UBUSHINJACYAHA v. HABAGUHIRWA

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v. HABAGUHIRWA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-09-29 - Case/document no.: RPAA00899/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. HABAGUHIRWA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA00899/2024/CA (Umugwaneza, P.J.) 29 Nzeri 2025] Amategeko agenga imanza nshinjabyaha – Igabanyagihano – Uregwa ntiyongera kugabanyirizwa igihano iyo mu nkiko zabanje yamaze guhabwa igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyijwe n’amategeko ku cyaha yakoze. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Habaguhirwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, kuko yafatanywe 1/2kg y’urumogi, yaburanye abyemera, maze Urukiko rushingiye kuri uko kwemera kwe n’ibindi bimenyetso rwemeje ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gukora ibikorwa byerekeranye n’ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa urusobe rw’imiti ikoreshwa nka byo mu buryo bunyuranyije, ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ingana na 30.000.000Frw. Uregwa yajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwa Rwamagana asaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano kubera ko yemera icyaha kandi akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu butabera mu buryo buzwi. Ubushinjacyaha bwo bwavuze ko adakwiye kugabanyirizwa igihano, ariko buza gusanga mu gihe cyo guhabwa igihano harashingiwe ku Itegeko rishya ritegenya ibyaha n’ibihano rikaba ryahindutse mu buryo bumwongerera amahirwe yo kuba yagabanirizwa igihano, bityo busanga Uregwa yagabanyirizwa mu mbibi z’iryo tegeko. Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko hari impamvu zituma igihano Uregwa yahanishijwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa cyagabanywa arizo zo kuba ari ubwa mbere yakurikiranwa mu butabera mu buryo buzwi no kuba yaremeye icyaha kuva yatangira gukurikiranwa, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw. Uregwa ntiyishimiye icyo cyemezo, kuko yongeye kujuririra muri uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko yakongera akagabanyirizwa igihano ku buryo buhagije ndetse agakurirwaho amafaranga y’ihazabu yaciwe, kuko ntayo yashobora kubona. Mu mwanzuro w’inyongera yasabye guhindurirwa inyito y’icyaha aregwa, kikaba gufatanwa ibiyobyabwenge aho kuba kubitunda, kubibika no kubigurisha, kuko nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bihari, ariko mu gihe cy’iburanisha yavuze ko iyi ngingo ayiretse. Muri ubu bujurire, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko bwemeranya n’Uregwa ku kuba yararetse ingingo yo guhindurirwa inyito y’icyaha aregwa kuko harebwe ibikorwa yakoze n’ibimenyetso bimushinja biri muri dosiye, inyito yahawe icyo cyaha ari yo ikwiye. Ku bijyanye no kugabanyirizwa igihano, buvuga ko atakongera kugabanyirizwa kuko yagabanyirijwe bihagije ahanishwa igihano gito giteganywa n’amategeko, ndetse akaba atakurirwaho ihazabu kuko ari igihano giteganywa n’itegeko kandi akaba atagagaza ibimenyetso byemeza ko adashobora kuyibona. Incamake y’icyemezo: Uregwa ntiyongera kugabanyirizwa igihano iyo mu nkiko zabanje yamaze guhabwa igihano gito ntarengwa giteganyijwe n’amategeko ku cyaha yakoze. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/11/2023 rihindura Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihamo muri rusange, ingingo ya 2. Itegeko N° 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 11.

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Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/CS, Kabasinga Florida na Leta y’u Rwanda rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2019. RPAA 01312/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Ugwaneza Sylvestre rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 18/07/2025. RPAA00752/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Nsekanabo Augustin, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/03/2025. RPAA00538/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Cyuzuzo Jean Claude rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 21/01/2025. PAA00052/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Bihoyiki Jean, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/12/2024. N° RPAA00832/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Bamureke Fred, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 17/04/2025. RPAA 00032/2019/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Nzafashwanimana Jean de Dieu, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/02/2020. RPAA 00499/2021/CA, Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana Damascène, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/07/2022. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 29/09/2021, saa cyenda n’igice z’amanywa (15h:30), mu Mudugudu wa Gasenyi, Akagari ka Karambi, Umurenge wa Ndego, Akarere ka Kayonza, Intara y'Iburasirazuba, Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yafatanwe urumogi rungana n’inusu y’ikiro (1/2kg) arufite muri enveloppe ahita ashyikirizwa Ubugenzacyaha atangira gukurikiranwa. [2] Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, aburana acyemere avuga ko hari umuntu wamwishyuye amafaranga 10.000Frw amutuma kumushakira ikiro (1kg) cy’urumogi, amaze kurubona agurisgaho ½ kg, afatanwa ½ kg yari asigaranye. [3] Mu rubanza RP02351/2021/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe ku wa 04/11/2021, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, rushingiye ku kwemera icyaha kwa Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco, kuba yaremeye gushyira umukono ku nyandikomvugo y’ifatira ry’urumogi yafatanwe no kuba hari umutangabuhamya umushinja, rwemeje ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gukora ibikorwa byerekeranye n’ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa urusobe rw’imiti ikoreshwa nka byo mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko (gutunda, kubika no kugirisha urumogi), ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ingana na 30.000.000Frw. [4] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, asaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano kubera ko yemera icyaha kandi akaba ari ubwa mbere akurikiranywe mu butabera mu buryo buzwi. [5] Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco adakwiriye kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yagabanyirijwe bihagije, ariko ko bitewe nuko mu gihe ubujurire bwe bwari butarasuzumwa Itegeko riteganya kandi rigahana icyaha aregwa ari naryo ryashingiweho mu kumuhana ryahindutse mu buryo bumwongerera amahirwe yo kuba yagabanirizwa igihano, busanga yagabanyirizwa mu mbibi z’iryo tegeko. [6] Mu rubanza RPA01602/2021/HC/RWG rwaciwe ku wa 20/08/2024, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwasanze mu rwego rwo guhuza igihano n’uburemere bw’icyaha cyakozwe, kuba

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Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco ari ubwa mbere yakurikiranwa mu butabera mu buryo buzwi no kuba yaremeye icyaha kuva yatangira gukurikiranwa, ari impamvu zituma igihano yahanishijwe ku rwego rubanza cyongera kugabanywa, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw. [7] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza ruhabwa RPAA00899/2024/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 12/09/2025, yunganiwe na Me Ngezahayo Bernard, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Butera Oscar, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu. [8] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yajuriye asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano ku buryo buhagije agahanishwa igihano gito gishoboka kuko guhanishwa igihano kiremereye ataribyo bituma uwahanwe agaroroka ndetse bikaba bitari no mu nyungu z’ubutabera, asaba no gukurirwaho ihazabu yaciwe kuko ntayo yashobora kubona. [9] Mu mwanzuro w’inyongera wakozwe na Me Ngezahayo Bernard, asaba ko inyito y’icyaha Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yahamijwe yahinduka kikaba gufatanwa ibiyobyabwenge aho kuba kubitunda, kubibika no kubigurisha kuko nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho byemeza ko ½ cy’ikiro cy’urumogi yafatanwe yarutundaga cyangwa se ko yari agamije kurubika cyangwa kurucuruza; ariko ko Urukiko rubibonye ukundi rwamugabanyiriza igihano agahanishwa igifungo cy’amezi 6 kuko yafatanwe ingano ntoya y’ibiyobyabwenge (1/2kg cy’urumogi). [10] Mu gihe cy’iburanisha Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco n’umwunganira bavuze ko bijyanye no guhindura inyito y’icyaha babiretse, basaba ko hasuzumwa gusa ibijyanye no gusaba kugabanyirizwa igihano no gukurirwaho ihazabu. [11] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, bwemeranya na Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco n’umwunganira ku bijyanye no kuba baretse ingingo y’ubujurire isaba guhindura inyito y’icyaha kuko n’ubundi harebwe ibikorwa Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakoze n’ibimenyetso bimushinja biri muri dosiye, inyito yahawe icyaha yahamijwe yo gutunda, kubika no gucuruza urumogi ari yo ikwiye. Buvuga kandi ko Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco atakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yagabanyirijwe bihagije ahanishwa igihano gito giteganywa n’amategeko, kikaba kitakongera kugibwa munsi ndetse ko atanakurirwaho ihazabu kuko ari igihano giteganywa n’Itegeko kandi akaba atagagaza ibimenyetso byemeza ko adashobora kuyibona. [12] Hakurikijwe imiburanire y’impande zombi, muri uru rubanza harasuzumwa ibibazo bikurikira: a. Kumenya niba Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano; b. kumenya niba Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakurirwaho igihano cy’ihazabu. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA A. Kumenya niba Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano [13] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco n’umwunganira basaba ko yagabanyirizwa igihano ku buryo buhagije agahanishwa igifungo cy’amezi 6 kuko igihano kirekire atiri cyo gituma uwahanwe agororoka kandi kikaba kitari mu nyungu z’ubutabera nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2019 haburana Kabasinga Florida na Leta y’u Rwanda n’urubanza RPAA00032/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/02/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzafashwanimana Jean de Dieu. [14] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco n’umwunganira bakomeza avuga ko, mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye nta cyabuza Umucamanza kugabanya igihano kabone n’iyo haba ari mu bujurire bwa kabiri, basaba ko Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire, agahanishwa igifungo cy’amezi 6 kuko yafatanwe ingano ntoya y’ibiyobyabwenge (1/2 cy’ikiro

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cy’uruogi) nk’uko byagenze no mu rubanza RPAA00499/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/07/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana Damascène aho Urukiko rwemeje ko mu rwego rwo guhuza igihano n’uburemere bw’icyaha cyakozwe, uregwa ashobora kugabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku ngano y’ibiyobyabwenge yatunze cyangwa yacuruje. [15] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco atakongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yagabanyirijwe bihagije ahanishwa igihano gito giteganywa n’amategeko, kikaba kitakongera kugabanywa nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA00538/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 21/01/2025 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Cyuzuzo Jean Claude mu gika cya 11 na 12. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Ikibazo kiri muri iyi ngingo, ni ukumenya niba igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yahanishijwe ku cyaha yahamijwe cyo gutunda, kubika no kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, gishobora kongera kugabanywa. [17] Ku bijyanye n’icyaha cyo kubika, gutunda no kugirisha ibiyobyabwenge, ingingo ya 11, igika cya gatatu, agace 1° y’Itegeko N° 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ivuga ko umuntu wese ukora, uhinga, uhindura, utunda, ubika, uha undi, ugurisha mu gihugu ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa urusobe rw’imiti ikoreshwa nka byo mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko ahanishwa: 1º igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda arenze miliyoni makumyabiri (20.000.000Frw) ariko atarenze miliyoni mirongo itatu (30.000.000Frw) ku byerekeye ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye. [18] Naho ku bijyanye no kumenya igihano gito gishobora guhabwa umuburanyi wahamijwe icyaha gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu mu gihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, byasesenguwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu manza zitandukanye, harimo urubanza RPAA00752/2024/CA1 n’urubanza RPAA01312/2024/CA2. Muri izo manza, Urukiko rwemeje ko igihe hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe n’umucamanza igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ko n’ihazabu iteganyijwe ishobora kugabanywa ariko ntijye munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy’ihazabu nto iteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe. [19] Na none mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire nyuma y’uko Itegeko N° 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/11/2023 rihindura Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihamo muri rusange ritangarijwe mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RPAA00048/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 26/05/2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bimenyimana Jean Paul3, rwemeje ko ibijyanye no kugabanya igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko (minimum) hashingiwe ku manza zaciwe bitagikurikizwa kuko byavanyweho n’iryo Tegeko ryashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya ibihano4.

1 Reba igika cya 19 cy’urubanza RPAA00752/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/03/2025, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nsekanabo Augustin. 2Reba igika cya 15 cy’urubanza RPAA01312/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 18/07/2025, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Ugwaneza Sylvestre. 3 Muri urwo rubanza, mu bika bya 25-26, hemejwe ko umurongo wari uriho udashobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. 4 Muri izo manza harimo nk’urubanza PAA00052/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/12/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bihoyiki Jean (igika cya 14), urubanza RPAA00832/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 17/04/2025, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bamureke Fred (igika cya 17) n’izindi.

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[20] Nk’uko imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa ibigaragagaza, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rushingiye ku ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange5, rwagabanyirije igihano Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco, kubera ko bwari ubwa mbere yari akurikiranyweho icyaha mu nkiko kandi akaba yaraburanye acyemera, ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw, aho kuba igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ya 30.000.000Frw yari yahanishijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma. [21] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa haruguru no ku mirongo watanzwe manza zitandukanye zibukijwe mu gika cya 18 n’icya 19 by’uru rubanza, rurasanga igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yahanishijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, kitakongera kugabanywa kuko cyagabanyijwe bihagije kandi kikaba aricyo gihano gito ntarengwa giteganyijwe ku cyaha kimuhama cyo gutunda, kubika no kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye byo mubwoko bw’urumogi, kikaba kidashobora kugibwa munsi. Imanaza asaba ko zashingirwaho, nazo Urukiko rurasanga zitashingirwaho kuko umurongo watanzwe muri izo manza ku bijyanye no kugabanya igihano kugeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko wakuweho n’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryavuzwe haruguru, riteganya uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya igihano. Bityo ubujurire bwatanzwe na Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco busaba kugabanyirizwa igihano kuba nta shingiro bufite. B. Ibijyanye no kumenya niba Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yakurirwaho igihano cy’ihazabu [22] Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco basaba ko yakurirwaho igihano cy’ihazu kuko adashobora kuyibona. [23] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire nta shingiro ifite kuko ihazabu ari igihano giteganywa n’itegeko kandi Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco akaba nta bimenyetso yatanze bigaragaza ko atabasha kubona ihazabu ya 5.000.000Frw yaciwe, bityo ko ikwiriye kugumishwa mu bihano yahawe igihe yazabonera ubushobozi akazayishyura. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [24] Ingingo ya 11, igika cya 3, agace ka 1° y’Itegeko N° 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya igifungo cya bundu n’ihazu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda arenze miliyoni 20.000.000Frw ariko atarenze miliyoni 30.000.000Frw ku muntu uhamwa n’icyaha cyo guhinga, guhindura, gutunda, kubika, guha undi no kugurisha mu gihugu ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye. [25] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku ngingo imaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, rurasanga Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco adashobora gukurirwaho igihano cy’ihazabu kuko icyaha kimuhama cyo gutunda, kubika no kugurisha ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, umushingamategeko yagiteganyirije igihano cy’igifungo n’ihazabu bikomatanyije, Urukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera rumukuriraho ihazabu kuko byaba binyuranyije n’amategeko. [26] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubujurire bwa Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco nta shingiro bufite mu ngingo zabwo zose, urubanza yajuririye rukaba rudahindutse. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

5 Iteganya ko iyo umucamanza yemeje impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ashobora kugabanya igihano, igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15), ko igihano cy’ihazabu nacyo gishobora kugabanywa kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane (¼) cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe.

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[27] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco nta shingiro bufite. [28] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RPA01602/2021/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana ku wa 20/08/2024, idahindutse. [29] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihaza ya 5.000.000Frw Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco yahamijwe muri urwo rubanza kigumyeho. [30] Rutegetse ko Habaguhirwa Jean Bosco asonewe gutanga amagarama y’urubanza kuko aburana afunze.