HABIMANA v RUBERINTWARI

# HABIMANA v RUBERINTWARI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-03-22 - Case/document no.: RCAA 00009/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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HABIMANA n’undi v. RUBERINTWARI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE –RCAA 00009/2021/CA (Ngagi P.J.) 22 mars 2022] Amategeko agenga amasezerano – amasezerano y’ubugure bw’umutungo utimukanwa – Ntabwo amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka yateshwa agaciro kuko ubutaka bwahinduriwe gusa icyo bwagenewe (land usage). Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’inkiko – ububasha bw’Inkiko ku kirego cyo gusesa amasezerano – Iyo icyaregewe atari ukugaruza umutungo utimukanwa ahubwo ari ugutesha agaciro amasezerano, nubwo yaba ashingiye kuri uwo mutungo, Urukiko rufite ububasha ni urwaho uregwa atuye ntabwo ari urw’aho umutungo uherereye Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiye Ruberantwari arega Habimana na Tuginama mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma asaba Urukiko gutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure bagiranye kuko ihererekanya ry’uburenganzira ku butaka ridashoboka kuko ubutaka yamugurishije bubarirwa mu gishanga bityo akaba ari ubwa Leta. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje ko ikirego cya Ruberantwari nta shingiro gifite. Ruberintwari ntiyishimiye imikirize yurwo rubanza maze ajurira mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje ko amasezerano y’ubugure atateshwa agaciro ngo kuko umutungo wagurishijwe ari uwo guturwamo, kandi hari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko uwo mutungo uri mu gishanga. Habimana na Tuginama batanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, bavuga ko Urukiko rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza ari Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, ngo kuko umutungo uburanwa uherereye mu ifasi y’urwo Rukiko, banasaba ko Akarere ka Gasabo gahamagazwa muri urwo rubanza. Urukiko rwemeza ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Ruberintwari bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, rwemeza ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye ruhindutse kuri byose, ko amasezerano y’ubugure yakozwe hagati ya Ruberintwari na Habimana ateshwa agaciro. Habimana na Tuginama ntibishimiye imikirize y’urubanza rwaciwe n’urukiko Rukuru barujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, bongera kuzamura inzitizi y’iburabubasha y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, hashingiwe ku kuba umutungo uburanwa uherereye mu Karere ka Gasabo, ko kandi ari ho amasezerano y’ubugure yakorewe, uwunganira Ruberantwari avuga ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite kuko ataregeye umutungo ahubwo yaregeye gutesha agaciro amasezerano kandi bikaba biregerwa mu ifasi y’Urukiko rwaho uregwa atuye. Urukiko rwemeje ko iyo nzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugure yabaye hagati ya Habimana na Ruberintwari yaragombaga guteshwa agaciro,uhagarariye Habimana na Tuginama, avuga ko ubutaka buburanwa bwabaruwe mu mwaka wa 2011 kandi ko icyemezo cyabwo cyasohotse kigaragaza ko ubwo butaka bwagenewe guturamo, naho Ruberintwari avuga yaguze uwo mutungo ariko ko atigeze awugiraho uburenganzira busesuye ngo abe yawubyaza umusaruro cyangwa ngo awiyandikisheho kuko yageze ku rwego rushinzwe kumukorera ihererekanya ry’umutungo, akamenyeshwa ko ibyo asaba bidashoboka kubera ko uwo mutungo ari umutungo bwite wa Leta, kandi ngo abamugurishije bakaba bari bazi ko aho hantu ari mu gishanga, Urukiko rwameje ko ku mpamvu yuko Ruberintwari

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adashobora kurugaragariza ko habaye uburiganya ku ruhande rw’abamugurishije, nta mpamvu igaragara yatuma amasezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro,na cyane ko ko, atashoboye kugaragaza igihe aho hantu yaguze hahinduwe igishanga, ko icyo gihe abagurishije bari bazi ko aho bagurishije hahindutse igishanga cyangwa ko hari igikorwa cyabo cyatumye adakorerwa ihererekanyamutungo. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Iyo ikiburanwa atari umutungo utimukanwa ahubwo ari ugutesha agaciro amasezerano, nubwo yaba ashingiye kuri uwo mutungo, Urukiko rufite ububasha ni urwaho uregwa atuye ntabwo ari urw’aho umutungo uherereye. 2.Ntabwo amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka yateshwa agaciro kuko ubutaka bwahinduriwe icyo bwagenewe (land usage). Mu gihe uwagurishije ubutaka bwo gutura nta buriganya, bwaje guhinduka igishanga nyuma yigihe bukajya mu mutungo bwite wa Leta, ntabwo uwaguze yabishingiraho ngo asabe ko amasezerano bagiranye ateshwa agaciro. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Amategeko yashingiweho : Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, Ingingo ya 4,54 Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 12 Imanza zifashishijwe : Urubanza RADAA00005/2019/CA rw’Umujyi wa Kigali v. RWABUKWISI Jean rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/07/2020, Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe : Francois Terré, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil. Les obligations, 11e édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2013, p.253 Ph. MALAURIE, L. AYNÈS, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513-514. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 21/02/2016, Ruberintwari Léandre yagiranye amasezerano y’ubukode bw’inzu na Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, bigeze ku wa 03/11/2016 aza kuyigura nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ihererekanya butaka yabaye hagati yabo yakorewe imbere ya Noteri. Mu gihe Ruberintwari Léandre yashakaga kwiyandikishaho uwo mutungo, yaje kumenya ko ubwo butaka ari ubwa Leta kuko bubarirwa mu gishanga, ko adashobora kubwiyandikishaho. Ibyo

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byatumye arega Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma asaba Urukiko gutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure bari bagiranye. [2] Mu rubanza RC00080/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ku wa 18/12/2019, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe Ruberintwari Léandre nta shingiro gifite, rumutegeka guha Harerimana Issa Seleman 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. Ruvuga ko 20.000Frw Ruberintwari Léandre yatanze aregera Urukiko ahwanye n’imirimo yakozwe mu rubanza. [3] Ruberintwari Léandre ntiyishimiye iyo mikirize y’urubanza maze ayijuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwemeje ko amasezerano y’ubugure atateshwa agaciro ngo kuko umutungo wagurishijwe ari uwo guturwamo, kandi hari ikimenyetso cyerekana ko uwo mutungo uri mu gishanga, ko kandi rwishe amategeko agenga ubutaka, cyane cyane Itegeko Nº 43/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigenga ubutaka mu Rwanda ryubahirizwaga icyo gihe. [4] Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina batanze inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, bavuga ko Urukiko rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza ari Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, ngo kuko umutungo uburanwa uherereye mu ifasi y’urwo Rukiko, banasaba ko Akarere ka Gasabo gahamagazwa muri urwo rubanza. Urukiko rwasuzumye iyo nzitizi rwemeza ko nta shingiro ifite. [5] Mu rubanza RCA00006/2020/HC/RWG rwaciwe ku wa 17/05/2021 n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Ruberintwari Léandre bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko urubanza RC00080/2019/TGI/NGOMA rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ku wa 18/12/2019 ruhindutse kuri byose, ko amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 03/11/2016 ateshwa agaciro. Rwemeza kandi ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tugimana Amina basubiza Rubenrintwari Léandre 75.000.000Frw yatanzwe nk’ikiguzi cy’ubugure bw’ubwo butaka, no kumusubiza 750.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ku nzego ebyiri, ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tugimana Amina basubiza Ruberintwari Léandre 20.000Frw y’amagarama yatanze aregera Urukiko ku rwego rwa mbere na 40.000Frw yatanze ku rwego rw’ubujurire. [6] Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina ntibishimiye imikirize y’urubanza RCA00006/2020/HC/RWG, barujuririra muri uru Rukiko, ubujurire bwabo buhabwa RCAA00009/2021/CA. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 10/01/2022, Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bahagarariwe na Me Bayisabe Irenée, naho Ruberintwari Léandre yunganiwe na Me Ngendakuriyo Celestin, ariko nyuma y’iburanisha ku bujurire bwa Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, Urukiko rusanga ari ngombwa ko ababuranyi bajya kureba uburyo abandi bari bafite ubutaka bene aho hantu ibibazo byabo byaba byarakemutse, iburanisha ryimurirwa ku wa 24/01/2022. Kuri iyo tariki ababuranyi baritabye bahagarariwe nka mbere, bamenyesha Urukiko ko bakibirimo, hemezwa ko bazajyana mu Mujyi wa Kigali kureba niba wabafasha kureba uburyo ikibazo bafitanye cyakemuka, urubanza rwimurirwa ku wa 02/03/2022. Kuri iyo tariki, ababuranyi bose baritabye, Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bahagarariwe nka mbere, naho Rubentwari Léandre yunganiwe na Me Bayingana Janvier, Ruberintwari Léandre abwira Urukiko

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ko Umujyi wa Kigali wamumenyesheje ko ntacyo wakora ku kibazo cye, Urikiko rwemeza gusubukura iburanisha ku ngingo zari zisigaye. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO A. UBUJURIRE BWA HABIMANA Issa Seleman na TUGINAMA Amina Kumenya niba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego cyatanzwe na RUBERINTWARI Léandre. [8] Me Bayisabe Irenée, uhagarariye Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, avuga ko bagaragarije Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ko nta bubasha rufite bwo kuburanisha ikirego rwari rwashyikirijwe, hashingiwe ku kuba umutungo uburanwa uherereye mu Karere ka Gasabo, ko kandi ari ho amasezerano y’ubugure yakorewe, ko icyo kirego cyagombaga gutangwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo ariko ntirwabiha ishingiro. Avuga kandi ko icyo banenga icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, ari uko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rwemeje ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha uru rubanza kandi amasezerano y’ubugure n’ay’ihererekanyamutungo yarakorewe mu Karere ka Gasabo, imbere y’Ubuyobozi bw’ako Karere, ari naho umutungo uburanwa uri, rwirengagije ingingo ya 21, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya ko imanza zerekeye umutungo utimukanwa ziregerwa mu rukiko rw’aho ibyo bintu biri. [9] Me Ngendakuriyo Celestin, wunganira Ruberintwari Léandre, avuga ko nyuma yo kumenya ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tugimana Amina bamugurishije umutungo bwite wa Leta, yaregeye iseswa ry’amasezerano kuva ku rwego rwa mbere. Ko ashingiye ku biteganwa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko igira iti: “ Urukiko rw’aho uregwa atuye, aho aba cyangwa aho yahisemo ko abarizwa ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza, uretse mu gihe amategeko abiteganya ukundi.”, asanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego yarushyikirije, kubera ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tugimana Amina bagiranye amasezerano y’ubugure ku mutungo utari uwabo bamubeshya ko ari uwabo, bagamije kumwambura amafaranga ye batuye mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Rwamagana. Akomeza avuga ko ikiregerwa atari umutungo nk’uko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina babivuga, ko ahubwo ikiregerwa ari iseswa ry’amasezerano y’ubugure, bityo ko kuba abaregwa batuye mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma ari rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urwo rubanza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [10] Ingingo za 13, 18 na 21 z’itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ibikurikira: « Urukiko rw’aho uregwa atuye, aho aba cyangwa aho yahisemo ko abarizwa ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza, uretse mu gihe amategeko abiteganya

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ukundi. Iyo hari ahantu hatoranyijwe ko harangirizwa amasezerano, Urukiko rw’aho hantu ni rwo ruregerwa urubanza ruyerekeye. Iyo hari abaregwa benshi, urega yihitiramo Urukiko rw’aho umwe (1) muri bo atuye (…). Imanza zerekeye umutungo utimukanwa ziregerwa mu Rukiko rw’aho ibyo bintu biri (…) » [11] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko Ruberintwari Léandre yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma arega Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, asaba ko amasezerano y’ubugure bagiranye ku wa 03/11/2016 ateshwa agaciro, agasubizwa 75.000.000Frw yatanze nk’ikiguzi, asaba indishyi n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [12] Dosiye igaragaza na none ko abaregwa batuye mu Mudugudu wa Cyimbazi, Akagari ka Ntunga, Umurenge wa Mwulire, Akarere ka Rwamagana, Intara y’Iburasirazuba, kandi Akarere ka Rwamagana, kabarizwa mu ifasi y’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma. [13] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko inkiko zabanje zabibonye, icyaregewe muri uru rubanza ni ugutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bagiranye na Ruberintwari Léandre. Kuba rero ikiregerwa atari umutungo utimukanwa, uregerwa mu Rukiko rw’aho uwo mutungo uri nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 21 y’Itegeko ryibukijwe haruguru, ahubwo ari gusaba ko amasezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro, Ruberintwari Léandre agasubizwa ikiguzi yatanze, n’indishyi, Urukiko rurasanga Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ikirego cyatanzwe na Ruberintwari Léandre kuko abaregwa batuye mu ifasi yarwo, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina nta shingiro ifite. Kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 03/11/2016 yabaye hagati ya HABIMANA Issa Seleman hamwe na TUGIMANA Amina na RUBERINTWARI Léandre yaragombaga guteshwa agaciro [14] Me Bayisabe Irenée, uhagarariye Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, avuga ko ubutaka buburanwa bwabaruwe kuri UPI : 1/02/10/01/217 mu mwaka wa 2011, aho icyemezo cyabwo cyasohotse kigaragaza ko ubwo butaka bwagenewe guturamo, kuzageza mu mwaka wa 2031, ko kandi na Noteri w’ubutaka nyuma yo kubona muri System bigaragara ko ubwo butaka bwagenewe guturwamo, ku wa 03/11/2016 yabyanditse ku masezerano y’ihererekanyamutungo, bituma Ruberintwari Léandre yishyura igiciro cyari cyumvikanyweho. Avuga kandi ko n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma rwavuze ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bari kuba baramugurishije ubwo butaka mu buryo bw’uburiganya, mu gihe bari kuba basanzwe bazi ko ubwo butaka bwamaze gushyirwa mu gishanga, ko kandi Ruberintwari Léandre atashoboye kugaragaza igihe babimenyeye ngo bibe byashingirwaho hemezwa ko bamugurishije babizi, maze rwanzura ko ayo masezerano adashobora guseswa1. Akomeza avuga ko asanga umurongo urwo Rukiko rwari rwafashe ariwo wagombaga gukomeza, uretse mu gihe Ruberintwari Léandre yari gushobora kuvuguruza ayo makuru. [15] Avuga na none ko nyuma yuko urubanza rupfundikiwe, Ruberintwari Léandre yatanze indi baruwa avuga ko ivuye mu Kigo cy’ubutaka, maze Urukiko rukayishingiraho rwemeza ko ayo masezerano aseswa kandi batarayiburanyeho. Avuga ko barusabye kongera gupfundura iburanisha 1 Ubundi ni uguteshwa agaciro aho kuba guseswa, kuko ni byo byaregewe

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kugira ngo bagire icyo bayivugaho ngo kuko babonaga ntacyo yari ije gusubiza ku bibazo bari bavuzeho, rukabyanga, bigatuma ruca urubanza mbere y’umunsi wari wagenwe, mu buryo butumvikana. Asoza avuga ko hashingiwe kuri izo mpamvu, asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ayo masezerano nta nenge n’imwe yari afite yatuma ateshwa agaciro. Ikindi kandi ngo nuko inzu yari muri ubwo butaka yashenywe Ruberintwari Léandre akaba ari we utwara ibikoresho byayivuyeho, ndetse akanatwara amafaranga yagenerwaga bene imitungo yasenywe, ibyo bikaba bivuze ko ari na we uzahabwa amafaranga y’ingurane (expropriation). [16] Ruberintwari Léandre yiregura kuri iyi ngingo avuga ko ku wa 03/11/2016 yagiranye na Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina amasezerano y’ubugure bw’umutungo ubaruye kuri UPI: 1/02/10/01/217, ariko ko kuva icyo gihe atigeze awugiraho uburenganzira busesuye ngo abe yawubyaza umusaruro cyangwa ngo awiyandikisheho nk’uko yabiteganyaga, ko ahubwo yageze ku rwego rushinzwe kumukorera ihererekanya ry’umutungo, akamenyeshwa ko ibyo asaba bidashoboka kubera ko uwo mutungo ari umutungo bwite wa Leta, bityo ko ari yo mpamvu yasabye Urukiko gutesha agaciro ayo masezerano y’ubugure, kubera uburiganya yakorewe na Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, kuko bagurishije bazi neza ko aho hantu ari igishanga, kandi kikaba ari umutungo wa Leta. Abajijwe ikimenyetso cyerekana ko abagurishije bari bazi ko aho ahantu ari umutungo wa Leta, hanyuma bakabirengaho ku buryo koko baba barakoze uburiganya, asubiza ko kuva mu mwaka wa 2014 ubuyobozi bw’Akagari bwagiye bumenyesha abaturage ko ibishanga ari ibya Leta ; avuga ko ahagura mu mwaka wa 2016, hari mu gishanga ko kandi ikimenyetso kibigaragaza ari inyandiko ya Land Center, ko ariko we atari azi ko aho hantu ari mu gishanga. [17] Akomeza avuga ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina badakwiye kwitwaza ko Umurenge wafashije abo Leta yasenyeye bari batuye ku butaka bwayo ubaha tike ya 20.000Frw kugira ngo bashobore kwimuka kubera ibihe by’amage barimo byo gusenyerwa nta nteguza, bitewe n’ikibazo cy’imyuzure y’amazi cyari cyabibasiye, ngo bavuge ko uwahabwaga ubwo bufasha ari we ukwiriye kwitwa nyiri umutungo, kubera ko n’uwakodeshaga yabuhabwaga. [18] Ku bijyanye no kuvuga ko hazagera igihe Leta igatanga ingurane kuri ba nyiri umutungo, avuga ko asanga ibyo bitaba impamvu yashingirwaho hemezwa ko amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 03/11/2016 adateshwa agaciro, kubera ko nubwo iyo ngurane yatangwa ubu yahabwa ba nyiri umutungo ari bo Tugimana Amina n’umugabo we Habimana Issa Seleman. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [19] Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ibikurikira: “Ibisabwa by’ibanze mu ikorwa ry’amasezerano ni ibi bikurikira: 1º kwemeranya kw’impande zigirana amasezerano; ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano; ishingiro ry’amasezerano; impamvu yemewe n’amategeko”. [20] Ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira : “Urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera. Iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda”.

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[21] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo amasezerano y’ubukode burambye bw’ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI:1/02/10/01/217 yo ku wa 01/09/2011 yabaye hagati ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ku ruhande rumwe na Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina ku rundi ruhande. [22] Dosiye igaragaramo na none amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ubutaka yo ku wa 03/11/2016 hagati ya Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina ku ruhande rumwe nk’abagurisha na Ruberintwari Léandre na Manirambona Alice ku rundi ruhande, Manirambona Alice ahagarariwe na Ruberintwari Léandre wasinye P.o kuri ayo masezerano yabereye imbere ya Noteri wa Leta mu by’ubutaka mu Karere ka Gasabo. Ayo masezerano agaragaza ko ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI:1/02/10/01/217 bugurishijwe ku giciro cya 75.000.000Frw kandi Noteri wa Leta yahamije ko amasezerano yujuje ibisabwa byose mu ihererekanya ry’ubwo butaka. [23] Mu rwego rw’ibisabwa n’amategeko yaba agenga amasezerano cyangwa agenga ubutaka, ikigaragara nuko amasezerano y’ihererekanya ry’ubutaka yo ku wa 03/11/2016 nta nenge agaragaza kuko abayagiranye bemeranyijwe ku kiguzi no ku giciro, bari bafite ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano, icyagurishyijwe cyari cyemewe n’amategeko, kandi n’impamvu yari yemewe n’amategeko buri ruhande icyo rwari ruteze ku rundi cyari cyemewe n’amategeko. Ikindi nuko ayo masezerano yakorewe imbere ya Noteri wa Leta mu by’ubutaka nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko agenga ubutaka mu Rwanda, nawe ubwe ahamya ko ayo masezerano yujuje ibisabwa byose mu ihererekanya ry’ubwo butaka. [24] Ruberintwari Léandre yangiye gukoresha uwo mutungo nta mbogamizi n’imwe. Ikibazo cyaje kuvuka ubwo yasabaga ko hakorwa ihererekanyamutungo (mutation) icyangombwa cy’ubutaka kikamwandikwaho n’umugore we Manirambona Alice, ari bwo yamenyeshejwe ko ahantu yaguze ari gishaga, kandi igishanga kikaba ari umutungo wa Leta, ari bwo Ruberintwari Léandre yaregeye Urukiko asaba ko amasezerano yateshwa agaciro kubera uburiganya yakorewe n’abagurishije ubutaka ngo kuko bari bazi ko ubutaka butakiri ubwabo. [25] Nubwo Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano ridasobanura ijambo uburiganya, ingingo ya 54 yaryo iteganya ko iyo uruhande rwemeye amasezerano rushingiye ku byo rwagaragarijwe n’urundi ruhande bitari ukuri rushobora gusaba gutesha agaciro ayo masezerano. [26] Abahanga mu mategeko Francois Terré, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette batandukanya uburiganya (dol) bukorwa mu gihe cyo gukora amasezerano n’uburiganya bukorwa mu gihe cyo gushyira mubikorwa amasezerano. [27] Ku byerekeye uburiganya mu gihe cyo gukora amasezerano, abo bahanga bavuga ko itegeko ryo mu gihugu cyabo (Ubufaransa) risobanura uburiganya mu masezerano nk’ubushukanyi bw’umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano butuma urundi ruhande rwibeshya bigatuma rukora amasezerano2 Bavuga ko uburiganya busaba igikorwa cy’ubushukanyi gituma urundi ruhande rukora amasezerano (élément matériel) kandi uwagikoze akaba yari afite umugambi wo kubeshya 2 Francois Terré, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil. Les obligations, 11e édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2013, p.253

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uwo bagiranye amasezerano (élément intentionnel)3. Bakomeza bavuga ko uburiganya bugomba gutangirwa ibimenyetso. [28] Urukiko rurasanga Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina baragurishije ubutaka bwabo bafitiye ibyangombwa byemewe n’amategeko kandi bitigeze bivuguruzwa n’urwego urwo ari rwo rwose cyangwa se ngo ubwo butaka bube bwari buri mu makimbirane ayo ari yo yose. Urukiko rurasanga mu gihe amasezerano y’ubugure yabaga nta kigaragaza ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina baba baramenyeshejwe n’inzego zibishinzwe ko ubutaka baherewe amasezerano y’ubukode burambye yateshejwe agaciro kubera ko ubwo butaka bwashyizwe mu gishanga, ngo babe barabirenzeho bagurishe ubwo butaka cyane cyane ko ayo masezerano yagombaga kurangira mu mwaka wa 2031. Urukiko rurasanga ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko ubutaka bufite UPI: 1/02/10/01/217 buri mu gishanga ko kandi ubutaka buri mu bishanga ari ubwa Leta ari Icyemezo gihamya abanditse ku butaka cyatanzwe n’Ikigo Gishinzwe Imicungire n’Imikoreshereze y’Ubutaka mu Rwanda cyo ku wa 13/11/2019, nyuma y’imyaka itatu ubutaka bugurishijwe, kandi na Ruberintwari Léandre abukoresha. [29] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo Ruberintwari Léandre avuga ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bari bazi ko ubutaka butakiri ubwabo ngo kubera Uboyobozi bw’Akagari bwagiye bubimenyesha abaturage mu mwaka wa 2014, nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko usibye kubivuga gusa nta n’ibimenyetso abitangira, cyane cyane ko nawe mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 02/03/2022, ubwo Rukiko rwamubazaga impamvu yahaguze kandi ari mu gishanga yashubije ko atari abizi. Ibyo Ruberintwari Léandre avuga bikaba bitera kwibaza niba Noteri w’ubutaka yari kwemeza amasezerano y’ubugure kandi azi neza ko aho hantu ari mu gishanga. Ikindi umuntu akaba yakwibaza niba Ubuyobozi bw’Akagari bwaramenyesheje abaturage ko aho hantu batuye ari ubutaka bwa Leta kubera ko ari igishanga, n’impamvu iki Ruberintwari Léandre yaba avuga ko abamugurishije bari babizi ariko we ntabimenye, kugeza ubwo bajya gukora amasezerano imbere ya Noteri wa Leta ushinzwe iby’ubutaka, cyane cyane ko ujya kugura ubutaka abanza gushakisha amakuru yose ashoboka mbere yo gufata icyemezo (devoir de diligence), bityo ibyo avuga nta shingiro byahabwa. [30] Nyuma yo kubona ko nta kigaragagaza ko Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bakoze uburiganya ubwo bakoraga amasezerano y’ubugure yavuzwe haruguru, hakwiye na none gusuzumwa niba baba barabukoze mu gihe cyo gushyira mubikorwa ayo masezerano. [31] Abahanga mu mategeko bavuzwe haruguru bavuga ko bene ubwo buriganya ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose kigambiriwe kandi kitemewe n’amategeko, ugomba inshingano agaragaza ko yanga gushyira mu bikorwa inshingano ze4. Bavuga ko ari ngombwa kandi byihagije yuko ugomba inshingano aba azi ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko imyitwarire ye yangiriza uwo bagiranye amasezerano haba mu gikorwa cyangwa kwifata mu kugira icyo akora. 3Idem, pp. 256-261. 4 Le dol est tout acte intentionnel et illicite par lequel le débiteur refuse d’exécuter son obligation (Francois Terré, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, op.cit., p. 619).

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[32] Ku byerekeye uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina barakoze inshingano zari mu bubasha bwabo, kuba ihererekanyamutungo (mutation) ritarashobotse, ntabwo byabaturutseho, ahubwo byaraturutse ku cyemezo cy’ubuyobozi cyemeje ko aho hantu ubwo butaka buri ari igishanga. Urukiko rurasanga Ruberintwari Léandre adashobora kugaragaza ko haba harabaye ibikorwa bya Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina byo gutuma ihererekanyamutungo ridashoboka cyangwa se ngo abe yarabyishingiye ; bityo kuri uru rwego nta buriganya bugaragara ku ruhande rw’abamugurishije ubutaka bwavuzwe haruguru. Iyi ni nayo myumvire y’uru Rukiko, aho mu rubanza RADAA00005/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 03/07/2020, Urukiko rwasanze kuba hari impamvu yemewe n’amategeko yatumye Umujyi wa Kigali utubahiriza amasezerano, biwukuraho kuba waryozwa kutayubahiriza5, ibi bikaba bihura n’ibyo abahanga mu mategeko Ph. Malaurie, L. Aynès basobanura, aho bavuga ko ugomba inshingano ataryozwa kuba atashyize mu bikorwa ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano iyo kutayashyira mu bikorwa byatewe n’impamvu itamuturutseho, keretse iyo yabyishingiye. Impamvu bavuga ko zidaturutse k’ugomba inshingano, zirimo impamvu ntarengwa kandi itunguranye (force majeure), ibikorwa by’uberewemo inshingano (faits du créancier) n’ibikorwa by’undi muntu utari mu masezerano (fait d’un tiers) cyangwa igikorwa giturutse ku mbaraga z’ubutegetsi bwa Leta (fait du prince ou de la puissance publique). Izi mpamvu zikuraho uburyozwe bw’ufite inshingano, keretse iyo ari izishobora kuba zimara igihe runaka, icyo gihe amaserano akaba ahagaze (suspension)6. [33] Urukiko rurasanga ibyashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure aho rwemeje ko ibyo abaguze ubutaka bari bagamije bitagezweho bitahabwa agaciro, kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Ruberintwari Léandre yakoreye amasezerano kwa Noteri w’ubutaka, arabushyikirizwa atangira no kubukoresha nta nkomyi iyo ariyo yose; ibyo kuba atarakorewe ihererekanyamutungo, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ntabwo byaryozwa ababumugurishije, kuko nawe ubwe yamenyeshejwe ko aho hantu yaguze hahinduriwe icyerekezo hahindurwa igishanga, kandi igishanga akaba ari umutungo wa Leta, mu mwaka wa 2019, imyaka itatu nyuma y’aho bakoreye amasezerano y’ubugure,. [34] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga kuba Ruberintwari Léandre adashoboye kurugaragariza ko habaye uburiganya ku ruhande rwa Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, nta mpamvu igaragara yatuma amasezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro no gusubiza Ruberintwari Léandre ikiguzi yatanze, cyane cyane nk’uko byibukijwe haruguru, atashoboye kugaragaza igihe aho hantu yaguze hahinduwe igishanga, ko icyo gihe abagurishije bari bazi ko aho bagurishije hahindutse igishanga cyangwa ko hari igikorwa cyabo cyatumye adakorerwa ihererekanyamutungo, bityo imikirize y’urubanza rw’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, ikaba ihindutse kuri iyi ngingo, 75.000.000Frw rwategetse Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina gusubiza Ruberintwari Léandre akaba avanweho, kimwe n’andi bategetswe kwishyura muri urwo rubanza nayo avanweho. 5 Reba urubanza Nº RADAA 00005/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/07/2020, habura Umujyi wa Kigali na RWABUKWISI Jean 6.Le débiteur échappe à la responsabilité lorsque l’inexécution est imputable à une cause étrangère, sauf s’il était tenu d’une obligation de garantie. La cause étrangère la plus caractéristique est la force majeure à laquelle sont assimilés les faits du créancier et d’un tiers. Ces causes d’exonération libèrent le débiteur, à moins qu’elles aient eu un caractère momentané : elles n’entraînent alors que la suspension du contrat (Ph. MALAURIE, L. AYNÈS, Droit des obligations, Paris, LGDJ, 2015, pp. 513-514)

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B. UBUJURIRE BWURIRIYE KU BUNDI Gusuzuma niba indishyi zisabwa na RUBERINTWARI Léandre zifite ishingiro [35] Ruberintwari Léandre avuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa yasobanuriye Urukiko ko kuva ku wa 03/11/2016, Habimana Seleman na Tugimana Amina barimo kubyaza umusaruro 75.000.000Frw yabahaye bagura umutungo ubaruye kuri UPI: 1/02/10/01/217, atigeze yandikwaho ahubwo ukaza gusenywa kubera ko wari wubatse ku butaka bwa Leta, bityo ko akwiye gusubizwa icyo kiguzi hiyongeyeho indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibazwe kuva ku wa 03/11/2016, zingana na 75.000.000Frw x4 x18% = 54.000.000Frw, zizakomeza kwiyongera kugeza igihe azahererwa icyo kiguzi yatanze. Ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso yarugaragarije byuko bamugurishije bazi neza ko ihererekanya ry’umutungo ritazashoboka bagamije kwibonera ayo mafaranga y’ikiguzi, hanyuma we agasigara ahanganye n’ingaruka zo kuvanwa mu mutungo na nyiri ubutaka. Bityo ko asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kumugenera indishyi mbonezamusaruro atahawe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [36] Me Bayisabe Irenée avuga ko indishyi basaba nta shingiro zifite, kuko abajuriye nta ruhare bagize ngo iyo inzu isenywe. Avuga kandi ko iyo nzu Ruberintwari Léandre yayikodeshaga, ko ubwe yivugiye ko yayikodeshaga 1.600.000Frw buri kwezi, ko kandi iyo nzu yasenywe mu mwaka wa 2020 bivuze ko amafaranga yatanze agura iyo nzu yari yaramaze kuyagaruza ndetse abona arenze 80.000.000Frw. Asoza avuga ko hagize n’ibyo Leta yatanga ariwe wabihabwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [37] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi Ruberintwari Léandre asaba atazikwiye kuko atashoboye kurugaragariza ko Habimana Seleman na Tugimana Amina bamugurishije ubutaka bazi neza ko ari umutungo wa Leta cyangwa ngo babe baragize uruhare mu gutuma atakorerwa ihererekanyamutungo. C. AMAFARANGA Y’IGIHEMBO CYA AVOKA N’IKURIKIRANARUBANZA Kumenya niba amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza asabwa muri uru rubanza afite ishingiro [38] Me Bayisabe Irenée, uhagarariye Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina, avuga ko basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Ruberintwari Léandre kubaha 3.000.000rw y’ikurikiranarubanza, yiyongera ku yasabwe mu manza zabanje. [39] Ruberintwari Léandre n‘umwunganira bavuga ko kuva ku wa 03/11/2016 ubwo hakorwaga amasezerano y'ubugure, umutungo hamwe n'ikiguzi cyawo biri mu maboko ya Habimana Issa Seleman n'umugore we Tugimana Amina, ku bw’ibyo ko badakwiye kumusaba indishyi kuko nta shingiro zifite, ko ahubwo ari bo bakwiye kumugenera indishyi zingana na 3.500.000Frw zikubiyemo amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n'ay'ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego rw'ubujurire, kubera gukomeza kumushora mu manza, aho gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bategetswe n'Urukiko.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [40] Urukiko rurasanga nta ruhande rukwiye guhabwa amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza kuko buri ruhande rufite icyo rutsindiye. Bivuze ko nta n’impamvu Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bahabwa ayo mu nkiko zabanje kuko nabo hari ingingo yagendaga ibatsinda. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [41] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [42] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Ruberintwari Léandre nta shingiro bufite. [43] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCA00006/2020/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, ku wa 17/05/2021 ihindutse ku bijyanye na 75.000.000Frw rwategetse Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina gusubiza Ruberintwari Léandre akaba avanweho, kimwe na 750.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 60.000Frw by’amagarama nayo avanweho. [44] Rutegetse ko amafaranga yose yavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki yaciwe Habimana Issa Seleman na Tuginama Amina avanweho. [45] Rwemeje ko nta indishyi n’amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza atanzwe muri uru rubanza. [46] Ruvuze ko amagarama yatanzwe ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.