Re IBAMBE

# Re IBAMBE

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-06-05 - Case/document no.: RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2024/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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Re IBAMBE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2024/SC (Mukantaganzwa, P.J., Hitiyaremye, Cyanzayire, Muhumuza na Kazungu, J.) 05 Kamena 2025] Itegeko Nshinga – Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru – Ni uburenganzira butagomba kuvogerwa, ariko bukaba butagomba kubangamira ubundi burenganzira burimo ubw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure – Imikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga – Kuba Umushingamategeko yarifuje gushyiraho Itegeko No 60/2018 ryo kuwa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, yari agamije kurengera by’umwihariko uburenganzira bwa muntu mu mikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga, kandi akaba ariyo mpamvu, mu ngingo yaryo ya 39 ihana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha, ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa. Amategeko agenga ikoranabuhanga – Ibyaha bikorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga – Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa – Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa ni icyaha kigizwe no: - kubaho kw’igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru; - kuba uwatangaje amakuru y’ibihuha yari azi neza ko atari ukuri; - kuba icyo gikorwa cyakozwe hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa; - kuba amakuru y’ibihuha yatangajwe ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda, cyangwa ashobora gutuma atakarizwa icyizere. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ibambe yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, itegenya ko …umuntu wese, ubizi, wifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa agatangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, aba akoze icyaha; inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta, ariko ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ndetse n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we, kandi ko uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bukoreshwa n’iyubahirizwa ryabwo biteganywa n’amategeko. Asobanura ko iyo ngingo ya 39 ibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru kuko ikoreshwa mu guhana mu buryo bw’inshinjabyaha abanyarwanda cyane cyane abanyamakuru, kubera akazi kabo ko gutangaza amakuru umunsi ku munsi. Urega avuga ko kuba ingingo ya 39 ifata igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere nk’icyaha, ari ukubangamira ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga; kandi bikanagaragara nk’aho ari uguhana icyaha cyo gusebanya mu buryo bw’impanabyaha, nyamara Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaremeje ko binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga; bityo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere bikaba byagombye gukurikiranwa mu buryo bw’imbonezamubano kugira ngo abantu batananirwa gutanga ibitekerezo byabo batinya ko iri tegeko ryabafungisha.

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Urega avuga kandi ko gufata igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere nk’icyaha bibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo kuko ikigamijwe ari ukurengera izina ry’umuntu ku giti cye aho kuba inyungu rusange, kubera ko nta ngaruka zigaragara byagira kuri sosiyeti cyangwa kuri rubanda muri rusange; ko bipyinagaza uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo no kwisanzura mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo abantu bafite. Asoza avuga ko gutangaza amakuru ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere ari igisobanuro cyo gusebanya mu ruhame; kubihana nk’icyaha bikaba bivuguruza umurongo Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe wo gukura gusebanya mu ruhame ku rutonde rw’ibyaha, kikaba cyari giteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 233 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda muri uru rubanza avuga ko iyo ngingo ya 39 Urega asabira kuvanwaho ntaho inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ahubwo ko ibiteganyijwe muri iyo ngingo bishyira mu bikorwa ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko ikumira ndetse igahana ukora icyaha cyo gutangaza abizi, yifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda, cyangwa yatuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda asobanura ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe yahanaga icyaha cyakorewe umuyobozi cyangwa abayobozi gusa, mu gihe ingingo ya 39 isabirwa kuvanwaho iteganya icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ku muntu wese, n’ingaruka zacyo zigizwe no guteza ubwoba, imvururu, ihohotera muri rubanda cyangwa gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere. Akomeza avuga ko iyi ngingo itabuza abaturarwanda muri rusange n’abanyamakuru by’umwihariko, ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo; ko ahubwo ibasaba kwitwararika mu byo batangaza kuko nta muntu ufite ubwisanzure bwo gutangaza abizi amakuru y’ibihuha yagira ingaruka mbi zigaragazwa n’iyo ngingo. Bityo, akaba abona ko mu gihe ibyo Urega asaba byaba byemejwe iyo ngingo ikavanwaho, ubwo uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwaba bwemewe gukoreshwa mu buryo bubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda, imyifatire mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana, uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. Bityo, akaba asoza avuga ko Leta y’u Rwanda isaba Urukiko rw'Ikirenga kwemeza ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga kandi ko ikirego cy’Urega nta shingiro gifite. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ni uburenganzira butagomba kuvogerwa, ariko bukaba butagomba kubangamira ubundi burenganzira burimo ubw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro. 2. Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa ni icyaha kigizwe no: kubaho kw’igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru, kuba uwatangaje amakuru y’ibihuha yari azi neza ko atari ukuri, kuba icyo gikorwa cyakozwe hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa; kuba amakuru y’ibihuha yatangajwe ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda, cyangwa ashobora gutuma atakarizwa icyizere. 3. Kuba Umushingamategeko yarifuje gushyiraho Itegeko No 60/2018 ryo kuwa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, yari agamije kurengera by’umwihariko uburenganzira bwa muntu mu mikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga, kandi akaba ariyo mpamvu, mu ngingo yaryo ya 39 ihana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha, ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa Ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo y’Itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nta shingiro gifite.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 13 n’iya 38. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu ryo mu 1948 u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 18 Nzeri 1962, ingingo ya 19. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki (ICCPR) u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono mu wa 1975, ingingo ya 19. Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage yo ku wa 27 Kamena 1981, ingingo ya 9. Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, ingingo ya 39. Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, ingingo ya 233. Itegeko ryo mu gihugu cya Kenya rigenga ikoreshwa nabi rya mudasobwa n’ibyaha bikorerwa kuri murandasi ryo ku wa 31/12/2022, ingingo ya 23. Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2021/SC, Re Byansi Samuel Baker rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/03/2022. RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC, Re Mugisha Richard rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/04/2019. The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Lohe Issa Konate v. Burukina Faso rwaciwe ku wa 05/12/2014. OKUTA, Jacqueline Okuta & another v. Attorney General & 2 others, Kenya High Court [2017], eKLR. [G.R. No 256700. April 25, 2023] People of the Philippines, petitioner, vs. Jomerito S. Soliman, Respondent. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Sunstein, Cass R. Liars: Falsehoods and free speech in an age of deception. Oxford University Press, 2021, page 46, 95, 171 & 172. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ibambe Jean Paul yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Itegeko Nshinga muri uru rubanza. [2] Asobanura ko impamvu yatanze iki kirego ari uko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ibangamiye ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru kuko ikoreshwa mu guhana mu buryo bw’inshinjabyaha abanyarwanda cyane cyane abanyamakuru, kubera akazi kabo ko gutangaza amakuru umunsi ku munsi; bityo ko yavanwaho mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. [3] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ntaho inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ahubwo ko ibiteganyijwe muri iyo ngingo bishyira mu bikorwa ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga.

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[4] Iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame ku wa 05/05/2025, Ibambe Jean Paul yunganiwe na Me Gakunzi Valerie na Me Mukashema Marie Louise, naho Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Habumuremyi Prosper. Muri iryo buranisha, Urukiko rwabanje gusuzuma ikibazo kirebana n’inyungu Ibambe Jean Paul afite mu rubanza. Ku bijyanye n’inyungu Ibambe Jean Paul afite muri uru rubanza [5] Urukiko rumaze kumva impande zombi zemeranya ko urega afite inyungu mu rubanza, mu cyemezo cyafatiwe mu ntebe, rwemeje ko mu rwego rwo guteza imbere amategeko no kurengera uburenganzira bw’abarebwa n’iri tegeko, Ibambe Jean Paul afite inyungu kuko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru aregera ireba abaturage bose muri rusange. Iyi ikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zemejwe n’Urukiko, zishingirwaho mu gusuzuma ikibazo cy’inyungu cy’uregera itegeko kuba rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga1. [6] Ku birebana n’imizi y’urubanza, ababuranyi bagiye impaka ku kibazo kirebana no kumenya niba ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYACYO Kumenya niba ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda [7] Ibambe Jean Paul n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko umuntu wese, ubizi, wifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa agatangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda cyangwa ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, aba akoze icyaha kandi ko iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’imyaka itatu (3) ariko kitarenze imyaka itanu (5) n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni imwe (1.000.000Frw) ariko atarenze miliyoni eshatu (3.000.000Frw), inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, iteganya ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta, ariko ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we ; kandi ko, uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bukoreshwa n’iyubahirizwa ryabwo biteganywa n’amategeko. [8] Basobanura ko kuba ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ifata igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere nk’icyaha, ari ukubangamira ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo buteganywa n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga; kandi bikanagaragara nk’aho ari uguhana icyaha cyo gusebanya mu buryo bw’impanabyaha,nyamara mu gika cya 65 cy’urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2019 haburana Mugisha Richard, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaremeje ko guhana icyaha cyo gusebanya binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga; bityo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere bikaba byagombye gukurikiranwa mu buryo bw’imbonezamubano kugira ngo abantu batananirwa gutanga ibitekerezo byabo batinya ko iri tegeko ryabafungisha.

1Urubanza rubanziriza urundi rwaciwe ku wa 16/12/2022, mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/2022, haburana Murangwa Edward, §17, p.10.

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[9] Basobanura nanone ko gufata igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere nk’icyaha bibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo kuko ikigamijwe ari ukurengera izina ry’umuntu ku giti cye aho kuba inyungu rusange kubera ko nta ngaruka zigaragara byagira kuri sosiyeti cyangwa kuri rubanda muri rusange; bakavuga ko bipyinagaza uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo no kwisanzura mu kugaragaza ibitekerezo abantu bafite. [10] Basobanura kandi ko gutangaza amakuru ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere ari igisobanuro cyo gusebanya mu ruhame; kubihana nk’icyaha bikaba bivuguruza umurongo Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe wo gukura gusebanya mu ruhame ku rutonde rw’ibyaha nk’uko bigaragara muri Politiki y’Itangazamakuru yo mu 2011 kugira ngo kijye gikurikiranwa mu buryo bw’imbonezamubano mu rwego rwo kwirinda kuniga uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo harimo n’ubw’itangazamakuru. [11] Bagaragaza ko ingingo ya 19 y’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu ryo mu 1948 u Rwanda rwemeye kuba kimwe mu bihugu birihuriyeho ku wa 18 Nzeri 1962; hamwe n’ingingo ya 19 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki (ICCPR) u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono mu 1975, ziteganya uburenganzira busesuye bwo gutanga ibitekerezo; nubwo ubwo burenganzira butarunduye nk’uko bisobanurwa mu nyandiko y’Akanama ka Loni gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu “General Comment 34”, ariko ko mu rwego rwo kubaka sosiyete igendera ku mahame ya demokarasi, izo ngingo zisobanura neza uko uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bugomba kubahirizwa. Bavuga ko iyo uhuje ibisobanuro bitangwa, usanga guhana mu buryo bw’inshinjabyaha umuntu watangaje amakuru y’ibihuha yatumye umuntu atakarizwa icyizere ari uburyo bukabije bwo kuniga ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. [12] Bagaragaza nanone ko mu kwezi kwa Mutarama 2021, ubwo u Rwanda rwahabwaga ibyifuzonama mu isuzuma mpuzamahanga ngarukagihe (Universal Periodic Review-UPR) rya 3 ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu, rwemeye gushyira mu bikorwa imyanzuro (Recommendations) rwahawe n’ibindi bihugu irimo uwo guhindura amategeko kugira ngo uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo burusheho kubahirizwa mu Gihugu; batanga urugero rw’umwanzuro watanzwe n’Igihugu cy’Ubutaliyani, usaba kuvugurura ingingo z’amategeko zibangamira ubwisanzure bw’abantu bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo no kurema inama, kwishyira hamwe n’abandi, no kurinda abanyamakuru na ba nyir’ibitangazamakuru itotezwa no guterwa ubwoba2. Bavuga ko kuba u Rwanda rwaremeye kuzashyira mu bikorwa uyu mwanzuro kimwe n’iyindi, byafatwa nko kwemera ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/8/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo nyamara buteganyijwe n’Itegeko Nshinga. [13] Bagaragaza kandi ko hari ibyemezo byafashwe n’izindi nkiko bigaragaza ko gusebanya bidakwiriye gufatwa nk’icyaha ndetse kugihana bikaba bibangamiye uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Ingero batanze harimo Urukiko Nyafurika rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu “The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights”, mu rubanza rwa Lohe Issa Konate aburana na Burukina Faso rwaciwe ku wa 05/12/2014, rwagaragaje neza ko guhana icyaha cyo gusebanya biniga ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo; Urukiko Rukuru rwa Kenya mu rubanza rwitiriwe Okuta (Jacqueline Okuta & another v Attorney General & 2 others [2017] eKLR), rwemeje ko ingingo ya 194 y’Igitabo cy’amategeko mpanabyaha ihana icyaha cyo gusebanya mu ruhame inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Kenya kubera ko ibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo; maze rwanzura ko guhana icyaha cyo gusebanya mu ruhame ugamije kurinda icyizere cy’umuntu mu buryo bwigaragaza birimo kurengera no kudashyira mu gaciro mu gihe icyubahiro cyangwa icyizere umuntu yatakarijwe hari ubundi buryo yakirengera binyuze mu nzira mbonezamubano.

2 Revise all the provisions that undermine freedom of expression as well as freedom of assembly and association and effectively protect journalists and media operators against harassment and intimidation.

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[14] Basoza basaba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kwemeza ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, mu gace kayo k’igika cya mbere gateganya ko umuntu wese, ubizi, wifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa agatangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, aba akoze icyaha, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga no gutegeka ko kavanwaho. [15] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda agaragaza ko ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ibintu bibiri by’ingenzi bikurikira: i. Ibuza gukoresha ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru mu buryo bubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana, n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we; ii. Iteganya ko ikoreshwa n’iyubahirizwa by’ubwo bwisanzure biteganywa n’amategeko. [16] Asobanura ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ishyira mu bikorwa ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko ikumira ndetse igahana ukora icyaha cyo gutangaza abizi, yifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda, cyangwa yatuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere. [17] Agaragaza ko Ibambe Jean Paul asaba ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ivanwaho ashingiye ku cyemezo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2019 haburana Mugisha Richard, mu gika cyarwo cya 101, aho rwemeje ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ariko ko bidakwiye kuko izo ngingo zitandukaniye mu byo ziteganya. [18] Asobanura ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yari igamije gukumira no guhana icyaha cyo gukoza isoni abayobozi bari mu kazi cyangwa biturutse ku kazi, hakoreshejwe amagambo, ibimenyetso, ibikangisho, inyandiko cyangwa ibishushanyo; naho ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ikaba igamije gukumira no guhana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa kandi uwayatangaje agambiriye guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda; cyangwa gutuma umuntu wayatanzweho atakarizwa icyizere. [19] Asobanura kandi ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe yahanaga icyaha cyakorewe umuyobozi cyangwa abayobozi gusa, mu gihe ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ku muntu wese, n’ingaruka zacyo zigizwe no guteza ubwoba, imvururu, ihohotera muri rubanda cyangwa gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere. [20] Akomeza asobanura ko ingingo 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itabuza abaturarwanda muri rusange n’abanyamakuru by’umwihariko, ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo; ko ahubwo ibasaba kwitwararika mu byo batangaza kuko nta muntu ufite ubwisanzure bwo gutangaza abizi amakuru y’ibihuha yagira ingaruka mbi zigaragazwa n’iyo ngingo; bityo ko kuba mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2019 haburana Mugisha Richard, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwaremeje ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ivanwaho bitaba ishingiro ryo kuvanaho ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kuko zitandukanye mu byo ziteganya, kandi kuyivanaho bikaba byaba bisobanuye ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwaba bwemewe gukoreshwa mu buryo bubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda, imyifatire

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mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana, uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we. [21] Asobanura nanone ko Leta y’u Rwanda isanga kuba hari inkiko z’ibindi bihugu zemeje ko gusebanya bidakwiriye gufatwa nk’icyaha, bidasobanuye ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko hari n’ibindi bihugu bifite amategeko ahana icyaha cyo gusebanya nka Canada igihanisha igifungo cy’imyaka itarenga itanu (Criminal Code of Canada: Section 300), Singapore igihanisha igifungo kitarenze imyaka ibiri (Penal code of Singapore: Article 500) n’Ububirigi bugihanisha igifungo kitarenze umwaka umwe (code pénal: article 444). [22] Asoza avuga ko Leta y’u Rwanda, ishingiye kuri ibi bisobanuro, isaba Urukiko rw'Ikirenga kwemeza ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y'Itegeko Nshinga kandi ko ikirego cya Ibambe Jean Paul nta shingiro gifite. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [23] Ibambe Jean Paul avuga ko ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, agace kayo gasoza igika cya mbere, gateganya ibi bikurikira: …cyangwa ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, kavanwaho kuko kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo. [24] Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo Ibambe Jean Paul atanga ikirego yararegeye ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru yose, mu nama ntegurarubanza yo ku wa 06/02/2025, we n’abamwunganira bagaragaje ko agace basanga kanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ari agace k’igika cya mbere gateganya ko …umuntu wese, ubizi, wifashishije mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa agatangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, aba akoze icyaha, bityo akaba ari ako gace kagomba gusuzumwa niba kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga. [25] Ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta, ariko ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru butagomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n’imyifatire mbonezabupfura, kurengera urubyiruko n’abana n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro, ndetse n’ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye bwite n’iy’umuryango we, kandi ko uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bukoreshwa n’iyubahirizwa ryabwo biteganywa n’amategeko. [26] Ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga byasobanuwe mu manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, zirimo urubanza RS/SPEC00001/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2019, haburana Mugisha Richard. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bugizwe no gutanga ibitekerezo ntacyo umuntu yikanga, n’uburenganzira bwo gushaka, kubona no gukwirakwiza amakuru n’ibitekerezo aho ariho hose, kandi ko bitewe n’uko ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ubwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bwemewe n’Itegeko Nshinga, icyo aricyo cyose harimo n’itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo, cyabubangamira kiba kinyuranyije naryo3. Uko ni nako rwabisobanuye mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2021/SC rwaciwe ku wa 25/03/2022, haburana Byansi Samuel Baker4.

3Reba urubanza RS/SPEC00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/04/2019, haburana Mugisha Richard, igika cya 65. 4Reba urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2021/SC rwaciwe ku wa 25/03/2022, haburana Byansi Samuel Baker, igika cya 36.

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[27] Ubwo burenganzira buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga bunateganyijwe mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono akurikira: a. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu ngingo yaryo ya 19 riteganya ko buri wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye ntacyo yikanga n’ubwo gushaka, kubona no gukwirakwiza amakuru akoresheje uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose5. b. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki mu ngingo yayo ya 196, igika cya 2 n’icya 3 ateganya ibi bikurikira: i. Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo bye, ubwo burenganzira bukubiyemo ubwigenge mu gushakashaka, guhabwa no gusakaza amakuru n’ibitekerezo by’uburyo bwose hatitawe ku mipaka y’ibihugu, hakoreshejwe imvugo, inyandiko zisanzwe, inyandiko zanyuze mu icapiro, ubugeni cyangwa se ubundi buryo bwose yihitiyemo. ii. Ikoresha ry’uburenganzira buteganyijwe mu gika cya 2 cy’iyi ngingo rijyana n’ibyo umuntu asabwa ndetse n’inshingano. Ku bw’iyo mpamvu, ikoreshwa ryabwo rishobora gushyirirwaho impamvu zibugabanya, ariko nazo zigomba kuba ziteganyijwe n’amategeko ku buryo bweruye kandi ari ngombwa kugira ngo uburenganzira cyangwa agaciro by’abandi byubahirizwe. c. Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage mu ngingo ya 97, igika cya 1 n’icya 2, ateganya ibi bikurikira: i. buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa amakuru. ii. Buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza no gusakaza ibitekerezo bye, apfa kutarengera amategeko. [28] Urukiko rusanga, haba mu Itegeko Nshinga no mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yagaragajwe, ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru ari uburenganzira butagomba kuvogerwa, ariko hose harateganyijwe irengayobora rijyanye no kuba butagomba kubangamira ubundi burenganzira, burimo ubw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro. Byashimangiwe kandi n’Akanama k’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN Human Rights Committee) mu 2011, kasobanuye ko ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo kubona amakuru butagomba kubangamira umutekano rusange w’igihugu n’uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro8.

5 Universal declaration of human rights. (1948) UN General Assembly Resolution 302.2, article 19 states that: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers” 6 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights/Pacte International des droits civils et politiques, article 19, Al. 2 & 3 states that: “Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this Article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: a) for respect of the rights or reputations of others”. 7African (Banjul) Charter On Human and Peoples' Rights (Adopted 27 June 1981, OAU Doc.CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982), entered into force 21 October 1986): article 9, al. 1 & 2 states that: “Every individual shall have the right to receive information. Every individual shall have the right to express and disseminate his opinions within the law”. 8 General Comment No 34, adopted by the UN Human Rights Committee in 2011, in its article 9, paragraphe 3, Paragraph 3 expressly states that: “the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities. For this reason, two limitative areas of restrictions on the right are permitted, which may relate either to respect of the rights or reputations of others or to the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public) or of public health or morals”.

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[29] Mu byo Ibambe Jean Paul ashingiraho avuga ko agace k’igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, harimo urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/04/2019 haburana Mugisha Richard, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 101, rwemeje ko ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange nk’uko ryahinduwe yateganyaga ko “umuntu wese ukoza isoni mu magambo, mu bimenyetso cyangwa ibikangisho, inyandiko cyangwa ibishushanyo, umwe mu bayobozi cyangwa abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu bavugwaga muri iyo ngingo, aba akoze icyaha” inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko yari ibangamiye ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo. [30] Mbere yo gusesengura ibyo uwatanze ikirego anenga ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza gusobanura itandukaniro riri hagati y’icyaha cyo gukoza isoni bamwe mu bayobozi b’Igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu n’icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa. [31] Icyaha cyo gukoza isoni bamwe mu bayobozi b’Igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu, cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 233 y’Itegeko N° 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange yakuweho n’urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2018/SC, cyari kigizwe n’ibikorwa byo gukoza isoni mu magambo, mu bimenyetso cyangwa ibikangisho, inyandiko cyangwa ibishushanyo, umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu gihe akora umurimo yatorewe cyangwa biturutse kuri uwo murimo, umwe mu bagize Guverinoma, abashinzwe umutekano cyangwa undi wese ushinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu mu gihe akora umurimo ashinzwe cyangwa ari wo biturutseho. [32] Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha giteganywa n’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, kigizwe n’ibikorwa byose byo gutangaza, umuntu abizi, amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda cyangwa ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere; bigakorwa hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa. [33] Izo ngingo zirebewe hamwe, Urukiko rusanga icyaha cyo gukoza isoni abayobozi b’Igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu n’icyaha gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, bitandukaniye ku bigize buri cyaha mu buryo bukurikira: a. Icyaha cyo gukoza isoni abayobozi b’Igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu cyari kigizwe n’ibi bikurikira: i. Kubaho kw’igikorwa cyo gukoza isoni; ii. Kuba icyo gikorwa cyakozwe mu magambo, mu bimenyetso cyangwa mu bikangisho, mu nyandiko cyangwa mu bishushanyo; iii. Kuba icyo gikorwa cyakorewe abagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, abagize Guverinoma, abashinzwe umutekano cyangwa undi wese ushinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu, mu gihe bakora umurimo bashinzwe cyangwa ariwo biturutseho. b. Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha cyo kigizwe n’ibi bikurikira: i. Kubaho kw’igikorwa cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha; ii. Kuba uwatangaje amakuru y’ibihuha yari azi neza ko atari ukuri; iii. Kuba icyo gikorwa cyakozwe hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa;

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iv. Kuba amakuru y’ibihuha yatangajwe ashobora guteza ubwoba, imvururu cyangwa ihohotera muri rubanda, cyangwa ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere. [34] Mu gusuzuma kandi itandukaniro riri hagati y’icyaha cyo gukoza isoni abayobozi b’Igihugu n’abashinzwe umurimo rusange w’Igihugu n’icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha, ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, ni ngombwa kureba impamvu yatumye hashyirwaho Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru n’icyari kigamijwe. [35] Nk’uko bigaragara muri raporo y’inama ya Komisiyo y’Umutwe w’Abadepite ishinzwe Uburezi, Ikoranabuhanga, Umuco n’Urubyiruko yateranye ku wa 07 Gisurasi 2018 isuzuma umushinga w’Itegeko ryerekeye ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, Minisitiri ushinzwe Ikoranabuhanga n’Itumanaho yasobanuye ko impamvu hateguwe uwo mushinga9, ari ukubera ko uko Igihugu kigenda gitera imbere, ikoreshwa rya murandasi n’irindi koranabuhanga rigezweho rigenda ryiyongera, bigatuma uburyo bwo kugaba ibitero by’ikoranabuhanga nabwo buhinduka bushya. Yagaragaje kandi ko iterambere mu gukoresha urubuga rw’ikoranabuhanga ryatumye abakora ibyaha barwifashishije mu kwinjira mu makuru y’abandi biyongera, kwiba umutungo bwite mu by’ubwenge no kubona mu buryo butemewe, amakuru y’ibihugu yerekeye imari cyangwa politiki ndetse n’ibindi bikorwa bitemewe n’amategeko nabyo byiyongera. [36] Yasobanuye kandi ko kuba nta mbibi cyangwa imipaka y’ibihugu iba mu ikoranabuhanga, nta n’uburyo buhari bwihariye cyangwa buhuriweho bwo gucunga ibikorwaremezo by’ikoranabuhanga. Yongeyeho ko mu rwego rwo kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba zo kwirinda no guca intege abakora ibyo bikorwa, hitabwa ku kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bijyanye n’imikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga, buri rwego rwishyiriraho ingamba zarwo zo kwicungira umutekano. [37] Abagize Komisiyo babajije impamvu ibyaha n’ibihano biteganyijwe muri uwo mushinga w’itegeko bitashyizwe mu Itegeko N° 24/2016 ryo ku wa 18/06/2016 rigenga Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazabumenyi n’Itumanaho aho gutegura umushinga w’itegeko mushya; maze Minisitiri ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho abasobanurira ko byatewe n’uko gukora ibyaha hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga bigenda bifata intera idasanzwe, n’ibyaha bishya bikaba byiyongera cyane. Ikindi yasobanuye ni uko umuvuduko isi iriho mu gukoresha tekinoloji nshya, utuma ibyaha bikorwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga byiyongera, ndetse n’ibyaha bisanzweho bigahindurirwa uburyo bikorwamo; bityo itegeko rishya rikaba rizafasha mu gukumira no gukurikirana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga10. [38] Abagize Komisiyo bagaragaje kandi ko muri uwo mushinga hagombaga kongerwamo ingingo nshya ya 39 ikubiyemo igitekerezo kijyanye no gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha kitagaragaraga neza mu ngingo yari iya 41; banagena uburyo iyo ngingo yandikwa11. [39] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ryarashyizweho hagamijwe kurengera by’umwihariko uburenganzira bwa muntu mu mikoreshereze y’ikoranabuhanga; kandi akaba ariyo mpamvu yatumye rihana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa.

9 Reba raporo y’Inama ya Komisiyo y’Umutwe w’Abadepite ishinzwe Uburezi, ikoranabuhanga, umuco n’urubyiruko yateranye ku wa 07 Gisurasi 2018 isuzuma Umushinga w’Itegeko ryerekeye ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, ku rupapuro rwa 2 n’urwa 3. 10 Reba Raporo yo ku wa 07 Gisurasi 2018, ku rupapuro rwa 4. 11 Reba Raporo yo ku wa 07 Gisurasi 2018, ku rupapuro rwa 69.

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[40] Guhana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere, hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, si umwihariko w’u Rwanda kuko no mu Gihugu cya Kenya, Itegeko rigenga ikoreshwa nabi rya mudasobwa n’ibyaha bikorerwa kuri murandasi ryo ku wa 31/12/2022, mu ngingo yaryo ya 23, riteganya ko Umuntu wese uzi neza ko amakuru ari ay’ibinyoma, akayatangaza mu nyandiko, kuri radiyo, kuri televiziyo, mu buryo bwa mudasobwa cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, kandi ayo makuru ashobora guteza imvururu cyangwa urugomo mu baturage, cyangwa ashobora guharabika isura y’umuntu uwo ariwe wese, aba akoze icyaha, kandi iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko ahanishwa ihazabu itarengeje miliyoni eshanu z’amashilingi (5,000,000Ksh), cyangwa igifungo kitarengeje imyaka icumi (10), cyangwa ibyo bihano byombi icyarimwe12. [41] Mu rubanza rwa Leta ya Philippines iburana na Jemerito S. Soliman, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Philippines rwafashe umwanzuro ku bihano bigomba guhabwa abahamwe n’icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga cyane cyane gusebanya; rutegeka ko icyaha cyo gusebanya hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga n’itumanaho kigomba guhanwa n’Itegeko rigenga ibyaha bikorwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga (Cybercrime Prevention Act), ugihamijwe akaba agomba guhabwa igihano kiri hejuru ugereranyije n’igiteganyijwe ku cyaha gisanzwe cyo gusebanya, bisobanuye ko itegeko ryahaye umwihariko udasanzwe icyaho cyo gusebanya hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga13. [42] Icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, kigarukwaho kandi n’Umuhanga mu mategeko Sunstein, Cass R aho avuga ko abatangaza amakuru y’ibihuha yagira ingaruka zikomeye, bagamije gutuma abantu runaka batakarizwa icyizere cyangwa yagira ingaruka ku mibereho yabo, babashinja ibinyoma, bakwiye guhabwa ibihano nshinjabyaha mu gihe ayo makuru bayatangaje bazi ko ari ibihuha cyangwa batabanje kugenzura ukuri kwayo. Ashimangira ko kugira ngo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha byitwe icyaha ari ngombwa kugaragaza ibi bikurikira: a. Ibimenyetso byerekana ko ayo makuru ari ibihuha; b. Kugaragaza ingaruka zikomeye zatewe n’itangazwa ryayo14. [43] Akomeza avuga ko buri wese utangaza amakuru agenewe abantu batandukanye ku mbuga nkoranyambaga, agomba kuba asobanukiwe n’uburyo ahererekanywamo kuko ako kanya, ayo makuru arimo n’ibihuha, ashobora gukwirakwizwa mu bantu amagana, ibihumbi cyangwa miliyoni kubera gusa gukanda buto15.

12 The Computer Misuse andCcybercrimes Act, 2018, article 23 provides that “a person who knowingly publishes information that is false in print, broadcast, data or over a computer system, that is calculated or results in panic, chaos, or violence among citizens of the Republic, or which is likely to discredit the reputation of a person commits an offence and shall on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding five million shillings or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or both.” 13 [G.R. No. 256700. April 25, 2023] People of the Philippines, Petitioner, vs. Jomerito s. soliman, respondent, “the Supreme Court of the Philippines has directly addressed criminal liability for online publication of false information in the context of online libel. The Court affirmed that online libel, libel committed through information and communication technologies is subject to criminal penalties under the Cybercrime Prevention Act, may impose either imprisonment or a fine as a penalty, aligning with the Revised Penal Code as amended. The penalty for online libel is one degree higher than for traditional libel, reflecting the seriousness with which the law treats the online dissemination of false and defamatory information”. 14 Sunstein, Cass R. Liars: Falsehoods and free speech in an age of deception. Oxford University Press, 2021, page 171 & 172, “For the most harmful and demonstrably false rumors, those destroying reputations and livelihoods through provably false claims about specific individual’s criminal sanctions may be appropriate when speakers know the information is false or act with reckless indifference to its falsity”. He emphasizes that this approach requires proof of actual malice and demonstrable serious harm, a high but appropriate bar for criminal punishment”. 15 Ibid., p. 95, “Any discussion of social fragmentation and online behavior requires an understanding of social cascades— above all because they become more likely when information, including false information, can be spread to hundreds, thousands, or even millions by the simple press of a button”.

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[44] Uyu muhanga avuga kandi ko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko guhindura amakuru y’ibihuha yatangajwe ku bushake ku muntu, akenshi bidakuraho ingaruka ibyo bihuha byamugizeho, ahubwo bituma abayabonye n’abayumvise, bemera ibihuha byamutangajweho16. [45] Urukiko rurasanga ingero zimaze kugaragazwa haruguru zerekana ko mu rwego rwo kurinda icyubahiro cy’umuntu, ibihugu bitandukanye bihana icyaha cyo gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hagamijwe kumwubaha, kumurinda no kumurengera17. [46] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko Nᵒ 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, bibangamiye uburenganzira bw’umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n’agaciro. Bityo, ibivugwa na Ibambe Jean Paul ko guhana icyo cyaha ari ukubangamira ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n’ubwo guhabwa amakuru bikaba nta shingiro bifite. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [47] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Ibambe Jean Paul gisaba kwemeza ko agace k’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, gateganya “gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa”, kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nta shingiro gifite. [48] Rwemeje ko agace k’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 22/08/2018 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana ibyaha bikoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, gateganya gutangaza amakuru y’ibihuha ashobora gutuma umuntu atakarizwa icyizere hifashishijwe mudasobwa cyangwa urusobe rwa mudasobwa, katanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 38 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

16Ibid., pge 46, “Experimental studies show that corrections often fail to eliminate the effects of previously received misinformation...In fact, corrections sometimes increase people's commitments to false statements”. 17Reba ingingo ya 13 y’Itegeko Nshinga igira iti: umuntu ni umunyagitinyiro kandi ni indahungabanywa. Leta ifite inshingano yo kumwubaha, kumurinda no kumurengera.