; rwemeza ko imikirize 81

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y’urubanza rwajuririwe ihindutse gusa ku birebana n’umutungo ugizwe n’amazu. Bizimana ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, yandikira Urwego rw’Umuvunyi asaba ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, kuko Urukiko rwategetse ko umutungo yashakanye na Uwase uhabwa abana babo, ukanabandikwaho kandi atari ko itegeko riteganya kuko riteganya ko mu gihe cy’ubutane bwa burundu abashakanye bagabana umutungo wabo ku buryo bungana. Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusaba ko urubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nawe yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera ku buranishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Itariki y’iburanisha igeze, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye kandi bose barahamagajwe muburyo no munzira zikurikije amategeko. Hakaba harazuzumwe ikibazo cyo kumenya uko bigenda iyo mu kirego kigamije gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye nyuma y’imihango yose y’ihamagara iteganywa n’itegeko. Incamake y’Icyemezo: 1. Iyo mu kirego kigamije gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye nyuma y’imihango yose y’ihamagara iteganywa n’itegeko, nk’uko bigenda mu nzira zindi z’imiburanishirize y’imanza, Urukiko rushobora kwimurira urubanza ku wundi munsi, cyangwa gusiba urubanza mu gihe bigaragarira urukiko ko ababuranyi badafite inyungu yo gukurikirana urubanza rwabo, bityo bikaba bigaragara ko ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Bizimana nta nyungu afite mu rubanza yasubirishijemo ku mpamvu z’akarenga kuko yahamagajwe ntiyitabe Urukiko, urubanza rukaba rugomba gusibwa mu bitabo by’ibirego. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane kirasibwe. Amategeko yashyimgiweho: Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 59 igika cya mbere Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste yashyingiranywe na Uwase Furaha Marie Louise ku wa 15/07/2005, mu Murenge wa Nyamyumba, babyarana abana babiri ari bo Uwiduhaye Nadine wavutse muri Nzeri/2004 na Irabizi Didier wavutse ku wa 15/05/2008 ndetse bagira n’umutungo urimo amazu abiri na moto. Nyuma baje kugirana ubwumvikane buke kugeza ubwo Uwase Furaha Marie Louise atanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gisenyi asaba ubutane. [2] Ku wa 31/10/2013 Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gisenyi rwafashe umwanzuro mu buryo bukurikira:  BIZIMANA v UWASE

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- Rwemeje ko Uwase Furaha Louise atanye burundu na Bizimana uzwi ku izina rya Twizerimana Théoneste; - Rutegetse ko umutungo bahahanye ugizwe n’inzu ebyiri imwe iri mu kibanza nimero 511 iri Rushubi-Rugerero igumana Twizerimana Bizimana Théoneste kuko n’ubundi ari yo asanzwe abamo, naho Uwase Furaha Marie Louise akegukana inzu iri mu kibanza nimero 763 iherereye Rurembo-Rubona-Nyamyumba; - Rutegeka ko moto TVS ifite nimero ya Chassis MD625DF44C1A71630 igurishwa amafaranga ayivuyemo bakayagabana ku buryo bungana; - Rutegeka ko ideni bafite muri Banki Vision ringana na 622.500 Frw bagomba gufatanya kuryishyura ku buryo bungana: buri wese akaba agomba kwishyura 311.200 Frw noneho inyungu z’ubukererwe zizabarwa na Banki, nazo bagafatanya kuzishyura ku buryo bungana; - Rutegeka ko abana babiri babyaranye ari bo Uwiduhaye Nadine wavutse kuwa 09/2004 na Irabizi Didier wavutse kuwa 15/05/2008, bagomba kubana na nyina akaba ari we ubarera, noneho se Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste akajya atanga buri kwezi 10.000Frws yo gufasha Uwase Furaha Marie Louise kubarera [3] Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste yajuririye uru rubanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, urubanza ruhabwa numero RCA 0043/14/TGI/RBV. Muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rwaburanishije gusa ku ngaruka z’ubutane zirebana n’igabana ry’umutungo bafite ndetse n’uwahererezwaho abana kuko bombi bashakaga kubagumana. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[4] Ku wa 04/06/2014, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, rwaciye urubanza RCA 0043/14/TGI/RBV mu buryo bukurikira: a. Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; b. Rutegetse ko umutungo ugizwe n’inzu iri mu kibanza no 763 iherereye Rurembo-Rubona-Nyamyumba n’inzu iri mu kibanza nimero 511 iri Rushubi-Rugerero, ugomba kwandikwa ku bana babo ari bo Uwiduhaye Nadine na Irabizi Didier bagahagararirwa na Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste na Uwase Furaha Marie Louise, kandi Bizimana na Uwase bakaba batemerewe kuwugurisha; c. Rwemeza ko imikirize y’urubanza RC 0174/13/TB/GIS rwajuririwe ihindutse gusa ku birebana n’umutungo ugizwe n’amazu. [5] Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste yandikiye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi asaba ko urubanza RCA 0043/14/TGI/RBV rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ku wa 04/06/2014 rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane kuko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwategetse ko umutungo yashakanye na Uwase Furaha Marie Louise uhabwa abana babo, ukanabandikwaho kandi atari ko itegeko riteganya kuko riteganya ko mu gihe cy’ubutane bwa burundu abashakanye bagabana umutungo wabo ku buryo bungana. [6] Nyuma yo gusuzuma icyo kibazo, Urwego rw’Umuvunyi rwasanze urubanza RCA 0043/14/TGI/RBV rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ku wa 04/06/2014, rukwiriye gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, maze rubisaba Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, nawe nyuma yo gusuzuma raporo BIZIMANA v UWASE

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y‘Ubugenzuzi Bukuru bw’Inkiko, yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa, ruhabwa RS/INJUST/RC 00015/2017/SC. [7] Ku wa 23/06/2020, urubanza ruhamagazwa nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye kandi barahamagajwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko; [8] Ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa ni ukumenya uko bigenda iyo mu kirego kigamije gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye nyuma y’imihango yose y’ihamagara iteganywa n’itegeko. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE

URUBANZA [9] Nyuma y’uko President w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeje1 ko urubanza Nº RCA 0043/14/TGI/RBV rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ku wa 04/06/2014 rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ku busabe bwa Bizimana Théoneste, ikirego cye cyanditswe mu gitabo cy’ibirego by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’uko byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 80 y’Itegeko ngenga No 03/12/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga. Bizimana Théoneste yahamagajwe kenshi hifashishijwe imyirondoro yatanze2 ariko ntiyabasha kuboneka ngo atange imyanzuro isobanura ibyo aburana nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 20

1 Reba icyemezo cya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga no 021/2017 cyo gusubirisshamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma 2 Reba inyandiko ihamagara umuburanyi (assignation) yo kuwa 27/07/2017, iyo kuwa 23/11/2017 n’ iyo kuwa 07/02/2019 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. Byabaye ngombwa ko ahamagazwa nk’umuburanyi udafite aho abarizwa hazwi3 hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 45 iya 46 n’iya 49 al.2 ariko nabwo ntiyaboneka. [10] Uwase Furaha Marie Louise nawe yarahamagajwe ariko nk’uko biboneka ku nyandiko y’ihamagara, yanze kuyisinyaho avuga ko urubanza yaburanaga n’umugabo we yarutsinze ko ndetse batangiye no kururangiza bakaba nta rundi rubanza bafitanye, ko abona ibindi ari ukumutekaho imitwe4.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [11] Ingingo ya 59 (igika cya mbere) y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko “Iyo ku munsi w’iburanisha nta muburanyi n’umwe witabye urukiko kandi ababuranyi baramenyeshejwe umunsi w’iburanisha mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, urukiko rushobora kwimurira urubanza ku wundi munsi, cyangwa gusiba urubanza mu gihe bigaragarira urukiko ko ababuranyi badafite inyungu yo gukurikirana urubanza rwabo.” [12] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusanga iyi ngingo iha urukiko amahitamo hagati yo kwimurira urubanza ku wundi munsi, cyangwa kurusiba. Urukiko rukaba rwemerewe gusiba urubanza

3 Reba inyandiko ihamagara umuburanyi (assignation) yo kuwa 05/12/2019 4 Reba inyandiko ihamagara umuburanyi (assignation) yo kuwa 27/07/2017 n’inyandikomvugo y’umuhesha w’inkiko yo ku wa 02/08/2017 igaragara kuri iyo nyandiko y’ihamagara BIZIMANA v UWASE

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igihe cyose birugaragarira ko ababuranyi badafite inyungu yo gukurikirana. [13] Muri uru rubanza, urukiko rusanga uwari urufitemo inyungu wa mbere ari Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste kuko ariwe wasabye ko urubanza rwe rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane akanabyemererwa. Ariko kuba yarabyemerewe agashakishwa ngo akore ibyo amategeko ateganya kugira ngo urubanza rwe ruburanishwe cyangwa se ngo na we yibwirize akurikirane ibyerekeye urubanza rwe, bigaragaza ko nta nyungu akirufitemo. Naho ku byerekeye uregwa, Uwase Furaha Marie Louise, we yagaragarije umuhesha w’inkiko wagiye kumumenyesha, ko nta nyungu afite muri uru rubanza ku buryo bweruye nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [14] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rurasanga uru rubanza rugomba gusibwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 59 (igika cya mbere) y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018, ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, mu nteruro ya nyuma (in fine). III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [15] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RCA0043/14/TGI/RBV rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ku wa 04/06/2014 gisibwe. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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IMANZA

ZEREKERANYE N’IMIBURANISHIRIZE Y’IMANZA Z’IMBONEZAMBONEZAMUBANO, IZ’UBUCURUZI, IZ’UMURIMO N’IZ’UBUTEGETSI

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KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA– RAD 00001/2019/SC– (Rugege, P.J., Cyanzayire, Rukundakuvuga, J.) 31 Gicurasi 2019] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubutegetsi – Urubanza ruregwamo urwego rw’ubutegetsi rwa Leta rutarangije ibyategetswe n ‘urubanza – Minisiteri – Umuyobozi uhamagazwa – Hahamagazwa Minisitiri kuko niwe uhagarariye Minisiteri, agahuza imirimo yose ihakorerwa, akanabazwa ibigenda n’ibitagenda uko bikwiye muri Minisiteri ashinzwe – Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 184 Incamake y’ikibazo: Kabango yareze Leta y’u Rwanda mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yamuvukije uburenganzira ku mutungo utimukanwa ugizwe n’ubutaka hamwe n’ibyo yabukoreyeho. Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ikirego cye gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe maze agenerwa agaciro k’inzu yasize muri iyo sambu n’ indishyi zitandukanye. Urega ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza maze ajuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe bufite ishingiro, rutegeka Leta y’u Rwanda kumuha isambu yavukijwe cyangwa agahabwa agaciro kayo kabazwe hakurikijwe akari ku isoko ubu ngubu. Leta y’u Rwanda yasubirishijemo urubanza ingingo nshya, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeza ko ikirego kitakiriwe ko imikirize y’urubanza igumyeho. 91

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Urega yongeye gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, asaba ko Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije ahamagazwa n’Urukiko rukamubaza impamvu atubahiriza icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza. Leta y’u Rwanda yazamuye inzitizi y’ukutakira ikirego ivuga ko harezwe utagombaga kuregwa. Asobanura ko harezwe Minisitiri kandi hagombaga kuregwa Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri kuko ariwe ushinzwe kwishyura, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n'Itegeko Ngenga ryerekeye imari n'umutungo bya Leta. Mu kwiregura, Uregwa avuga ko Umunyamabanga Uhoraho agengwa na Minisitiri, kandi inyandiko zose zikaba zaragiye zandikwa zikanasubizwa na Minisitiri ubwe, akaba atarigeze avuga ko nta bubasha afite. Urukiko rwasanze inzitizi nta shingiro ifite maze urubanza rukomeza mu mizi, Uregwa avuga ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’icyemezo ritagenze neza kubera ko atumvikanye na Minisiteri ku gaciro k’ubutaka agomba gusubizwa, bityo, icyo asaba ari uko Minisiteri irangiza urubanza uko rwaciwe, kuko kururangiza mu buryo rutaciwemo bagahindura ibyavuzwe n’Urukiko ari ukwanga kururangiza. Intumwa ya Leta ivuga ko Minisitiri atigeze yanga kurangiza urubanza, ko icyabayeho ari impaka zijyanye n’uburyo urubanza rwarangizwa kuko aho yatsindiye harimo n’igishanga cya Leta, akaba ariyo mpamvu atahawe hegitari zose ukwo zategetswe mu rubanza. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Mu rubanza ruregwamo Minisiteri itubahirije ibyategetswe mu rubanza, hahamagazwa Minisitiri kugirango yisobanure ku mpamvu zamubujije kubyubahiriza. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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2. Kuba mu butaka Urukiko rwashatse gusubiza uwareze rwarabariyemo n’umutungo bwite wa Leta (ibishanga) udashobora gutungwa n’umuntu ku giti cye ni imbogamizi Minisiteri yagize mu kurangiza urubanza, bityo ntibyafatwa ko Minisitiri yanze kurangiza urubanza. Inzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Ikirego nta shingiro gifite. Amagarama ahwanye ni byakozwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga Nº 12/2013 ryo kuwa 12/07/2013 ryerekeye imari n'umutungo bya Leta, ingingo ya 3, 11, 18,19, n’iya 21 Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 3, n’iya 184 Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe No 006/03 ryo ku wa 30/01/2017 rishyiraho urutonde rw’ibishanga, imiterere n’imbibi zabyo Nta manza zifashishijwe Urubanza I IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, Kabango Antoine arega Leta y’u Rwanda kuba KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA

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yaramuvukije uburenganzira ku mutungo utimukanwa ugizwe na hegitari 5 z’ubutaka, kimwe n’ibyo yari yarakoreyeho byose biherereye mu Karere ka Burera, byahawe Diyoseze ya Ruhengeri ubwo yari yarahunze. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RAD 002/11/HC/MUS ku wa 04/04/2012, rwemeza ko ikirego cya Kabango Antoine gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko atsindiye agaciro k’inzu yasize muri iyo sambu kangana na 4.529.015 Frw, ko agenewe indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 1.000.000 Frw n’igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 300.000 Frw, yose hamwe akaba 5.829.015 Frw. [2] Kabango Antoine yajuriye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, urubanza rwandikwa kuri RADA 0019/12/CS, rucibwa ku wa 29/09/2014. Urukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Kabango Antoine bufite ishingiro, rutegeka Leta y’u Rwanda kumuha isambu yavukijwe cyangwa agahabwa agaciro kayo kabazwe hakurikijwe akari ku isoko ubu ngubu. Rwategetse nanone Leta y’u Rwanda guha Kabango Antoine 7.329.015 Frw agizwe na 4.529.015 Frw y’agaciro k’inzu yari kuri ubwo butaka, 2.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, na 800.000 Frw akubiyemo ay’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza. [3] Leta y’u Rwanda yasubirishijemo urubanza ingingo nshya, urubanza rwandikwa kuri RS/REV/AD 0004/15/CS, rucibwa ku wa 22/09/2017. Urukiko rwemeje ko ikirego kitakiriwe, imikirize y’urubanza RADA 0019/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/09/2014 igumaho. [4] Kabango Antoine yongeye gutanga ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 05/03/2019, asaba kubaza Minisitiri ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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w’Ibidukikije impamvu atubahiriza icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza RADA 0019/12/CS rwaciwe ku wa 26/09/20141. [5] Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 14/05/2019, ribera mu ruhame, Kabango Antoine yitabye kandi yunganiwe na Me Mutembe Protais, naho Leta y’u Rwanda yahamagajwe mu rubanza, ihagarariwe n’Intumwa ya Leta Me Batsinda Aline. [6] Me Batsinda Aline mu izina rya Leta yavuze ko asanga ikirego cyatanzwe na Kabango Antoine kidakwiye kwakirwa kubera ko yareze uwo atagombaga kurega, iyi nzitizi ikaba ariyo ibanza gusuzumwa n’Urukiko. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba Kabango Antoine yarareze uwo atagomba kurega [7] Me Batsinda Aline uburanira Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Kabango Antoine kidakwiye kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe, kuko yareze uwo atagomba kurega. Asobanura ko Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri ariwe ushinzwe kwishyura, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 18, igika cya mbere, agace ka 9º n'iya 19 igika cya mbere, agace ka 5º z'Itegeko Ngenga Nº 12/2013 ryo kuwa 12/07/2013 ryerekeye imari n'umutungo bya Leta.

1 Ashingira ku ngingo ya 184 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 rya PCCSA iteganya ko ikirego kireba umuyobozi wanze kubahiriza ibyategetswe mu rubanza, gitangwa mu buryo bw’inyandiko nsobanurakirego itanzwe n’umuburanyi umwe KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA

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[8] Me Batsinda Aline asobanura kandi ko, kuba ikirego kitagomba kwakirwa kubera ko harezwe utagomba kuregwa, abishingira ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi2 [9] Me Mutembe Protais uburanira Kabango Antoine avuga ko iyi nzitizi nta shingiro ifite, kuko Umunyamabanga Uhoraho agengwa na Minisitiri, kandi inyandiko zose zikaba zaragiye zandikwa zikanasubizwa na Minisitiri ubwe, akaba atarigeze avuga ko nta bubasha afite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [10] Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ivuga ko hari hakwiye kuregwa Umunyamabanga Uhoraho, kuko ariwe ushinzwe gucunga imari n’umutungo. Urukiko rusanga ibyo ataribyo kuko Minisitiri ariwe uhagarariye Minisiteri, agahuza imirimo yose ihakorerwa, akanabazwa ibigenda n’ibitagenda uko bikwiye muri Minisiteri ashinzwe. Ku bijyanye n’imicungire y’imari n’umutungo by’umwihariko, Itegeko Ngenga No 12/2013/OL ryo ku wa 12/09/2013 ryerekeye Imari n’Umutungo bya Leta, risobanura neza uruhare rwa Minisitiri mu micungire y’imari n’umutungo. [11] Ingingo ya 3,21o y’ Itegeko Ngenga No 12/2013/OL ryo ku wa 12/09/2013 rimaze kuvugwa, isobanura uwitwa umuyobozi w’urwego rwa leta muri iryo Tegeko, ivuga ko ari umuyobozi uhuza imirimo yose y’urwego. Ku bireba Minisiteri, umuyobozi uhuza imirimo yose y’urwego ni Minisitiri nk’uko byavuzwe

22 Iyo ngingo igira iti: Ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega, keretse igihe itegeko ribiteganya ukundi. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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haruguru. Mu nshingano zihabwa umuyobozi w’urwego ziteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe haruguru, harimo: - Gutanga imirongo ya ngombwa ku byihutirwa bigomba guhabwa amafaranga mu mitegurire y’ingengo y’imari y’urwego ruri mu nshingano ze; - Gutanga imirongo ngenderwaho mu kongera kugena ibyihutirwa mu ngengo y’imari bibaye ngombwa; - gukurikirana ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga ya Leta n’imicungire y’umutungo ufitwe n’inzego za Leta ziri mu nshingano ze; - Guha umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe gucunga imari ya leta3 inama zerekeye ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga ya Leta. [12] Hakurikijwe inshingano zimaze kuvugwa zihabwa Minisitiri nk’ umuyobozi w’urwego, Urukiko rusanga afite uruhare rugaragara ku bijyanye n’imicungire y’imari n’umutungo; ndetse n’ibyo Umunyamabanga Uhoraho akora, akaba ariwe ubimuyoboramo. Ibyo binashimangirwa no kuba, igihe Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, Umutwe w’abadepite, ikeneye gusobanuza ibirebana na politiki, gahunda n’imikoreshereze y’ingengo y’imari ya Minisiteri, ihamagara Minisitiri n’Umunyamabanga Uhoraho nk’uko biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 11, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko Ngenga No 12/2013/OL ryo ku wa

3 Ingingo ya 18,9o y’ Itegeko Ngenga No 12/2013/OL ryo ku wa 12/09/2013 ryerekeye Imari n’Umutungo bya Leta, iteganya ko umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe gucunga imari ya leta muri Minisiteri ari Umunyamabanga Uhoraho. KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA

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12/09/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru. Urukiko rusanga kandi, uruhare rwa Minisitiri rugaragarira mu mabaruwa yagiye yandika ku bijyanye n’irangizwa ry’urubanza ruvugwa mu kirego. [13] Urukiko rurasanga, hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Umunyamabanga Uhoraho atariwe uregwa mu mwanya wa Minisitiri kugirango asobanure impamvu atashyize mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’Urukiko. Urukiko rurasanga rero inzitizi yatanzwe n’Intumwa ya Leta nta shingiro ifite.

2. Kumenya niba Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije yaranze kubahiriza ibyategetswe mu rubanza, ku buryo yabibazwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 184 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi [14] Me Mutembe Protais wunganira Kabango Antoine avuga ko icyo asaba ari uko Minisiteri irangiza urubanza uko rwaciwe, kuko kururangiza mu buryo rutaciwemo bagahindura ibyavuzwe n’Urukiko ari ukwanga kururangiza. [15] Kabango Antoine avuga ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’icyemezo ritagenze neza kubera ko atumvikanye na Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije ku gaciro k’ubutaka agomba gusubizwa, aho we yavugaga ko ubutaka bufite agaciro ka 78.150.000 Frw, ashingiye ku igenegaciro yakoresheje; naho Minisiteri ikavuga ko agomba guhabwa 45.891.640 Frw ahwanye n’agaciro k’ubutaka bungana na hegitari 3,8037 (metero kare imwe ibariwe kuri 1.206,5Frw). Ikindi batumvikanyeho ni uko igenagaciro ryakozwe na Minisiteri ryerekana ko ubutaka bwe bungana na hegitari 3,8037, kandi urukiko rwaremeje ko bufite hegitari 5. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[16] Avuga ko icyo urubanza RADA 0019/12/CS rwemeje kigaragara neza muri “dispositif” yarwo mu gika cya 14, ahasabwa gukurikiza ibyavuzwe mu gika cya 12 bikurikira: “ibyo bigakorwa hashingiwe ku gaciro k’ubutaka (5 ha) n’inzu…, akaba akwiye gusubizwa isambu ye, cyangwa akagenerwa agaciro k’iyo sambu kabazwe hakurikijwe akari ku isoko ubu ngubu…”. Avuga kandi ko yubahirije ibyasabwe n’Urukiko, akagaragaza agaciro ka hegitari 5 z’ubutaka hakurikijwe akari ku isoko, ashingiye kuri raporo y’Umugenagaciro yakozwe mu kwezi kwa 2/2015, ikerekana agaciro kangana na 78.150.000 Frw. [17] Me Mutembe Protais avuga ko Minisiteri itagomba kurangiza urubanza ishingiye ku nyigo yikoreshereje ubwayo, kubera ko inyuranyije na “dispositif” yarwo, keretse ibanje gutanga ikindi kirego, urukiko rukaba ari rwo ruhindura ibyemejwe mbere. Avuga ko nta mpamvu n’imwe yatuma icyemezo cy’urukiko kitarangizwa uko cyafashwe. [18] Me Batsinda Aline avuga ko Minisitiri atigeze yanga kurangiza urubanza, ko icyabayeho ari impaka zijyanye n’uburyo urubanza rwarangizwa. Avuga ko ikigaragaza ko Minisitiri atanze kurangiza urubanza, ari uko hari amafaranga yishyuwe binyuze kuri konti ya Kabango Antoine, hagendewe ku igenagaciro ryakoreshejwe na Minisiteri. Avuga kandi ko igenagaciro Kabango Antoine ashingiraho atariryo ryagombye kurebwa, kuko ritigeze ryemezwa n’Urukiko. Akomeza avuga ko nta mpamvu ihari yo kongera gutanga ikirego gishya mu gihe Kabango Antoine ubwe yahamagawe akabwirwa ibijyanye n’igenagaciro ryakozwe akaryemera, ndetse n’ amafaranga akayemera kuko ariwe witangiye konti ye. KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA

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[19] Me Batsinda Aline avuga na none ko aho Kabango Antoine yatsindiye harimo n’igishanga cya Leta, akaba ariyo mpamvu atahawe hegitari 5. Avuga ko Minisiteri yasanze ubutaka bwa Kabango Antoine bufite hegitari 3.8067, ahandi akaba ari igishanga cya Kabaya-Kilimbi kiri ku rutonde rw’ibishanga rugenwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe No 006/03 ryo ku wa 30/01/2017 rishyiraho urutonde rw’ibishanga, imiterere n’imbibi zabyo, rikanagena uburyo ubwo butaka bukoreshwa. [20] Me Mutembe Protais avuga ko ibyo Me Batsinda Aline aburanisha by’uko habayeho ubwumvikane ataribyo, kuko Kabango Antoine atigeze agirana ibiganiro na Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije, ngo yemere guhabwa 45.000.000 Frw.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [21] Ingingo ya 184 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko umuyobozi wanze kubahiriza ibyategetswe mu rubanza ashobora guhamagarwa mu rukiko rwafashe icyemezo kugirango yisobanure ku mpamvu zamubujije kubyubahiriza. [22] Iyi ngingo yashingiweho na Kabango Antoine atanga ikirego, yakoreshwa mu gihe hari umuyobozi wanze kurangiza urubanza, atabigaragariza impamvu, bikaba ngombwa ko umuburanyi yiyambaza urukiko kugirango rusobanuze uwo muyobozi impamvu zituma atarangiza urubanza, rukaba rwamugenera n’igihano igihe rusanze impamvu atanga zidafite ishingiro. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[23] Nyamara nk’uko bigaragara, Minisitiri w’ibidukikije ntiyanze kurangiza urubanza ahubwo Minisiteri ayobora yagize imbogamizi zishingiye ku kuba mu butaka Urukiko rwashatse gusubiza Kabango, rwarabariyemo n’umutungo bwite wa Leta (ibishanga)4 udashobora gutungwa n’umuntu ku giti cye nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ibaruwa nimero 0611/16.01 yo ku wa 09/05/20195. Ibi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusanga bidatandukanye no kuba Urukiko rwagenera umuburanyi umutungo ukubiyemo uw’undi muntu utari mu rubanza hanyuma agatsimbarara ko agomba kuwuhabwa ngo kuko Urukiko rwabitegetse. [24] Urukiko rusanga hari ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije yagerageje kureba uko yarangiza urubanza. Muri byo harimo:  Ibaruwa nimero 0134/16.01 yo ku wa 07/03/2018, Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri y’Ubutaka n’Amashyamba yandikiye Kabango Antoine amumenyesha ko Minisiteri yemera kuba imwishyuye 7.329.015 Frw yatsindiye mu rubanza

RADA 0019/12/CS, akubiyemo ay’agaciro k’inzu yari ku butaka, indishyi z’akababaro, igihembo cya Avoka

4 Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe No 006/03 ryo ku wa 30/01/2017. 5 Muri iyo baruwa, Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije yamenyeshaga Minisiti w’Ubutabera /Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta imbogamizi bahuye nazo mu kurangiza urubanza. Avuga ko muri izo mbogamizi harimo kuba Urukiko rwarashingiye ku buso bw’ubutaka bwaburanywe bungana na hegitari 5, ariko ntirugene agaciro kabwo, bigatuma buri muburanyi akoresha igenagaciro rye ritandukanye n’iry’undi; no kuba hatarumvikanywe ku buso bw’ubutaka bubarirwaho. Iyi baruwa isobanura ko hegitari 5 zivugwa mu rubanza, ari nazo Kabango Antoine ashingiraho igenagaciro yatanze, zibariyemo ubutaka bw’igishanga cya Kabaya- Kilimbi

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n’ikurikiranarubanza. Yamumenyesheje kandi ko amafaranga y’agaciro k’ubutaka azayahabwa hamaze kuboneka ibizava mu igenagaciro mvuguruza.  Ibaruwa nimero 0624/16.03 yo ku wa 01/10/2018, Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri y’Ubutaka n’Amashyamba yandikiye Kabango Antoine amumenyesha ko amafaranga yagaragajwe n’igenagaciro ryakoreshejwe n’iyo Minisiteri ari 45.891.640 Frw, abariwe kuri hegitari 3.8037 aho kuba eshanu (5), ku gaciro kagezweho k’aho ubutaka buherereye, amusaba nimero ya konti yo kuyashyiraho.  Ibaruwa nimero 1147/16.01 yo ku wa 04/12/2018, Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije yandikiye Kabango Antoine, asubiramo ibikubiye mu ibaruwa y’Umunyamabanga Uhoraho imaze kuvugwa, yongera kumusaba gutanga nimero ya konti yo gushyiraho amafaranga.  Ibaruwa nimero 0010/16.03 yo ku wa 04/01/2019, Umunyamabanga Uhoraho muri Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije (yahoze ari iy’Ubutaka n’Amashyamba) yandikiye Kabango Antoine amusaba kuzana n’umugenegaciro we kugirango baganire kuri raporo zakozwe, banarebere hamwe uko ikibazo cyarangira.  kuba Minisiteri y’ibidukikije yarashyize kuri konti ya Kabango Antoine 7.329.015 Frw ku wa 02/05/2018 na 45.891.640 Frw ku wa 03/04/2019 nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko Leta ikoresha ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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yishyura (Payment Order) zashyikirijwe Urukiko; konti yashyizweho amafaranga ikaba yaratanzwe na Kabango Antoine mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 26/02/2019, yandikiye Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije, asubiza iyo ku wa 04/12/2018. [25] Urukiko rurasanga ibibazo Kabango Antoine atumvikanaho na Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije mu irangiza ry’urubanza, bitakemuka binyuze mu nzira ziteganywa n’ingingo ya 184 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo bishobora gukemuka binyuze mu zindi nzira ziteganywa n’amategeko. [26] Kubera izo mpamvu, Urukiko rurasanga, ikirego cyatanzwe na Kabango Antoine kigamije kubaza Minisitiri w’Ibidukikije impamvu atubahiriza icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza RADA 0019/12/CS, nta shingiro gifite.

3. Kumenya niba hari indishyi zagenerwa Leta y’u Rwanda [27] Me Batsinda Aline avuga ko Kabango Antoine yashoye Leta y'u Rwanda mu manza, kandi azi neza ko yamaze kwishyurwa ku neza no ku bwumvikane; kuba agikomeje imanza bikaba bitera Leta igihombo agomba kwirengera, akabitangira indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza nta mpamvu n’iz’ikurikiranarubanza zingana na 2,000,000 Frw. [28] Me Mutembe Protais uburanira Kabango Antoine we avuga ko indishyi zisabwa na Leta ari ugushinyagurira uwo aburanira no kumwigirizaho nkana, kuko icyo akurikiranye ari uburenganzira bwe, kandi akaba amaze imyaka irenga 10 KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA

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akibukurikirana. Avuga ko uwo yunganira atagomba gucibwa indishyi kuko nta n’aho yazikura.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [29] Urukiko rurasanga Kabango Antoine yari afite uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza Urukiko mu gihe yumva hari inyungu ze zabangamiwe, bityo akaba adashobora kuryozwa indishyi zo gushora undi muburanyi mu manza nta mpamvu. Urukiko rurasanga kandi, nta kigaragaza ko hari icyo Leta y’u Rwanda yaba yaratakaje ikurikirana urubanza ku buryo yabihererwa indishyi, cyane ko iburanirwa n’abakozi bahemberwa ako kazi, kandi bakagenerwa n’ibindi bituma bagakora. Urukiko rurasanga rero, indishyi Leta y’u Rwanda isaba z’ikurikiranarubanza no gushorwa mu manza nta mpamvu, zingana na 2.000.000 Frw, itazigenerwa. III ICYEMEZO CY ‘URUKIKO [30] Rwemeje ko inzitizi yatanzwe na Leta y’u Rwanda idafite ishingiro; [31] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Kabango Antoine, nta shingiro gifite; [32] Rutegetse ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe na Kabango Antoine ihwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v MUHIRWA N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RADAA 00009/2018/CA – (Karimunda, P.J., Kanyange, Ngagi, J.) 17 Mutarama 2020] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubutegetsi – Ubusobekerane bw’imanza – Ubujurire bw’ibyemezo ku busobekerane bw’imanza – Ibyemezo bitegeka cyangwa ibyanga ko imanza zifatanywa bijuririrwa kimwe nk’uko bikorwa ku bijyanye n’ububasha bw’inkiko kandi bikaba bigomba kubanza gukemuka mbere y’uko imanza zikomeza kuburanishwa. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubutegetsi – Kuregera urukiko – Inyungu yo kurega – Ni agaciro urega ku giti cye aha icyo asaba urukiko, kagomba kuba kataziguye kandi kemewe n’amategeko, ku buryo kadahari, nta burenganzira aba afite bwo kurega. Iyo nyungu ireberwa kuba hari ihungabana ry’uburenganzira, nubwo urubanza rwagaragaza ko ubwo burenganzira bwahungabanye cyangwa butahungabanye. Incamake y’ikibazo: Nzeyimana na Mukayisenga bareze Muhirwa na Muhorakeye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo basaba gutesha agaciro amategeko shingiro ya ASPPEK. Batanze ikindi kirego muri urwo Rukiko barega RGB, ASPPEK, Muhirwa na Muhorakeye basaba gukuraho icyemezo nimero 121/2014 cyo ku wa 17/10/2014, giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi. Abaregwa bo batanze inzitizi ebyiri bavuga ko Abarega batigeze bashyikiriza ikibazo cyabo Urwego rushinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ndetse impande zombi zikaba zitaragombaga 105

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kuregwa ahubwo hakaregwa ASPPEK nubwo nayo yatanze inzitizi ivugako itagombaga kuregwa. Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo cyo guhuza izo manza zombi rwemeza ko abareze batagombaga kubanza gushyikiriza ikibazo cyabo urwego rukemura amakimbirane, kuko amategeko shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001 iri shyirahamwe ryari rishingiyeho atateganyaga urwego nkemurampaka. Rwemeje ko icyemezo, giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi kivanwaho, rutegeka ko amategeko shingiro yayitiriwe yo mu mwaka wa 2013 nayo ateshejwe agaciro. ASPPEK, Muhirwa na Muhorakeye bajuriye mu Rukiko Rukuru bavuga ko hari amategeko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwirengagije bituma batsindwa. RGB nayo yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi ivuga ko itagombaga gucibwa indishyi kuko nta makosa yakoze mu gutanga ubuzimagatozi. Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa ASPPEK, Muhorakeye nta shingiro bufite, ko ubwa RGB bwo bufite ishingiro. ASPPEK yajuriye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rutari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza ruregwamo RGB no kuba ibyemezo by’inkiko zabanje zirengagije ibiteganywa n’itegeko rigenga imiryango itari iya Leta. Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, ubujurire bwa ASPPEK bwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ibyemezo bitegeka cyangwa ibyanga ko imanza zifatanywa bijuririrwa kimwe nk’uko bikorwa ku bijyanye n’ububasha bw’inkiko kandi bikaba bigomba kubanza gukemuka mbere y’uko imanza zikomeza kuburanishwa.

2. Inyungu yo kurega ni agaciro urega ku giti cye aha icyo asaba urukiko, kagomba kuba kataziguye kandi kemewe n’amategeko, ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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ku buryo kadahari, nta burenganzira aba afite bwo kurega. Iyo nyungu ireberwa kuba hari ihungabana ry’uburenganzira, nubwo urubanza rwagaragaza ko ubwo burenganzira bwahungabanye cyangwa butahungabanye. Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Imikirize y’urubanza ntihindutse Amagarama ahwanye n’ibyakozwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 105. y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 3, n’ya 111 Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta, ingingo ya 6, 24, 27, n’iya 39 Itegeko N⁰ 51/2008 ryagenaga imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko, ingingo ya 121, 122, 152, 156, n’iya 178. Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3 Nta manza zifashishijwe. Inyandiko z’Abahanga: A. Benabent, Droit des obligations, 14e éd., Paris, LGDJ, 2014, p.167. G. Cornu, Vocabulaire juridique, Association Henri Capitant, Paris, PUF, 1998, p.

456. NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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G. De Leval et autres, Droit judiciaire, Manuel de procédure civile, tome 2, Larcier, p.

80. Philippe t Kint, Les associations sans but lucratif, Bruxelles, Larcier, 1999, p. 68). Serge Guinchard, Droit et Pratique de la procédure civile, 8ème Ed., Paris, Dalloz,2014, p.290. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile barega Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce, basaba urwo Rukiko gutesha agaciro Amategeko Shingiro «statuts» ya ASPPEK, ikirego cyabo gihabwa RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO-RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO. Nyuma batanze ikindi kirego muri urwo Rukiko barega RGB, ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce basaba gukuraho icyemezo nimero 121/2014 cyo ku wa 17/10/2014, giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi, ikirego gihabwa RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSBO, Urukiko rufata icyemezo cyo guhuza izo manza zombi. [2] Kuri urwo rwego, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce batanze inzitizi ebyiri, iya mbere isaba Urukiko kutakira ikirego kuko abareze bagombaga kubanza gushyikiriza ikibazo cyabo urwego rukemura amakimbirane, iya kabiri ivuga ko abarega n’abaregwa nta nyungu n’ububasha bafite, ko batagomba kuregwa ahubwo ugomba kuregwa ari ASPPEK, iyi nayo itanga inzitizi ivuga ko atari yo yagombaga kuregwa, Urukiko rwemeza ko ruzafata icyemezo ku nzitizi hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[3] Ku wa 04/03/2016, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwaciye urubanza RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO - RAD0010/15/TGI/GSBO - RC0427/14/TGI/GSBO - RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO rwemeza ko abareze batagombaga kubanza gushyikiriza ikibazo cyabo urwego rukemura amakimbirane, kuko amategeko shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001 iri shyirahamwe ryari rishingiyeho atateganyaga urwego nkemurampaka, kandi ko hatagombaga kwifashishwa amategeko rusange cyangwa “statuts” za 2013 abareze batemera, batanagizemo uruhare. [4] Urukiko rwasanze inzitizi y’uko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bareze nta nyungu n’ububasha bafite nta shingiro ifite, kuko ababuranyi bose bemeje ko abareze bombi hamwe na Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce bari bahuriye mu ishyirahamwe ryashyizeho ASPPEK, hakaba nta kigaragaza ko birukanywe cyangwa barisezeyemo. [5] Urukiko rwasanze kandi inzitizi y’uko abarezwe batagombaga kuregwa nayo nta shingiro ifite, ruvuga ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kurega Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce kuko ari bo bafite uruhare runini mu bikorwa byakozwe nk’uko bishimangirwa n’inyandiko zitandukanye Muhorakeye Grâce yasinye nk’umuyobozi w’inama zabaga zakozwe, ubundi akagaragara nka “Présidente” w’umuryango cyangwa umuvugizi wawo. Ku birebana na ASPPEK, rwasanze nta cyabuza ko nayo iregwa, mu gihe hari abanyamuryango bumva ko hari ibikorwa byabayeho bibarenganya, naho RGB ikaba iregwa kuko ari yo yatanze icyangombwa kiregerwa. [6] Ku birebana n’urubanza mu mizi, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwemeje ko icyemezo nimero 121/2014 cyo ku wa 17/10/2014, giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi kivanwaho, kuko NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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cyatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, rutegeka ko Amategeko Shingiro yayitiriwe yo mu mwaka wa 2013 nayo ateshejwe agaciro, rutegeka ASPPEK, RGB, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce gufatanya kwishyura Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile indishyi zingana na 1.500.000 Frw, kandi bagasubiza amagarama yatanzwe n’abarega angana na 200.000 Frw, uretse RGB. [7] ASPPEK, Muhorakeye Grâce na Muhirwa Alexandre bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru bavuga ko hari amategeko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwirengagije bituma batsindwa, RGB itanga ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi ivuga ko itagombaga gucibwa indishyi kuko nta makosa yakoze mu gutanga ubuzimagatozi, ubujurire bwabo bwandikwa kuri RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG. [8] Ku wa 06/02/2017, Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Muhorakeye Grâce, Muhirwa Alexandre na ASPPEK nta shingiro bufite, ko ubwa RGB bwo bufite ishingiro, rushimangira ko icyemezo nimero 121/2014 cyo ku wa 17/10/2014 giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi kivanweho, ndetse n’Amategeko Shingiro yayitiriwe yashyizweho mu mwaka wa 2013 akaba nayo avanweho. Rwemeje ko nta ndishyi RGB igomba gutanga kuko nta kigaragaza ko yamenye ko yahawe amakuru atari ay’ukuri ngo ibirengeho itange ibyangombwa, ko Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce ari bo bonyine bafatanya kwishyura Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile indishyi zingana na 1.500.000 Frw yiyongera kuri 200.000 Frw yemejwe mu rubanza rwajuririwe, bakongeraho na 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya ba Avoka babiri bababuraniye ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[9] ASPPEK ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ijuririra Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, irusaba gusuzuma niba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza ruregwamo RGB, kuko iki kigo cya Leta gifite icyicaro mu Murenge wa Remera uri mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, isaba ko ayo makosa yakosorwa maze imanza zabanje zigakurwaho. Indi mpamvu y’ubujurire ASPPEK yatanze, ni ugusuzuma niba Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bafite inyungu zo kuyirega mu Rukiko basaba ko amategeko shingiro yayo n’icyemezo kiyiha ubuzimagatozi biteshwa agaciro kandi batari abanyamuryango bayo. [10] Mu bujurire bwayo kandi, ASPPEK ivuga ko inkiko zabanje zafashe ibyemezo zirengagije ibiteganywa n’Itegeko rigenga imiryango itari iya Leta, uyihagarariye asaba Urukiko rwajuririwe gusuzuma niba umunyamuryango w’ishyirahamwe ridafite ubuzimagatozi wanze gusinya ku mategeko shingiro igihe iryo shyirahamwe ryiyemezaga kuba umuryango nyarwanda utari uwa Leta, ashobora kwemererwa gutesha agaciro ibyakozwe hashingiwe ku itegeko ryasimbuwe. Ivuga na none ko iki kirego kitashoboraga kwakirwa kitabanje gusuzumirwa mu rwego nkemurampaka ruteganywa n’Itegeko rigenga imiryango itari iya Leta n’Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK, kandi ko hari ibimenyetso yatanze bitasuzumwe n’inkiko zibanza, isaba n’indishyi zitandukanye. [11] Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’ Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, ubujurire bwa ASPPEK bwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 105 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko1.

1 Ingingo ya 105, igika cya mbere iteganya ko: ″Guhera igihe iri tegeko ritangiriye gukurikizwa uretse imanza zatangiye kuburanishwa, imanza zose NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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[12] Iburanisha ry’urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 11/02/2019, uwo munsi rirasubikwa kubera ko Avoka wa ASPPEK atari yitabye, Muhirwa Alexandre yari yarwaye kandi Avoka we atarahawe ubutumwa bwo kumuhagararira; urubanza rwimurirwa ku wa 20/02/2019. [13] Ku wa 20/02/2019, ababuranyi bitabye Urukiko, ASPPEK ihagarariwe na Me Bayingana Janvier, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bunganiwe na Me Katushabe Mary, Muhirwa Alexandre yunganiwe na Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, uyu akaba anahagarariye Muhorakeye Grâce, RGB ihagarariwe na Me Kayiranga Rukumbi Bernard, hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko yatanzwe na Nzeyimana Bertin hamwe na Mukayisenga Cécile, ndetse n’iyatanzwe na Me Kayiranga Rukumbi Bernard wasabaga ko ubujurire bwa ASPPEK butakirwa kuko inenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo aho kunenga urwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, maze ku wa 29/03/2019, Urukiko rwemeza ko izo nzitizi nta shingiro zifite, ruvuga ko iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi rizakomeza ku wa 16/05/2019, uwo munsi ababuranyi batangira kujya impaka ku mpamvu z’ubujurire, ariko iburanisha rirasubikwa kugira ngo impande zombi zigerageze kwiyunga, ryimurirwa ku wa 11/06/2019. [14] Nyuma y’uko ubwumvikane bunaniranye, urubanza rwongeye kuburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 04/12/2019, ASPPEK ihagarariwe na Me Bayingana Janvier, RGB ihagarariwe na Me Gahongayire Myriam, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bunganiwe na Me Katushabe Mary, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce bunganiwe na Me Munyandamutsa Jean

zitakiri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko zaregewe, zohererezwa Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko″. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Pierre, uwo munsi iburanisha rirasubikwa kubera ubwire, ryimurirwa ku wa 09/12/2019. [15] Iyo tariki igeze ababuranyi bitabye Urukiko bunganiwe nka mbere, uretse ko Me Katushabe Mary yari afatanyije na Me Minani Sempinga Jean d’Amour bunganira Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile.

II IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO A. UBUJURIRE BWA ASPPEK 1. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarirengagije amategeko mu guhuza imanza RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO- RC0428/14/TGI/GSBO-RAD0009/15/TGI/GSBO- RAD0010/15/TGI/GSBO no kuba rutari rufite ububasha bushingiye ku ifasi [16] Me Bayingana Janvier, uhagarariye ASPPEK, avuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 178 y’Itegeko N⁰ 51/2008 ryagenaga imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rutari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego cy’ubutegetsi cyasabaga ko icyemezo giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi kivanwaho, bikaba binasobanuye ko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwaje kwemeza ko ASPPEK yamburwa ubuzimagatozi narwo rutari rufite ububasha. Akomeza avuga ko RGB ifite icyicaro mu Murenge wa Remera, umwe mu mirenge iri mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ari narwo rwari rufite ububasha, ko iyo nzitizi yo guhuzwa n’urubanza mbonezamubano rwatanzwe na Nzeyimana Bertin hamwe na Mukayisenga Cécile basaba gutesha agaciro Amategeko Shingiro NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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ya ASPPEK kuko RGB itagombaga kuregwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, bivuze ko urwo Rukiko rutari guhuza imanza ebyiri, rumwe rutari mu bubasha bwarwo. Asoza asaba ko Urukiko rwajuririwe rwakosora ayo makosa kuko ari ndemyagihugu, maze imanza zabanje zigakurwaho. [17] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko uru rubanza rwagombaga kuburanishwa n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, kuko icyemezo cyaregewe cyafashwe n’umuyobozi wo mu Karere ka Nyarugenge, kandi ko imanza zombi zitagombaga guhuzwa, kuko zifite kamere itandukanye; bikaba byaratumye urubanza mbonezamubano ruhindurwa urw’ubutegetsi kandi bidashoboka; ko rero ibintu bigomba gusubira uko byari bimeze mbere. Avuga ko nta kuntu abatangije urubanza bavuga ko baregeye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo bashingiye ku kuba ariho ikiburanwa kiri, kuko icyemezo gitanga ubuzimagatozi kitagira aho kibarizwa (résidence) ndetse imanza z’ubutegetsi zikaba zigira umucamanza wazo. [18] Me Katushabe Mary, wunganira Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile, avuga ko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 122 y’Itegeko-Ngenga rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha bw’inkiko yubahirizwaga igihe cy’itangwa ry’ikirego, asanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwari rufite ububasha, kuko ikiburanwa ari ugutesha agaciro Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK, kandi ikaba ifite icyicaro i Gasabo, hakaba rero nta kibazo cy’ububasha bw’Urukiko bushingiye ku ifasi cyakagombye kubaho hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 121 n’iya 122 z’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha bw’inkiko [19] Ku byerekeranye no kuba imanza zarahujwe kandi zidahuje kamere, Me Katushabe Mary avuga ko nta ngingo ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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y’amategeko yari iriho ivuga ko imanza zidahuje kamere zidashobora guhuzwa, ko kandi we abona kuba izo manza zari zifitanye isano, byari ngombwa ko zihuzwa kuko icibwa ry’urubanza rumwe ryagombaga byanze bikunze kugira ingaruka ku rundi kandi ko nta mategeko yishwe mu kuzihuza kuko buri rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rwarwo, ziza guhurizwa hamwe mu rubanza rw’ubutegetsi, ndetse hakaba hari ibaruwa yo gutakamba nk’uko biteganyijwe muri bene izo manza. Asaba ko mu gufata icyemezo, Urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 122 n’iya 178 z’Itegeko-Ngenga ryerekeye imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko ryakurikizwaga igihe Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile baregaga. [20] Uburanira RGB avuga ko imanza zombi zitagombaga gutangirira hamwe kuko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rutagombaga kwakira ikirego kiregwamo RGB; ariko bitewe n’uko urubanza mbonezamubano rwagombaga kugira ingaruka ku rubanza rw’ubutegetsi, zagombaga guhuzwa byanze bikunze ku bw’inyungu z’ubutabera; kuko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo zombi zifite ububasha bumwe, bikaba bitari ngombwa gusiragiza umuburanyi ava mu Rukiko rumwe ajya mu rundi. Asoza avuga ko, kubera inyungu z’ubutabera zishingiye ahanini ku kwirinda gusiragiza ababuranyi mu nkiko, byari ngombwa ko izo manza zihuzwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA a. Ku byerekeye ububasha bw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo bushingiye ku ifasi [21] Ingingo ya 121 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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ryakurikizwaga igihe Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile baregaga, iteganya ko Uretse mu gihe hari andi mategeko abiteganya ukundi, Urukiko rw’aho uregwa atuye ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza. Iyo hari abaregwa benshi, urega yihitiramo urukiko rw’aho umwe muri bo atuye. Igihe aho uregwa atuye hatazwi, urubanza ruburanishwa mu Rukiko rw’aho aba. [22] Ingingo ya 122 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 ryibukijwe haruguru, iteganya ko Imanza ziregwamo Leta, ibigo byayo n’inzego z’ubutegetsi zigenga, ziburanishirizwa mu Rukiko rwo mu ifasi y’aho icyicaro cyabyo kiri cyangwa y’aho ikiburanwa kiri. [23] Inyandiko ziri muri dosiye zigaragaza ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bareze Muhirwa Alexandre, Muhorakeye Grâce, ASPPEK na RGB mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, Urugereko rw’Imanza z’Ubutegetsi barusaba gukuraho icyemezo nimero 121/2014 giha

ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi, ibirego byabo bihabwa RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO- RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSB. [24] Imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe igaragaza ko, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwari rufite ububasha bushingiye ku ifasi rushingiye ku ngingo ya 122 y’Itegeko- Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko, ruvuga ko kuba abatanze ikirego barasobanuye ko ASPPEK ikorera mu Karere ka Gasabo ari naho hakorewe Amategeko Shingiro yashingiweho mu gutanga ubuzimagatozi, byerekana ko uru Rukiko rwari rufite ububasha. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[25] Muri uru rubanza, ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce bavuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo nta bubasha bushingiye ku ifasi rwari rufite bwo kuburanisha urubanza ruregwamo RGB, icyo kigo kibarizwa mu Murenge wa Remera wari mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge. [26] Urukiko rurasanga koko Umurenge wa Remera, ahari icyicaro cya RGB igihe cyo gutanga ikirego wari uri mu ifasi y’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyarugunga narwo rwari mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ariko nk’uko ingingo z’amategeko zagaragajwe haruguru zibigaragaza, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bafite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo kuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo aho abandi baburanyi babarizwa nk’uko imyirondoro yabo ibigaragaza, bityo akaba nta kosa Urukiko rwakoze mu kuburanisha uru rubanza rushingiye ku ihame rusange rigaragara mu ngingo ya 121 y’Itegeko y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 yibukijwe haruguru, kuko RGB nk’uko byagaragajwe yari yareganwe n’abandi baburanyi babarizwa mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo nk’uko bagaragajwe. [27] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko abareze batavuga ko baregeye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo bashingiye aho ikiburanwa kiri kuko icyemezo gitanga ubuzimagatozi kitagira aho kibarizwa nta shingiro bifite, kuko nk’uko bimaze gusobanurwa kuburanira mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo byashingiye y’uko bamwe mu baburanyi batuye mu ifasi yarwo.

NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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b. Ku byerekeranye n’icyemezo cyo guhuza imanza RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO- RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSBO. [28] Ingingo ya 152 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko nk’uko ryagiye rihindurwa ryakurikizwaga igihe Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwaregerwaga, iteganya ko habaho imanza zisobekeranye iyo imanza nyinshi, zifitanye isano ku buryo ikemurwa rya rumwe rigira ingaruka ku rundi kandi ku buryo ziramutse ziciwe, rumwe ukwarwo urundi ukwarwo, imikirize yazo ishobora kuvuguruzanya. Ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko ryibukijwe haruguru iteganya ko Imanza n’ibyemezo bitegeka cyangwa byanga kwimurira imanza mu zindi nkiko, kimwe n’ibitegeka ko zifatanywa zitandukanywa bishobora kujurirwa. [29] Umuhanga mu mategeko Serge Guinchard, avuga ko bitewe n’uko nta gisobanuro nyacyo cy’ubusobekerane bw’imanza kiriho mu itegeko, umucamanza mu bushishozi bwe kandi akurikije imiterere y’imanza n’ibyemezo bishobora kuzafatwa, yemeza ko imanza zisobekeranye, ibyo bikaba bitafatwaho umurongo n’Urukiko rusesa imanza kuko atari ikibazo cy’amategeko2.

2 La connexité, en l’absence de définition précise dans la loi, suppose évidemment une large marge d’appréciation et d’anticipation de la part des juges. Elle est considérée comme une question de fait que la Cour de Cassation ne contrôle pas et laisse à l’appréciation souveraine des juges du fond (Serge Guinchard, Droit et Pratique de la procédure civile, 8ème Ed., Paris, Dalloz,2014, p.290. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[30] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko nyuma y’uko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile baregeye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo ikirego cy’imbonezamubano n’icy’ubutegetsi, ku wa 08/04/2015, Umwanditsi Mukuru w’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo yafashe icyemezo cyo guhuza izo manza zombi kugira ngo zizaburanishirizwe hamwe n’inteko iburanisha imanza z’ubutegetsi. [31] Dosiye igaragaza ko, Urukiko Rukuru mu gufata icyemezo kuri iyi ngingo, rwemeje ko kuba mu Rukiko rumwe harasabwaga gutesha agaciro Amategeko Shingiro yo ku wa 05/04/2013 yashyizweho mu buryo butubahirije amategeko, mu rundi rubanza hasabwa gukuraho icyemezo gitanga ubuzimagatozi cyafashwe na RGB ishingiye ku mategeko shingiro nayo asabirwa guteshwa agaciro, bigaragaza ko izo manza zari zisobekeranye ku buryo icibwa rya rumwe ryashoboraga kugira ingaruka ku rundi. [32] Isesengura ry’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko ryibukijwe haruguru ryumvikanisha ko icyo umushingamategeko yari agamije ateganya ko imanza n’ibirego bitegeka cyangwa byanga kwimurira imanza mu zindi nkiko, kimwe n’ibitegeka ko imanza zifatanywa cyangwa zitandukanywa bishobora kujurirwa, ari uko bene ibyo birego bisuzumwa nk’ibirego byihariye bigomba kubanza gukemurwa mbere y’uko urukiko ruburanisha ibibazo nyirizina ababuranyi barushyikirije, akaba ari nayo mpamvu yateganyije ko bishobora kujuririrwa ukwabyo, bitabaye ngombwa ko biburanishirizwa hamwe n’ibindi bibazo bigize urubanza. Umuhanga mu mategeko Serge Guinchard wavuzwe haruguru nawe avuga ko ibyemezo ku busobekerane bw’imanza, byaba ari ibitegeka NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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cyangwa ari ibyanga ko imanza zifatanywa bishobora kujuririrwa kimwe nk’uko bikorwa ku bijyanye n’ububasha bw’inkiko3, bikaba bishatse kuvuga ko bene ibyo bibazo bigomba kubanza gukemuka mbere y’uko imanza zikomeza kuburanishwa. [33] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa no kubiteganywa n’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 ryibukijwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce bari kubanza kujuririra iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ukwayo igafatwaho icyemezo, bivuze ko Urukiko Rukuru rutagombaga kwakira iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ngo ruyiburanishirize hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi, bityo kuva inzira bahisemo yo kuyijuririra hamwe n’urubanza mizi inyuranyije n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 156 y’Itegeko-Ngenga N⁰ 51/2008 ryo ku wa 09/09/2008 ryibukijwe haruguru, icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kuri iyo ngingo kikaba gikwiye guteshwa agaciro, ibintu bikaguma uko byari biri nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo.

2. Kumenya niba Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bafite inyungu zo kurega ASPPEK mu Rukiko basaba ko amategeko yayo n’icyemezo kiyiha ubuzimagatozi biteshwa agaciro kandi batari abanyamuryango bayo [34] Me Bayingana Janvier, uhagarariye ASPPEK, avuga ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bareze ASPPEK mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo kandi atari abanyamuryango bayo, bityo bakaba nta nyungu bari bafite yo gusaba ko ibiyiranga bivaho, ko iyo baba ari abanyamuryango bari kuba barasinye ku

3 Les décisions sur la connexité, qu’elles ordonnent le renvoi ou le refusent, sont susceptibles de recours comme en matière de compétence (Idem, p. 291). ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Mategeko Shingiro yo mwaka wa 2013; ariko ko bahisemo kwigomeka, hafatwa icyemezo cyo kubahagarika, akaba asanga ahubwo ari cyo bagombaga kuregera aho kuregera Amategeko Shingiro batazi ibikubiyemo batanafitemo uruhare yo mu mwaka wa 2013, kuko ayo bemera ari ayo mu mwaka wa 2001, aya akaba atari yo yashingirwaho mu gutanga ubuzimagatozi. Avuga ko iyi nzitizi yatanzwe mu nkiko zibanza ntihayabwa agaciro, akaba ari yo mpamvu igarutse. [35] Muhirwa Alexandre avuga ko Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK avuga ko abagize umuryango ari abayashyizeho umukono, kandi ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile batarimo, bakaba nta kuntu baregera Amategeko Shingiro n’ubuzimagatozi batagizemo uruhare, ndetse ko mu mwaka wa 2014 abanyamuryango bari bemeje ko batagifite amahirwe yo kugaruka muri ASPPEK kubera imyitwarire yabo nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo y’inama yashyikirijwe urukiko. Avuga ko kubera izo mpamvu nta nyungu bafite zo kurega, ko habaye hari ibindi bakurikiye muri ASPPEK batanga ikirego mu bundi buryo. [36] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko ntacyo Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bakwiye gushingiraho barega ASPPEK mu gihe batakiri muri sitati zayo, ko rero nta bubasha bari bafite bwo kurega kuko bayirukanywemo, bakaba batanagaragaza impamvu barega Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce bonyine, aho kurega abandi banyamuryango. [37] Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bavuga ko abavuga ko birukanywe muri ASPPEK batagaragaza ibaruwa ibirukana; ko kugeza ubu hari abanyamuryango bane (4) muri ASPPEK, Nzeyimana Bertin akaba ari we wari Perezida, ndetse NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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bari ku rutonde rw’abanyamuryango nk’uko bigaragazwa n’Amategeko Shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001 yashyizweho umukono na Noteri mu mwaka wa 2009, akaba anagaragaraho umukono we, uwa Nzeyimana Bertin, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce, ayo Mategeko Shingiro akaba afatwa nk’amasezerano hagati yabo. Bavuga kandi ko ikindi kigaragaza ko ari abanyamuryango ari nyandiko ziri mu magazeti ya Leta, inyandiko yo ku wa 25/01/2012 ishyira Nzeyimana Bertin mu mwanya wa Perezida, n’indi y’ihererekanyabubasha hagati ye na Muhirwa Alexandre. [38] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba batarasinye ku Mategeko Shingiro yakozwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kandi abangamiye inyungu zabo atari byo bibambura uburenganzira bwo kuba abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK, kandi ko nta kimenyetso abajuriye bashingiraho bavuga ko abahoze ari abanyamuryango batashyize umukono ku mategeko shingiro, bamburwa uburenganzira bwo kuba abanyamuryango. [39] Me Katushabe Mary avuga ko Amategeko Shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001 yateganyaga uburyo umuntu aba umunyamuryango n’uburyo yirukanwa, kandi byose bigakorwa n’Inama Rusange (Assemblée Générale), ikaba yari igizwe na Muhirwa Alexandre, Muhorakeye Grâce, Kalisa Mbanda, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile. Akomeza avuga ko ingingo ya 11 y’Amategeko Shingiro ya 2001 iteganya inama rusange n’intego za ASPPEK, ariko ko Muhirwa Alexandre n’umugore we Muhorakeye Grâce biherereye bombi biha ububasha bwo gushyiraho abanyamuryango bashya n’intego zayo. Avuga ko abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK bivugwa ko ari bo birukanye Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile nta bubasha bari bafite kuko binjiye mu muryango mu buryo butubahirije ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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amategeko, kandi ko ibyo abajuriye bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutigeze rugira icyo ruvuga ku bubasha bwo kurega bwa Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile atari ukuri, kuko guhera ku rupapuro rwa 4 kugeza k’urwa 8 rw’ica rubanza, urwo Rukiko rwafashe umwanya wo kubisesengura rwanzura ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bafite ububasha bwo kurega. [40] Ku birebana no kuba hararezwe Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce gusa, Me Katushabe Mary avuga ko ari uko ari bo bazwi nk’abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK bemewe n’amategeko, akaba ari bo bafite ibikorwa bakoze mu rwego rw’amategeko. [41] Uhagarariye RGB avuga ko ikibazo cy'isuzumwa ry'inyungu mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo kitareba RGB cyane. Avuga ko kuba sitati yo mu mwaka wa 2001 n’iyo mu mwaka wa 2013 zose zigaragaza ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK, asanga bari bafite ububasha bwo kurega. Asoza asaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeza ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bareze bafite ububasha kubera ko bakiri abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK kuko birukanwe n’abatabifitiye ububasha. [42] Akomeza avuga ko impaka ku bubasha bwa Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile zitareba RGB kuko amategeko shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001 n’ayo mu mwaka wa 2013 yose agaragaza ko bari abanyamuryango.

NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [43] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko Ikirego cyakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega afite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi byo kurega keretse igihe itegeko ribiteganya ukundi. [44] Dosiye igaragaramo Amategeko Shingiro y’ishyirahamwe ridaharanira inyungu “ASPPEK yo ku wa 15/11/2001 yashyizweho umukono n’abanyamuryango bane (4) ari bo Muhirwa Alexandre, Nzeyimana J. Bertin, Mukayisenga Cécile na Muhorakeye Grâce. Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko bakomeje gukorana kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012 nubwo hagiye haba ibibazo n’amakimbirane hagati yabo, ariko ikibazo nyamukuru kikaba cyaravutse, ubwo ku wa 05/04/2013, hasohotse sitati nshya za ASPPEK, ziriho amazina n’imikono ya Muhorakeye Grâce na Mutsiri Elvanie, ziza kongera kwemezwa mu nama yo ku wa 14/04/2013, aho inyandikomvugo yayo igaragaraho urutonde rw’abantu cumi na bane (14) nk’abanyamuryango bashya ba ASPPEK, ariko muri bo, Nzeyimana Bertin, Mukayisenga Cécile na Prof. Kalisa Mbanda bakaba batarayishyizeho umukono, kuko nk’uko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile babivuga, impamvu bo batayishyizeho umukono n’uko nta ruhare bayigizemo bakaba rero batayemera kandi batumva uburyo bahejwe mu itegura ryayo n’uburyo abo banyamuryango bashya binjiye bitemejwe n’Inteko Rusange ya ASPPEK yemewe n’amategeko. [45] Dosiye igaragaza ko RGB ishingiye kuri izo sitati yafashe icyemezo cyo guha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi, na none ku wa ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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25/09/2014, Inteko Rusange ya ASPPEK yari yitabiriwe n’abanyamuryango icumi (10) nayo ifata icyemezo cyo gukuraho icyizere kuri batatu aribo Prof. Kalisa Mbanda, Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile kubera imyitwarire mibi bagaragarije abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK bari bifuje gukorana nabo bakanga gusinya sitati ngo babe abanyamuryango shingiro b’umuryango ASPPEK. Nyuma y’icyo cyemezo cyo kubirukana mu muryango nibwo Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bafashe umwanzuro wo kuregera inkiko basaba gukuraho icyemezo nimero 121/2014 cyo ku wa 17/10/2014 giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi, no gutesha agaciro amategeko shingiro (statuts) yitiriwe ASPPEK, imanza zitangira ubwo. [46] Ku byerekeranye no kumenya niba Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile nta nyungu bari bafite yo kurega, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza gusobanura icyo inyungu yo kurega ivuze, mbere yo gufata umwanzuro kuri iki kibazo. Umuhanga mu mategeko Gérard Cornu avuga ko inyungu yo kurega ari agaciro urega aha icyo asaba urukiko, ako agaciro kagomba kuba ari ake ku giti cye, kataziguye kandi kemewe n’amategeko, ku buryo iyo kadahari, urega nta burenganzira aba afite bwo kurega4. Umuhanga mu mategeko Georges De Leval na bagenzi be bavuga ko inyungu itareberwa mu kizava mu rubanza, ko ahubwo ari ukuba hashobora kuba hari ihungabana ry’uburenganzira, nubwo nyuma yo kubisuzuma, urubanza

4Importance qui, s’attachant pour le demandeur à ce qu’il demande, le rend recevable à le demander en justice (si cette importance est assez personelle, directe et légitime) et à défaut de laquelle le demandeur est sans droit pour agir (G. Cornu, Vocabulaire juridique, Association Henri Capitant, Paris, PUF, 1998, p. 456). NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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rwagaragaza ko ubwo burenganzira bwahungabanye cyangwa butahungabanye5. [47] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, kuba umuryango ASPPEK waratangijwe n’abantu bane (4) bakagira ibyo bawushoramo harimo n’ishuri (Ecole de l’Espoir de Gasogi) hanyuma babiri muri bo bagafata icyemezo cyo guhindura Amategeko Shingiro n’intego bya ASPPEK no kwinjiza abanyamuryango bashya, abo batangiranye batabigizemo uruhare, kugeza n’aho bafatiwe icyemezo cyo kwirukanwa muri uwo muryango ku wa 25/09/2014, hitwajwe ko batasinye amategeko shingiro yo ku wa 05/04/2013, Urukiko rurasanga Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile baravukijwe uburenganzira bwabo kuri ASPPEK, bakaba rero bari bafite inyungu yo kubiregera. [48] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo ASPPEK na Muhirwa Alexandre bavuga ko mu gihe Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile batari bakiri abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK nta burenganzira bari bafite bwo kurega ASPPEK bitahabwa agaciro, kuko uburenganzira bwo kurega budashingira ku kuba ari abanyamuryango, ahubwo bushingira ku nyungu yabo bwite, itaziguye kandi yemewe n’amategeko bifuza ko yarengerwa. Urukiko rurasanga gusaba gutesha agaciro amasezerano byakorwa n’umuntu uwo ari we wese ubifitemo inyungu, ni ukuvuga uwo uko gutesha agaciro byagirira akamaro6. Ubu

5 L’intérêt s’apprécie in abstracto; il s’agit de la possibilité de l’atteinte à un droit au moment où la demande est formée quand bien même la reconnaissance ne devrait être établie-ou non étable-qu’à la prononciation du jugement à l’issue d’une verification in concreto (G. De Leval et autres, Droit judiciaire, Manuel de procédure civile, tome 2, Larcier, p. 80). 6 On estime alors que la nullité peut être demandée par toute personne qui y trouve un intérêt, c’est-à-dire qui peut retirer l’avantage de la nullité. Cela concerne donc toutes les parties au contrat, mais encore les tiers; par exemple les créanciers d’un ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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burenganzira bushobora gukoreshwa n’impande ziri mu masezerano, nk’uko bwakoreshwa n’undi wese utayarimo; urugero, ababerewemo umwenda (créanciers) bafite inyungu yo gusaba ko ubugure bwakozwe n’ubabereyemo umwenda (débiteur) bwateshwa agaciro kugira ngo uwo mutungo usubire mutungo y’ubabereyemo umwenda (débiteur), bivuze ko nta cyabuza Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile gusaba ko sitati zibangamiye inyungu zabo ziteshwa agaciro. [49] Urukiko rurasanga na none nta tegeko ritegeka umuntu gusinya amasezerano cyangwa amategeko shingiro ku ngufu mu gihe abona ko bibangamiye inyungu ze, bityo mu gihe Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari bamaze guhezwa nk’abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK, bari bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko sitati batashyizeho umukono iteshwa agaciro, hagashyirwaho Amategeko Shingiro impande zose zemeranyijweho, bivuze ko bari banafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko icyemezo giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi cyatanzwe hashingiwe kuri izo sitati nacyo kivanwaho.

3. Kumenya Ametegeko Shingiro Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari gushingiraho batanga ikirego [50] Me Bayingana Janvier avuga ko, nk’uko biteganyijwe muri “statuts” za ASPPEK za 2013 no mu ngingo ya 24 n’iya 6 z’Itegeko N⁰ 04/2012 rigenga imiryango itari iya Leta, mbere yo gutanga ikirego, ikibazo cyagombaga kubanza kwigirwa mu kanama nkemurampaka, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwaravuze ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite kubera ko ako kanama nta kari gahari nyamara kari gahari n’abakagize bahari, kuko

vendeur ont intérêt à la nullité de la vente pour voir le bien revenir dans le patrimoine du vendeur (A. Benabent, Droit des obligations, 14e éd., Paris, LGDJ, 2014, p.167. NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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ikibazo kivuka Mukayisenga Cécile na Nzeyimana Bertin bari batarasezererwa mu muryango. Asaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusanze ako kanama kari gahari abareze ntibakiyambaze kandi gateganyijwe mu Mategeko Shingiro, urubanza rwajuririwe rwateshwa agaciro, abareze bagasubira inyuma bakabanza bakakiyambaza, batakemurirwa ikibazo bakabona kwiyambaza inkiko. [51] Muhirwa Alexandre avuga ko ako kanama kari gahari kagizwe na Kamali Aimé Fabien, Mukashyaka Bernadette n’abandi bari mu nyandiko bashyikirije Urukiko; kandi ko byari itegeko kubanza kukiyambaza mbere yo kwiyambaza inkiko nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 2012, kuko ikirego cyatanzwe mu mwaka wa 2014. [52] Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko ubwumvikane bwari ngombwa mbere y’uko ikirego kijyanwa mu Rukiko nk’uko byateganywaga na sitati za ASPPEK. [53] Mukayisenga Cécile na Nzeyimana Bertin bavuga ko ako kanama katateganywaga mu Mategeko Shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2001, ko ariko n’ubundi hari izindi nzego babanje kwiyambaza mbere yo kugana inkiko harimo Urwego rw’Umuvunyi, RGB, Umujyi wa Kigali n’Akarere ka Gasabo. Bavuga kandi ko nta kuntu abajuriye bavuga ko bari kwiyambaza akanama nkemurampaka batabemera nk’abanyamuryango ba ASPPEK kuko babasezereye ku wa 25/09/2014, batanga ikirego mu kwezi kwa 10/2014, kandi ko iyo bakiyambaza bari kuba banyuranyije n’Amategeko Shingiro, cyane ko n’abakagize bagiyeho mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. [54] Me Minani Sempinga Jean d’Amour avuga ko koko hari Amategeko Shingiro yo mu mwaka wa 2013 agaragaza ko ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile ari abanyamuryango, ko ariko batigeze basinya kuri urwo rutonde, ari nayo mpamvu inkiko zayatesheje agaciro, ndetse ko batagombaga kwiyambaza akanama nkemurampaka bataragize uruhare mu ishyirwaho ryako. [55] Me Katushabe Mary avuga ko Amategeko Shingiro yo mwaka wa 2001 adateganya akanama nkemurampaka, ko ahubwo ingingo ya 21 yayo iteganya ko icyemezo kigomba gufatwa na ¾ by’abagize umuryango. Akomeza avuga ariko ko n’ubwo akanama nkemurampaka katari gateganyijwe muri ayo Mategeko Shingiro, bari bagerageje kugakora kagizwe na RGB, Umujyi wa Kigali, Akarere ka Gasabo n’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi, ariko birangira batumvikanye, hakaba nta cyabuzaga rero ko biyambaza inkiko. [56] Me Gahongayire Myriam, uburanira RGB, avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukwiye gusuzuma niba igihe ikirego cyatangwaga kariya kanama nkemurampaka kari gahari, rwasanga kari gahari ntikiyambazwe rukemeza ko ikirego kitagombaga kwakirwa kuko uwo muhango wirengagijwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [57] Ingingo ya 27 y’Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta iteganya ko Amakimbirane yose avutse mu muryango nyarwanda utari uwa Leta cyangwa hagati y’inzego zawo agomba kubanza gukemurwa n’urwego rushinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ruteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 6 y‟iri tegeko. Iyo ubwo buryo bunaniranye, uruhande rubyifuje rushyikiriza ikirego urukiko rw’u Rwanda rubifitiye ububasha. NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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[58] Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri bw’ibyo aburana. [59] Ku byerekeranye no kumenya niba Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile baragombaga kubanza kuregera urwego rushinzwe gukemura amakimbirane, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza kumenya Amategeko Shingiro agomba gushingirwaho hagati ya sitati zo ku wa 15/11/2001 n’izo ku wa 05/04/2013. [60] Kuri iki kibazo, ingingo ya 6 y’Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK yo ku wa 15/11/2001 iteganya ko abanyamuryango bashinze ishyirahamwe ari abashyize umukono kuri ayo mategeko; abaryinjiyemo nyuma ni abanyamuryango b’abayoboke basabye kwinjiramo bakabyemererwa n’Inteko Rusange kandi bakemera gukirikiza amategeko n’intego by’ishyirahamwe. Ingingo ya 11, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1, y’Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK amaze kwibutswa iteganya ko Inteko Rusange ifite ububasha bwo gushyiraho no guhindura Amategeko Shingiro n’Amategeko Ngengamikorere by’ishyirahamwe. Naho ingingo yayo ya 14 igateganya ko Inteko Rusange iterana iyo hari abarenga ½ cy’abanyamuryango nyirizina. Iyo uwo mubare fatizo utuzuye hatumizwa indi nama mu minsi irindwi ikurikiraho, igafata ibyemezo iyo 1/3 cy’abanyamuryango bitabiriye inama7. [61] Dosiye igaragaza ko Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK yashyizweho umukono ku wa 15/11/2001, ari yo yakomeje gukoreshwa na ASPPEK kugeza ku wa 05/04/2013, ubwo

7 Ibi byaribagaranye mu Kinyarwanda, ariko bigaragara mu gifaransa no mu cyongereza. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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hasinywaga andi Mategeko Shingiro mu rwego rwo kuyahuza n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta, itegeka imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta guhuza imikorere n’amategeko yayo n’iri tegeko mu gihe kitarenze amezi cumi n’abiri (12) uhereye ku munsi ritangarijweho mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. [62] Dosiye igaragaza ko ASPPEK yahinduye Amategeko Shingiro ku wa 05/04/2013, igihe giteganywa n’Itegeko kitararangira, kuko cyagombaga kurangira ku wa 08/04/2013, bivuze ko kugeza kuri iyo tariki ya 05/04/2013 ku bijyanye no guhindura cyangwa kwemeza abanyamuryango bashya hagombaga kubahirizwa ibyateganywaga n’Amategeko Shingiro yo ku wa 15/11/2001, bitewe n’uko ritari ishyirahamwe rishya rigiyeho, ahubwo ni iryari risanzweho ryasabwaga guhuza imikorere yaryo n’ibyo Itegeko rishya ryasabaga. [63] Dosiye igaragaramo Amategeko Shingiro yo ku wa 05/04/2013, ariho umukono wa Muhorakeye Grâce nka Perezida w’umuryango ASPPEK, n’uwa Mutsiri Elvanie nka Visi Perezida wa ASPPEK, igaragaramo na none inyandikomvugo y’Inama Rusange yahinduye Amategeko Shingiro (statuts) y’Umuryango w’Ababyeyi Uharanira Iterambere n’Amajyambere y’Uburezi mu Rwanda (ASPPEK) yo ku wa 14/04/2014 bigaragara ko yashyizweho umukono n’abanyamuryango 11 kuri 14 bari ku rutonde, batatu bakaba nta mikono yabo ihari. [64] Urukiko rurasanga mbere y’uko Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK ahindurwa ku wa 05/04/2013, harubahirizwaga ayo ku wa 15/11/2001 kuko yari agifite agaciro, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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nyarwanda itari iya Leta kuko igihe cy’umwaka umwe giteganyijwe cyari kitararangira. [65] Urukiko rurasanga hashingiwe ku byateganywaga n’Amategeko Shingiro ya 2001, ari nayo yagombaga gukurikizwa, cyane cyane mu ngingo za 11 na 14, haragombaga kubanza gutumizwa inama y’Inteko Rusange ya ASPPEK igizwe n’abanyamuryango bayitangije uko ari bane (4), ikaba ari nayo yari ifite ububasha bwo guhindura Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK no kwemeza abanyamuryango bashya, kandi iyo nama ikaba yari guterana ari uko habonetse abanyamuryango barenga nibura 2 kuri 4 bari bayigize, bitashoboka, inama igatumizwa ku nshuro ya kabiri, icyo gihe ikaba yafata ibyemezo ari uko 1/3 cy’abanyamuryango bitabiriye inama. Kuba rero ibyakozwe binyuranyije n’ibyari biteganyijwe n’Amategeko Shingiro y’ishyirahamwe ASPPEK, byumvikanisha ko, Amategeko Shingiro yo ku wa 05/04/2013 agomba guteshwa agaciro ndetse n’icyemezo giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi cyayashingiyeho nacyo kikaba kigomba kuvanwaho nk’uko inkiko zabanje zabibonye. [66] Urukiko rurasanga kandi kuba kugeza ubu Amategeko Shingiro atarahindurwa ngo ahunzwe n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko Nº 04/2012 ryo ku wa 17/02/2012 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango nyarwanda itari iya Leta, ndetse n’ubuzimagatozi ASPPEK yahawe bukaba buteshejwe agaciro, nyamara uyu muryango warakomeje gukora, kandi n’ubu ukaba ugikora, bivuze ko nk’uko abahanga mu mategeko babisobanura, ASPPEK iriho nk’umuryango ariko udafite ubuzimagatozi (association de fait), bivuze ko Amategeko shingiro yo ku wa 15/11/2001 agomba gukomeza kubahirizwa n’abanyamuryango bayo nk’amasezerano hagati ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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yabo, kandi yaba abayashyizeho umukono cyangwa abatari abanyamuryango bakaba batagomba kubyitwaza bavuga ko uwo muryango ufite ubuzimagatozi8, ko ahubwo ukomeza kuba umuryango hagati y’abawugize. Abo bahanga bakomeza bavuga ko iyo umuryango ugeze aho ukabona ubuzimagatozi, wemeza ibikorwa byakozwe mbere mu izina ryawo, ko ariko bidakuraho uburyozwe bw’abanyamuryango ku giti cyabo kuko ubuzimagatozi budasubira inyuma (pas d’effet rétroactif), ahubwo umuryango wabuhawe uvuka mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, umunsi waboneyeho ubwo buzimagatozi9. [67] Urukiko rurasanga mu gihe bimaze kugaragara ko Amategeko Shingiro ya ASPPEK yagombaga gukurikizwa ari ayo ku wa 15/11/2001, kandi akaba ntaho ateganya ko ikirego ku makimbirane yavutse mu muryango nyarwanda utari uwa Leta kigomba kubanza gusuzumwa n’urwego nkemurampaka ruteganywa n’itegeko ndetse n’Amategeko Shingiro z’uwo muryango, ibyo ASPPEK ivuga ko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bari kubanza ikirego cyabo mu kanama nkemurampaka nta shingiro bifite. [68] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga mu gihe bigaragaye ko ibyakozwe na ASPPEK, ari byo binyuranyije n’ibiteganywa n’Amategeko Shingiro yayo, kandi

8 Les statuts s’imposent sans doute aux signataires comme contrat d’association de fait, mais ni les signataires ni les tiers ne peuvent, de l’existence des statuts non publiés, déduire la naissance d’une personne morale (Philippe t Kint, Les associations sans but lucratif, Bruxelles, Larcier, 1999, p. 68). 9 Une fois née, la personne morale ratifiera les actes juridiques antérieurs, mais cette ratification ne dégagera nullement les associés de leur responsabilité personnelle. En effet, la ratification n’a pas d’effet rétroactif, (…) la personne morale naît seulement, sans rétroactivité, au jour de sa publication (Philippe’ t Kint, op. cit., p. 70). NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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Amategeko Shingiro yo ku wa 05/04/2013 agomba guteshwa agaciro ndetse n’icyemezo giha ASPPEK ubuzimagatozi cyayashingiyeho nacyo kivanwaho nk’uko inkiko zabanje zabibonye, bitakiri ngombwa gusuzuma ingingo y’ubujurire ijyanjye no kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso ASPPEK yatanze byerekana uko Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bateshutswe ku nshingano zabo zo kugendana n’umuryango bagamije kuwusubiza inyuma ngo udakora mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.

4. Kumenya niba hari indishyi ASPPEK yagenerwa [69] Me Bayingana Janvier avuga ko ASPPEK isaba ko Nzeyimana Bertin n’umugore we Mukayisenga Cécile bayiha 10.000.000 Frw yo gushorwa mu manza ku maherere, 4.000.000 Frw y’itegura ry’urubanza n’ikurikiranarubanza na 10.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [70] Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile ndetse na Me Katushabe Mary bavuga ko Muhorakeye Grâce na Muhirwa Alexandre ari bo bakwiye gutanga indishyi zisabwa na ASPPEK kuko ari bo babaye intandaro y’itangwa ry’ibirego, na RGB ikaba igomba gufatanya nabo kuko yagize uruhare mu gutanga ubuzimagatozi kandi bari bayibujije. [71] Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce basaba 10.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza mu nkiko, 7.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, na 20.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro. Me Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre avuga ko abo aburanira basaba izi ndishyi kuko hari ibintu byinshi batabasha gukurikirana ku birebana n’inyungu za ASPPEK kuko bahora basiragizwa mu nkiko kandi n’ikigo kikaba kihatakariza icyizere. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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[72] Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile bavuga ko ASPPEK idakwiye guhabwa indishyi isaba kuko ari yo yishoye mu manza. [73] Me Katushabe Mary avuga ko izi ndishyi zidakwiye kuko Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce ari bo babyaza umusaruro ASPPEK. [74] Me Gahongayire Myriam, uhagarariiye RGB, avuga ko indishyi zitasabwe mu nama ntegurarubanza, abazisabye batazigenerwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [75] Urukiko rurasanga 10.000.000 Frw yo gushorwa mu manza ku maherere, 4.000.000 Frw y’itegura n’ikurikiranarubanza na 10.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, ASPPEK isaba Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile kuri uru rwego ntayo ikwiriye guhabwa kuko bigaragaye ko ubujurire bwayo nta shingiro bufite. Rurasanga na none Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce badakwiye guhabwa 10.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza mu nkiko, 7.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, na 20.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, kuko ari bo babaye intandaro y’imanza zabaye bakora ibikorwa binyuranije n’amategeko. B. UBUJURIRE BWURIRIYE KU

BUNDI [76] Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile basaba 5.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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33.000.000 Frw (28.000.000 Frw + 5.000.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro mu birego byombi, igihembo cya Avoka kingana 2.000.000 Frw na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza mu bujurire. Me Katushabe Mary asobanura ko impamvu abo yunganira basaba indishyi z’akababaro ari uko bahejwe mu gutegura Amategeko Shingiro mashya y’umuryango ASPPEK no mu gusaba ubuzimagatozi, bavutswa uburenganzira ku musaruro w’umuryango, ndetse bakaba basohora amafaranga yo guhemba aba Avoka batakagombye gusohora. [77] Me Bayingana Janvier, uburanira ASPPEK, avuga ko indishyi zasabwe nta shingiro zifite kubera ko ari uburenganzira bwa ASPPEK bwo kujurira.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [78] Ingingo ya 111, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko: Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [79] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile basaba bayakwiye kuko byabaye ngombwa ko biyambaza Abavoka babiri bo kubaburanira kuri uru rwego, rurasanga ariko 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego ari menshi, hakurikijwe ibyakozwe mu rubanza hamwe n’uko hari ayo bagenewe mu nkiko zabanje (1.500.000 Frw + 200.000 Frw + 500.000 Frw), ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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rukaba mu bushishozi bwarwo rubageneye 1.000.000 Frw akubiyemo 800.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, kandi akaba ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce ari bo bakwiye gufatanya kuyatanga, kuko nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabibonye, RGB, yatanze ubuzimagatozi yibwira ko ASPPEK yujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko byose. [80] Rurasanga kandi 33.000.000 Frw (28.000.000 Frw + 5.000.000 Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro basaba ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce na RGB ntazo bakwiye guhabwa, kuko kujurira ari uburenganzira bw’umuburanyi wumva ko atishimiye icyemezo cy’urukiko, bityo akaba nta kababaro ASPPEK yateje Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile gakomoka ku kuba yarajuriye. III ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [81] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa ASPPEK nta shingiro bufite; [82] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwururiye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Nzeyimana Bertin hamwe na Mukayisenga Cécile bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [83] Rwemeje ko nta gihundutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’ Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 06/02/2017; [84] Rutegetse ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre na Muhorakeye Grâce gufatanya guha Nzeyimana Bertin na Mukayisenga Cécile 2.200.000 Frw yemejwe n’inkiko zabanje (1.500.000 Frw+ 200.000 Frw +500.000 Frw), hiyongereyeho 800.000 Frw NZEYIMANA N’UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI

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y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza agenwe kuri uru rwego; [85] Ruvuze ko ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe ihwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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URUBANZA RWACIWE MU MIZI

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URUBANZA RW’UBUTEGETSI

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UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RADAA 00005/2019/CA – (Nyirandabaruta, P.J., Mukanyundo na Ngagi, J.) 3 Nyakanga 2020] Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubutegetsi – Impamvu itunguranye – Icyemezo cy’ubutegetsi – Nta buryozwe buhaba bushingiye ku kutubariza amasezerano iyo habonetse icyemezo cy'ubutegetsi gituma uruhande rumwe rutubahiriza inshingano zarwo. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Rwabukwisi asaba ko Umujyi wa Kigali utegekwa kumwishyura amafaranga y’ubukode bw’amazu ye wishyuje ntuyamuhe, inyungu zayo n’indishyi zitandukanye. Impande zombi zaje kureka urubanza maze zigirana amasezerano y’ubwumvikane aho uregwa yemeye kwishyura urega amafaranga yose yamwishyuzaga. Aya masezerano ntiyashyizwe mu bikorwa bituma urega yongera kuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye asaba ko uregwa ategekwa kuyubahiriza kandi n’urubanza rukarangizwa by’agategenyo n’ubwo yajurira. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasanze mbere y’uko uregwa ashyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano hari ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru yandikiwe uregwa asabwa gufatira ayo mafaranga kuko urega yakorewe urupapuro mpuzamahanga rusaba kumufata kuko akurikiranyweho icyaha cya jenoside bityo, akaba ari impamvu yatumye uregwa ataryozwa kutuzuza inshingano ze. Urega yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru asaba ko hasuzumwa niba harabayeho impamvu itunguranye yatumye amasezerano atubahirizwa k’uruhande rw’uregwa ndetse asaba ko yahabwa 143

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indishyi zitandukanye ndetse n’urubanza rukarangizwa by’agateganyo. Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze mw’ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha nta na hamwe bwerekanye ko ariya mafaranga yaba ikimenyetso gihamya urega icyaha cyangwa ibyaha ku buryo uregwa yagaragaza imbaraga z’ubutegetsi yashyizweho agahita ashyira mu bikorwa ubwo busabe bw’Ubushinjacyaha kandi rwasanze ayo mafaranga iyo azagufatirwa kubera kurangiza imanza gacaca, hari kwerekanwa ayo agomba kwishyura nayo asigarana. Bityo, rwemeje ko uregwa atagombaga kwemera iryo fatira kuko iyo umuntu akurikiranyweho icyaha bitamwambura uburenganzira ku mutungo we maze rutegeka ko uregwa atanga indishyi zitandukanye. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko nta mpamvu idasanzwe yari gutuma atubahiriza amasezerano yo kwikiranura ndetse ategekwa no gutanga indishyi. Asobanura ko urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ifatira ryakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ridakurikije amategeko kandi ari Urwego rubifitiye ububasha ruhabwa n’itegeko bikaba bitanyuranyije n’itegeko Nshinga ndetse ibaruwa rwanditse akaba ari inyandikompamo, bityo akaba nta mahitamo yari afite ko ibi bifatwa nk’impamvu itunguranye kandi ntawushobora kuvuguruza ibyemezo by’urwo rwego keretse Urukiko. Mu bujurire bwe, urega avuga ko uregwa yakoze ikosa rikomeye ashyira mu bikorwa ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha atabanje gushishoza. Asobanura ko Ubushinjacyaha bufite uburenganzira bwo gufatira, ariko ko iryo fatira rigomba kuba rishingiye ku mategeko, rikaba rigomba kwemezwa n’Urukiko bityo, akaba asaba guhabwa amafaranga ye kuko umutungo w’umuntu ni ntavogerwa. ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Incamake y’icyemezo: Nta buryozwe buhaba bushingiye ku kutubariza amasezerano iyo habonetse icyemezo cy'ubutegetsi gituma uruhande rumwe rutubahiriza inshingano zarwo, bityo iyi ikaba ari impamvu idasanzwe yatumye Umujyi wa Kigali utubahiriza amasezerano yagiranye na Rwabukwisi, ukaba utabiryozwa. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. Amagarama y’urubanza aherereye k’uwatsinzwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 014/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n’ububasha, by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare, ingingo ya 3 Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 141. Itegeko N° 04/2011/OL ryo ku wa 03/10/2011 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’Ububasha by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare, ingingo ya 2. Imanza zifashishijwe: Cass. com., 5 Oct. 1953: Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280. Inyandiko z’Abahanga: Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513-514, 519. UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, Rwabukwisi Jean arega Umujyi wa Kigali asaba urwo Rukiko kuwutegeka kwishyura amafaranga y’ubukode bw’amazu ye wishyuje ntuyamuhe, inyungu zayo za 18% kuva mu mwaka wa 1995 kugeza yishyuwe, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, anasaba Urukiko gutegeka igihano gihatira ubuyobozi kubahiriza icyemezo cy’Urukiko (astreinte). [2] Ku wa 02/06/2017, impande zombi zagiranye amasezerano y’ubwumvikane, Umujyi wa Kigali wemera guha Rwabukwisi Jean 105.900.000 Frw akubiyemo amafaranga y’ubukode bw’inzu ye bw’imyaka itandatu (6), indishyi zo gutinda kuyamuha hamwe n’igihembo cya Avoka wamuhagarariye, bituma Rwabukwisi Jean areka urubanza. [3] Ubwo bwumvikane ntibwashyizwe mu bikorwa, bituma Rwabukwisi Jean yongera kurega Umujyi wa Kigali mu rubanza nimero RAD 00198/2018/TGI/NYGE, asaba Urukiko kuwutegeka kubahiriza amasezerano y’ubwumvikane bagiranye, ukamuha igihembo cya Avoka n’indishyi zinyuranye, kandi urubanza rukarangizwa by’agateganyo kabone n’ubwo uregwa yajurira. Me Munderere Léopold yagobotse mu rubanza asaba guhabwa igihembo cye cya 15.285.000 Frw nk’uko bikubiye mu masezerano y’ubwumvikane. [4] Mu rubanza nimero RAD 00198/2018/TGI/NYGE rwaciwe ku wa 30/07/2018, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Nyarugenge rwasanze ku wa 22/08/2017, mbere y’uko Umujyi wa Kigali wishyura, kuko byari biteganyijwe ko bizakorwa bitarenze ku wa 31/08/2017, Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwarawandikiye ibaruwa iwusaba gufatira ayo mafaranga y’umwenda yagombaga kwishyurwa agashyirwa kuri konti yabwo iri muri Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) igenewe kubika amafaranga y’ibyafatiriwe, kuko hari urupapuro mpuzamahanga (mandat d’arrêt international) bwakoze ku wa 13/05/2014, busaba ko Rwabukwisi Jean afatwa, kuko akurikiranyweho icyaha cya Jenoside, bityo iyi ikaba ari impamvu itunguranye ituma Umujyi wa Kigali utagomba kuryozwa kutuzuza inshingano hakurikijwe ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 4 y’amasezerano yo ku wa 02/08/2017. Rwasanze kandi urubanza rutagomba kurangizwa by’agateganyo, kuko ikirego cya Rwabukwisi Jean nta shingiro gifite ndetse urega akaba atagomba guhabwa indishyi yasabye [5] Ku birebana n’ikirego cyo kugoboka cyatanzwe na Munderere Léopold, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwasanze nacyo nta shingiro gifite kubera ko ikirego cy’iremezo kitahawe ishingiro, kandi 15.285.000 Frw asaba akaba atagaragara mu masezerano Rwabukwisi Jean yagiranye n’Umujyi wa Kigali. [6] Rwabukwisi Jean ntiyanyuzwe n’icyo cyemezo, ajuririra Urukiko Rukuru arusaba gusuzuma niba harabayeho impamvu itunguranye ituma amasezerano yabaye hagati ye n’Umujyi wa Kigali adashyirwa mu bikorwa, asaba indishyi z’akababaro n’iz’imbonezamusaruro kandi urubanza rukarangizwa by’agateganyo. [7] Mu rubanza nimero RADA 00129/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe ku wa 31/05/2019, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze mu UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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ibaruwa Ubushinjacyaha bwandikiye Umujyi wa Kigali, nta na hamwe bwerekanye ko ariya mafaranga yaba ikimenyetso gihamya Rwabukwisi Jean icyaha cyangwa ibyaha nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 30 y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha bwashingiyeho busaba ifatira ry’amafaranga yagombaga kwishyurwa Rwabukwisi Jean, ku buryo Umujyi wa Kigali utazuyaje wagombaga guhita wubahiriza ubwo busabe uterekanye imbaraga zidasanzwe washyizweho n’Ubushinjacyaha. [8] Rwasanze kandi n’iyo aya mafaranga aza gufatirwa kubera kurangiza imanza za Gacaca Umujyi wa Kigali wakomojeho, hari kwerekanwa amafaranga Rwabukwisi Jean yagombaga kwishyura yategetswe n’Urukiko Gacaca n’ayo yagombaga gusigarana cyangwa niba yose yarayaciwe muri izo manza. Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze na none hakurikijwe igisobanuro cy’impamvu ntarengwa itunguranye (force majeure), Umujyi wa Kigali utaragombaga kwemera ifatira ryari ryasabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, kandi ko kuba umuntu akurikiranyweho icyaha bitamwambura uburenganzira ku mutungo we, maze rutegeka Umujyi wa Kigali guha Rwabukwisi Jean 7.280.625 Frw y’indishyi mbonezamusaruro,700.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, ukanamusubiza 60.000 Frw yatanzeho amagarama mu nkiko zombi, ruvuga ko indishyi z’akababaro asaba atazikwiye, kuko azihawe byaba ari ukwikungahaza nta mpamvu kandi ko indishyi zikomatanyije zitemewe. [9] Umujyi wa Kigali wajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, uvuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko nta mpamvu idasanzwe yari gutuma utubahiriza amasezerano yo kwikiranura wagiranye ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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na Rwabukwisi Jean, nyamara waratanze impamvu zikomeye ntiruzihe agaciro, kandi ko wategetswe kumuha indishyi mbonezamusaruro atazikwiye. [10] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 03/06/2020, Umujyi wa Kigali uhagarariwe na Me Mbonigaba Eulade, rwabukwisi Jean ahagarariwe na Me RUDAKEMWA Jean Félix. II.

BIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha yo ku wa 22/08/2017 ari impamvu yari gutuma Umujyi wa Kigali udashyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y‘ubwumvikane wagiranye na Rwabukiwisi Jean [11] Me Mbonigaba Eulade, uhagarariye Umujyi wa Kigali, avuga ko Umujyi wa Kigali utishimiye icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko rwemeje ko ifatira ryakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ridakurikije amategeko, ko ariko mu gufata iki cyemezo basanga Urukiko rwaribeshye mu kuganisha muri uwo murongo, kuko Ubushinjacyaha ari urwego rufite uburenganzira bwo gukora ifatira nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 30 y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga icyo gihe, ndetse ko bisanzwe bikorwa kandi bitanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga ko iyo ifatira ryakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha riba ridakurikije amategeko, Rwabukwisi Jean yari kuriregera, kuko umutungo ukiri uwe ntawe uwumuvogeraho, ko kuba atarabikoze, Umujyi wa Kigali utabimukorera. Akomeza avuga ko indi ngingo Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije, ari uko ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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ari inyandikompamo, kandi ko ibiyikubiyemo bigaragara ko ari itegeko. [12] Me Mbonigaba Eulade, uhagarariye Umujyi wa Kigali, akomeza avuga ko urebye imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru wagira ngo Rwabukwisi Jean yambuwe amafaranga ye, ariko ko atari byo, kuko n’ubwo yafatiriwe akiri aye, ko igihe Ubushinjacyaha buzabona ko akwiye kuyasubizwa buzayamuha. Avuga ko mu kutishyura Rwabukwisi Jean amafaranga bari bumvikanye, Umujyi wa Kigali warebye ifatira ryakozwe, ariko ntiwajya gusuzuma niba rikurikije amategeko, kuko bitari mu nshingano zawo. [13] Ku byerekeranye no kuba ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha ari impamvu itunguranye, Me Mbonigaba Eulade avuga ko Umujyi wa Kigali utari uzi ko Ubushinjacyaha buzafatira amafaranga ya Rwabukwisi Jean, kandi bwabikoze mu rwego rw’akazi kabwo, bakaba nta yandi mahitamo bari bafite, ko ibi bifatwa nk’impamvu ntarengwa itunguranye (force majeure), kuko nta bundi bwinyagamburiro Umujyi wa Kigali wari ufite, bitewe n’uko ibyemezo by’Ubushinjacyaha bitavuguruzwa n’uwabifatiwe cyangwa ugomba kubishyira mu bikorwa, ko Urukiko rwonyine ari rwo rushobora kubivuguruza; naho kuba bataramenyesheje Rwabukwisi Jean, bikaba byaratewe n’uko iki cyemezo cyagombaga gushyirwa mu bikorwa nta kuzuyaza (dans l’immédiat). [14] Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix avuga ko Umujyi wa Kigali nk’Urwego rukomeye kandi rugendera ku mategeko wakoze ikosa rikomeye, kuko washyize mu bikorwa ibaruwa y’Ubushinjacyaha utabanje gushishoza. Avuga ko koko Ubushinjacyaha bufite uburenganzira bwo gufatira, ariko ko iryo fatira rigomba kuba rishingiye ku mategeko mu buryo ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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buteganywa n’ingingo ya 30 y’Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga, rikaba rigomba kwemezwa n’Urukiko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 34 y’iryo tegeko. Akomeza avuga ko Rwabukwisi Jean aba ahantu hazwi, ku buryo ibivugwa ko yabuze bitafatwa nk’ukuri, kuko atigeze yihisha Ubushinjacyaha, ko rero ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga igomba kubahirizwa agahabwa amafaranga ye, kuko umutungo w’umuntu ari ntavogerwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [15] Ingingo ya 4 y’amasezerano arangiza ku mwumvikane ikibazo cy’indishyi Umujyi wa Kigali wagiranye na Rwabukwisi Jean ku wa 02/06/2017 iteganya ibikurikira: Mu gihe habaye impamvu zitunguranye zidaturutse ku ruhande rugomba kwishyura (Umujyi wa Kigali) kandi bitashobokaga ko zimenyekana mu gihe cyo gushyira umukono kuri aya masezerano, zigatuma ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo ritubahirizwa nk’uko ryumvikanyweho, uruhande rwishyura ntiruryozwa kutuzuza inshingano zarwo. Uruhande rumenye izo mpamvu ruhita ruzimenyesha urundi ruhande kugira ngo bumvikane ikigomba gukorwa. [16] Isesengura ry’iyi ngingo y’amasezerano imaze kwibutswa haruguru, ryumvikanisha ko impande zombi zateganyije uko byagenda mu gihe habayeho impamvu zitunguranye, bitashobokaga ko zimenyekana mu gihe zashyiraga umukono ku masezerano, kandi zidaturutse ku Mujyi wa Kigali, ndetse zikaba zabuza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano. Impande zombi rero zemeranyije ko bene izo mpamvu zituma uruhande rutashyize mu bikorwa inshingano UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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zarwo zikubiye mu masezerano rutaryozwa kutuzuza ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano; mu yandi magambo, ntabwo rubarwaho ikosa ryo kudasohoza amasezerano. [17] Abahanga mu mategeko mbonezamubano ajyanye n’inshingano (droit des obligations) bavuga ko ugomba inshingano ataryozwa kuba atashyize mu bikorwa ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano iyo kutayashyira mu bikorwa byatewe n’impamvu itamuturutseho, keretse iyo yabyishingiye. Impamvu bavuga ko zidaturutse k’ugomba inshingano, zirimo impamvu ntarengwa kandi itunguranye (force majeure), ibikorwa by’uberewemo inshingano (faits du créancier) n’ibikorwa by’undi muntu utari mu masezerano (fait d’un tiers) cyangwa igikorwa giturutse ku mbaraga z’ubutegetsi bwa Leta (fait du prince ou de la puissance publique). Izi mpamvu zikuraho uburyozwe bw’ufite inshingano, keretse iyo ari izishobora kuba zimara igihe runaka, icyo igihe amaserano akaba ahagaze (suspension)1. [18] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko nyuma y’amasezerano yabaye ku wa 02/06/2017 hagati y’Umujyi wa Kigali na Rwabukwisi Jean wishyuzaga amafaranga y’ubukode bw’inyubako zari muri quartier Mateus akanarangiza ku bwumvikane ikibazo cy’indishyi, Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwandikiye Umujyi wa Kigali ku wa 22/08/2017, buwusaba ko amafaranga yose Umujyi wa Kigali wemeye kwishyura

1 Le débiteur échappe à la responsabilité lorsque l’inexécution est imputable à une cause étrangère, sauf s’il était tenu d’une obligation de garantie. La cause étrangère la plus caractéristique est la force majeure à laquelle sont assimilés les faits du créancier et d’un tiers. Ces causes d’exonération libèrent le débiteur, à moins qu’elles aient eu un caractère momentané: elles n’entraînent alors que la suspension du contrat (Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513-514). ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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Rwabukwisi Jean ashyirwa kuri konti nimero 1000004258 y’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru iri muri Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) igenewe kubika amafaranga y’ibyafatiriwe, kuko Rwabukwisi Jean akurikiranwa nk’uwatorotse ubutabera, kuko yahungiye mu Gihugu cy’Ubuholandi, kandi bukaba busanga aya mafaranga ashobora kuzanyagwa nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko kandi ko mu gihe yayahabwa yamufasha gukomeza kwihisha ubutabera. [19] Urukiko rurasanga inyandiko y’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru ifatwa nk’igikorwa gifashwe hashingiwe ku mbaraga z’ubutegetsi bwa Leta (fait du prince ou de la puissance publique) cyatumye Umujyi wa Kigali utubahiriza inshingano yo kwishyura Rwabukwisi Jean amafaranga y’ubukode wari umubereyemo. Abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko bene iki gikorwa aba ari icyemezo gifatwa n’inzego z’Ubutegetsi kandi gifatwa nk’imbogamizi ndakuka, uruhande ruri mu masezerano rudashobora kwigobotora, kandi ituma urwo ruhande rudazohoza inshingano zarwo zaba ari izikomoka ku masezerano cyangwa ku mategeko. Mu gusobanura icyemezo gifaswe n’ubutegetsi ariko kigira ingaruka ku masezerano impande zombi zagiranye (fait du prince ou de la puissance publique), Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa rutanga urugero rw’icyemezo gifashwe n’ubutegetsi cyo gufatira ibicuruzwa umwikorezi yagombaga gutanga2. Urukiko rurasanga uru rugero rwumvikanisha neza ko icyemezo cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyari cyihagije nk’impamvu idasanzwe yatumye Umujyi wa Kigali udasohoza inshingano zawo zo kwishyura Rwabukwisi Jean amafaranga ye y’ubukode nk’uko bari babyumvikanye, kuko ntaho uru rwego rwari guhera

2 La saisie par les autorités publiques de marchandises que le transporteur devait livrer (Cass. com., 5 oct. 1953 : Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280). UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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rwanga gushyira mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru bwafashe bushingiye ku bubasha buhabwa n’amategeko bwo gukora iperereza, gukurikirana ibyaha no gushakisha ababigizemo uruhare3, rukaba rusanga no mu gihe Umujyi wa Kigali wasinyaga amasezerano utari kumenya ko icyo cyemezo kizabaho, ndetse nta n’ikigaragara ko waba waragize uruhare mu ifatwa ryacyo. [20] Urukiko rurasanga rero kuba hari impamvu yatumye Umujyi wa Kigali utubahiriza amasezerano, binawukuraho kuba waryozwa kutayubahiriza, ibi bikaba bihura n’ibyo abahanga mu mategeko bavuzwe haruguru basobanura, aho bavuga ko igikorwa cy’umuntu utari mu masezerano (fait d’un tiers) cyangwa icyo bita igikorwa gifashwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Leta (fait du prince ou de la puissance publique) ari impamvu ituma ufite inshingano ataryozwa kuba atayubahirije iyo atashoboraga kugihagarika, kubiteganya cyangwa nta ruhare yabigizemo4. [21] Urukiko rurasanga na none, kuba Umujyi wa Kigali utarashyize mu bikorwa inshingano yo kwishyura Rwabukwisi Jean amafaranga ye y’ubukode bitewe nuko wasabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru kuyashyira kuri konti yabwo iri muri Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (BNR) ku mpamvu zasobanuwe

3 Ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko N° 014/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n’ububasha, by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare. Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko N° 04/2011/OL ryo ku wa 03/10/2011 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’Ububasha by’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Gisirikare yo iteganya ko Ubushinjacyaha bushinzwe gukurikirana umuntu wese ukekwaho kuba yakoze ibikorwa bigize icyaha 4 Le fait d’un tiers ou du prince est également une cause d’exonération du débiteur défaillant, s’il a été irrésistible, imprévisible et si le débiteur ne devait pas en répondre (Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, op.cit.,p. 519). ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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haruguru, ntaho binyuranye n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 4 y’amasezerano yo ku wa 02/06/2017 impande zombi zagiranye yagaragajwe haruguru, kuko Umujyi wa Kigali nta bubasha wari ufite bwo kwanga gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo wasabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru. [22] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo uburanira Rwabukwisi Jean avuga ko Umujyi wa Kigali wagombaga gushishoza ntiwemere gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo wasabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko nta mahitamo wari ufite hakurikijwe ibyo Umushinjacyaha Mukuru yawusabagagukora. [23] Hashingiwe ku biteganyijwe mu masezerano impande zombi zagiranye no ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ubujurire bw’Umujyi wa Kigali, kuri iyi ngingo, bufite ishingiro, kuko nta kigaragaza ko waba waragize umwete mucye mu kutishyura amafaranga wari ubereyemo Rwabukwisi Jean.

1. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rutaragombaga kugenera Rwabukwisi Jean indishyi mbonezamusaruro. [24] Me Mbonigaba Eulade avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwategetse Umujyi wa Kigali guha Rwabukwisi Jean indishyi mbonezamusaruro kandi zitari zikwiye, kuko ingingo ya 138 y’Itegeko rigenga amasezerano iteganya ko indishyi mbonezamusaruro zihabwa uruhande rurengana zigomba kuba zarateganyijwe. Avuga ko muri uru rubanza, uretse kuba Rwabukwisi Jean yarasabye indishyi zingana na miliyoni icumi (10.000.000 Frw), atigeze agaragaza izo yari ategereje uko zingana, Urukiko Rukuru rero rukaba rwaramugeneye indishyi rutagaragaje aho ruzishingiye, ko kandi atari umucuruzi ku buryo yari kuzihabwa. UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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[25] Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix avuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kugenera Rwabukwisi Jean indishyi mbonezamusaruro rushingiye ku Itegeko rigenga amasezerano n’ubwo mu masezerano impande zombi zagiranye zitari zateganyijwe. Asaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rubara izi ndishyi ku gipimo cya 18% ku mwaka, abariwe kuri 105.000.000 Frw guhera ku wa 31/05/2019, itariki urubanza rujuririrwa rwaciriweho, kugeza ku itariki uru Rukiko ruzaciraho urubanza.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [26] Ingingo ya 141 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ko ʺNta ndishyi zishobora gutangwa biturutse ku gihombo uwishe amasezerano atashoboraga guteganya mu gihe ayo masezerano yakorwaga, kizaba inkurikizi zo kutayubahirizaʺ. [27] Urukiko rurasanga Umujyi wa Kigali utaragombaga gutegekwa guha Rwabukwisi Jean indishyi mbonezamusaruro, kuko kuba utaramwishyuye amafaranga y’ubukode bw’amazu ye wamugombaga atari wo byaturutseho nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bityo indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 7.280.625 Frw zategetswe n’Urukiko Rukuru zikaba zigomba kuvaho, kandi n’izisabwa muri uru Rukiko atagomba kuzihabwa.

2. Kumenya niba Rwabukwisi Jean yahabwa ndishyi z’akababaro n’amafaranga y’ibyatanzwe ku rubanza asaba [28] Me Rudakemwa Félix asaba Urukiko gutegeka Umujyi wa Kigali guha Rwabukwisi Jean 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza kandi rukanamugenera indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw yari yasabye mu Rukiko Rukuru ariko ntiruzimuhe, kuko ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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kuvutswa amafaranga ye byamubabaje cyane bikanamugira umutindi. [29] Me Mbonigaba Eulade avuga ko indishyi zisabwa nta shingiro zifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [30] Ku byerekeranye n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 10.000.000 Frw Rwabukwisi Jean asaba Urukiko ko rutegeka Umujyi wa Kigali kumuha, Urukiko rurasanga atazikwiye, kuko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011, bene izo ndishyi zitangwa n’uruhande rwishe amasezerano, kandi nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Umujyi wa Kigali ntiwishe amasezerano. [31] Ku byerekeranye na 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza Rwabukwisi Jean asaba, Urukiko rurasanga nayo atayahabwa, kuko ubujurire bw’Umujyi wa Kigali bufite ishingiro. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [32] Rwemeje ko Ubujurire bw’Umujyi wa Kigali bufite ishingiro; [33] Rwemeje ko urubanza nimero

RADA 00129/2018/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 31/05/2019 ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose; [34] Rwemeje ko icyemezo gitegeka Umujyi wa Kigali kwishyura Rwabukwisi Jean 105.900.000Frw akomoka ku UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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masezerano wagiranye na Rwabukwisi Jean n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 7.280.625 Frw gikuweho; [35] Rutegetse Rwabukwisi Jean gusubiza Umujyi wa Kigali 50.000 Frw y’amagarama watanze ujurira.

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

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ISHAKIRO

ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI ...................................iii I. ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA................................................................................iii II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA .......................................... v IRIBURIRO ............................................................................... ix IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO................................. xi INYITO ...................................................................................... xi AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO ........................................xiii IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE ................................................... xvi AMAGAMBO MPINE ........................................................... xvii Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) ....................................................... 1 BIZIMANA v UWASE ............................................................ 81 KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA .................................... 91 NZEYIMANA N‘UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI ........... 105 UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI............................ 143 i

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ISHAKIRO

ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI ...................................iii I. ITSINDA RY’ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA................................................................................iii II. KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA .......................................... v IRIBURIRO ............................................................................... ix IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO................................. xi INYITO ...................................................................................... xi AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO ........................................xiii IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE ................................................... xvi AMAGAMBO MPINE ........................................................... xvii Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) ....................................................... 1 BIZIMANA v UWASE ............................................................ 81 KABANGO v. LETA Y’U RWANDA .................................... 91 NZEYIMANA N‘UNDI v. MUHIRWA N’ABANDI ........... 105 UMUJYI WA KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI............................ 143 i

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RWANDA LAW

REPORTS

ENGLISH VERSION

RWANDA LAW

REPORTS

ENGLISH VERSION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TEAM OF EDITORS ................................................................ iii I. LAW REPORTING TEAM ............................................. iii II. MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE ..................... v PREFACE ................................................................................. ix SCOPE OF THE REPORTS ..................................................... xi CITATION ................................................................................ xi

LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED ........................................................................ xiii LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED .......................................... xvii SUBJECT INDEX ................................................................... xix Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) ...................................................... 1 BIZIMANA v UWASE ............................................................ 71 KABANGO v GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA ..................... 81 NZEYIMANA ET AL v MUHIRWA ET AL. ........................ 95 CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI .................................. 133 i

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TEAM OF EDITORS

I. LAW REPORTING TEAM

KAGABO U. Stephanie

KAVUTSE M. Claude

KUBWIMANA Jean Claude

MUJABI K. Naphtal

UWINKINDI Angelique

iii

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II. MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : President of the Committee, Judge of the Court of Appeal

Dr. MUHIRE G. Yves : Vice President of the Committee, Lecturer in the School of Law/UR

NSENGIYUMVA Jean Claude : Secretary of the Committee, Inspector of Courts

RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : President of Court of Appeal

Dr. KARIMUNDA M. Aimé : Judge at Supreme Court

NDAHAYO Xavier : President of High Court

RUTAZANA Angeline : Inspector General of Courts

KALIWABO Charles : Judge of the Court of Appeal

Dr. KAYIHURA Didas :

BURAYOBERA UMUZAYIRE : Bibiane

Rector of ILPD

Vice-Chairman of Rwanda Law Reform Commission BWIZA N. Blanche : Inspector of Courts

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Judge at Commercial High Court v

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HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Prosecutor at National Level

BUNYOYE Grace : Prosecutor at National Level

KABIBI Specioza : State Attorney

MUREREREHE Saouda : Judge at High Court

Lt. Col. MADUDU A. Charles : Judge at Military Court

Dr. NSHIMIYIMANA Didace : Judge at High Court

GIRANEZA Clémentine :

TASHOBYA Benon :

Judge of the Intermediate Court

Judge of the Intermediate Court BAGABO Faustin :

GAPARAYI Idi :

Dr. SHEMA Pierre :

KARAKE Canisius :

HABIMANA Pie : Advocate at Rwanda Bar Association Lecturer at the University of Kigali Lecturer at ULK

Lecturer at UNILAK

Advocate at Rwanda

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RWIGEMA Royck :

YANKURIJE Dorothée : Bar Association Judge of Commercial Court

Judge of Primary Court

MULTI-INSTITUTION COMMITEE

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PREFACE Dear Readers, We are pleased to present to you the Law Reports Volume 2 [2022]. As usual, we select cases that solve some of the legal issues you encounter, either in your career or in your daily life. This volume contains five (5) cases, which includes; one (1) petitions seeking to declare the law unconstitutional, one (1) administrative case and three (3) procedural cases. These cases can be accessed on the website of the judiciary: http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/en/nav.do. Dr NTEZILYAYO Faustin President of the Supreme Court and President of the High Council of Judiciary

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SCOPE OF THE REPORTS These reports cover cases decided by the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal.

CITATION The Reports in this volume are cited as: [2022] 2 RLR

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LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS

CONSIDERED

a. Current laws The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, articles 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23 and 61………………………10 Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, articles 3 and 25……………………………………………………………..……….10 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, articles 6, 17 and 26………………………………………………...10 International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination signed in 1965, article 5…………………10 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 2, 11 and 12…………..10 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), article 12………………………………………………..10 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Articles 6 and 16…………………………………………………………………...…10 Additional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, signed in Maputo on 11 July 2003, Articles 8 and 14……………………………………………………………...………10 Organic Law No 12 /2013 of 12/07/2013 on State Finance and property, articles 3,11,18,19 and 21………………………………83 Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, articles 107,123, 124, 125, 126, 155 and 158…………………………………………………………………….11 xiii

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Law No 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, on Civil, Commercial, Labor and Administrative Procedures, article 59, Paragraph 1……………………………………73 articles 3 and 184…………………………………………..83 article 3 and 111……………………………………………99 Law nº014/2018 of 04/04/2018 determining the organization, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department…………135 Law No. 32/2016 of 28/08/2016 governing persons and family, article 10……………………………………………………………..11 Law N° 21/05/2016 of 20/05/2016 on human reproductive health………………………………………………………...……….11 Law N°49/2012 of 22/01/2013 establishing medical professional liability insurance, article 4………………………………………..11 Law N°46/2012 of 14/01/2013 establishing the Rwanda Allied Health Professions Council and determining its organization, functioning and competence, article 36…………………………..11 Law N°04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the Organisation and the Functioning of National Non-Governmental Organisations, article 6, 24, 27 and 39……………………………………………..99 Law N° 45/2011 of 25/11/2011 governing contracts, article 141……………………………………………………………..……135 Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to Evidence and its Production, article 3.…………………..………………………...…99 Prime Minister’s order no 006/03 of 30/01/2017 drawing up a listing of swamp lands, their characteristics and boundaries and determine modalities of their use, development and management……………………………………………………....83

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Ministerial Order Nº 002 / MOH / 2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, article 2……………………………………..11 Ministerial Order Nº 20/25 of 18/04/2012 determining the profession of nurses and midwives………………………………..11

a. Repealed laws Organic Law n° 04/2011/OL of 03/10/2011 determining the organization, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department…………………………………………………………135 Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of courts, articles 121, 122, 152, 156 and 178……………………………………………………………….99

b. Foreign legislations European Union Convention on Human Rights, article 2……...11

LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED

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LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED Akagera Business Group, RS/SPEC/ 0001/16 /CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 23/09/2016………………………………...11 Bărbulescu v. Romania, ruled by the European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 61496/08, para. 71………………………11 Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para. 130…………………………………………………………………….12 Cass. com., 5 Oct. 1953: Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280…………...135 Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and others ruled by the Supreme Court of India on January 13, 1981………………………………………………………………12 Justice K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India. ruled by the Supreme Court of India…………………………………………….12 Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para. 71……...12 Re Kabasinga Florida, RS/INCONST/ SPEC 00003/2020/ SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/11/2020………………….11 Re Murangwa Edward, RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2019/SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 29/11/2019………………….11 The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998)……………………………..12 Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000………………………………………………………...….12

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SUBJECT INDEX 1. Administrative law – Force majeure – The contractual liability based on non-performance is not engaged when there is an administrative act preventing one contracting party from respecting his/her obligations. CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI……………...133 2. Administrative procedure law – A claim against an administrative authority who failed to comply with the court decision – Ministry – An administrative authority to be summoned – The minister shall be summoned as the ministry’s administrative authority, and as an overall coordinator and a responsible person for all the ministry’s functions – Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 184 KABANGO v GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA……..81 Connexity of cases – Appeal against decisions on connexity of cases – Decisions ordering or denying the cases to be combined are appealed in the same way as it is done in the matters relating to the jurisdiction of Courts and should be resolved prior to resumption of the hearing. NZEYIMANA ET AL v MUHIRWA ET AL………...95 Filing a case to the Court – Interest to sue – It is the value that the plaintiff him/herself gives to his/her request to the court, it must be direct and legitimate; in its absence, he/he has no right to sue. This interest is examined when there is a violation of the rights, although the judgment indicates if these rights have been violated or not. NZEYIMANA ET AL v MUHIRWA ET AL………...95 xix

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3. Civil procedure law – Application for review due to injustice – Abstentia of the parties – When a claim in respect of an Application for Review of a judgment on grounds of being vitiated by Injustice, none of legally summoned parties appears, similar to the case of other proceedings, the Court may adjourn the case, or remove the case from the list of cases when it appears to the court that the parties have no interest in pursuing their case. BIZIMANA v UWASE………………………………..71 4. Constitution – Right to life – It is a fundamental human right on which all other rights are based, it must be protected so that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of life – The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, article 12. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Right to good health – Having good health is not limited to the fact that a person does not feel sick nor have disability rather it means that he/she feels healthy physically, mentally and socially. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Right to physical and mental integrity – All acts that violate the right to physical and mental integrity – They are all acts that cause physical harm such as murder, personal injury, whether severe or minor, torture, enslavement, forcible rape or any other form of sexual harassment, and all other acts with aimto degrading him/her. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1

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Right to equality before the law – Discrimination – all persons are equal before the law, without inequality nor discrimination and the enacted law treats them equally – it is called discrimination when it intends to deprive opportunities to some persons and favour others on unreasonable grounds. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1 Right to privacy – It is a right that every person owns to keep his/her personal affairs, social interactions away from illegal interference, he/she enjoys it freely and without any fear – The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, article 23. Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD)…………1

SUBJECT INDEX

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SPECIAL CLAIMS

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PETITIONS SEEKING TO DECLARE

A LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL

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Re GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR

HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLIHD) [Rwanda, SUPREME COURT- RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2021/SC – (Ntezilyayo, P.J., Nyirinkwaya, Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye and Karimunda) 24 December 2021 Constitution – Right to life – It is a fundamental human right on which all other rights are based, it must be protected so that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of life – The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, Article 12. Constitution – Right to good health – Having good health is not limited to the fact that a person does not feel sick nor have disability rather it means that he/she feels healthy physically, mentally and socially. Constitution- Right to physical and mental integrity- All acts that violate the right to physical and mental integrity- They are all acts that cause physical harm such as murder, personal injury, whether severe or minor, torture, enslavement, forcible rape or any other form of sexual harassment, and all other acts with aim to degrading him/her. Constitution- Right to equality before the law- Discrimination-all persons are equal before the law, without inequality nor discrimination and the enacted law treats them equally - It is called discrimination when it intends to deprive opportunities to some persons and favour others on unreasonable grounds. Constitution- Right to respect for the privacy of a person- It is a right that every person owns to keep his or her personal affairs, 1

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social interactions away from illegal interference, he/she enjoys it freely and without any fear- The constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, Article 23. Facts: Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development (GLIHD) filed a petition before the Supreme Court requesting the Court to order that articles 125, paragraph 2, and article 126, paragraph 3 of the Law Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with articles 12, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 23 of the Constitution and with the International Conventions on Human Rights because they violate the rights of women and girls, because those articles provide that legally allowed abortion is only done by a recognized medical doctor, hence that other trained medical professionals are excluded. It further stated that those articles and article 2 (3°) of the Ministerial Order Nº 002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion should be reformulated, where it is stated that a recognized medical doctor it should be added or any other trained medial professional and authorized by the competent public entity. During the hearing, there was an amicus curiae called the Health Development Initiative (HDI), and the Government of Rwanda was also represented, stating that those articles should not be reformulated. The first issue analyzed by this Court is to determine whether article 125, paragraph 2, and article 126, paragraph 3 of the Law 68/2018 aforementioned are contrary to the right to life, and the right to good health as provided for by articles 12 and 21 of the Constitution. The petitioner argues that the article 21 of the

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Constitution provides that all Rwandans have the right to good health and on the high level as it is also highlighted by different international treaties ratified by Rwanda. He states that the international laws relating to the human rights provide that in order to improve the quality of good health, the countries have the obligations to establish quality reproductive health services. For the enforcement of such obligation, it requires the availability of adequate sufficient information on reproductive health, the establishment of human health facilities, the training of the professional personnels, and the availability of essential medicines. The claimant argues that concerning the girls who were raped and impregnated, are legally entitled to abortion services that are conducted only by a physician, which infringes their rights because this medical doctor is only available at the hospital while those children have no capacity nor time to reach at the hospital. While other persons receive medical services at the health center, which is closer to the community, but the women and girls are obliged to receive that service at the hospital, and that fact contravenes their right to good health. It concludes by stating that the fact that such service is not available at the decentralised medical facility since at that level there are no medical doctors so that it can be offered by

nurses and midwives, it amounts to the inexistence of such service and discourages women and girls to the extent that they commit unsafe abortion while they are legally entitled to it, which increases the risks to women and girls because they can die while giving birth. The State Attorney stated that articles 123 and 124 of the Law Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 abovementioned protect the right to life Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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whereby it hightlights the principle that self-induced abortion, or performing abortion on another is prohibited and is an offence, while article 125, paragraph 2, and article 3 of the same Law provide the special circumstances in which a woman or a girl is allowed to abort by a recognized medical doctor, therefore they are not inconsistent with article 12 and article 21 of the Constitution. With regard to the International Conventions on which the petitioner relies, they should be enforced as other laws because they were adopted by Rwanda, but some of them provide that abortion depends on the special reasons. Concerning the fact that women and girls who are entitled to the service of abortion do not get it, because it is not available at the health centers for being offered by nurses and midwives, the State Attorney states that the safe abortion legally allowed cannot be performed at that place for the benefit of the service beneficiaries, because there should be the need for advanced emergency services which cannot be provided at the health centers. Amicus curiae stated that the Law determining offences and penalties in general implies that those who can receive abortion services are women who have capacity to find medical doctor or those who have financial means for transport or medical fee. It also reads that in other countries, medical professionals who are not trained

physicians, offer safe abortion and make follow up after such service. In addition, the international medical regulations also provide that those who offer basic health services can and should be allowed to offer abortion services. It further states that due to obstacles that hinder safe and legally allowed abortion, many women and girls in Rwanda commit unsafe abortion which is life-threatening. It states that the prior approval of abortion by another person including a physician delays medical care, which can cause the abortion service be

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offered after the expiration of the time legally provided for, this makes it too hard and the abortion service fee increases and becomes life-threatening for the woman. In as far as services offered by midwives and nurses, HDI, amicus curiae, explains that nurses, midwives and medical assistants in Rwanda are allowed to offer medical care to women after abortion which is basic medical care afforded to the woman in case she experiences complications due to unsafe abortion or in case of unsuccessful abortion using curettage operations in the first trimester from the woman’s conception. There is no reason to exclude those medical professionals available at the health centers to perform abortion. Hence the Law Nº68/2018 of 30/08/2018 aforementioned should not exclude them from those who have to discharge such service. Regarding the issue of abortion services performed by a recognized medical doctor rather than anyone who has studied medicine, the petitioner argues that it is contrary to the right to physical and mental immunity provided under article 14 of the Constitution because it violates women’s and girls' rights, as it reduces the number of service providers and beneficiaries. The applicant alleges that the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, basing on Maputo Protocol, in the context of the implementation of the provisions relating to the performance of

effective, reliable and legal abortion services stated under the Protocol, it sets up guidelines that the countries should not impose restrictions or limitations on the requirements for the medical professionals who are allowed to provide such medical services. The applicant sustains that the Commission was further of the view that, in general, due to the fact that in many African countries there is a shortage of doctors, medical assistants, such Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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as midwives and other medical professionals should be trained to take care of those in need of abortion service. The State Attorney submits that concerning this issue, it is clear that the Government has chosen that a person who has the capacity to assist a woman who needs to abort is a medical doctor with the expertise recognized by the competent organs. This means that a professional other than a physician cannot provide such service because of the health risks that may result from abortion when performed by someone other than a medical doctor. He concludes that he finds that the paragraph 2 of article 125 and the paragraph 3 of article 126 of Law nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 aforementioned contradict article 14 of the Constitution which provides for the right to physical and mental integrity. Another issue to analyzed in this case is to determine whether articles providing for abortion performed by a recognized medical doctor are contrary to the right to equality before the law and the protection from discrimination provided for in articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution and the International Convention. In this regard, the petitioner alleges that such service is inconsistent with the right to equality before the law and the protection from discrimination of women and girls in general. He further submits that the Convention provides for the obligations of the States to eradicate

any form of discrimination and to promote the equality of all, including women. He concludes that inequality before the law and the discrimination against women and girls in the above-mentioned articles against which the petition was filed are based on the fact that the medical abortion service for a woman or girl who are legally allowed is only approved by a recognized medical doctor available at the District Hospital, therefore it is contrary to the

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right to equality before the law and protection from discrimination of women and girls in general enshrined in the Constitution. They submit there is gender-based discrimination because there is a medical service available to the man at the nearest health centers, but the woman cannot benefit from the abortion medical service. They also sustain that there are other types of discrimination based on economic categories because women and girls who have means are those who have access to the services at the hospital where a medical doctor is available, while those who do not have means cannot have access to it because it is too expensive. The State Attorney submits that the petitioner does not prove the inequality before the law and the discrimination against the women provided under the articles of the aforementioned Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018, apart from stating them verbally and indicating the International Conventions signed and enforced by Rwanda. They do not provide evidence of the so-called inequality before the law or the discrimination against for those who need the reproductive health services. He also submits that various medical services provided to the hospital clients from the health posts, the health centers, the district hospitals, the province hospitals and General the hospitals annexed to the Ministerial Order No 20/39 of 29 / 01/2016 determining the medical

services provided at each level of health facilities to make them public and each hospital client is informed of his/her right to benefit from those services without discrimination nor inequality before the law. This was set up to ensure that every client of medical facility is informed of the service provided and its cost without any form of discrimination. Thus, he finds that there is no inequality before the law nor discrimination proved by the petitioner, and if such is the case, the latter should be subject to the investigation, the Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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involved party would pay damages because such acts are civil rather than criminal. The claimant prayed the Court to determine whether the abortion provided for under the law determining offences and penalties in general violates the right to privacy of persons provided for in the Constitution in its Article 23. He states that only a recognized medical doctor performs safe abortion service to a woman or girl entitled to it, but before enjoying such service, she has to apply for a transfer from the health center. This means that all staff members dealing with that document will be informed of what she is going to get until she arrives at the hospital where she must first be provided with in-depth counselling services before the abortion service. This means that in those steps, she was deprived of her right to secrecy to the medical service because many people will be aware of the service he is requesting whereas the information should be kept between her and the medical doctor. The State Attorney avers that the principle of protection of secrecy of information from a patient or any client of the hospital is provided for in Law N ° 49/2012 of 22/01/2013 establishing medical professional liability insurance, and Ministerial Order N ° 002 / MoH / 2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion. In the event where a recognized

doctor does respect the law and keep the secrecy in relation to the patient, he is liable for the consequences thereof, thus, there is no inconsistency between the paragraph 2 of article 125 as well as the paragraph 3 of article 126 of the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 mentioned above and article 23 of the Constitution on the right to respect for one's privacy. Held: 1. The right to life is a fundamental human right on which all other rights are based, it must be protected in such a way that

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no one can be arbitrarily deprived of it. Thus, allowing midwives and nurses to perform abortion and performed in the health facilities, as prayed by the petitioner, can be life-threatening for women and girls in need of such services rather than helpful for them.

2. Having good health is not limited to the fact that a person does not feel sick nor have disability rather it means that he/she feels comfortable physically, mentally and socially. Therefore, the provisions of Articles 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3, of the aforementioned Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018, are among the measures aimed at protecting the right to life relating specifically to reproductive health, abortion act within the period prescribed by law falls under the responsibility of a medical doctor with the necessary knowledge and equipment.

3. Acts that cause physical harm such as murder, personal injury, whether severe or minor, torture, enslavement, forcible rape or any other form of sexual harassment, and all other acts aiming at degrading him/her. Thus, the fact that a woman or girl who needs abortion service, can complicate her while going to get it where the law indicates, this has no link with the right to physical and mental integrity.

4. Persons are equal before the law, without inequality or discrimination and the law enacted equally treat the concerned person. It is considered as discrimination when it is intended to deprive some persons of opportunities and favor others on basis of unreasonable grounds. Thus, the fact that the girls and women can get the abortion service at the hospital afforded by a recognized medical doctor is not a matter of discrimination for them, rather it is a matter concerning those who need medical services and other issues not handled at the level of the health centers in general. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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5. The right to one's privacy is the right of every individual to freedom personally and socially without any illegal interference nor intrusion, he/she exercises his/her right freely and without any fear. Thus, the fact that the abortion service for women and girls is performed only by a recognized medical doctor has no link with violation of one's privacy. The petition has no merit. Article 125, paragraph 2 and 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are not inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015, articles 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23 and 61. Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, articles 3 and 25. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, Articles 6, 17 and 26. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), article 12. The International Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination signed in 1965, article 5. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Articles 2, 11 and 12. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, articles 6 and 16. Additional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, signed in Maputo on 11 July 2003, articles 8 and 14

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Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, Articles 107,123, 124, 125, 126, 155 and 158. Law No. 32/2016 of 28/08/2016 governing persons and family, article 10. Law N° 21/05/2016 of 20/05/2016 on human reproductive health. Law N°46/2012 of 14/01/2013 establishing the Rwanda Allied Health Professions Council and determining its organization, functioning and competence, article 36. Law N°49/2012 of 22/01/2013 establishing medical professional liability insurance, article 4 Ministerial Order Nº 002 / MOH / 2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion, article 2. Ministerial Order No. 20/39 of 29/01/2016 determining the medical services provided at each level of health facilities. Ministerial Order Nº 20/25 of 18/04/2012 determining the profession of nurses and midwives International referred to: European Union Convention on Human Rights, article 2. Cases referred to: Re Kabasinga Florida, RS/INCONST/ SPEC 00003/2020/ SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/11/2020. Re Murangwa Edward, RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2019/SC, rendered by the Supreme Court on 29/11/2019. Akagera Business Group, RS/SPEC/ 0001/16 /CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 23/09/2016. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000. The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998). Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para. 130. Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para.

71. Bărbulescu v. Romania, ruled by the European Court of Human Rights, Application no. 61496/08, para.

71. Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and others ruled by the Supreme Court of India on January 13, 1981. Justice K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India. ruled by the Supreme Court of India. Authors cited: Paulin Basinga, Ann M. Moore, Susheela D. Singh, Elizabeth E. Carlin, Francine Birungi, and Fidele Ngabo, Abortion Incidence and Post-Abortion Care in Rwanda, in Rwanda Medical Journal / Revue Médicale Rwandaise, June 2012, Vol. 69 (2). Judgment I. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

GLIHD represented by Mulisa Tom filed a petition in the Supreme Court seeking to declare that Article 125, Paragraph 2, and article 126, Paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/ 2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent

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with articles 12, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 23 of the Constitution, and also violate international human rights conventions because they infringe upon the rights of women and girls, as these articles provide that, where legally allowed, the abortion is performed only by a recognized medical doctor, so that they exclude other trained medical professionals.

They state that these articles as well as Article 2 (3 °) of Ministerial Order Nº 002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform an abortion should be reformulated, where it is stated a recognized medical doctor there should be added “or another medical professional who has been trained and authorized by the competent public entity”.

Article 125, paragraph 2, of the aforementioned Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018, provides that abortion is performed by a recognized medical doctor, and Article 126, paragraph 3, provides that a person requesting abortion for the child over whom he/she has parental authority, files a request with a recognised medical doctor, accompanied with the child’s birth certificate containing the date of birth.

The State Attorney avers that Article 125, Paragraph 2, and Article 126, Paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are not inconsistent with the Constitution or the international conventions signed by Rwanda, so there is no reason for such articles as well as Article 2 (3 °) of Ministerial Order Nº 002 / MOH / 2019 of 08 / 04/2019 mentioned above would be reformulated.

The judgment was heard in public on 18/10/2021, GLIHD represented by Mulisa Tom assisted by Counsel Twizeyimana Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Théophile together with Counsel Umulisa Vestine, with the presence of the Government of Rwanda represented by Counsel Kabibi Specioza. There was also amicus curiae, HDI represented by Counsel Garuka Christian.

In this case, the petitioner had requested the Court to determine whether: 1. -Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with Article 12 and Article 21 of the Constitution which provide for the right to life and the right to good health.

2. Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution which provides for the right to physical and mental integrity.

3. Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with Article 15 and Article 16 of the Constitution which provide for the right to equality before the law and the protection from discrimination.

4. Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with Article 23 of the Constitution which provides for the right to respect for privacy.

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5. Article 125, paragraph 2 and 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, as well as Article 2 (3°) of Ministerial Order N ° 002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform abortion should be reformulated. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES Determine whether Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general is inconsistent with Article 12 and Article 21 of the Constitution which provide for the right to life and the right to good health.

Mulisa Tom representing GLIHD and his counsels state that the provisions of Article 125, Paragraph 2, and Article 126, Paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, the abortion legally stipulated is performed only by a recognized medical doctor for a woman or a girl contravenes the right to good health as provided under the Constitution and international conventions ratified by Rwanda.

They expound that Article 21 of the Constitution provides that all Rwandans have the right to good health and at the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as guaranteed by the various international treaties to which Rwanda is signatory. They further sustain that Article 14 of the Maputo Additional Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Peoples' Rights, signed by Rwanda in 2004 provides for the obligations of the State to protect and promote women's rights, including the reproductive health.

They argue that in the context of protecting women's rights to reproductive health, Article 14 (2) of the aforementioned Protocol calls on Rwanda as a signatory country to monitor its implementation by affording legal and safe abortion service. They state that Article 16 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights recognizes that everyone has the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health and calls on the States to take necessary measures to protect the health of their people.

They sustain that the same is provided under the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child which stipulates that every child has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion and they link this statement with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child which requires the States to undertake all necessary measures to ensure health care services for every child.

They further submit that the right to good health is enshrined in Article 12 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) which provides for the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

They argue that, even if there is no definition of the word "good health" provided under the Constitution, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined it as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. They further argue that basing on that definition, good health does not merely mean the

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absence of disease or infirmity, rather it includes, for example, the reproductive health, access to women health services, family planning and to have legal and access to reliable information about abortion health services legally and safely afforded.

They also argue that international human rights law stipulates that, in order to improve the quality of life, States have the obligation to put into place the quality services for reproductive health. In order to fulfill that obligation, it is necessary to have access to adequate information on reproductive health, to put into place human health facilities, to provide trainings to professionals as well as to have access to essential medicines.

With regard to the right to good health, GLIHD representatives maintain that the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights analyzed Article 12 of the Covenant which is in the same vein with Article 21 of the Constitution and found that the enjoyment of such right requires the following key elements:  Accessibility to health care, which means that medical services and medicines should be available at the decentralized medical facility.  Non-discrimination in the provision of medical services. This means that medicines and medical services should be provided to everyone without discrimination, especially with regard to the most vulnerable and marginalized sections of the population, in law or in facts). For example: children who have been defiled, women and girls who have been raped. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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 Affordability of medical services to all. This means that medical facilities, medicines and medical services must be accessible to everyone in the proportion of his/her means.

Basing on the foregoing statements,

GLIHD representatives explain that the fact that girls are raped and impregnated, the law allows them to get abortion services afforded only by a doctor, violates their rights because the doctor is available only at the level of the hospital and those children have no means nor time to reach there. They add that the fact that other categories of people have access to health care at the health center which is closer to the community, but the women and girls allowed to abort for various reasons, such as rape, forced marriages, etc. are required to get such services in the hospital, also violates their right to good health.

They conclude by stating that the provisions of Article 125, Paragraph 2 and Article 126, Paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provide that the abortion service legally allowed to women and girls is only performed by recognized medical doctors violate the right of women and girls to good health enshrined in the Constitution and the International Conventions because such fact entails that the medical service is not affordable nor easily accessible as the recognized medical doctor is only available at the hospital, while the decentralized health facility is the health center and the post center. They sustain that the cat that such service is not offered at the decentralized health facility because there are no doctors at that level so that it can be afforded by nurses and midwives, leads to its inaccessibility and the discouragement of women and girls who unsafely abort while

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such service is legally recognized, this increases the risks for women and girls who can die during the childbirth.

The State Attorney submits that Article 1231 and 1242 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provide that self-induced abortion and performing abortion on another person are prohibited and they are offences. Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3 of the same Law provide for exceptions for a woman or girl authorized to have abortion performed by a recognized medical doctor.

She further added that, basing on the provisions of Article 12 of the Constitution which stipulates that everyone has the right to life, that no one may be deprived of his or her life arbitrarily, and on Article 21 which provides that all Rwandans have the right

1 It provides that “Any person who self-induces an abortion commits an offence. Upon conviction, she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than three (3) years and a fine of not less than one hundred thousand Rwandan francs (FRW 100,000) and not more than two hundred thousand Rwandan francs (FRW 200,000)”. 2 It provides that “Any person who performs an abortion on another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years. Any person who, because of negligence or carelessness, causes another person to abort is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than one (1) year and not more than two (2) years and a fine of not less than three hundred thousand Rwandan francs (RWF 300,000) and not more than five hundred thousand Rwandan francs (RWF 500,000) or only one of these penalties. If abortion causes disability certified by a relevant medical doctor, the offender is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty-five (25) years. If abortion causes death, irrespective of whether or not the person having an abortion has given her consent, the offender is liable to life imprisonment”. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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to have good health, she finds that they are not contrary to the provisions of articles 125, paragraph 2, and 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, because the right to life is protected within the scope of Articles 123 and 124 of that Law.

The State Attorney also argues that in the case of an international conventions on which the petitioner is based, should be applied as other laws because they have been ratified by Rwanda, but that some of them stipulate that abortion is performed for special reasons. She cites the example of Article 14, paragraph 2, subparagraph (c), of Additional Protocol on the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women, signed in Maputo on 11 July 2003 which provides that “States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to protect the reproductive rights of women by authorising medical abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, and where the continued pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus3”.

She further states that these four (4) reasons allow a woman to apply for abortion in exceptional circumstances, as agreed by other signatory states. He explains that, normally, international conventions provide for guidelines, and each State puts into place legislation and strategies for its enforcement based on culture, capacities or other reasons, it is in this context that the impugned articles prohibit the voluntary abortion but the State establishes those only four reasons which allow an authorized woman or girl to have an abortion.

3 Protocol to The African Charter On Human And Peoples' Rights On The Rights Of Women In Africa, Better known As The Maputo Protocol, 11 July 2003.

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She concludes that GLIHD should refer to the Law N° 21/05/2016 of 20/05/2016 on reproductive health as that Law clarifies some of the issues about the reproductive health and the State's responsibility to protect the health of women and children, therefore, the provisions of article 125, paragraph 2 and article 126, paragraph 3, of Law No. 68 / 2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, are not contrary to the Constitution.

With regard to the fact that the abortion service for authorized women and girls is not afforded in health centers by nurses and midwives as requested by the applicant, the Ministry of Health (MINISANTE), according to a document uploaded by the State Attorney, indicates that the safe and legally recognized abortion cannot be performed in such place for the interests of those who need such service, as some times they need high-level assistance and they do not have access to it. Basing on the statements of health experts such as Calvert C. and Owolabi O., the Ministry of Health indicates the research points out that one of the most common side effects during abortion is excessive bleeding, in which case it would be difficult to treat it at a health center because it requires blood transfusion for the woman who had aborted and when necessary they can undergo uterus surgery. Both operations must be performed at the hospital level so that medical doctors can jointly conduct them.

Another reasons on which the Ministry of Health is based to indicate that such service should be performed in hospitals, are that the one who underwent the abortion should be taken care of before and after the operation, in order to avoid its effects, the ultrasound equipment and the blood group and rhesus in order to protect the one who aborted in case of new pregnancy. In Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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addition, those who need such service also seek for legal advice, usually provided by ISANGE One Stop Center operating at the level of each Hospital.

The Ministry of Health also clarifies that the various responsibilities of nurses and midwives are determined by Ministerial Order N° 20/2518/04/2012 regulating the practice of nursing and midwives, they are not responsible for providing abortion services. There is even a small number of midwives (1562 midwives for a population estimated at 12,518,757) in Rwanda, on one hand there is a health center without anyone, and on the other hand there is a health center with one who do not work every day, this can be an obstacle to the care required for a woman who aborted at a health center, therefore, the Ministry of Health indicates that, due to all those concerns, the abortion should be performed at the Hospital level where there are medical doctors and equipments necessary to handle any complication that can arise so that it is settled by a team of doctors.

Concerning the statements of the Ministry of Health, GLIHD sustains that it concurs with it about the deaths and disabilities arising from abortion unsafely performed while competent professionals can prevent them in case it is performed. GLIHD submits that this supports its argument according to which the powers vested in medical doctors for safe and authorized abortion should also be entitled to health workers in the health centers in order to prevent those deaths in case those who need abortion service are unable to get medical doctors due to their insufficiency. It therefore requests the Ministry of Health to provide training to health workers before they begin to afford these services, as many of them have been trained about the post- abortion care.

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GLIHD explains that the operations aimed at resolving post-abortion complications are mainly about providing emergency medical care, advising on the time for the following pregnancy to avoid unplanned pregnancy that can occasion another unsafe abortion. It points out that due to the fact the District Hospital has insufficient medical doctors, a patient can spend more than two hours before being diagnosed, the reason why the Ministry of Health should provide trainings to nurses and midwives on abortion services so that they can afford such services.

In terms of equipments, GLIHD states that there are health centers in the Western Province and the Southern Province that have ultrasound equipments provided by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Belgian Development Agency (ENABEL). Blood group and rhesus test equipments are also provided to health facilities as per the service categories provided by the Ministry of Health. It also mentions that there are some health centers such as Bigogwe in Nyabihu District and Gikonko in Gisagara District which have already supplied with the necessary facilities so that it is possible to have access to services such as those provided at the hospital.

With regard to legal assistance provided by the Isange One Stop Center operating at the hospital level, GLIHD states that such is not provided for in the Ministerial Order, except that fact, there is reliable information provided by the Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB) according to which these services are planned to be performed at the level of health centers.

Regarding the petition filed by GLIHD, HDI, as amicus curiae, states that despite the legal development, Rwanda still faces significant obstacles in the enforcement of the Law No Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general for assisting women and girls to safely and lawfully abort, given that, on basis of that Law and Ministerial Order N° 002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019, only recognized medical doctors are allowed to perform safe and lawful abortion, while other reproductive health officials, such as midwives or nurses, are not allowed to do so.

It sustains that there are insufficient doctors in Rwanda because the latest data released by the Ministry of Health indicate that the number of doctors operating in public and private health facilities is only 709, which means a ratio of 1 doctor to 15,510 persons, and among them those who accept to perform abortion are available only in Kigali City and its vicinity. It maintains that those who can have access to abortion services are women who have means to get a doctor or pay for travel or medical expenses. It also states that in other countries, non-medical professionals are trained, they provide safe abortion services and post abortion care. In addition, the international medical regulations also recognize that providers of basic health care may and should be allowed to afford abortion services.

It further explains that due to the obstacles to safe and lawful abortion, many women and girls in Rwanda have unsafe and life-threatening abortion. It cites the report which indicates that more than half of abortions in Rwanda are unsafely performed by untrained people, such as traditional practitioners, or by the concerned persons. It indicates that women in rural areas with low incomes are at a higher rate of 74% of abortions in that manner, compared to 15% of women with means living in Kigali City. It also points out that 40% of abortions are dangerous, of which the concerned women perform 67%, and 61% are

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performed by the traditional practitioners. It also mentions that even if there are no data for the girls who unsafely abort in Rwanda, the Government has released a report indicating that unplanned girl pregnancies are a serious problem, this is also a reason which can be a cause of unsafe abortion.

It further submits that in the technical and policy guidance for safe abortion, World Health Organization (WHO) has found that States should not require anyone else to grant the right to abortion other than the woman concerned and the health professional who provides the service to her. It maintains that WHO indicates that abortion should be performed without delay, especially when a woman's health is compromised physically or mentally. It relies on those explanations to state that being first allowed by another person to abort including a medical doctor delays medical care, which can cause the abortion service be offered after the time determined by the law, this makes it complicated and the abortion service fee increases and it can endanger the woman’s health.

Due to a small number of medical doctors with knowledge about reproductive health, HDI states that the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has made a general comment where it elaborates on the provisions of Article 14 (2) of the Maputo Protocol, acknowledges that there is a small number of trained doctors, and therefore, it calls on the signatories to train the professionals who provide basic health services such as midwives and other health care providers in order perform safe abortion. This procedure entails rapid and cheap abortion service for those who need them because it is afforded at the local level (Health Centers) where those who need it live. It also mentions examples of countries in Africa such as Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Mozambique, Ghana, Senegal and Burkina Faso that allow the providers of basic health services to perform abortion by means of curettage in the first trimester and drugs used for abortion.

With regard to the services provided by midwives and nurses, HDI explains that due to the fact nurses, midwives and medical assistants in Rwanda are allowed to provide medical care to a woman after abortion, which is essential medical treatment provided when a woman who experiences complications due to unsafe or incomplete abortion by means of curettage in the first trimester from the date a woman becomes pregnant, there is no reason to exclude those professionals available in the health centers from performing the abortion. HDI concludes that the aforementioned Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 should not have excluded them from the providers of such services.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT With regard to the right to life provided under Article 12 of the Constitution

Article 12 of the Constitution stipulates that everyone has the right to life, and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of life. This right is also enshrined in various international treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights4, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights5, the African

4 Article 3 of the Declaration reads: everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. 5 Article 6, 1° of the Covenant reads: every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.

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Charter on Human and People's Rights6, European Convention on Human Rights7.

In the context of the implementation of the Additional Protocol on the African Convention on Human and Peoples' Rights of Maputo, in its article 14.2 (c), the signatories, including Rwanda, are committed to protect the right of women to have abortion within the period provided for in that article8, in Law N° 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, the Government of Rwanda has included Article 125 which provides that there is no criminal liability for abortion9. In order to achieve this objective of assisting one who experiences complication, in paragraphs two of that Article and three of Article 126, the legislator provides that abortion for those who

6 Article 4 of Charter stipulates: human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right. 7 Article 2§1 of the Convention reads: everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 8 States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to: […] c. protects the reproductive rights of women by authorizing medical abortion in cases of sexual assault, rape, incest, and where the continued pregnancy endangers the mental and physical health of the mother or the life of the mother or the foetus. 9 Article 125, paragraph one of the Law N0 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides that “There is no criminal liability if abortion was performed due to the following reasons: 10 the pregnant person is a child; 20 the person having abortion had become pregnant as a result of rape; 30 the person having abortion had become pregnant after being subjected to a forced marriage; 40 the person having abortion had become pregnant as a result of incest up to the second degree; 50 the pregnancy puts at risk the health of the pregnant person or of the foetus.

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are in the categories provided under those articles is performed only by a recognized medical doctor. The legislator has chosen this procedure to ensure that the purpose of these articles is achieved without any other problem, and the potential problems could be addressed as soon as possible in order to protect the health of the beneficiaries of the service, as the Ministry of Health has indicated it in the document included in the case file.

Basing on the fact that the legislator has decided that the abortion for authorized woman or a girl is performed only by a recognized medical doctor, GLIHD has filed a petition seeking the abrogation of article 125, paragraph 2 and 126, paragraph 3, of the aforementioned law violate the right to life provided for in article 12 of the Constitution. In addressing this issue, the Court deems necessary to first clarify what that right means, and to determine whether, in fact, the fact that only a recognized medical doctor is authorized to perform abortion violates the right to life for those who need that service.

In defining right to life protected by the State, the European Court of Human Rights, in the case of the Center for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania10, upheld that article 2§1 of the European Convention on Human Rights does not only require the States to avoid any unjustifiable cause of its citizens ‘death but also it mandates them to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within their

10 Case of Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania, Application n° 47848/08, para.130. The first sentence of Article 2 § 1 enjoins the State not only to refrain from the intentional and unlawful taking of life, but also to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within its jurisdiction.

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jurisdiction. In the case of Öneryıldız v. Turkey11, the Court clarified that the right to life referred to in article 2 is not only limited to the deaths resulting from the agents of State who use excessive force, but also it concerns the obligation of States to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within their jurisdiction. Such obligation must be construed as applying in the context of any activity, whether public or not, in which the right to life may be at stake, and a fortiori in the case of industrial activities, which by their very nature are dangerous, such as the operation of waste-collection sites.

In explaining what life means, in the case Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi and others rendered by the Supreme Court of India, on 13 January 198112, basing on Article 21 of the Constitution of India which stipulates that no one shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law, it expounded that “by the term life as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence. The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body or amputation of an arm or leg or the putting out of an eye or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicates with the outer world”.

In a statement issued by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, by explaining Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights mentioned above which provides for the right to life, it expounded that “the right to life is a right which

11 Case of Öneryildiz v. Turkey, Application no. 48939/99, para. 71. 12 Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory of Delhi & ORS, p.

12. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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should not be interpreted narrowly. It concerns the entitlement of individuals to be free from acts and omissions that are intended or may be expected to cause their unnatural or premature death, as well as to enjoy a life with dignity. Article 6 guarantees this right to all human beings, without distinction of any kind, including for persons suspected or convicted of even the most serious crimes13”.

In explaining what the right to life means, the African Commission on Human and Peoples‘Rights, in its commentary on Article 4 of the African Convention on Human and Peoples' Rights14, stated that “the right to life should be interpreted broadly. The State has a positive duty to protect individuals and groups from real and immediate risks to their lives caused either by actions or inactions of third parties. In cases where the risk has not arisen from malicious or other intent then the State’s actions may not always be related to criminal justice. Such actions include, inter alia, preventive steps to preserve and protect the natural environment and humanitarian responses to natural disasters, famines, outbreaks of infectious diseases, or other emergencies15”.

The Court finds that the right to life is a fundamental human right and that all other rights are based on it, and Article

13 Human Rights Committee General, Comment No. 36 (2018) on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life, 30 October 2018, §3. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/1_Global /CCPR_C_GC_36_8785_E.pdf. Accessed on 02/12/2021. 14 Supra, ref. 6. 15 African Commission on Human and Peoples ‘Rights, General Comment n° 3 on African Charter on Human and Peoples ‘Rights: Right to life (Article 4), §41

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12 of the Constitution stipulates that it is a right to be protected so that no one can be deprived of it arbitrarily. In the context of protecting that right, as recommended by the United Nations Human Rights Committee16, the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides for the prohibition of the deprivation of one’s human rights and severe punishment for the perpetrator17. The legislator aimed at protecting that right by including in the law the provisions that prohibit the abortion18, because a conceived child is entitled to the civil right recognized for every person19, the legislator provided for exception by recognizing that the abortion is authorized in the period stipulated in article 125, first paragraph of Law N° 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general20, and it is only performed by medical doctors with all necessary equipment so as not to endanger and lose the life of the person in need of abortion.

16 Idem. §4. Paragraph 1 of article 6 of the Covenant provides that no one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life and that the right shall be protected by law. It lays the foundation for the obligation of States parties to respect and to ensure the right to life, to give effect to it through legislative and other measures, and to provide effective remedies and reparation to all victims of violations of the right to life. 17 Article 107 of the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general provides that “A person who intentionally kills another person commits murder. Upon conviction, he/she is liable to life imprisonment”. 18 Articles 123 and 124 of the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general 19 Article 10 of the Law N0 32/2016 of 28/08/2016 governing persons and family provides that “ A conceived child is entitled to civil rights recognized for every person, provided he/she is born alive. A child, simply by virtue of being conceived is deemed to have been born whenever its interests so dictate”. 20 Idem supra. ref. number 9. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Regarding the common complications resulting from abortion, a study “Abortion incidence and post abortion care in Rwanda” conducted by Dr Basinga Paulin and colleagues, indicates that in 2009, there were 25,727 women and girls in Rwanda treated by doctors due to post-abortion complications, 40% of them were treated by medical doctors due to serious complications. The experts state that “Complications may result, however, from procedures conducted by trained providers who have little experience or who works in unhygienic settings) [...]. They explain that in Rwanda doctors use the following methods of abortion: surgical method (evacuation dilation and curettage), oral and vaginal administration of harmonic medication and manual vacuum aspiration (MVA). They submit that the most common method used by District Hospitals as well as District and Referral Hospitals is surgical method (evacuation dilation and curettage). Having noticed post-abortion complications, they recommend to the administration that the legalized abortion method should be improved, for example, it should be decided that a medical doctor is the one allowed to determine the abortion method and the guidelines should be established to indicate the medial staff authorized to provide such service and the medical facilities where it should be performed21.

Regarding the surgical method as one frequently used in Rwanda, as outlined above, the World Health Organization (WHO), in a paper entitled Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for the health system, states that it is a very painful method, it recommends that “where it is still practised, all

21 Paulin Basinga, Ann M. Moore, Susheela D. Singh, Elizabeth E. Carlin, Francine Birungi, and Fidele Ngabo, Abortion Incidence and Post-abortion Care in Rwanda, in Rwanda Medical Journal / Revue Médicale Rwandaise, June 2012, Vol. 69 (2).

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possible efforts should be made to replace dilatation and curettage procedures with vacuum aspiration, to improve the safety and quality of care for women. Dilatation and curettage procedures should be performed by well-trained staff under adequate supervision22”. In his article “Hospital across Africa, A Lack of post-abortion care”, Patrick Adams indicates that dilation and curettage procedure has various effects, it is unproductive and painful, compared to manual vacuum aspiration, and due to the fact that it should be performed by a doctor with sufficient equipment who can immediately operate a woman or a girl who has had abortion if necessary, it is very expensive23.

The Court finds that the foregoing statements indicate that allowing midwives and nurses to perform abortion in the health centers, as requested by the petitioner, could endanger the health of women and girls who need such services. Authorizing them to perform such service requires them to have been given specialized trainings, and to put into place special regulations requesting them to perform abortion using vacuum aspiration and medical abortion and provide health centers with equipment related to the service. However, this is not a matter of law, rather it is a matter of policies to be taken by competent authorities in order to improve the delivery of abortion services in line with the national resources.

22 Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems Second edition,p.41,https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/70914/9789241 548434_eng.pdf 23 Patrick Adams, “In Hospital across Africa, A Lack of post-abortion care”, NPR (Mar 2021) https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/03/09/936206516/in-hospitals- across-africa-a-lack-of-post- abortion-care. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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With regard to the petitioner statements about the training of health care providers such as midwives and other health care providers in order to perform safe abortion in the health centers, the Court finds that, although this would be understood in view of the difficulties and problems that may arise in the provision of such services as described above, such issue cannot be settled in a lawsuit seeking the abrogation of statutory provisions which stipulate that such services should only be provided by recognized medical doctor, in other words, the one who has competence and knowledge, but such issue should be submitted to the organs competent to set up health-related policies, as they have so far found that a recognized medical doctor is the only one who has the expertise to provide a safe abortion service. Requesting the Court to rule on what should be done in the context of strategies and policies related to the health sector would be contrary to the principle of separation of powers24. This is the position set by this Court in cases n ° RS / SPEC / 0001/16 / CS, Akagera Business Group25, and RS / INCONST / SPEC 00001/2019 / SC26.

On the basis of all the foregoing explanations, the Court finds that GLIHD which filed a petition failed to prove the fact that Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 abovementioned which stipulate that abortion service for women and girls is only authorized for a recognized medical doctor infringes upon the right to life

24 Article 61of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 2003 revised in 2015. 25 Judgment RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, Akagera Business Group, para. 29, rendered on 23/09/2016. 26 Judgment RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/2019/SC, MURANGWA Edward, para. 102, rendered on 29/11/2019.

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provided for in Article 12 of the Constitution. Therefore, its petition on this issue is unfounded. With regard to the right to good health provided under Article 21 of the Constitution

Article 21 of the Constitution stipulates that all Rwandans have the right to good health. This right is also enshrined in various international treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights27, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination28, signed in 1965, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights29, the Convention on the Elimination of All

27 Article 25, 1° reads: everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. 28 Article 5 (e) (iv) reads: in compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights: … The right to public health, medical care, social security and social services. 29 Article 12 reads: 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.

2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child. (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Forms of Discrimination against Women30 , the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights31.

The Constitution of the World Health Organization defines good health as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity32.

With regard to the right to good health, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in its general comment of Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights “interprets the right to health, as defined in article 12.1, as an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and

(c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases. (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. 30 Article 11 (1) (f) reads: 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of employment in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, the same rights, in particular: … The right to protection of health and to safety in working conditions, including the safeguarding of the function of reproduction. Article 12, 1° reads: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, access to health care services, including those related to family planning. 31 Article 16 reads: every individual shall have the right to enjoy the best attainable state of physical and mental health.

2. States parties to the present Charter shall take the necessary measures to protect the health of their people and to ensure that they receive medical attention when they are sick. 32 Constitution of World Health Organisation

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potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health. A further important aspect is the participation of the population in all health-related decision-making at the community, national and international levels33”.

In a paper entitled “Ruling for Access, Leading court cases in developing countries on access to essential medicines as part of the fulfilment of the right to health” published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the experts wrote that “In determining which actions or omissions amount to a violation of the right to health, it is important to distinguish between the inability and the unwillingness of a State party to comply with its obligations under Article 12. However, a State party cannot, under any circumstances whatsoever, justify its non-compliance with the core obligations mentioned above. Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur through the failure of states to take all necessary steps to ensure the realization of the right to health. Examples quoted in General Comment No.14 include the failure to adopt or implement a national health policy designed to ensure the right to health for everyone; insufficient expenditure or misallocation of public resources; failure to monitor the realization of the right to health at a national level; and failure to

33 CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art.

12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4), § 1, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4538838d0.pdf, accessed on 24/11/2021. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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take measures to reduce the inequitable distribution of health facilities, goods and services34”.

According to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the right to health in all its forms and at all levels contains the following interrelated and essential elements, the precise application of which will depend on the conditions prevailing in a particular State party: a. Availability. Functioning public health and health-care facilities, goods and services, as well as programmes, have to be available in sufficient quantity within the State party; b. Accessibility. Health facilities, goods and services have to be accessible to everyone without discrimination, within the jurisdiction of the State party; c. Acceptability. All health facilities, goods and services must be respectful of medical ethics and culturally appropriate, i.e. respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities, sensitive to gender and life-cycle requirements, as well as being designed to respect confidentiality and improve the health status of those concerned ;

34 Hans V. Hogerzeil, Melanie Samson andi Jaume Vidal Casanova, “Ruling for Access Leading court cases in developing countries on access to essential medicines as part of the fulfilment of the right to health, https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/human_rights/Details_on_20_court_ca ses.pdf?ua, accessed on 24/11/2021.

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d. Quality. As well as being culturally acceptable, health facilities, goods and services must also be scientifically and medically appropriate and of good quality35.

The explanations aforementioned indicate that: - essential elements of good health include a person's physical, mental and social well-being; - the right to good health is not only limited to adequate health care but it is inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions, and access to health-related education and information, including on sexual and reproductive health; - The right to good health depends on aavailability of public health and health-care facilities, goods and services, as well as programmes in sufficient quantity within the State party; - It is considered that a State does not fulfil its obligation when no necessary policies have been

35 CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art.

12) Adopted at the Twenty-second Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 11 August 2000 (Contained in Document E/C.12/2000/4), § 12. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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taken to ensure that everyone has the right to good health.

On the basis of the foregoing statements, the Court finds that in respect of the right to good health, the State has an obligation to put into place policies, laws and regulations governing public and private health facilities for the protection of human health. In the event of availability of health services and medical doctors, as sustained by GLIHD, the remaining obligation of a State is to ensure the equal accessibility for all to services in accordance with the established standards, and the State should be held liable only if the health of a citizen is in danger due to the fact that he/she is denied available service to which he/she is entitled.

Regarding this case, it is clear that the State has put into place hospitals which are provided with medical doctors who can perform safe abortion for women and girls. The fact that such service is provided at the hospitals by doctors rather than at the Health Centers by midwives or nurses as the requested by the claimant, could not be considered as a violation of the right to good health. It would be deemed as a violation of such right if it was legalized but not provided at all, delivered in inappropriate place, by incompetent staff or it is evident that the beneficiaries exceed the providers, so that the service delay is life-threatening to them.

The Court finds, however, that the provisions of Article 125, paragraph 2 and Article 126, paragraph 3, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, are among strategies meant for protection of the right to good health, especially with regard to reproductive health, the abortion procedure is regulated by the law and performed by a

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medical doctor with competence and necessary equipment. On basis of these explanations, the Court finds that GLIHD failed to prove the fact that the articles against which it filed a claim which provide that the abortion service is only provided by a recognized medical doctor violates the right to good heath provided under Article 21 of the Constitution, therefore its petition on that issue is unfounded. Determine whether Article 125, paragraph 2, and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general are inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution on the right to physical and mental integrity

Mulisa Tom, representative of GLIHD and his counsels, argue that the conditions provided under the Law determining offences and penalties abovementioned that lawful and safe abortion services are provided only by a recognized medical doctor instead of anyone who has studied medicine, violate the right of women and girls because it reduces the number of providers and recipients of the service.

They expound that the World Health Organization clarified that medical assistants, such as nurses and midwives or other hospital staff can provide efficient and safe abortion services. They submit that the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, basing on Maputo Protocol, for the purpose of enforcing the provisions related to efficient, safe and lawful abortion services enshrined in that Protocol, issued the guidelines indicating that the States should not impose restrictions or obstacles for the conditions for the doctors authorized to provide such medical service. They sustain that the Commission further indicates that, in general, due to the fact that in many African Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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States there are insufficient doctors, medical assistants, such as midwives and other health care workers, should be trained so as to take care of those in need of abortion service.

They conclude by stating that women and girls who are allowed to have abortion have the challenge of accessing to hospital where the doctor can be available because it is far away from them, this finally leads to unsafe abortion and they have access to doctor, being in a critical situation; in addition, they are convicted of abortion, they maintain that this is detrimental to their physical and mental integrity.

The State Attorney avers that in consideration of this issue, it is clear that the State has decided that the one who is allowed to perform the abortion for a woman who needs such service is a medical doctor whose the expertise is approved by the competent organs. This means that a non-medical doctor cannot provide that service because of the health effects that can result from abortion performed by a non-medical doctor. This is further emphasized by the fact that articles 4 and 7 of Ministerial Order N°002/MoH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform abortion provide that a person who wishes to get abortion services has to be first diagnosed thoroughly and the gestation must not be beyond twenty - two (22) weeks and she should be advised on the post- abortion effects.

She further avers that the Ministerial Order N ° 002/MoH/2019 abovementioned provides that a recognized medical doctor is a person qualified to practice the medical profession after obtaining at least a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine, registered and licensed by a health profession regulatory body in Rwanda and working in public or private

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health facility. This means that the one who has to help someone to have abortion has to recognize its effects and have enough knowledge about abortion.

She concludes on this issue by stating that the paragraph 2 of Article 125 and the paragraph 3 of Article 126 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 mentioned above are not inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution which provides for the right to physical and mental integrity.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 14 of the Constitution stipulates that everyone has the right to physical and mental integrity. No one shall be subjected to torture or physical abuse, to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. No one shall be subjected to experimentation without his or her informed consent. Modalities of the consent and experiments are determined by law. These rights are also enshrined in various international treaties including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights36, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights37, The

36 Article 5 states: no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 37 Article 7 reads: no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union38, the African Charter on Human and People's Rights39.

Article 14 of the Constitution sets out the following three main parts: a. -The fact that no one should be physically and mentally harmed. b. -The fact that no one shall be subjected to torture, to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. c. -The fact that no one shall be subjected to experimentation without his or her informed consent.

With regard to the first part, the United Nations Human Rights Committee, in its general comment of Article 7 of the above-mentioned International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, states that “The purpose of the provisions of Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is to protect both the dignity and the physical and mental integrity of

38 The article 3 of the Charter reads: 1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity.

2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be respected in particular: the free and informed consent of the person concerned, according to the procedures laid down by law, the prohibition of eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at the selection of persons, the prohibition on making the human body and its parts as such a source of financial gain, the prohibition of the reproductive cloning of human beings. 39 Article 5 of the Charter reads: every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited.

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the individual. It is the duty of the State party to provide everyone protection through legislative and other measures as may be necessary against acts prohibited by article 7, whether inflicted by people acting in their official capacity, outside their official capacity or in a private capacity. The prohibition in article 7 is complemented by the positive requirements of article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which stipulates that “All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person40”.

With regard to the second part, the Committee clarified that "The prohibition in article 7 relates not only to acts that cause physical pain but also to acts that cause mental suffering to the victim," August said. In the Committee's view, moreover, the prohibition must extend to corporal punishment, including excessive chastisement ordered as punishment for a crime or as an educational or disciplinary measure. It is appropriate to emphasize in this regard that article 7 protects, in particular, children, pupils and patients in teaching and medical institutions41”.

With regard to the third part, the Committee states that: “Article 7 expressly prohibits medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent of the person concerned. The Committee notes that the reports of States parties generally contain little information on this point. More attention

40 CCPR General Comment No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) Adopted at the Forty- fourth Session of the Human Rights Committee, on 10 March 1992. §2. https://uniteforreprorights.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/453883fb0.pdf accessed on 1/12/2021. 41 Idem, § 5. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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should be given to the need and means to ensure compliance with this provision. The Committee also observes that special protection in regard to such experiments is necessary in the case of persons not capable of giving valid consent, and in particular those under any form of detention or imprisonment. Such persons should not be subjected to any medical or scientific experimentation that may be detrimental to their health42”.

In order to protect the right to physical and mental integrity, as recommended by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, the law N° 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, includes articles 11243 and 11344 which provide for and punish the offence of torture.

Concerning the extent of the right to physical and mental integrity, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in the case of Akayesu Jean Paul, in its interpretation of Article 2

42 Idem, § 7. 43 The article provides that “For the purpose of this Law, torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him/her or a third person information or a confession, punishing him/her for an act he/she or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him/her or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind. Any person who commits any of the offences referred to under Paragraph One of this Article commits an offence”. 44 It reads that “Any person convicted of torture is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than twenty (20) years and not more than twenty- five (25) years. If torture results in an incurable illness, permanent incapacity to work, full loss of function of an organ or mutilation of any key body organ, death or is committed by a public official in his/her duties, the penalty is life imprisonment”.

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(2) (b)45 of its Statute, states that “For the purposes of interpreting Article 2 (2) (b) of the Statute, the Chamber takes serious bodily or mental harm, without limiting itself thereto, to mean acts of torture, be they bodily or mental, inhumane or degrading treatment, persecution46”.

The Court finds that acts detrimental to the right to physical and mental integrity are all acts of bodily harm such as murder, personal injury, whether serious or minor, torture, forced labor, rape or any form of sexual harassment, and any other acts aimed at discrediting her. Therefore, the fact that a woman or girl in need of abortion service does not yet have access to health care facilities as requested by the petitioner, this can be difficult for her to seek such service in the place provided under the law for the reasons described above in paragraph 42 or by that time, she can face other complications, such has no relation with the right to physical and mental integrity, for this to happen, as already explained, there must be acts of physical harm intended to violate that right.

Basing on the aforementioned explanations about the meaning of the right to physical and mental integrity, the Court finds that GLIHD has failed to prove the fact that the abortion service for authorized women and girls is only performed by a recognized medical doctor is inconsistent with Article 14 of the Constitution which provides for the right to physical and mental integrity, therefore its claim on that issue is unfounded.

45 […]2. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: […] (b). Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group. 46 The Prosecutor vs Jean-Paul Akayesu Case number. ICTR-96-4-T, § 504 (Trial judgement, 2 September 1998). Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Determine whether Article 125, paragraph 2, and Article 126, paragraph 3, of Law No 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general is contrary with Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution providing for the right to equality before the law and to the protection from discrimination

Mulisa Tom, representative of GLIHD and his counsels, argue that the provisions of Article 125, paragraph 2, and Article 126, paragraph 3 of the aforementioned Law No 68/2018, that the abortion service for a woman or a girl legally authorized is only performed by a recognized medical doctor, are contrary to the right to equality before the law and protection from discrimination of women and girls in general provided under articles 1547 and 1648 of the Constitution and in the International and Regional Conventions ratified by Rwanda.

They further sustain that there are the following provisions of the international conventions which emphasize the right to equality before the law and protection from discrimination for all:  Article 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).

47 The Article provides that “All persons are equal before the law. They are entitled to equal protection of the law”. 48 The Article provides that “All Rwandans are born and remain equal in rights and freedoms. Discrimination of any kind or its propaganda based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, family or ancestry, clan, skin colour or race, sex, region, economic categories, religion or faith, opinion, fortune, cultural differences, language, economic status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination are prohibited and punishable by law”.

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 Articles 2 and 12 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).  Article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR].  Article 14 of the Maputo Additional Protocol, and  Article 18 of the Banjul Charter, all articles provide for the right to equality before the law and protection from discrimination.

They sustain that, in particular, those conventions confer to the States the obligations of eliminating any form of discrimination and protecting equal rights for all, including women. For example, the Human Rights Committee agrees that the signatory states must accord equality to all without any form of discrimination. They aver that Banjul Charter provides that "The State shall ensure the elimination of every discrimination against women and also ensure the protection of the rights of woman and the child as stipulated in international declarations and conventions”.

They also point out that, as reiterated in the International Conventions on Human Rights, respecting the women's rights must not only be reflected in the law, but it must also be reflected in their daily entitlements for the equality enforcement.

They further argue that the inequality before the law and discrimination they note in the challenged articles abovementioned concern the abortion medical service for authorized woman or girl only performed by a recognized medical doctor available at the District Hospital, therefore such Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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is contrary to the right to equality before the law and to protection from discrimination of women and girls provided under the Constitution. They maintain that there is a form of sexual discrimination because there is a medical service available to a male at nearby health centers, but a female cannot access the abortion service at the same place. They also point out that there are other forms of discrimination and inequality in those articles based on economic categories because rich women and girls are the ones who have access to abortion services at the hospitals where a doctor is available, while the poor ones cannot reach such place because it is too expensive.

They conclude that the reason for them to assert that Articles 125, paragraph 2 and 126, paragraph 3 of the abovementioned Law reflect discrimination and inequality against women and girls seeking medical care for abortion service, is that in Rwandan legislation there is no other medical care that requires that only a doctor is only allowed to provide a particular medical service.

The State Attorney submits that the petitioner does not prove the inequality before the law or discrimination against women under the articles of the aforementioned Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018, apart from stating them verbally and indicating the articles of international conventions signed and enforced by Rwanda. She asserts that the claimants do not produce elements of evidence indicating the alleged inequality before the law or discrimination against those who seek reproductive health services. She explains that equality before the law or protection from discrimination for medical services beneficiaries provided under Article 4 of Law N ° 49/2012 of 22/01/2013 Law establishing medical professional liability insurance which

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provides that “No one shall be subjected to any form of discrimination in access to consultation and healthcare services as well as other paramedical procedures”.

She further states that various medical services are provided to the beneficiaries of services provided by health facilities from health posts, health centers, District Hospitals, Provincial Hospitals and referral Hospitals, annexed to of the Ministerial Order No 20/39 of 29/01/2016 determining the medical services provided at each level of health facilities to make them public and known by each beneficiary for being aware of his/her right to get such services without discrimination or inequality before the law. This was done to ensure that everyone who gets medical service, without any form of discrimination, is aware of the service provided at each level of health facilities and its cost. She concludes that she finds that there is no inequality nor discrimination evidenced by the petitioner, and, if such can be the case, there should be investigation so that the person involved in those acts should be held liable for damages because such acts are civil rather than criminal.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 15 of the Constitution provides that all persons are equal before the law. They are entitled to equal protection of the law. Article 16 of the Constitution provides that any form of discrimination or dissemination may be based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, family or ancestry, clan, skin colour or race, sex, region, economic categories, religion or faith, opinion, fortune, cultural differences, language, economic status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination are prohibited and punishable by law. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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The articles for which GLIHD seeks abrogation submitting that they are contrary to the abovementioned provisions of the Constitution are Article 125, paragraph 2, and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general. These articles provide that abortion for a woman or girl is authorized only by a recognized medical doctor.

In order to clarify whether these articles reflect inequality or discrimination based on gender and economic categories as stated by GLIHD which filed the petition so that they are inconsistent with Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution, it is necessary to first explain how these articles are construed. As explained in the Akagera Business Group case49 rendered by this Court on 23/09/2016, articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution are so closely related that in their interpretation they should not be separated. As also explained in the case, article 15 states that all persons are equal before the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law. There should be no discrimination that leads to unequal protection of persons or deprivation of rights while they are entitled to them. Article 16 further states the circumstances in which the person distinction is considered as discrimination and unconstitutional. Both articles are construed as containing the same principle of non-discrimination of persons for their entitlements or prohibitions with intent of depriving some of them from their rights legally recognized.

The principle of equality before the law and protection from discrimination is not only enshrined in the Constitution of Rwanda, it is also embedded in the International Conventions

49 Judgment RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, Akagera Business Group, paragraph 29, rendered 23/09/2016.

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signed by Rwanda. For example, article 7 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 194850, article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 196651. Especially, with regard to equality between men and women, Article 8 (f) of the Maputo Additional Protocol to the African Convention on Human and Peoples' Rights provides that "Women and men are equal before the law and shall have the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure:… (f): reform of existing discriminatory laws and practices in order to promote and protect the rights of women52”.

After explaining the meaning of equality before the law, for the purpose of expounding the issue of this case to determine whether article 125, paragraph 2, and article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties reflect the discrimination, it is also necessary to explain what discrimination is. In the case of Akagera Business Group53 rendered on 23/09/2016, this Court explained that in general discrimination is the persons ‘distinction in order to deprive some of opportunities and favor others, on basis of unreasonable

50 Article 7 states: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 51 All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 52 Rwanda signed the Protocol on 25/06/2004. 53 Judgment RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, para.

22. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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grounds. With regard to gender-based discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in its first article, provides that “For the purposes of this Convention, the term discrimination against women shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on the basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field54”.

As already indicated in the legal provisions and international conventions mentioned above, the principle of equality before the law means that people are entitled to equal rights, without inequality nor discrimination, and the enacted law equally treats the concerned persons. In the case of Murangwa Edward55, rendered by this Court on 29/11/2019, basing on the statements of Erwin Chemerinsky, it expounded that the same things are alike treated and the different things are differently treated according to their differences. In other words, people should be equally treated, but on basis of their characteristics. This principle according to which there is discrimination or inequality when the persons in the same situation are differently treated and without reasonable justification was also reiterated in the case of Thlimmenos v. Greece rendered by the European Court of Human Rights, which upheld that "The Court has so far considered that the right under Article 14 not to be discriminated against in the enjoyment of the rights guaranteed under the

54 Rwanda signed on 02/03/1981. 55 Judgment RS/INCONST/SPEC 00001/ 2019/SC, rendered on 29/11/2019, para.

35.

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Convention is violated when States treat differently persons in analogous situations without providing an objective and reasonable justification56”.

After the explanations above provided on inequality before the law and discrimination, it is obvious to determine whether article 125, paragraph 2, and article 126, paragraph 3 of Law nº 68/2018 mentioned above providing that the abortion for authorized woman or girl is only performed by a recognized medical doctor, convey inequality before the law or discrimination because the law stipulates that such service is provided only by a recognized medical doctor who is not available at health centers, thus a woman or a girl who needs abortion service cannot get it over there, however a man who needs another medical service can get it over there, as submitted by the petitioner.

As to the gender-based discrimination reflected in aforementioned articles as alleged by the claimant, basing on the principle that the same things are alike treated and the different things are differently treated according to their characteristics, the Court finds that, due to the fact that the men, by their very nature, are unable to conceive so as to seek abortion service, and due to the fact that the women who need that service get it in the place provided under the law, to wit at hospital where a recognized medical doctor is available, no one can assert that there is discrimination against them in comparison to those who do not need that service. The same position is reiterated in the case of

56 Case of Thlimmenos v. Greece (Application no. 34369/97), Strasbourg 6 April 2000. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Kabasinga Florida57 rendered by this Court, in which it upheld that there is an offence provided for women which cannot be committed by a man due to their nature as human being who could not conceive and give birth, as it is the case for a woman and this cannot be considered discrimination.

Regarding the issue that the rich women and girls who need abortion service are the ones who have access to such service at the hospital where a recognized doctor is available, while the poor ones cannot reach such place because it is too expensive, the Court finds that this is not a concern only for those who seek abortion services so that it can be considered as discrimination against them, but it also concerns those who need medical services and other issues not settled in health centers in general. The remedy on that issue cannot be found in repealing the legal provisions, rather it can be sought in policies of decentralizing the health services not affordable at the health centers. Lack of resources or capacity by the Government lead to the impossibility to find sufficient medical doctors to appoint even in health centers, especially even the petitioner himself admits that nurses and midwives themselves are not sufficient due to insufficient resources to make them available.

Basing on the explanations provided above, the Court finds that there is no inequality before the law nor discrimination in article 125, paragraph 2, and article 126, paragraph 3 of Law No 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, and therefore do not violate articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution. For these reasons, its claim on that issue is unfounded.

57 Judgment RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2020/SC, § 27, rendered on 27/11/2020.

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Determine whether Article 125, paragraph 2, and Article 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties are inconsistent with Article 23 of the Constitution providing for respect for privacy of a person and of family

Mulisa Tom, representative of GLIHD and his counsels, argue that a privacy of a person, his/her family, his/her home or correspondence cannot not be subjected to interference in a manner inconsistent with the law, his/her honour and dignity shall be respected. They submit that the law determining offences and penalties in general abovementioned provides that a recognized medical doctor is the only one who performs safe abortion for legally authorized woman or girl, such woman or girl seeking such medical service must first go to the health center to apply for a transfer, it is evident that all staff members who will prepare such document will be informed of what he or she is going to get until he or she arrives at the hospital, he/ she must first be provided with in-depth counseling services before getting abortion service. Therefore, they maintain that during those circulations, his/ her right to confidentiality of the medical service provided has already been violated because many people will be aware of the service she is seeking whereas the information should be between the patient and the doctor.

The State Attorney submits that the principle of secrecy of information from a patient or anyone accessing to the hospital is provided for by Law N°49/2012 of 22/01/2013 establishing medical professional liability insurance in its article 8, paragraph 3 and article 3, paragraph 3 of Ministerial Order N° 002 / MoH / 2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform abortion which provides that “the Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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person requesting for abortion is not required to produce evidence of the grounds she invokes”. This means that the person requesting for abortion should not produce evidence of the circumstances in which she got pregnant.

She further sustains that in the event of breach by a medical doctor of the secrecy of information related to the patient, he/she is held liable for the effects as provided under Articles 13 and 25 of Law N°49/2012 of 22/01/2013 establishing medical professional liability insurance. She concludes that there is no inconsistency between paragraph 2 of Article 125 and paragraph 3 of Article 126 of the Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 abovementioned and Article 23 of the Constitution providing on the respect for privacy of a person and of family.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 23, first paragraph, of the Constitution provides that “the privacy of a person, his or her family, home or correspondence shall not be subjected to interference in a manner inconsistent with the law; the person’s honour and dignity shall be respected”. These rights are also enshrined in various international treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights58, the International Covenant on Civil and

58 Article 12 of the Declaration reads: no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

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Political Rights59, and the European Convention on Human Rights60.

Regarding the meaning of the respect for privacy of a person and of family, in the case of Bărbulescu v. Romania61, the European Court of Human Rights considers that “the notion of private life may include professional activities, or activities taking place in a public context. Restrictions on an individual’s professional life may fall within Article 8 where they have repercussions on the manner in which he or she constructs his or her social identity by developing relationships with others. It should be noted in this connection that it is in the course of their working lives that the majority of people have a significant, if not the greatest, opportunity to develop relationships with the outside world”. In the case K S Puttaswamy (Rtd) vs Union of India62 rendered by the Supreme Court of India, the latter ruled that "Privacy, in its simplest sense, allows each human being to be left alone in a core which is inviolable," he said. Yet the autonomy of the individual is conditioned by her relationships with the rest of

59 Article 17 of the Covenant reads: 1. no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.

2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 60 Article 8 of the Convention reads: 1. everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.

2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. 61 Case of Bărbulescu v. Romania, Application no. 61496/08, § 7, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/spa?i=001-177082. 62 Writ Petition (Civil) n° 494 of 2012, §2. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/127517806. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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society. Those relationships may and do often pose questions to autonomy and free choice…”

In an article entitled "Internet: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights63" published by the Research Division of the European Court of Human Rights, it provided the definition of the private life stipulated in article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights abovementioned. It stated that the private life includes the privacy of communications, which covers the security and privacy of mail, telephone, e-mail and other forms of communication and informational privacy, including

63 Research Division of the European Court of Human Rights “Internet: Case- law of the European Court of Human Rights”, updated: June 2015, p.

8. Private life includes the privacy of communications, which covers the security and privacy of mail, telephone, e-mail and other forms of communication; and informational privacy, including online information (Copland v. the United Kingdom, no. 62617/00, ECHR 2007-I). The concept of private life moreover includes elements relating to a person’s right to their image (Sciacca v. Italy, no. 50774/99, § 29, ECHR 2005-I). In other words, photographs or videos which contain a person’s image will fall within the scope of Article 8. In fact, the right to the protection of one’s image presupposes the individual’s right to control the use of that image, including the right to refuse publication thereof (Von Hannover v. Germany (no. 2) [GC], nos. 40660/08 and 60641/08, § 96, ECHR 2012). This is relevant for the storing of images on communal or social websites. This is an area where the protection of the reputation and the rights of others takes on a special importance, as photos may contain highly personal or even private information about an individual or his or her family. The Verlagsgruppe News GmbH and Bobi v. Austria case (no. 59631/09, 4 December 2012) is interesting in this connection. Photos were taken in the course of a private event in the applicant’s apartment. They were taken with his agreement but were not meant for the eyes of outsiders (§ 86). They concerned his private life and were not essential to the offending article, so the claimant’s interest in the protection of his image prevailed (§§ 89-90), https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/research_report_internet_eng.pdf. accessed on 01/12/2021.

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online information. It further argued that the right to privacy of one's own person and his or her photographs or images should not be exposed to public without his or her consent, the perpetrator would be interfering in one's personal life. This meaning was provided on basis of a series of judgments rendered by that Court.

The United Nations Human Rights Committee, in its general comment of article 17 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights abovementioned, states that “Article 17 provides for the right of every person to be protected against arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence as well as against unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation. In the Committee's view, this right is required to be guaranteed against all such interferences and attacks whether they emanate from State authorities or from natural or legal persons. The obligations imposed by this article require the State to adopt legislative and other measures to give effect to the prohibition against such interferences and attacks as well as to the protection of this right64”.

In order to protect the right to privacy as required by that article, in Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, article 15565 provides for and punishes

64 CCPR General Comment No. 16 : Article 17 (Right to Privacy) The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation Adopted at the Thirty-second Session of the Human Rights Committee, on 8 April 1988, §1. https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883f922.html. accessed on 02/12/2021. 65 Except in cases provided for by laws, any person who, without authorization of the occupants, enters a home, a house, a room or accommodation of another person, commits an offence. Upon conviction… he/she is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than two (2) months but less than six (6) Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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the crime of violation of domicile, article 15666 provides for and punishes the crime of secretly listening to conversations, taking pictures or disclosing them.

Regarding the statements of the claimant that the fact that the abortion service is provided only by a recognized medical doctor as provided by the articles of the law against which the filed a petition violates the privacy of the person due to the procedures allegedly used for affording such service, although these procedures are not adequate in accordance with the

months and a fine of not less five hundred thousand Rwandan francs (FRW 500,000) and not more than one million Rwandan francs (FRW1,000,000). If entry into a person’s domicile is by recourse to threats, housebreaking or use of false keys, the penalty is an imprisonment for a term of not less than three (3) years and not more than five (5) years and a fine of more than one million Rwandan francs (FRW 1,000,000) and less than two million Rwandan francs (FRW 2,000,000) or only one penalties. 66Any person who, in bad faith and in any way infringes the personal privacy of another person by 10secretly listening to, or disclosing, people’s confidential statements without authorization; 20 taking a photo, audio or visual recording or disclosing them without one’s authorization commits an offence. Any person who is of any of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article, is liable to imprisonment for a term of not less than six (6) months and not more than one (1) year and a fine of not less than one million Rwandan francs (FRW 1,000,000) and not more than two million Rwandan francs (FRW 2,000,000) or only one of these penalties. If the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article are committed in full view and awareness of the persons concerned and without opposing the acts while they were able to do so, their consent is presumed. The penalties referred to in Paragraph 2 of this Article also apply to a person who, in bad faith, distributes in any way whatsoever, a photo, audio and video, recordings or documents obtained as a result of one of the acts referred to in Paragraph One of this Article.

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provisions of Article 9 of Ministerial Order n°002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform abortion67, the Court finds that this is not a violation of a person's private life on basis the explanations above mentioned, rather it is secrecy between medical care seeker and medical care provider. This secrecy is protected in accordance with the provisions of article 36 of Law N°46/2012 of 14/01/2013 establishing the Rwanda Allied Health Professions Council and determining its organization, functioning and competence, which provides that “All practitioners of allied health profession and members of the organs of the Council shall be bound by professional secrecy for any information gained from their duties or they have acquired in the course of performance of their duties even after they cease to perform such duties. The same shall apply to any person who, in whatever capacity, participates in the functioning of the Council [...] This is also highlighted by article 158, first and second paragraphs, of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general68. In particular, Article 10 of Ministerial Order N ° 002 / MOH / 2019 of 08/04/2019 mentioned above, provides that “The medical doctor and the health facility that received the person requesting for abortion services must ensure the respect of the right to confidentiality”.

In the premises, the Court finds that article 23, paragraph 1, of the Constitution, accords to every Rwandan and every other

67 A person who wishes to get abortion services has the right to access an accredited health facility of her choice and to receive the services without necessarily presenting the medical transfer 68 Any person who reveals professional secrecy entrusted as privilege to keep by virtue of function, occupation or mandate of a religion, whether in service of after leaving the service, commits an offence. Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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Rwandan resident the right to freedom in his or her personal life, in his or her relations with others without any interference in a manner inconsistent with the law and without his/her consent. He/she exercises such right freely and without fear. Basing on all explanations above provided, the Court finds that the petitioner failed to prove the circumstances in which the challenged articles providing that the abortion service for authorized women and girls is only performed by a recognized medical doctor, are contrary to article 23 of the Constitution, rather his statements concern the right to confidentiality, and as it has been explained, the Court has found it baseless. Therefore, its claim on that issue is unfounded. The Court finds that the issue raised by the petitioner and examined in the instant case concerns the potential difficulties encountered by the women or girls in case they are not afforded the abortion service at the nearest health centers as submitted by the petitioner intending to relate them to the rights set forth in the Constitution. A similar issue was examined by the European Court of Human Rights in case A, B and C v. Ireland, when the women in that State claimed that their right to life was violated by their inability to have abortion at Hospitals in Ireland. The Court found that there is no issue related to the right to life because nothing excluded women from having abortion in the States recognizing abortion69. The Court also finds that there was no legal barrier for girls or women who meet the legal conditions to have access to a recognized medical doctor to get abortion for unwanted pregnancy in accordance with the law. Having found that articles 125, paragraphs 2 and 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining

69 A, B and C v Ireland, (CG) n° 25579/05, para 158 α 159, ECHR, 2010.

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offences and penalties in general are not inconsistent with the Constitution, the Court finds that there is no ground to determine whether those provisions as well as Article 2 (3 °) of Ministerial Order N°002/MOH/2019 of 08/04/2019 determining conditions to be satisfied for a medical doctor to perform abortion must be reformulated as requested by the petitioner. III. DECISION OF THE COURT Decides that the petition initiated by the Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development (GLIHD) has no merit. Decides that Articles 125, paragraph 2 and 126, paragraph 3 of Law Nº 68/2018 of 30/08/2018 determining offences and penalties in general, are not inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda.

Re. GREAT LAKES INITIATIVE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT (GLHD)

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PROCEDURAL CASES

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CASE RELATING TO THE

PROCEDURE FOR REVIEW OF A

JUDGMENT DUE TO INJUSTICE

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BIZIMANA v UWASE [Rwanda, SUPREME COURT- RS/INJUST/RC 00015/2017/SC – (Ntezilyayo, P.J, Nyirinkwaya, Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye and Rukundakuvuga, J.) 23 June 2020] Application for review due to injustice – Absentia parties – When a claim in respect for an Application for Review of a judgment on grounds of being vitiated by Injustice, none of legally summoned parties appears, similar to the case of other proceedings, the Court may adjourn the case, or remove the case from the list of cases when it appears to the court that the parties have no interest in pursuing their case. Facts: When a claim is relating to application for Review due to Injustice, none of the parties appear to court for the entire procedure of summons as provided for the law, as in the case of other proceedings, the Court may adjourn the case to another day, or removal the case from the list of cases when it is clear to the court that parties have no interest in pursuing their case. Bizimana was not satisfied with the court decision and appealed to the Intermediate Court of Rubavu. The court ruled that Bizimana's appeal was founded in some arguments; orders that the property consist of 2 houses, must be registered with their children represented by Bizimana and Uwase, and that Bizimana and Uwase are not allowed to sell it; confirms that the judgment of the appealed case has changed only with respect to the property consisting of the houses. Bizimana was not satisfied with the decision of the case and wrote to the Office of the Ombudsman requesting that the case decided by the Intermediate Court of Rubavu be reviewed due to 71

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injustice, as the Court ordered that the property he owed with Uwase be given to their children, and registered to their children which the law did not provide for whereas the law provides that in the event of a permanent divorce spouses share their property equally. The Office of the Ombudsman wrote to the President of the Supreme Court requesting that the case be reviewed to injustice, and the President of the Supreme Court also confirmed that the case would be heard by the Supreme Court. The date of the hearing was reached, with no party personally present whereas they were all summoned in the means and procedure prescribed by law. And the court examined the question to know how it goes in case the parties are not personally present in the Court while there were summoned in means and procedure prescribed by the law in the case of application for review due to injustice. Held: 1. When a claim is relating to Application for Review due to Injustice, none of the parties appears to court after the entire procedure of summons as provided for the law, as in the case of other proceedings, the Court may adjourn the case to another day, or removal the case from the list of cases when it is clear to the court that parties have no interest in pursuing their case, thus it is clear that Bizimana has no interest in this case he applied for review due to injustice because, he were summoned and did not personally appear to Court. The Court must remove this case on the list of the cases. Claim of application for review due to injustice removed Statutes and statutory instruments referred to:

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Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, on Civil, Commercial, Labor and Administrative Procedures, article 59, Paragraph 1 No cases referred to.

JUDGMENT I.

BACKDROUND OF THE CASE

Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste was married to Uwase Furaha Marie Louise on 15/07/2005, in Nyamyumba Sectror, they begot two children namely Uwiduhaye Nadine born in September / 2004 and Irabizi Didier born on 15/05/2008 and they have property iconstiiting of two houses and a motorcycle. Later they had misunderstanding until Uwase Furaha Marie Louise filed a lawsuit in Primary Court of Gisenyi seeking for a divorce.

On 31/10/2013, Primary Court of Gisenyi ruled as follows:  Declares that Uwase Furaha Louise is completely divorced from Bizimana known as Twizerimana Théoneste;  Ordered that the property the owned together consist of two houses in Plot No. 511 located Rushubi-Rugerero remain with Twizerimana Bizimana Théoneste because it is his usual residence, while Uwase Furaha Marie Louise wins the house in Plot No. 763 located in Rurembo- Rubona; BIZIMANA v UWASE

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 Orders that TVS motorcycle with the Chassis number MD625DF44C1A71630 be sold from the proceeds and distributed equally;  Orders that the debts owed to Vision Bank amount to 622,500 Frw to be paid equally: each of them must pay 311,200 Frw and then the Bank will calculate the interest on late payment, and the divorced will jointly repay them equally;  Ordered that their two children, Nadine Uwiduhaye, born on 09/2004 and Irabizi Didier, born on 15/05/2008, have to live with her mother and take care of them, then her father Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste pay harmony of 10,000Frws per month to help Uwase Furaha Marie Louise to raise them.

Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste appealed the case to the Intermediate Court of Rubavu and a claim was given number RCA 0043/14 / TGI / RBV. In this case, the court heard only the consequences of the divorce and the division of property and who will be given children because both wanted to keep them.

On 04/06/2014, High Court of Rubavu ruled in RCA 0043/14 / TGI / RBV as follows: a. It held that Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste's appeal was well-founded; b. Ordered that the property consists of a house in plot no 763 located at Rurembo-Rubona- Nyamyumba and a house in plot number 511 located at Rushubi-Rugerero, should be registered to their children namely Uwiduhaye Nadine and

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Irabizi Didier and represented by Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste and Uwase Furaha Marie Louise, then Bizimana and Uwase are not allowed to sell it; c. It affirms that the judgment in Case RC 0174/13 / TB / GIS on appeal has only changed with respect to property consisting of houses.

Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste wrote to the Office of the Ombudsman requesting that case RCA 0043/14 / TGI / RBV decided by the Intermediate Court of Rubavu on 04/06/2014 be reviewed due to injustice as the Intermediate Court of Rubavu ordered that the property the gained while living together be given to their children and registered to them hence there is no statutory provision provides so, rather it provides that in case permanent divorce is given, the spouses share their property equally.

After examining the matter, the Office of Ombudsman found that case RCA 0043/14 / TGI / RBV decided by the Intermediate Court of Rubavu on 04/06/2014, should be reconsidered on grounds of injustice, and requested the President of the Supreme Court, after considering the report of the Inspectorate General, of Courts, confirmed that the case is being reheard and registered to RS / INJUST / RC 00015/2017 / SC.

On 23/06/2020, the case was called without any of the parties personally present and they were summoned in accordance with the law;

The issue to be considered is to know how the case of application for review due to injustice is treated when no one of BIZIMANA v UWASE

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the parties to the case personally appeared before Court after all procedures of summoning parties as determined by the law. II.

ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES

After the President of the Supreme Court ruled1 that the case No. RCA 0043/14 / TGI / RBV decided by the Intermediate Court of Rubavu on 04/06/2014 was remanded on grounds of injustice at Bizimana 's request, his complaint was registered in the list of cases of Supreme Court as provided for in article 80 of Organic Law No. 03/12 / OL of 13/06/2012 determining the structure, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Bizimana Théoneste was repeatedly summoned on the basis of his identifications given2 but could not appeared to court so as to provide his court submission in accordance with article 20 of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, on civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure. He was required to be summoned as a party with unknown address3 in accordance with the provisions of articles 45, 46 and 49 al.2 of the above law; unfortunately, he did not personally appear to Court.

Uwase Furaha Marie Louise was also summoned but according to the summons, she refused to sign stating that the case against her husband she won the case, and they had even begun to execute so that they had no other case, that she said that they are duping her4.

1 See the decision of the President of The Supreme Court N0 021/2017 of application for review due to injustice found in final court decisions 2 See summon of 27/07/2017, that of 23/11/2017 and that of 07/02/2019 3 See summon of 5/12/2019 4 See summon of 27/07/2017 and the statement of a Court Bailiff of 02/08/2017 appearing to that summon

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DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 59 (first paragraph) of Law No. 22/2018 of 29/04/2018, on civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure provides that “If no party appears in court on the day of the hearing and the parties are duly notified of the date of the hearing, the Court may adjourn the case to another day, or removal the case from list of cases when it is clear to court that parties have no interest in pursuing their case.

The Supreme Court finds that this provision gives the court a choice between adjourning the case to another day, or remove from the list of cases. The court is allowed to remove the case from list of cases when it is clear to court that parties have no interest in pursuing their case.

In the present case, the court finds that the first party to have interest was Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste because he was the one who requested that this case to be reviewed due to injustice and accepted. But the fact that he was allowed to do so in order to do what the law requires for his trial or for him to proceed with his case shows that he has no longer interest in it. As for the defendant, Uwase Furaha Marie Louise, who testified to the bailiff who went to summon her, told him that she had no direct interest in the case as described above.

DECISION OF THE COURT

Held that Bizimana Twizerimana Théoneste's application for review due to injustice of the case RCA0043 / 14 / TGI / RBV ruled by Intermediate Court of Rubavu on 04/06/2014 is removed from the list of cases. BIZIMANA v UWASE

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CASES RELATING TO CIVIL, COMMERCIAL, LABOUR AND

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE

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KABANGO v GOVERNMENT OF

RWANDA [Rwanda SUPREME COURT-RAD 00001/2019/SC- (Rugege, P.J, Cyanzayire, Rukundakuvuga.) May 2019 Administrative procedure – A claim against an administrative authority who failed to comply with the court decision – Ministry – An administrative authority to be summoned – The minister shall be summoned as the ministry’s administrative authority, and as an overall coordinator and a responsible person for all the ministry’s functions – Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 184. Facts: Kabango sued the Government of Rwanda to the High Court claiming to have been deprived of the ownership of his immovable property consisting of a land and its contents. The High Court ruled that his claim has merit in part, and awarded him the house equivalent value and some other various damages. The plaintiff was not satisfied with the court’s ruling and subsequently appealed to the Supreme Court, which held that his appeal is founded and ordered the Government of Rwanda to give him back his land or its proportional equivalence computed on its current market value. The Government of Rwanda applied for review of the case but the Supreme Court dismissed such application and maintained the previous judgment. The plaintiff again seized the Supreme Court praying it to summon the Minister in charge of Environment and ask him why he did not comply with the Court’s order. 81

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The Government of Rwanda raised an objection of inadmissibility alleging that the Court sued a wrong person. The Government further explained that it should not have been the Minister to be sued, instead, the Court should have summoned the Permanent Secretary, as a person in capacity of bills payments as per the Organic law on State finances and property. In his defence, the claimant urgues that the Permanent Secretary reports to Minister and that all case-related correspondences were handled by Minister himself and the latter has never declared himself incompetent over the issue. The Court found the Government’s objection baseless, and proceeded with the merit of the case. The claimant submits that the execution of judgment did not go well, since he never agreed with the Ministry as to the value of the disputed land, and accordingly requests the judgment to be executed as ordered, since resorting to other alternative execution other than the Court’s ruling would be construed as non- execution. The State Attorney submits that the Minister has never declined the execution of the Court’s decision as such, that there only occurred a misunderstanding over the execution modalities, since part of the disputed land was a Government swamp land, which made it impossible to award him all hectares as decided by the court. Held: 1. In a claim against a ministry over a failure to execute the Court’s judgment, the Minister shall be summoned to justify reasons of the non- compliance. 2.The fact that the disputed land for which the Court ordered restitution comprised of a swamp land, a public property out of ownership to individual persons, constitutes a practical obstacle

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for the Ministry in the execution of the Court’s judgment. Therefore, nothing herein should be regarded as failure by the Minister to comply with the Court’s judgment. The objection has no merit. The claim is unfounded. Court fees cover expenses incurred in this case. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law no 12 /2013 of 12/07/2013 on State Finance and property, articles 3,11,18,19 and 21; Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure, articles 3 and 184; Prime Minister’s order no 006/03 of 30/01/2017 drawing up a listing of swamp lands, their characteristics and boundaries and determine modalities of their use, development and management. No cases were referred to. Judgment I. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

This case started from the High Court, Chamber of Musanze whereby Kabango Antoine sued the Government of Rwanda alleging to have been deprived of the ownership over his immovable property consisting of 5 hectares of land and all other properties that are erected on it, located in Burera District, which was donated to Ruhengeri Diocese while he was still in exile. KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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The Court heard the case RAD 002/11/HC/MUS on 04/04/2012, and ruled that Kabango’s claim has merit in part, and he wins for his former house valued at 4,529,015 FRW and he is awarded moral damages amounting to 1,000,000 Frw, counsel fee of 300,000 Frw, all totalling to 5,829,015 Frw.

Kabango Antoine appealed to the Supreme Court and the appeal was registered to RADA 0019/12/CS, and heard on 29/09/2014. The Court held that the appeal of Kabango Antoine has merit and ordered the Government of Rwanda to give him back his land or else give him its proportional equivalence computed on the very land current market value. The Court again ordered the Government of Rwanda to pay Kabango Antoine 7,329,015 Frw that includes 4,529,015 Frw for the house value, 2,000,000 Frw for moral damages and 800,000 Frw for the counsel and procedural fees.

The Government of Rwanda applied for case review and the application was registered to RS/REV/AD 004/15/CS and heard on 22/04/2017. The Court maintained the ruling of case RADA 0019/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 26/09/2014.

Kabango Antoine again lodged the case to the Supreme Court on 05/03/2019 praying it to summon the Minister in charge of Environment for him to justify reasons of non-compliance with the Court’s judgement RADA 0019/12/CS heard on 26/09/20141

1 He invokes article 184 of the Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure (CCLAP) that provides that a claim against an administrative authority who fails to comply with the Court’s judgment is filed by the way of unilateral application.

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The hearing was scheduled on 14/05/2019 and heard in public, Kabango Antoine appeared in person assisted by Counsel Mutembe Protais while the Government of Rwanda was represented by State Attorney Batsinda Aline.

State Attorney Batsinda Aline argued that the application of Kabango Antoine should not be admitted on ground that he sued a wrong person and this constitutes an objection that has to be first examined. II. LEGAL ISSUES AND THEIR

ANALYSIS Whether Kabango Antoine sued a wrong person

State Attorney Batsinda Aline urgues that the application filed by Kabango Antoine should not be admitted nor examined since he sued a wrong person. She elucidates that preparation and implementation of cash flow plans fall under the duties of Permanent Secretary; as provided for under sub-paragraph 9, paragraph one, article 18 and sub-paragraph 5, paragraph one, article 19 of the Organic Law n0 12/2013 of 12/07/2013 on State Finances and Property.

State Attorney Batsinda Aline further urgues that the inadmissibility of the case due to the suing of a wrong person is further clarified by the article 3 of the Law n0 22/2018 of KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure .2

Counsel Mutembe Protais assisting Kabango argues that the objection raised lacks merit on ground that the Permanent Secretary reports to Minister and that all case-related correspondences were handled by Minister himself and the latter has never declared himself incompetent over the issue.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The State Attorney submits that the Court should have summoned the Permanent Secretary as a person in charge of cash- flow plans. The Court rejects this objection since the minister remains the administrative authority for the ministry, thus a coordinator and responsible for all the ministry’s functions. Regarding the management of State Finances and property, the Organic Law n0 12/2013/OL of 12/09/2013 on State Finances and property clearly highlights the role of the minister in the management of State Finances and property.

Article 3, 210 of the above mentioned Organic Law n0 12/2013/OL of 12/09/2013, in its terms, defines an executive head of an organ as a head who coordinates all the functions of the organ. For the case of a ministry, it is the minister who coordinates all its functions above stated. Among other duties in assignments of an executive head, article 21 of the aforementioned Organic Law includes the following :

2 That article reads: Unless otherwise provided by the law, a claim is admissible in court only if the claimant has standing, interest and the capacity to sue.

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- to provide strategic guidance on the priorities to be funded in the preparation of the budgets of the public entities under his/her responsibility ; - to provide guidance on budget reprioritisation where necessary in accordance with relevant legal provisions ; - to monitor the use of public funds and management of assets at the disposal of the public entities under his/her responsibility ; - to advise the chief budget manager on effective use of public funds.3

In the light of the foregoing duties in the functions of a minister as the executive head of an administrative organ, the Court confirms his considerable role in the management of State finances and property. The Court also finds that the Permanent Secretary reports to the minister, thus implicating the minister’s upper hand in all functions of the Permanent Secretary. This is so true that even every time the Parliament, Chamber of Deputies requires both the minister and Permanent Secretary to appear before it and explain policies, programs and utilization of the ministry’s budget as provided in the paragraph 4 of article 11 of the above indicated Organic Law No 12/09/2013/OL of 12/09/2013. The Court, more so, established the Minister’s role in this issue, through the case-related correspondences that he has been personally handling.

3 Article 18, 90 of the Organic Law no 12/2013/0L of 12/09/2013 on State finances and property provides that the chief budget manager shall be the Permanent Secretary. KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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Based on the foregoing and seeking to understand the Minister’s non-execution of the Court’s judgment, the Court finds no relevance in the raised objection of suing a Minister, in lieu of Permanent Secretary and consequently declares the State Attorney’s objection baseless. Whether the Minister in Charge of Environment failed to execute the Court’s judgment to an extend that puts him in a liability as per provisions of article 184 of the Law no 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure

Counsel Mutembe Protais assisting Kabango Antoine advances that the wish is to request the Ministry to execute the judgement as it was initially decided, since resorting to other alternative execution other than the Court’s ruling would be construed as non- execution.

Kabango Antoine submits that the execution of the Court’s judgment did not go well since he never agreed with the Ministry over the disputed land value. Referring to his land valuation expertise, he values his land at 78,150,000 Frw while the Ministry values the land at 45, 891,640 Frw equating it to 3.8037 hectares with 1,206.5 Frw per a square meter. Another point of disaccord lies in the Ministry’s expertise that reduces his land surface area to 3. 8037 hectares yet the Court has confirmed 5 hectares.

He elucidates that the Court’s decision of the case RADA 0019/12/CS is clearly stated more importantly in its ruling in the paragraph 14, whereby requirement is to abide by the contents of paragraph 12 that follows: “all has to be executed in observance of the value of his 5 hectares of land plus the house on it…., he

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has to be given his land back, or else, be awarded its equivalent value calculated on the current market price…”. He also submits that he met all the Court’s requirements by presenting the 5 hectares land valuation expertise report of February 2015 that values his land at 78,150,000 Frw per the current market value.

Counsel Mutembe Protais defends that the Ministry should not seek to base the judgment execution on its own valuation expertise, since the very expertise contradicts the Court’s ruling, unless the Ministry recourses to the very Court for possible modifications. He argues that he sees no other reasons that will make the Court’s judgment be executed differently.

State Attorney Batsinda Aline urgues that the Ministry has never failed to execute the judgment, she advances that there only occurred disagreements on the execution modalities. She justifies the Ministry’s good will to sort out the issue by some funds, computed in reference to the Ministry’s valuation expertise report, that were once deposited to Kabango’s bank account. She also refutes that the sole Kabango Antoine’s land valuation report serves the referencing tool, since it has never been confirmed by the Court. She even goes further to discard the Kabango Antoine’s new claim, since the latter was summoned and notified of the Ministry’s land valuation report, with which he agreed and submitted his bank account thereof.

State Attorney Batsinda Aline further explains that the land Kabango Antoine claims for comprises the State swamp land, and that is the reason for which he did not get all the 5 hectares. She even explains that the Ministry’s report indicates that the land that Kabango Antoine claims for reduces to 3.8067 hectares, the rest is the State swamp land of Kabaya-Kilimbi which features on the list of State swamp lands as per the Prime KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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Minister’s order no 006/03 of 30/01/2017 drawing up a listing of swamp lands, their characteristics and boundaries and determining modalities of their use, development and management.

Counsel Mutembe Protais completely rejects all the submissions of State Attorney Batsinda Aline, and he instead says that Kabango Antoine has never entertained any talks with the Ministry of Environment and he never agreed to be paid 45,000,000 Frw.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 184 of the Law n0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that “An administrative authority that fails to execute a court judgment may be summoned to the court that issued the decision to justify reasons of the non- compliance”.

This is the very provision that Kabango Antoine referred to in the filing of his claim, it usually serves in the event an administrative authority fails to execute the court’s judgment, neither he provides the reasons for such a non-execution. When this occurs, the aggrieved litigant recourses to the Court for it to summon the authority in question to justify reasons of the non- compliance. In instance of no tangible reasons, the Court might impose him/her a sanction.

Apparently, the Minister in charge of Environment did not fail to execute the Court’s judgment, instead the Ministry, in the process of execution hit an obstacle that evolves around the facts that in restituting the land to Kabango, the Court included

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the State property (swamp lands)4, normally out of ownership to individual persons as detailed in the letter number 0611/16.01 of 09/05/20195 . This scenario, the Supreme Court finds it no different from that of a litigant who might stubbornly want to grab unrelated somebody’s property just because the Court has mistakenly awarded it to him/her.

The Court finds that a good number of elements of evidence prove that the Ministry of Environment has demonstrated a good will to execute the Court’s judgement, among others appear: • The letter number 0134/16.01 of 07/03/2018 that the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Land and Forestry addressed to Kabango Antoine notifying him of the Ministry’s consent to temporarily pay him 7,329,015 Frw he won in the case RADA 0019/12/SC and that amount meant to include the value of the then house on the land, moral damages as well as counsel and procedural fee. The Ministry also notified him that the remaining land value payment will follow suit after land valuation counter-expertise report.

4Prime Minister’s order N0 006/03 of 30/01/2017 5 In that letter, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment was notifying the Ministry of Justice /Attorney General on the challenges encountered while trying to execute the court’s judgment. It highlights that among other challenges, there was a concern that the Court relied on the size of the disputed land of 5 hectares, but never bothered to determine its actual value, this made every litigant to come up with a different expert valuation report. In addition, they faced a challenge of disagreement over the actual size of the land. The letter reads that the 5 hectares that Kabango Antoine underlines in a court judgment, of which he presents a valuation report, comprise Kabaya-Kilimbi swamp land. KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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• The letter number 0624/16.03 of 01/10/2018, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Land and Forestry addressed to Kabango Antoine notifying him that the amount determined by the Ministry’s land valuation report stands at 45,891,640 Frw counted for 3.8037 hectares and not five (5) hectares, valued at the current market price depending on the land location, and asking Kabango to provide the bank account for deposit. • The letter number 1147/16.01 of 04/12/2018, the Minister of Environment wrote to Kabango Antoine reiterating the above mentioned letter of the Permanent Secretary, again requesting Kabango to provide for his bank account for payment deposit. • The letter number 0010/16.03 of 04/01/2019, the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Environment (the former Ministry of Land and Forestry) addressed to Kabango Antoine requesting him to bring his property valuer so that they sit to talk and together find ways of sorting out the case. • The fact that the Ministry of Environment has deposited 7,329,015 Frw on Kabango’s bank account on 3rd /04/2019 as it appears on payment order of which the Court has a copy, and the Bank deposit account was submitted by Kabango Antoine himself via his letter of 26/02/2019 addressed to Minister just in reply to the Minister’s of 04/12/2018.

The Court finds that Kabango Antoine’s disagreement with the Ministry of Environment over the non-execution of the Court’s judgement will not be settled via the provisions of the aforementioned article 184 of the Law n0 22/2018 of 29/04/2018.

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Instead, the disagreement will be sorted out through other legally accepted mechanisms.

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds Kabango Antoine’s application that seeks to know reasons of the Ministry’s failure to execute the Court’s judgment in case RADA 0019/12/CS, void of merit. Whether the Government of Rwanda deserves damages

State Attorney Batsinda Aline claims for damages arguing that Kabango Antoine wilfully dragged the Government of Rwanda into unnecessary lawsuit yet he clearly knew that he was peacefully and agreeingly paid. She thus requested 2,000,000 Frw for damages and procedural fee incurred.

Counsel Mutembe Protais assisting Kabango Antoine in the case, pleads that fining him is actually abusive, since he is already a victim trying to obtain justice in his rights and he has been struggling with this case for over 10 years ; thus he should not be fined for any damages since he cannot even afford them.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court finds that Kabango Antoine had the right to seek justice every time he deemed his rights violated, thus the Court finds no need to fine him over the alleged dragging a person into unnecessary lawsuit. The Court again finds that the Government of Rwanda did not suffer any loss that will make it deserve damages, given that the Government is represented by its employees that are monthly paid and get some other employment allowances. Consequently, the Court finds the damages KABANGO v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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amounting to 2,000,000 Frw claimed by the Government of Rwanda baseless. III.

DECISION OF THE COURT

Declares the objections raised by the Government of Rwanda void of merit;

Finds baseless the application filed by Kabango Antoine.

Orders that the court fee deposited by Kabango Antoine covers expenses incurred in this case.

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NZEYIMANA ET AL v MUHIRWA ET AL. [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RADAA 00009/2018/CA – (Karimunda, P.J., Kanyange, Ngagi, J.) 17 January 2020] Administrative Procedure law – Connexity of cases – Appeal against decisions of connexity of cases – Decisions ordering or denying that the cases are combined are appealed in the same way as it is in the matters relating to the jurisdiction of Courts and should be resolved prior to resumption of cases' hearing. Administrative Procedure law – Filing a case to the Court – Interest to sue – It is the value that the plaintiff gives to his/her request to the court, it must be direct and legitimate; in its absence, he/she has no right to sue. This interest is examined when there is a violation of the rights, although the judgment indicates if these rights have been violated or not. Facts: Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga sued Muhirwa and Muhorakeye to the Intermediate Court of Gasabo for requesting the annulment of ASPPEK statutes. They filed another claim in the same Court against RGB, ASPPEK, Muhirwa and Muhorakeye requested the cancellation of the document granting the legal personality to ASPPEK. Muhirwa and Muhorakeye raised two objections. The one is about inadmissibility of the claim because the plaintiffs had to submit their claim to the organ of conlict resolution, the other one states that the plaintiffs and the defendants had no interest or authorization; and that ASPPEK should be sued instead of them. ASPPEK also raises the objection that it is not the one to be sued. 95

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The Court decided to combine both cases and ruled that the plaintiffs should not have to submit their claim to the organ of conflict resolution as the statutes of 2001 that governed the association did not provide for the organ of conflict resolution. It also finds that all the objections raised by the parties lack merits. With regard to the hearing of the case on the merits, the Court ruled that the document granting to ASPPEK the legal personality was annulled and ordered that the statutes of 2013 done in its name was invalidated. ASPPEK, Muhirwa and Muhorakeye lodged an appeal to the High Court stating that there are legal provisions disregarded by the Intermediate Court so that they lose the case, and RGB lodged a cross-appeal stating that it should not be held liable for damages because it did not err in granting the legal personality. The High Court decided that the appeal of ASPPEK, Muhorakeye and Muhirwa lacks merits while RGB's appeal has merits. ASPPEK filed an appeal to the Supreme Court stating that the Intermediate Court of Gasabo had no jurisdiction to hear the case involving RGB and the decisions of the previous courts are in violation for the provisions of the law governing non- governmental organisations. After the Judiciary reform, ASPPEK's appeal was transferred to the Court of Appeal in conformity with the Law N° 30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining the

Jurisdiction of Courts. In its appeal, ASPPEK states that the Intermediate Court had no jurisdiction to hear the administrative claim which was requesting the cancellation of the document granting to it the legal personality and that the High Court which decided the invalidation of the statutes had no jurisdiction too. It further states that RGB has its headquarters in Remera Sector within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge, which has

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the territorial jurisdiction. It also states that the case should not be combined with the civil claim filed by Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga requesting the annulment of its statutes, meaning that the Court would not have combined two cases as one was not falling within its jurisdiction. Muhirwa and Muhorakeye also declared that this case should have been heard by the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge as the decision challenged was taken by an authority from Nyarugenge District and that the two cases should not be combined as they are different by nature; this has led to the modification of the civil case into the administrative one, while it is impossible. Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga find that the Intermediate Court of Gasabo had jurisdiction as the subject matter is the invalidation of ASPPEK's statutes and it has its seat in Gasabo, therefore, there should not be raised any issue about the territorial jurisdiction of the Court. They also state that the fact that the two cases were combined although they are different by nature, was appropriate because they are linked with each other so that the trial of one should likely affect the other and no laws were violated in combining them. In its appeal, RGB states that because the civil case should affect the administrative case, those cases had to be inevitably combined for the sake of justice interests because both Intermediate Courts

of Nyarugenge and Gasabo have the same jurisdiction and it was not necessary to drag a party into lawsuits. In respect of determination whether ASPPEK should have been sued in court by Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga for invalidation of its statutes and the document granting its legal personality as they are not its members, it states that the fact that they filed a claim in the Court against it without being its members, they had no NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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interest to request for the invalidation of its marks and that if they were members they would have signed the statutes of 2013; but they preferred to make opposition and it was decided to suspend them, instead, it notes that they would have filed a claim against that decision. Muhirwa stated that the members of that association are the signatories to its statutes, therefore, Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga had no possibility to file a claim againt these bylaws without being members; they had no interest to file a petition. In their appeal, Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga state that those who adduce that they had been expelled from ASPPEK did not provide a dismissal letter; they are on the list of members as it is provided for by the statutes of 2001 signed by the notary in 2009. They further state that the fact that they did not sign the statutes which were illegally drafted and jeopardized their interests does not deprive them of their membership. RGB submits that the issue related to the analysis of interest in the case tried by the Intermediate Court does not greatly concern it. He states that due to the fact that the statutes of 2001 and 2013 indicated that Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga were members, it notes that they had the right to sue. Held: 1. Decisions ordering or denying that the cases are combined are appealed in the same way as it is in the matters related to the jurisdiction of Courts and should be resolved prior to resumption of cases' hearing.

2. It is the value given by the plaintiff to his/her request to the court, which must be direct and legitimate; in its absence, he/he has no right to sue. This interest is determined when there is a violation of the right, although the judgment indicates that this right has been violated or not

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Appeal lacks merit. The cross-appeal has merits in parts. The ruling of the case tried by the High Court is sustained. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 determining the Organisation, Functioning and Jurisdiction of Courts, articles 121, 122, 152, 156 and 178. Law N°30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining the Jurisdiction of Courts, article 105. Law Nº 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 3 and 111. Law N°04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organisation and the functioning of national non-governmental organisations article 6, 24, 27 and 39. Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 3. No cases referred to. Notes of legal scholars: A. Benabent, Droit des obligations, 14e éd., Paris, LGDJ, 2014, p.167. G. Cornu, Vocabulaire juridique, Association Henri Capitant, Paris, PUF, 1998, p.

456. G. DE Leval et autres, Droit judiciaire, Manuel de procédure civile, tome 2, Larcier, p.

80. Philippe Kint, Les associations sans but lucratif, Bruxelles, Larcier, 1999, p. 68). Serge Guinchard, Droit et Pratique de la procédure civile, 8ème Ed., Paris, Dalloz,2014, p.290. NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Judgment I. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

The judgment started before the Intermediate Court of Gasabo where Bertin Nzeyimana and Cécile Mukayisenga filed a claim against Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce, requesting the Court to invalidate ASPPEK's statutes. Their claim was registered under the number RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO-RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO. They later filed another claim against RGB, ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce requesting to annul the document No 121/2014 of 17/10/2014, granting to ASPPEK the legal legal personality and it was recorded under the number RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSBO. The Court decided to combine both cases.

Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce raised two objections. The first one requests to the Court not to admit the claim because the plaintiffs would have submitted their claim to the organ of conflict resolution, the second one states that the plaintiffs and the defendants had no interest nor authorization they should not be sued, instead ASPPEK should be sued. ASPPEK also raised the objection that it is not the one to be sued. The Court declared that it would make decision on objections together with the case on the merits.

On 04/03/2016, the Intermediate Court of Gasabo tried the case RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO –RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSBO - RC0427/14/TGI/GSBO - RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO and ruled that the plaintiffs should not have submitted their claim to the organ of conflict resolution, as this association's statutes of 2001 did not provide for such organ of conlict resolution and it was not

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relevant to refer to the general laws or the statutes of 2013 not recognized by the plaintiffs and in which they did not participate.

The Court found that the objection according to which Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a claim without interests and power lacks merits, as all the parties admitted that both the plaintiffs together with Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce were members of the Associaion that established ASPPEK. There is no indication that they had been expelled or they withdrew from it.

The Court also found that the objection according to which defendants would not have been sued lacks merits too ; it declares that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had the right to sue Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce for their key role in the activities done as emphasized by various documents signed by Muhorakeye Grâce as the chairperson of the meetings held, sometimes as the President of the association or its spokesperson. In respect of ASPPEK, the Court found that there is nothing that precludes it from being sued, while some members thought that there had been some unfair acts ; whereas RGB was sued because it was the issuer of the certificate under litigation.

With respect to the case on the merits, the Intermediate Court of Gasabo decided that the document No121/2014 of 17/10/2014 granting to ASPPEK the legal personality is annulled because it has been illegally issued, it ordered that the so-called statutes of 2013 be also cancelled. It ordered to ASPPEK, RGB, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce to jointly pay to Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile the damages equivalent to 1,500,000 Frw and to repay court deposit fees NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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deposited by the plaintiffs, equivalent to 200,000 Frw, except RGB.

ASPPEK, Muhorakeye Grâce and Muhirwa Alexandre lodged an appeal to the High Court stating that there are legal provisions disregarded by the Intermediate Court of Gasabo so as they lose the case, RGB filed a cross-appeal stating that it should not be liable for damages because it did not err in granting the legal personality. Their appeal was recorded under RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG.

On 06/02/2017, the High Court rendered the judgment RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG and decided that the appeal of Muhorakeye Grâce, Muhirwa Alexandre and ASPPEK lacks merits whereas RGB's appeal has merits. The Court upheld that document No 121/2014 of 17/10/2014 granting the legal personality to ASPPEK is hereby cancelled, and the so-called statutes established in 2013 are also invalidated. It ruled that RGB should not be liable for damages because there was no evidence proving that it was aware of false information received and ignored in granting the document, but Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce should be themselves held liable to jointly pay damages to Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile equivalent to 1,500,000 Frw in addition to 200,000 Frw sustained in the appealed judgment, plus 500,000 Frw as their two lawyers' fees

ASPPEK was not satisfied with the ruling of the case and filed an appeal to the Supreme Court requesting to examine if the Intermediate Court of Gasabo had jurisdiction to hear the case against RGB because this institution has its headquarters in Remera Sector within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge. It requests to rectify those mistakes so as to

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overturn the previous cases. Another ground for ASPPEK's appeal was to determine whether Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had interests to file a claim in the Court requesting the invalidation of its statutes and the document granting the legal personality whereas they were not its members.

In its appeal, ASPPEK also states that the previous courts took decisions by disregarding the provisions of law governing Non-Governmental Organisations. Its representative requests the appealed Court to examine whether a member of an association without the legal personality who refused to sign the statutes when the association decided to become non-governmental organisation may be allowed to invalidate what have been done on basis of the amended law. It also submits that the claim could not have been addmitted before its analysis by the organ conflict resolution provided for in the law governing non-governmental organisations and the ASPPEK's statutes, and that there are elements of evidence produced, but not analysed by the previous courts. ASPPEK also requests for various damages.

After Judiciary reforms, ASPPEK's appeal was transferred to the Court of Appeal according to the Article 105 of the Law N° 30/2018 of 02/06/2018 determining the Jurisdiction of Courts .

The hearing was scheduled on 11/02/2019, on that date, it was adjourned due to the absence of ASPPEK's Counsel, Muhirwa Alexandre was sick and his counsel had not received the mandate to represent him; the judgement was adjourned on 20/02/2019.

On 20/02/2019 the parties appeared before the Court, ASPPEK was represented by Counsel Bayingana Janvier, NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were represented by Counsel Katushabe Mary, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce were represented by Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre, RGB represented by Counsel Kayiranga Rukumbi Bernard, the nalysis was made on the objection regarding the lack of jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal filed by Bertin Nzeyimana and Cécile Mukayisenga, and the other objection filed by Counsel Kayiranga Rukumbi Bernard Rukumbi who requested that the ASPPEK's appeal should be admitted because it challenges the judgment tried by the Intermediate Court of Gasabo instead of challenging the judgment rendered by the High Court; and on 29/03/2019, the Court decided that the objections lack merits and it declared that the the hearing of the case on the merits would be resumed on 16/05/2019, on that date, the parties debated on the grounds for appeal, but the hearing was adjourned for conciliation between two parties, the hearing was adjourned on 11/06/2019.

Following the failure to reach the conciliation, the case was heard again in public on 04/12/2019, ASPPEK was represented by Counsel Bayingana Janvier, RGB represented by Counsel Gahongayire Myriam, Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were represented by Me Katushabe Mary, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce were represented by Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre. On the same day, the hearing was adjourned due to the nightfall and scheduled on 09/12/2019.

On that date, the parties appeared before the Court represented as before, except that Counsel Katushabe Mary was joined by Counsel Minani Sempinga Jean d'Amour to assist Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile.

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II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUES A. APPEAL OF ASPPEK 1. Determine whether the Court has disregarded the legal provisions by combining the judgments RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO-RC0428/14/TGI/GSBO- RAD0009/15/TGI/GSBO- RAD0010/15/TGI/GSBO and it lacked the territorial jurisdiction

ASPPEK's Counsel Bayingana Janvier states that according to the Article 178 of Organic Law N° 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 which determined the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts, the Intermediate Court of Gasabo lacked the jurisdiction to hear an administrative decision which requested the cancellation of the document granting the legal personality to ASPPEK, to that effect, the High Court which declared later that ASPPEK's legal personality is invalidated also lacked the jurisdiction. He added that RGB has its headquarters in Remera Sector, one of the sectors within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge, it is the one which had jurisdiction. Thus, the objection raised at the first instance and in the appeal would not be considered. He further added that this case should not be combined with the civil case filed by Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile requesting the invalidation of the ASPPEK's statutes because RGB should not have been sued in the Intermediate Court of Gasabo, meaning that that Court should not have combined two cases as the one was not under its jurisdiction. He concludes by praying the appealed Court correct the errors as it is of public order so as to quash the previous judgments. NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre states that this case should have been heard by the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge as the decision challenged was taken by an authority from Nyarugenge District and the two cases should not have been combined because of they are different by nature so as it has led to the modification of the civil case into the administrative one while such fact is impossible ; thus, the cases should be reinstated. He states that there is no reason for the those who initiated the case to declare that they seized the Intermediate Court of Gasabo basing on the fact that the subject of litigation is located there, because the document granting the legal personality has no residence and the administrative matters have their specialized judge.

Counsel Katushabe Mary, assisting Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile states that according to the provisions of Article 122 of the Organic Law determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts into force at the time of filing the claim, notes that the Intermediate Court of Gasabo had jurisdiction as the subject-matter was to invalidate the statutes of ASPPEK which has the headquarters in Gasabo, therefore there is no issue about the territorial jurisdiction of the Court that could have been raised in consideration of the Articles 121 and 122 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts.

With regard to the fact that the cases different by nature were combined, Counsel Katushabe Mary states that there was no legal provision providing that the cases different by nature could not combined and she notes that due to the fact that those cases were related, it was necessary to combine them because the ruling of one judgment would inevitably affect the other and that

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there is no violated law in combining them as each case started before the separate Court. They were combined later in an administrative case ; and there is a letter for appeal as provided for in such cases. She requests that in deciding, the Court should rely on Articles 122 and 178 of the Organic Law ddetermining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts, into force at the time Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a claim.

The Counsel of RGB states that both cases should not have started in the same court because the Intermediate Court of Gasabo should not have admitted the claim against RGB ; but because the civil case had to affect the administrative case, they had to be inevitably combined for the sake of the interests of justice as the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge and the Intermediate Court of Gasabo both have the same jurisdiction, it was not necessary to drag a party from one court to another. He concludes by submitting that since the interests of the justice are mainly based on the avoidance of unfairly dragging parties into courts, it was necessary to combine those cases.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT With regard to the territorial jurisdiction of Intermediate Court of Gasabo

The Article 121 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts into force at the time Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a claim, stipulates that “Unless the law provides otherwise, the Court situated where the defendant ordinarily resides shall have jurisdiction to try a case. When there NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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are several defendants, the plantiff shall choose the Court of one of the defendants’ ordinary domicile. When the domicile of the defendant is unknown, the case shall be heard in the Court situated where he/she resides”.

The Article 122 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 above mentioned, stipulates that "Cases against the State, public enterprises and government agencies shall be filed in the Courts where their headquarters are located or where the subject matter of the suit is situated".

The documents in the case file indicate that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a claim against Muhirwa Alexandre, Muhorakeye Grâce, ASPPEK and RGB in the Intermediate Court of Gasabo, the Chamber of Administrative cases requesting the invalidation of the document number 121/2014 granting to ASPPEK the legal personality, their claims were recorded under RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO- RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSB.

The ruling of the appeled judgment indicates that the High Court declared that the Intermediate Court of Gasabo had territorial jurisdiction according to the Article 122 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts, it declares that the fact that the plaintiffs explained that ASPPEK operates in Gasabo District, where the statutes relied on were drafted to grant the legal personality, this indicates that this Court had the jurisdiction.

In this case, ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce state that the Intermediate Court of Gasabo has no territorial jurisdiction over the case against RGB, that

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institution is located in Remera Sector, within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge.

The Court finds that Remera Sector where RGB headquarters were located at the time of filing the claim was within the jurisdiction of Primary Court of Nyarugunga which was also within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge; but as the aforementioned legal provisions indicate, Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had the right to choose to file a claim to the Intermediate Court of Gasabo where the other parties reside according to their identification, therefore, the Court did not err by hearing this case based on the general principle provided under the Article 121 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 mentioned above because RGB, as indicated, had been sued together with other parties residing within the jurisdiction of the Intermediate Court of Gasabo as indicated.

The Court finds that the statements of Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre that the claimants did not prove that they filed the claim before the Intermediate Court of Gasabo on basis of the location of the subject matter because the document granting the legal personality does not have address, lacks merits ; as it has already been expounded, pleading in the Intermediate Court of Gasabo was based on the fact that some parties reside within its territorial jurisdiction. With respect to the decision to combine the judgments RC 0427/14/TGI/GSBO- RC 0428/14/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0009/15/TGI/GSBO-RAD 0010/15/TGI/GSBO

Article 152 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Courts as amended, in force at the time the Intermediate Court of Gasabo was seized, provides that: There shall be connected offences if various cases are linked with each other so that the trial of one is likely to affect the outcome of the other or if separate trial of each may result into conflicting judgments. Article 156 of the Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts above-mentioned provides that judgments and written Court Orders concerning transfers or refusal to transfer cases, joining or disjoining cases in other Courts may be appealed against.

The Legal Scholar Serge Guinchard states that in the absence of a precise definition in the law, connexity obviously supposes a wide margin of appreciation and anticipation from judges. It is considered as question as the fact that the Court of Cassation does not control and leaves to the deep sovereign appreciation of the judges.

With regard to this judgement, the case file indicates that after Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a civil and administrative claim to the Intermediate Court of Gasabo, on 08/04/2015 the Chief Registrar of the Intermediate Court of Gasabo decided to combine both cases to be tried by administrative cases' bench.

The case file indicates that, in its decision on this issue, the High Court declared that the fact that it was requested, in one case, to invalidate the statutes of 05/04/2013 which was illegally enacted, in another case, it was requested to overturn the decision granting the legal personality made by RGB, this indicates that the cases have connexity so that the trial of one was likely to affect the outcome of the other.

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An analysis of Article 156 of Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts above-mentioned implies that the purpose of the legislator by providing for that judgments and claims ordering or refusing to transfer cases to other courts as well as that those ordering to join or disjoin cases may be appealed against is that such claims are examined as special claims and must first be resolved before the hearing of the cases referred to the Court by the parties, the reason why the legislator provided that they may be separetly appealed against without beeing heard together with other issues of the case. The aforementioned legal scholar, Serge Guinchard, also states that the decisions on the connexity, whether they order the transfer or refuse it, are subject to appeal as it is the case for the jurisdiction of the courts, which means that such issues must first be settled before resuming the hearing of cases.

Based on the explanations provided and on the provisions of article 156 of Organic Law N⁰ 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 mentioned above, the Court finds that ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce would have firstly filed an appeal against this appeal ground and the decision should be separately taken about it, meaning that the High Court would not have admitted this appeal ground and heard it together with the case on the merits. Therefore, the fact that the procedure for appeal they chose together with the case on the merits is contrary to the provisions of Article 156 of Organic Law N⁰ 51 / 2008 of 09/09/2008 mentioned above, the decision of the High Court on that issue should be overturned and the ruling shall remain as it was after the judgment of the Intermediate Court of Gasabo. NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Determine whether Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had an interest in filing a lawsuit in court requesting invalidation of its statutes and decision granting legal personality whereas they were not its members.

Counsel Bayingana Janvier, representing ASPPEK, states that Bertin Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga Cécile sued ASPPEK in the Intermediate Court of Gasabo whereas they were not members, therefore, they had no interest in requesting invalidation of its symbols. If they were members they would have signed on statutes of 2013 ; but, that they chose to revolt themselves and a decision to suspend them was taken. He therefore finds that they should have filed a claim againt this issue instead of filing a claim against the statutes of 2013, without knowing its content or in which they were not involved, because they recognize the statutes of 2001, which cannot serve as basis for granting the legal personality. He submits that this objection had been raised in the previous courts but was not considered, this is the reason why it is again raised.

Muhirwa Alexandre submits that the statutes of ASPPEK state that the members of the association are its signatories ; and Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile are not included and they cannot file a claim against the statutes and the legal personality in which they were not involved and in 2014, the members decided that they no longer had the opportunity to be members of ASPPEK again because of their conduct, according to the minutes of the meeting submitted to the court. He avers that, according to these reasons, they have no interest in filing a claim and if there are other interests they need from ASPPEK, they have to sue in another procedure.

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Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre states that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile should not have filed a claim against ASPPEK while they were no longer its members. Thus, they had no capacity to sue because they were dismissed and they did not specify why they only file a claim against Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce instead of all members.

Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile support that those who submit that they have been dismissed from ASPPEK do not present a dismissal letter. They add that there are currently four (4) members in ASPPEK and Bertin Nzeyimana was the President, and they are on the list of members as indicated by the statutes of 2001 notarized in 2009 and signed by him, Nzeyimana Bertin, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce. Those statutes should be considered as agreement between them. They also state that another proof of their membership is the documents published in the Official Gezette, including the document of 25/01/2012 appointing Nzeyimana Bertin as President and the other one related to a handover between him and Muhirwa Alexandre.

They further submit that the fact that they did not put a signature to the illegal statutes and detrimental to their interests is not the reason for not being members of ASPPEK, and there was no evidence relied on by the appelants stating that the former members who didn't sign the bylaws are deprived of the membership rights.

Counsel Katushabe Mary states that the bylaws of 2001 provided for the procedure for becoming member and being dismissed and it should be implemented by the General Assembly which was composed of Muhirwa Alexandre, Muhorakeye NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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Grâce, Kalisa Mbanda, Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile. She further submits that the Article 11 of the bylaws of 2001 provides for a general meeting and objectives of ASPPEK, but both Muhirwa Alexandre and his wife Muhorakeye Grâce had secretly arrogated the power to appoint new members and established its objectives. She supports that the members of ASPPEK who allegedly dismissed Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile, had no capacity to do so, because they illegally became members; and the statement of appellants that the High Court did not decide about the capacity of Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile to file a claim is not true as it is stated on the page 4 to page 8 of the case ruling, the same Court analysed that issue and declared that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had the capacity to lodge a claim.

With regard to the fact that the lawsuit was only filed against Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce, Counsel Katushabe Mary avers that they are the only known members of ASPPEK legally recognized and they legally performed activities.

The representative of RGB states that the issue of interest analysis in the case tried by the Intermediate Court of Gasabo does not mainly concern RGB. He state that sue to the fact that bylaws of 2001 and 2013 indicated that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were ASPPK members, he finds that they had the capacity to sue. He concludes by requesting the Court of Appeal to declare that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile filed a claim having the capacity to sue because they are still members of ASPPEK due to the fact that they have been dismissed by unauthorized members.

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He further added that the debate over the capacity to sue of Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile does not concern RGB as both the 2001 and 2013 statutes indicates that they are members.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Article 3 of the Law Nº 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that” unless otherwise provided by law, a claim is admissible in court only if the claimant has standing, interest and capacity to sue”.

The case file contains the statutes of the non profit making organization, ASPPEK, dated on 15/11/2001 which was signed by four (4) members namely Muhirwa Alexandre, Nzeyimana J. Bertin, Mukayisenga Cécile and Muhorakeye Grâce. The case file also indicates that they continued to work together until 2012 despite issues and disputes between them, but the main issue arose on 05/04/2013 when the new statutes of ASPPEK was published with the names and signatures of Muhorakeye Grâce and Mutsiri Elvanie, and approved during the meeting of 14/04/2013, the meeting minutes indicate the list of fourteen (14) new members of ASPPEK; but among them, Nzeyimana Bertin, Mukayisenga Cécile and Prof. Kalisa Mbanda did not sign it because, according to Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile, they did not sign it because they were not involved in its drafting so that they do not recognize it and do not understand how they were excluded from its drafting and the precedure in which the new members were admitted without admission by ASPPEK General Assembly legally held. NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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The case file indicates that RGB, based on these statutes, decided to grant legal personality to ASPPEK. In addition, on 25/09/2014, ASPPEK General Assembly attended by ten (10) members also decided to distrust three persons namely Prof. Kalisa Mbanda, Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile for their misconduct towards ASPPEK members who wanted to work with them but refused to sign the statutes for enabling them to become the founding members of ASPPEK. After the decision to dismiss them from the association, Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile decided to file a claim to the courts requesting the invalidation of the decision No. 121/2014 of 17/10/2014 granting legal personality and the nullification of the so called statutes of ASPPEK and the lawsuits started by that time.

With respect to determine whether Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had no interest in suing, the Court finds that it is necessary to firstly explain the meaning of the interest to sue before deciding on this issue. The Legal Scholar Gérard Cornu states that the interest to sue is the value given by the plaintiff to his/her request to the court, such value must be personal, direct and legal so that when it does not exist, the plaintiff has no standing to sue. The Legal Scholar Georges De Leval and his colleagues state that the interest is not considered in the outcome of the trial, but rather the fact that there may be a violation of the right, although, after examination, the judgment would indicate whether the right has been violated or not.

With regard to this case, due to the fact that the ASPPEK was founded by four (4) members and invested in it, including the school (Ecole de l’Espoir de Gasogi); and two of them decided to amend the statutes and the objectives of ASPPEK and

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to admit new members without participation of other founding members until the decision to dismiss them from the association on 25/09/2014 alleging that they did not sign the statutes of 05/04/2013, the Court finds that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were deprived of their rights to ASPPEK. Therefore, they had interest to lodge a claim.

The Court finds that the statements by ASPPEK and Muhirwa Alexandre that while Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were no longer members of ASPPEK they had no standing to sue ASPPEK should not be taken into consideration, because the standing is not based on membership, but it is based on their personal, direct and legal interest that they want to be protected. The Court finds that the claim for invalidation of the contract may be filed by any person who has an interest in it, meaning the person who would benefit from such invalidation. This standing may be raised by the parties to the contract as it can be raised by any other third party. For example: the creditors have an interest in claiming that the sale made by the debtors would be invalidated so that the property is remained to the debtor's asset, meaning that there is nothing that can preclude Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile from requesting invalidation of the statutes detrimental to their interests.

The Court also finds that there is no law requiring a person to sign a contract or bylaws by force when it is deemed to be detrimental to his/her interests. Therefore, when Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile had already been excluded as ASPPEK members, they had the standing to request the invalidation of the bylaws they didn't sign for adopting the bylaws agreed on by all parties. This is to mean that they also had NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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the standing to request the invalidation of the decision granting legal personality to ASPPEK granted on the basis of those statutes.

3. Determining the statutes on which Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile relied in filing the claim

Counsel Bayingana Janvier states that, as provided for in the ASPPEK statutes of 2013 and in Articles 6 and 27 of the Law N⁰ 04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organization and the functioning of national non-governmental organisations, before filing a claim, the issue should be submitted to the organ of conflict resolution, the High Court declared that this ground of appeal lacks merits by upholding that the organ of conflict resolution did not exist whereas it existed together with its members, because the the issue arose while Mukayisenga Cécile and Nzeyimana Bertin had not been dismissed from organization yet. He requests that if the Court of Appeal finds that the organ of conflict resolution existed but the claimants didn't resort to such organ while it was provided for in the statutes, the appealed case should be reversed and the claimants should firstly resort to it and in case the issue is not settled, they should seize the courts.

Muhirwa Alexandre states that such organ existed and was composed of Kamali Aimé Fabien, MUKASHYAKA Bernadette and others indicated in a document submitted to the Court; and it was mandatory to firstly resort to it before seizing the courts as provided for in the statutes of 2012 as the application was filed in 2014.

Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre states that an agreement was needed before seizing the Court as provided for in the ASPPEK statutes.

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Mukayisenga Cécile and Nzeyimana Bertin submit that the organ was not provided for in the statutes of 2001 and there are other organs to which they resorted before seizing the courts, including the Office of the Ombudsman, RGB, the City of Kigali and the District of Gasabo. They also state that there is no way for the appellants to support that they would have resorted to the organ of conflict resolution while they did not recognize them as members of the ASPPEK because they were dismissed on 25/09/2014 and filed a claim in October 2014 and if they had resorted to it they would have been in violation of the statutes, especially, its members were illegally appointed.

Counsel Minani Sempinga Jean d'Amour avers that the statutes of 2013 indicates that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile were members, but they did not sign on the list, which is the reason for its invalidation by the courts, and they would not have resorted to the organ of conflict resolution while they did not participate in its establishment.

Counsel Katushabe Mary sustains that the statutes of 2001 do not provide for the organ for conflict resolution, rather its Article 21 provides that the decision must be taken by ¾ of members of the organization. She further maintains that even the organ for conflict resolution was not provided for in such statutes, they attempted to establish it as composed of RGB, City of Kigali, Gasabo District and the Office of the Ombudsman, but they finally failed to reach agreement, nothing precludes them from seizing the courts.

Counsel Gahongayire Myriam, representing RGB, submits that the Court of Appeal should examine whether by the time of filing a claim, the organ for conflict resolution existed and if the Court finds that the organ existed but they did not resort to NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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it, it should declare that the claim would not have been admitted as such procedure was disregarded.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Article 27 of Law Nº 04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organisation and the functioning of national non- governmental organisations provides that “any conflict that arises in the national non-governmental organisation or among its organs shall be first resolved by the organ charged with conflict resolution referred to in Article 6 of this Law. In case that procedure fails, the concerned party may file a case to the competent court of Rwanda”.

The Article 3 of the Law Nº 15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its poduction stipulates that each party has the burden of proving his/her allegations.

In order to determine whether Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile should firstly resort to the organ of conflict resolution, the Court finds that it is necessary to firstly determine the statutes which should be considered between the one of 15/11/2001 and the other of 05/04/2013.

With regard to this issue, the Article 6 of ASPPEK statutes of 15/11/2001 stipulates that the founding members of the association are the signatories to these statutes; those who are latter admitted are adherent members who have applied for membership and approved by the General Assembly and agreed to abide by the statutes and objectives of the association. Article 11, paragraph one, subparagraph one of ASPPEK statutes abovementioned provides that the General Assembly has the

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power to enact and amend the statutes and internal rules and regulations of the association. The Article 14 of the same statutes provides that the quorum for the meeting of the General Assembly is more than ½ of effective members. If the quorum is not present, another meeting is convened within the next seven days and it takes decision if 1/3 of the members attended the meeting .

The case file indicates that ASPPEK statutes signed on 15/11/2001 were still into force until 05/04/2013, when other statutes were signed for the purpose of harmonizing them with the provision of Article 39 of the Law Nº 04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organisation and the functioning of national non- governmental organisations which requires the national non- governmental organisations to harmonize their functioning and statutes with this Law in a period not exceeding twelve (12) months from the date it is published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda.

The case file indicates that ASPPEK amended its statutes on 05/04/2013, before the expiration of time limit provided under the law because it should expire on 08/04/2013, meaning that by that date of 05/04/2013, the amendment of the statutes or the admission of new members should be done in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of 15/11/2001, because it was not a new association which was established, rather it was the existing one required to harmonize its functioning with the requirements of the new Law.

The case file contains the statutes of 05/04/2013 signed by Muhorakeye Grâce as the President of the ASPPEK association, Mutsiri Elvanie as the Vice President of ASPPEK and the meeting minutes of the General Assembly which NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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amended the statutes of the Parents Association for the Promotion of Education in Rwanda (ASPPEK) of 14/04/2014, it is obvious that it has been signed by 11 out of 14 members on the list, three of them did not sign.

The Court finds that before ASPPEK statutes were amended on 05/04/2013, the one of 15/11/2001 was still into force according to the provision of Article 39 of Law Nº 04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organisation and the functioning of national non-governmental organisations as the one-year time limit provided for had not yet expired.

In accordance with the provisions of the Statutes of 2001, the Court finds that it should be followed, especially in Articles 11 and 14 the ASPPEK General Assembly composed of four (4) founding members should be firstly convened, it had the power to amend the ASPPEK Statutes and admit new members, it should be held with the presence of at least more than 2 out of its 4 members, otherwise, the meeting would be convened for the second time and by such time, it would take decisions only if 1/3 of the members attended. Therefore, the fact that what was done is contrary to the provisions of the Statutes of ASPPEK implies that the Statutes of 05/04/2013 should be invalidated and the decision granting legal personality to ASPPEK should be overturned as ruled by the previous courts.

The Court also finds that due to the fact that the Statutes were not amended for being harmonized with the provisions of Article 39 of Law Nº 04/2012 of 17/02/2012 governing the organisation and the functioning of national non-governmental organisations, and the ASPPEK legal personality is invalidated, but the organization continued to operate until now, it means that, according to the legal scholars, ASPPEK exists as an

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organization but without legal personality (de facto association), the Statutes of 15/11/2001 remain enforceable by its members as an agreement between them, and neither the signatories nor the non-members must not claim that the organization has legal personality, rather it remains as organization between its members. The legal scholars further state that when the organization is granted legal personality, it approves the activities before undertaken on its behalf, but it does not preclude the individual liability of the members because the legal personality has not retroactive effect, however the organization which was granted the legal personality is legally established since the day it was granted legal personality

The Court finds that while it is obvious that the Statutes of ASPPEK to be complied with was the that of 15/11/2001 and they do not provide that a claim over a conflict arising out of a national non-governmental organisation must first be settled by the organ of conflict resolution provided for by the law and Statutes of such organization, the statements by ASPPEK that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile would first refer their claim to the organ of conflict resolution lack merits.

Based on the aforementioned explanations, the Court finds that while it is clear that the activities of ASPPEK are contrary to the provisions of its Statutes, and that its Statutes of 05/04/2013 should be invalidated as well as the decision granting legal personality to ASPPEK be overturned as ruled by the previous courts, it is no longer necessary to examine the ground of appeal related to determination whether there are elements of evidence produced by ASPPEK indicating how Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile did not comply with their duties NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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to remain in the organization with the intention of impairing its functioning for preventing it from operating legally. Determine whether there is any damages to be awarded to ASPPEK

Counsel Bayingana Janvier states that ASPPEK requests that Nzeyimana Bertin and his wife Mukayisenga Cécile pay 10,000,000 Frw for being dragged into unnecessary lawsuits, 4,000,000 Frw for the case preparation and procedural fees, as well as 10,000,000 Frw for lawyer's fees.

Nzeyimana Bertin, Mukayisenga Cécile and Counsel Katushabe Mary state that Muhorakeye Grâce and Muhirwa Alexandre are the ones who should pay damages claimed by ASPPEK as they are the cause of judicial proceedings and RGB should jointly pay because it was involved in granting legal personality, though it was forbidden to do so.

Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce claim damages of 10,000,000 Frw of procedural fees, 7,000,000 Frw for lawyer's fees and 20,000,000 Frw for moral damages. Counsel Munyandamutsa Jean Pierre sustains that his clients request such damages because there are so many things they are not able to follow up about ASPPEK interests as they are always dragged into unnecessary lawsuits and the organisation loses its trust.

Bertin Nzeyimana and Mukayisenga Cécile state that ASPPEK should not be awarded the claimed damages because it was involved in judgements by itself.

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Counsel Katushabe Mary submits that such damages are not appropriate because Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce are the ones who benefit from ASPPEK.

Counsel Gahongayire Myriam, representing RGB, supports that the damages not claimed during pretrial conference would not be awarded to claimants.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

The Court finds that 10,000,000 Frw for being dragged into unnecessary lawsuits, 4,000,000 Frw for the case preparation and procedural fees, as well as 10,000,000 Frw for lawyer's fees claimed by ASPPEK from Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile at this instance should not be awarded to it because it is obvious that its appeal lacks merits. It also finds that Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce should not be awarded 10.000.000 Frw for procedural fees, 7.000.000 Frw for lawyer's fees and 20.000.000 Frw for moral damages as they are the cause of all judgments by committing illegal acts. B. CROSS-APPEAL

Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile claim 5,000,000 Frw for procedural fees and lawyer's fees, 33,000,000 Frw (28,000,000 Frw + 5,000,000 Frw) for moral damages in both cases, lawyer's fees equivalent to 2,000,000 Frw and 500,000 Frw for prodecural fees at appeal instance. Counsel Katushabe Mary expounds that the reason for her clients to claim damages is the fact that they were excluded from drafting the new Statutes of ASPPEK and applying for the legal personality. They NZEYIMANA ET AL v. MUHIRWA ET AL

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have been deprived of the right to benefits of organization, and they pay to their counsels the money that was not required to be paid.

Counsel Bayingana Janvier, representing ASPPEK, smaintains that the claimed damages lack merits as it was the right of ASPPEK to lodge appeal.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 111, paragraph 2 of Law Nº 22/2018 of 29/04/2018 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that the claim for legal costs is adjudicated at the same time with the principal claim. It can also be admitted and adjudicated even if the principal claim has not been admitted.

The Court finds that Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile deserve the lawyer's fees and procedural fees they claimed because they resorted to two counsels for representation at this instance; but it finds that 2,000,000 Frw for lawyer's fees and 500,000 Frw for procedural fees are too much at this instance according to the expenses incurred during the judgment and the fact that there are some damages awarded to them in the previous courts (1,500,000 Frw + 200,000 Frw + 500,000 Frw), in its discretion the Court awards to them 1,000,000 Frw including 800,000 Frw for lawyer's fees and 200,000 Frw for procedural fees and in addition, ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce should jointly bear the costs because, as upheld by the High Court, RGB has granted legal personality assuming that ASPPEK met all legal requirements.

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It also finds that Muhirwa Alexandre, Muhorakeye Grâce and RGB do not deserve 33,000,000 Frw (28,000,000 Frw + 5,000,000 Frw) for moral damages claimed from ASPPEK as the appeal is the right of the party who feels dissatisfied with the court decision, therefore, ASPPEK did not cause any harm to Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile as a result of appeal. III. DECISION OF THE COURT

Hereby declares that ASPPEK appeal lacks merits.

Hereby declares that the cross-appeal filed by Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile has merits in part.

Hereby sustains the rulings of the judgment RADA 00148/2016/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court on 06/02/2017.

Hereby orders ASPPEK, Muhirwa Alexandre and Muhorakeye Grâce to jointly pay to Nzeyimana Bertin and Mukayisenga Cécile, 2,200,000 Frw ordered by the previous courts (1,500,000 Frw + 200,000 Frw + 500,000 Frw), plus 800,000 Frw for lawyer's fees and 200,000 Frw for procedural fees at this instance.

Hereby declares that the court fees deposited cover the expenses of the judgment proceedings.

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CASE IN MERITS

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ADMINISTRATIVE CASE

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CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI [Rwanda COURT OF APPEAL – RADAA 00005/2019/CA – (Nyirandabaruta, P.J., Mukanyundo and Ngagi, J.) July 3, 2020] Administrative law – Force majeure – The contractual liability based on non-performance is not engaged when there is an administrative act preventing one contracting party from respecting his/her obligations. Facts: This case was initially introduced to the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge, where Rwabusisi requested that the City of Kigali be instructed to pay the rent collected from his houses that it did not reimburse, related interests and various damages. Both parties withdrew their case and concluded a transaction whereby the defendant admitted to pay the plaintiff the total amount he was claiming from it. This agreement was not executed and this drove the plaintiff to sue again to the Intermediate Court requesting that the defendant be ordered to enforce it and he requested the provisional execution despite the appeal of the defendant. The Intermediate Court noted that before the defendant's execution of that agreement, there is a correspondence from the Prosecution Authority addressed to the defendant demanding them to withhold the said amount of money for the reason that the plaintiff was under international arrest warranty for being suspected to have committed genocide, the reason why the defendant was not held liable for failure to fulfill its obligations. The plaintiff lodged an appeal to the High Court where he requested the court to determine whether there has been a case of force majeure that hindered the execution of the 133

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contract by the side of the defendant. He also requested various damages as well as the provisional execution of the judgment. The High Court realised that in the prosecution’s correspondence, nowhere it indicated that the said amount of money would constitute an inculpatory element of evidence against the plaintiff such that the respondent would indicate the influence of the administration that led it to enforce such instruction of the prosecution, and it found further that if the amount of money was seized for the execution of gacaca verdict, it would have been determined the amount he ought to pay and the balance he would have to retain. Thus, it held that the defendant should not have accepted such seizure due to the fact that when a person is prosecuted for a crime, he is not deprived of the right to his/her property, and it ordered the defendant to pay various damages. The defendant lodged an appeal to the Court of Appeal alleging that the High Court held that there was no unusual circumstance that would bar it from respecting the transaction and it was ordered to pay damages. He explains that this Court held that the seizure that was enforced by the Prosecution authority is inconsistent with the Law while it is a competent organ according to the law, which is not inconsistent with the Constitution and that the correspondence it wrote consists of an authentic deed.

For these reasons, it had no other choice because this situation is considered as a force majeure and no one is allowed to refute the decisions of this organ apart from the Court. In his appeal, the plaintiff argues that the defendant was mistaken by complying with the letter of the prosecution without exercising caution. He explains that the Prosecution Authority has the power to seize but that such action should be based on the law while being endorsed by the Court, and

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for this reason, he requests to be given his amount of money since the private property is inviolable. Held: The contractual liability based on non-performance is not engaged when there is an administrative act preventing one contracting party from respecting his/her obligations, and for this reason, this an unusual event that barred the City of Kigali from respecting the contract concluded with Rwabukwisi, the reason why it should not be held liable. Appeal with merit. The judgment rendered by the High Court is reversed in whole. Court fees to the defendant. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law nº014/2018 of 04/04/2018 determining the organization, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department, article 3. Law n° 45/2011 of 25/11/2011 governing contracts, article 141. Organic Law n° 04/2011/OL of 03/10/2011 determining the organisation, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department, article 2. Cases referred to: Cass. com., 5 Oct. 1953: Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280. Authors cited : Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513-514, 519. CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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Judgment I.

BRIEF BACKGROUND OF

THE CASE

This case was for the first time initiated to the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge, where Rwabukwisi Jean sued the City of Kigali, requesting this Court to order it to pay him the unpaid rents from his houses it collected without paying them to him, related interests of 18% from the year 1995 until the payment, judicial damages, and counsel fees. He also requests the Court to impose a sanction forcing execution.

On 02/06/2017, both parties reached an amicable settlement, where the City of Kigali accepted to pay Rwabukwisi Jean 105,900,000Frw including his house’ rent for six (6) years, late interests, and the counsel fees, and for this reason, Rwabukwisi Jean withdrew the claim.

This settlement was not executed, and Rwabukwisi Jean resued the City of Kigali in the case RAD 00198/2018/TGI/NYGE, requesting the Court to order it to respect the amicable settlement they reached, to pay the counsel fees and various damages, and the provisional execution of the judgment despite the appeal by the respondent. Counsel Munderere Léopold intervened in the case demanding to be paid his fees amounting to 15,285,000Frw as provided for by the amicable settlement.

In the judgment with the docket number RAD 00198/2018/TGI/NYGE rendered on 30/07/2018 by the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge, the Court noted that on 22/08/2017, before the payment by the City of Kigali, because it was planned to be done before 31/08/2017, the Prosecution Authority has addressed it a letter instructing it

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to withhold that credit amount of money that should have been paid to its account open in National Bank of Rwanda used for the purpose of deposit of the withheld amounts of money, because there was an international indictment established on 13/05/2014, instructing the arrest of Rwabukwisi Jean as a genocide fugitive, which implies that this is a force majeure that justifies that the City of Kigali should not be held liable for failure to fulfill its obligations in accordance with article 4 of the agreement of 02/08/2017. It also noted that the judgment should not be provisionally executed because the claim of Rwabukwisi Jean lacks merit and that the defendant should not be awarded requested damages.

Regarding the intervention claim initiated by Munderere Léopold, the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge found it without merit too, due to the fact that the main claim was unfounded, and that 15,285,000Frw he requests is not mentioned in the agreement that Rwabukwisi Jean concluded with the City of Kigali.

Rwabukwisi Jean was not satisfied with that decision and lodged an appeal to the High Court requesting it to examine whether there has been a force majeure that is the cause of the non-performance of the agreement between him and the City of Kigali. He prayed for the payment of moral and pecuniary damages as well as the provisional execution of the judgment.

In the judgment with the docket number RADA 00129/2018/HC/KIG rendered on 31/05/2019, the High Court found that in the letter addressed to the City of Kigali by the Prosecution Authority, nowhere it was indicated that that amount of money was likely to constitute the inculpatory evidence against Rwabukwisi Jean as provided for by article 30 of the Law n° 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to criminal procedure relied on to instruct the CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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withholding of the money that ought to be paid to Rwabukwisi Jean, such that the City of Kigali would immediately enforce that instruction without hesitation and without demonstrating the coercion it endured from the prosecution authority.

It found further that even though the money was withheld in the context of the execution of Gacaca verdict as alleged by the City of Kigali, it would have been indicated the money that Rwabukwisi Jean was ordered to pay by Gacaca Court and the balance he ought to retain or if he was ordered to pay the total amount of money. The High Court found in addition that as of the definition of the force majeure, the City of Kigali should not have accepted the withholding that was requested by the prosecution, and that the fact for an individual to be indicted does not deprive him/her of the right to his/her property. It, therefore, ordered the City of Kigali to pay Rwabukwisi Jean 7,280,625Frw of pecuniary damages, 700,000Frw of judicial damages and counsel fees, and pay back 60,000Frw of court fees for both court instances. It held that he does not deserve to be awarded the moral damages he requested because awarding them to him would amount to unlawful enrichment and that cumulative damages are not allowed.

The City of Kigali lodged an appeal to the Court of Appeal, alleging that the High Court held that there was no particular reason that would bar it from performing the contract it concluded with Rwabukwisi Jean, whereas it raised groundful reasons that it disregarded and that it was instructed to pay him undeserved pecuniary damages.

The hearing was carried out in public on 03/06/2020, where the City of Kigali was represented by the State attorney Mbonigaba Eulade and Rwubukwisi Jean was represented by Counsel Rudakemwa Jean Félix.

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II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL

ISSUES Determining whether the letter of the Prosecution Authority of 22/08/2017 constitutes a reason that would have prevented the City of Kigali to perform the contract concluded with Rwubukwisi Jean

Counsel Mbonigaba Eulade, the state attorney states that the City of Kigali was not satisfied with the decision delivered by the High Court because this court held that the seizure effected by the Prosecution Authority was unlawful, but that the court erred in adopting this position since the prosecution authority is an organ with the competence to perform seizure in accordance with article 30 of Law n° 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the criminal procedure that was into force at that time, and that it is usually done and without being inconsistent with the Constitution. He adduces that if the seizure effected by the prosecution authority was unlawful, Rwabukwisi Jean would have attacked it before the Court because the property is still his own and inviolable, and the failure to do it by himself does not engage the City of Kigali to do it on his behalf. He goes on to adduce that another ground that the High court disregarded relies on the fact that the letter of the prosecution Authority is an authentic document and that its content is obviously an order.

Mbonigaba Eulade, the state attorney for the City of Kigali states further that considering the ruling of the case by the High Court, it sounds as if Rwabukwisi Jean was dispossessed of his monies, which is not true, because though they were withheld but they remain his ownership, and that whenever the prosecution deems it necessary, it will hand them back to him. He states that by refusing to pay Rwabukwisi Jean of the agreed monies, the City of Kigali CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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considered the effected seizure without examining whether or not it was lawful because this was not its duty.

Regarding the fact that the letter of the Prosecution authority consists of a force majeure, Counsel Mbonigaba Eulade alleges that the City of Kigali was not aware that the prosecution authority would seize the monies belonging to Rwabukwisi Jean, and it did it in the context of its duties, and therefore they did not have any other choice, which impplies that it should be regarded as force majeure, since the decisions of the prosecution authority are not refuted by the concerned person or the person who is bound to execute them, specially that only the court can disprove them. The failure to have informed Rwabukwisi Jean was due to the fact that this decision was meant for immediate enforcement.

Counsel Rudakemwa Jean Félix states that the City of Kigali as powerful institution and that follow the rule of law was seriously mistaken by eenforcing the letter of the prosecution authority without exercising caution. He admits that the prosecution authority has really the right to initiate seizure but it should be done in accordance with the law as provided for by article 30 of the Law N° 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to criminal procedure that was into force, and it should be approved by the court following article 34 of the same law. He goes on stating that Rwabukwisi resides at a known address, thus, the statements according to which he was missing would not be considered as true because he has never ecaped the prosecution, and for this reason, article 34 of the Constitution must be respected and, he should be given his monies especially that the private property is inviolable.

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DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 4 of the amicable settlement of damages dispute concluded between the City of Kigali and Rwabukwisi Jean on 02/06/2017 stipulates the following: In the event of the occurrence of force majeure not due to the debtor (City of Kigali) and that are unpredictable at the time of signatory of this agreement, preventing its execution as agreed upon by the parties, the debtor is not held liable for non-performance of its obligations. The party that becomes aware of that event informs immediately the other party in order to agree on what should be done.

The analysis of this clause of the agreement above makes it clear that both parties have anticipated the solution in the event of the occurrence of a force majeure that would not be predictable at the time of signing the agreement, and of which the City of Kigali is not liable for, and which are likely to prevent the execution of the agreement. Both parties have thus agreed that such events discharge the side that did not execute their obligations of the agreement. In other words, the other side is not imputed the fault of failing their obligations.

The law scholars on civil liabilities, state that the debtor is not liable where the non-performance is attributable to a foreign cause, unless he was bound by a guarantee obligation. Foreign causes to the debtor include the force majeure, creditors actions, and third party’s actions or the acts of the public administration. These grounds of exemption release the debtor, unless they were of a temporary nature. In this case, the execution is suspended79.

79 Le débiteur échappe à la responsabilité lorsque l’inexécution est imputable à une cause étrangère, sauf s’il était tenu d’une obligation de garantie. La cause étrangère la plus caractéristique est la force majeure à laquelle sont assimilés les faits du créancier et d’un tiers. Ces causes CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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As far as this case is concerned, the case file indicates that after the contract concluded on 02/06/2017 between the City of Kigali and Rwabukwisi Jean, who was claiming the rents from the buildings that were located in quartier Mateus and settled the matter of damages amicably; the Prosecution Authority wrote to the City of Kigali on 22/08/2017, instructing them to deposit all the amount it accepted to pay Rwabukwisi Jean to the account number 1000004258 of the Prosecution Authority open in National Bank of Rwanda (BNR) destined for the deposit of seized assets because Rwabukwisi Jean is under indictment as a fugitive offender since he fled to the Netherlands while they deem these monies seizable in accordance with the law and that in the event he is handed them, he would use them to keep escaping justice.

The Court finds that letter of the Prosecution Authority is considered as an act taken in the context of the privilege of the public administration that prevented the City of Kigali from respecting the obligation to pay Rwabukwisi Jean the monies of rent that it owed him. The law scholars state that such an act consists of a decision of the administrative organs and is regarded as a force majeure unpredictable by the party to the agreement, and that prevents him from respecting their obligations either contractual or legal. Explaining the act of the public administration that affects the contract between both parties, the Court of Cassation in France sets an example of an administrative act of seizure of goods that the transporter

d’exonération libèrent le débiteur, à moins qu’elles aient eu un caractère momentané : elles n’entraînent alors que la suspension du contrat (Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513- 514).

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was supposed to deliver.80. The Court deems that this example leads to the clear understanding that the decision of the prosecution authority was in itself enough as an unusual cause that prevents the City of Kigali from respecting the obligation to pay Rwabukwisi Jean his monies of rent as agreed upon because this organ has no reason to refute the decision of the prosecution authority taken within its statutory competence of investigation, prosecution, and tracking of suspects81. It finds in addition that even at the time the City of Kigali signed the agreement, it was not in the position to know the occurrence of that decision, and nothing indicates that it played any role thereto.

The Court finds therefore that since there is a reason that prevented the City of Kigali from respecting the contract, it discharges them from any liability in this regard, and this is in line with the opinions of the law scholars stated above, where they explain that the act of a third party or the public administration is also a cause for exoneration of the defaulting debtor, if it was irresistible, unforeseeable and if the debtor should not be liable for it82.

80 La saisie par les autorités publiques de marchandises que le transporteur devait livrer (Cass. com., 5 oct. 1953 : Bull. civ. 1953, III, n° 280). 81 artice 3 of the Law nº014/2018 of 04/04/2018 determining the organization, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department. Article 2 of the Organic Law N° 04/2011/OL of 03/10/2011 determining the organization, functioning and competence of the national public prosecution authority and of the military prosecution department, provides that the Public Prosecution shall be responsible for the prosecution of any person suspected of having committed acts constituting an offence. 82 Le fait d’un tiers ou du prince est également une cause d’exonération du débiteur défaillant, s’il a été irrésistible, imprévisible et si le débiteur ne devait pas en répondre (Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès, op.cit.,p. 519). CITY OF KIGALI v. RWABUKWISI

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The Court finds in addition that, the fact that the City of Kigali did not execute the obligation of payment to Rwabukwisi Jean of his amount of rent monies following the instruction by the Prosecution Authority to deposit them to its account open in National Bank of Rwanda for reasons clarified above, this is not inconsistent with the reading of clause 4 of the agreement of 02/06/2017 concluded by both parties as indicated above, because the City of Kigali was not entitled to reject the instructions of the prosecution Authority.

The Court deems that the arguments of the counsel for Rwabukwisi Jean - that the City of Kigali should have exercised caution and refuted the instructions of the prosecution authority- would not be given merit because it had no choice considering the request of the prosecution authority.

Based on the content of the agreement concluded by both parties and the explanations provided above, the Court finds that the appeal by the City of Kigali on this issue has merit because there is no evidence indicating that it did not manifest the intention to pay the debt of which it owed Rwabukwisi Jean. Determining whether the High Court should not have awarded pecuniary damages to Rwabukwisi Jean.

Counsel Mbonigaba Eulade states that the High Court ordered the City of Kigali to pay Rwabukwisi Jean pecuniary undeserved damage because article 138 of the Law governing contracts provides that pecuniary damages awarded to the aggrieved party should have been expected. He alleges that in this case, despite that Rwabukwisi Jean has demanded damages amounting to ten million (10,000,000Frw), he never demonstrated the amount of the

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damages he was expecting, and for this reason, the High Court has awarded him damages without indicating their basis, and in addition to that, he is not a trader such that he would be awarded them.

Counsel Rudakemwa Jean Félix adduces that the High Court did not error in awarding pecuniary damages to Rwabukwisi Jean on the basis of the Lw governing contracts though both parties did not provide that in the contract they concluded. He requests the Court of Appeal to compute these damages at a 10% rate per annum on the basis of 105,000,000Frw starting from 31/05/2019, the date the appealed judgment was delivered, until the date of the pronouncement by this court.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Article 141 of the Law N° 45/2011 of 25/11/2011 geverning contracts reads that “Damages shall not be granted for loss that the party in breach did not have reason to foresee as a probable result of such breach when the contract was made.”

The Court finds that the City of Kigali should not have been ordered to pay Rwabukwisi Jean pecuniary damages, because it was not responsible for the failure to pay him the rent monies from his houses it owed him as held above, and accordingly, pecuniary damages amounting to 7,280,625 Frw awarded by the High Court should be quashed and those requested at this court level should not be granted.

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Determining whether Rwabukwisi Jean would be granted moral and judicial damages

Counsel Rudakemwa Félix prays the Court to instruct the City of Kigali to pay Rwabukwisi Jean 1,000,000Frw of counsel fees, 500,000Frw of judicial damages, as well as 10,000,000Frw in moral damages that he requested before the High Court, which did not grant them to him because being deprived of his monies made him sad and miserable.

Counsel Mbonigaba Eulade adduces that requested damages are unfounded.

DETERMINATION OF THE COURT

Regarding the moral damages amounting to 10,000,000Frw of which Rwabukwisi Jean requests the Court to instruct the City of Kigali to pay him, the Court finds that he does not deserve them, because as provided for by article 81 of the Law Nº 45/2011 of 25/11/2011/2011, such damages are paid by the party that breached the contract, while as it was held above, the City of Kigali did not breach the agreement.

With regards to 1,000,000Frw of counsel fees and 5,00,000Frw of judicial damages requested by Rwabukwisi Jean, the Court is of the view that he should not also be awarded them given that the appeal by the City of Kigali was given merit.

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III. DECISION OF THE COURT

Finds the appeal by the City of Kigali with merit;

Reverses in whole the judgment number RADA 00129/2018/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court on 31/05/2019;

Quashes the decision ordering the City of Kigali to pay Rwabukwisi Jean 105,900,000Frw arising from the contract it entered into with Rwabukwisi Jean and pecuniary damages of 7,280,625Frw;

Orders Rwabukwisi Jean to reimburse the City of Kigali 50,000Frw of court fees deposited for lodging the appeal.

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