I&M Bank Ltd v. KALINDA N’ABANDI

# I&M Bank Ltd v. KALINDA N’ABANDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2016-05-06 - Case/document no.: RCOMA 0050/13/CS - Collection: Supreme Court

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I&M Bank Ltd v. KALINDA N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCOMA 0050/13/CS (Kayitesi Z., P.J., Gakwaya na MunyangeriJ.) 6 Gicurasi 2016] Amategeko agenga amasezerano – Kwishyura inyungu – I&M Ltd ntiyahabwa inyungu mu bujurire rubanza ijuririra mu gihe iterekanye bitagaragajwe ko hari amakosa yakozwe mu rubanza ijuririra rujuririrwa uretse gusa gusaba urukiko ko hubahirizwa ingingo z’amategeko. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Gutanga ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera – Ntiyakwireguza ko yishyuye umwenda ndetse akishyura ibirenze igihe yemera raporo y’umuhanga igaragaza ingano y’umwenda kandi ntanagaragaze ikirenga ku cyo avuga yishyuye. Indishyi – Indishyi mbonezamusaruro – Ntibavuga ko I&M Ltd yasheshe amasezearano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko ngo babihereho babisabire indishyi kuko batabitangiye ibimenyetso, ahubwo ni bo batubahirije inshingano zabo zo kwishyura – Itegeko n 21/2012 ryo ᵒ ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 9, Itegeko n 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ᵒ ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo za 3 na 110 n’Itegeko ro ku wa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasdezrano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 258. Indishyi – Kwangiza izina ry’ubucuruzi –Indishyi z’akababaro – Abahagarariye Ets KALINDA SEKWEKWE ntibazihabwa igihe batagaragaza ko I&M Ltd Banki yangije izina ryabo ry’ubucuruzi cyangwa ko hari amakosa yabakoreye. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ashingiye ku izina ry’ubucuruzi bwa se, nyakwigendera Kalinda Sekwekwe, no ku butumwa yari yahawe n’abavandimwe be, Kalinda Donatien yahawe inguzanyo zitandukanye na I&M Bank Ltd. Iyi Banki yaje kurega uwari wasabye izo nguzanyo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ivuga ko atubahirije amasezerano kuko atari yishyuye izo nguzanyo n’inyunguumwenda zawazo nk’uko impande zombi zari zabyumvikanye. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rutegeka Kalinda Donatien n’abavandimwe be kwishyura umwenda, igihembo cy’umuhanga runategeka ko batazishyura izindi nyungu z’inyongera kugeza igihe uwo mwenda uzarangirizwa kwishyurirwa. I&M Bank Ltd yajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze kuyigenera inyungu ku mwenda wa 123.672.435 Frw yagombaga kwiyongeraho inyungu zayo akaba 136.965.265 Frw. Mucyo Donatien uhagarariye abaregwaabajuriye yasubije ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rutibeshye igihe rwangaga kugenera I&M Bank Ltd inyungu kuko rwasobanuye neza ko inyungu zitagomba gutangwa mu gihe ibikoresho byari byaratanzwe na I&M Bank Ltd (amakamyo) bitari bikiriho, ibyo byumvikanisha ko abaregwa batari bagikora akazi k’ubucuruzi, ku buryo inyungu zari gukomeza kubarwa. Mu izina ry’abavandimwe be, Kalinda Donatien yatanze ubujurire bwiririye ku bundi avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko bagomba kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672.435 Frw mu gihe imibare batanze igaragaza ko bishyuye arenze ayo bagombaga kwishyura. Yasabye indishyi z’akababro zijyanye no kuba Banki yarasheshe amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije

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n’amategeko kandi ikanakomeza gufatira inguzanyo kuva 2009 kugeza 20015, kubaha indishyi z’akababro kubera kwangiza izina ry’ubucuruzi, kwishyura yonyine igihembo cy’umuhanga n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka. I&M Bank Ltd yavuze ko nta gusesa amasezerano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko kwabayeho kuko Kalinda Donatien yari yabwiye Bank ko hari ibibazo bituma adashobora kwishyura kugeza ubwo yasabye Banki kugurisha amakamyo ngo ibone uko yishyura ibirarane bityo hakaba nta ruhare Banki ifite mu kutishyurira igihe kwa Ets KALINDA SEKWEKWE. Yakomeje kandi ivuga ko hatakwishyurwa indishyi z’akababaro kubera kwangiza izina ry’ubucuruzi kuko ari Kalinda Donatien witwaye nabi mu kwishyura ibirarane bari bafitiye Banki. Incamacye y’icyemezo: 1. Ubujurire bugomba kugaragaza amakosa bunenga Urukiko rwa mbere mu rubanza rwajuririwe haba mu mategeko, mu miterere y’ikiburanwa no gusobanura impamvu n’uburyo yumva ko agomba gukosorwa. Kuba rero Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarashingiye ku ngingo ya 92 y’Itegeko N 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga ᵒ amasezerano, ku ubutabera (équité) no kuba I&M Bank Ltd yari ifite ingwate nyinshi zatanzwe n’abaregwa rukemeza ko nta nyungu zigomba kubarwa kuva 21/7/2011, I&M Ltd ntigaragaze ko hari amakosa yaba yarakozwe muri icyo cyemezo uretse kuvuga gusa ko rwagombaga kubahiriza ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano n’ingingo za ᵒ 478 na 480 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano ariko ntigaragze icyo inenga mu rubanza rwajuririwe byumvikanisha ko ubujurire bwayo nta shingiro bufite. 2. Ingingo y’ubujurire ijyanye no kuba abahawe inguzanyo barongerewe n’Urukiko igihe cyo kwishyura ntiyasuzumwa kuko icyo gihe cyarangiye. 3. Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana kandi ukwiyemerera mu rubanza ni amagambo umuburanyi cyangwa umuhagarariye avugira mu rukiko agira ibyo yemera. Kuba rero abaregwa mu rubanza rujuririrwa baremeye ko nta makosa umuhanga yakoze mu mibare kandi bakaba abatagaragaza amafaranga bishyuye arenga ku yo I&M Ltd isaba, bigaragaza ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite. 4. Abaregwa ntibahabwa indishyi mbonezamusaruro basaba zishingiye ku kuba I&M Ltd yarasheshe amasezearano mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko mu gihe abasabye inguzanyo bari barananiwe kubahiriza inshingano zabo zo kwishyura umwenda kuko raporo y’umuhanga abahawe inguzanyo bemera yagaragaje ko ku itariki amasezerano yaseserejweho hari umwenda abahawe inguzanyo bagombaga kuba abarishyuye I&M Bank Ltd kandi bakaba batagaraza ko ayo masezerano yasheshwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. 5. Nta ndishyi z’akababaro zikwiye guhabwa abahagarariye Ets KALINDA SEKWEKWE igihe batagaragaza ko I&M Ltd yangije izina ryabo ry’ubucuruzi bakaba abatanagaragaza kandi hari amakosa iyo Banki yaba ayarabakoreye. Byongeye, nta amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka abakwiye guhabwa kuko hari ibyo batsindiwe. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite; Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi nta shingiro bufite; Urubanza rwajuririwe ntiruhindutse; IAbaburanyi bategetswe gufatanya kwishyura amagarama y’urubanza.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza ᵒ z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 9. Itegeko N 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ᵒ ingingo za 3 na 110. Itegeko ro ku wa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasdezrano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 258. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Kalinda Donatien akoresheje izina ry’ubucuruzi ry’umubyeyi we « Ets KALINDA SEKWEKWE», ashingiye no ku butumwa (procurations) yahawe n’abagize umuryango wa nyakwigendera KALINDA SEKWEKWE, yasabye inguzanyo zitandukanye kuri I&M Bank Ltd, arazihabwa arimo 200.000.000 Frw ya ‘’crédit d’équipement véhicules-leasing’’, 20.000.000 Frw ya ‘’crédit de caisse’’ na 55.600.000 Frw ya ‘’crédit amortissable à moyen terme’’. [2] I&M Bank Ltd yaje kurega Kalinda Donatien mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ivuga ko atubahirije amasezerano yo kwishyura nk’uko yari yarabisinyiye afata umwenda, ku buryo kugeza ku wa 20/7/2011, umwenda remezo n’inyungu byari bigeze ku mafaranga 136.965.265 Frw. [3] Ku itariki ya 28/3/2013, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RCOM 0214/11/HCC, rutegeka Kalinda Donatien n’abavandimwe be kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672.435 Frw y’umwenda (principal et intérêts) bari bayifitiye kugeza ku wa 20/7/2011 na 1.750.000 Frw y’igihembo cy’umuhanga, runategeka ko abaregwa batazishyura izindi nyungu z’inyongera kugeza igihe bazarangiza kwishyura uwo mwenda. [4] I&M Bank Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, ijuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, ivuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze kuyigenera inyungu ku mwenda wa 123.672.435 Frw nta mpamvu kandi rwongerera Kalinda Donatien n’abavandimwe be igihe cyo kwishyura ayo mafaranga kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016. [5] Kalinda Donatien nawe, mu izina ry’abavandimwe be, yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bwa I&M Bank Ltd, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko bagomba kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672. 435 Frw nyamara imibare batanze igaragaza ko ahubwo bari bishyuye amafaranga arenga ayagombaga gutangwa. Asaba kandi ko I&M Bank Ltd itegekwa kubaha indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 150.000.000 Frw kubera gusesa amasezerano y’inguzanyo mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko (dénonciation abusive du crédit) kandi ikanakomeza gufatira inguzanyo kuva 2009 kugeza 2015, kubaha indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000.000 Frw kubera kwangiza izina ry’ubucuruzi (destruction du fonds de commerce), kwishyura yonyine

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igihembo cy’umuhanga kuko ariyo nyirabayazana w’urubanza no kubaha 5.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka. [6] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku wa 1/12/2015, I&M Bank Ltd iburanirwa na Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco, naho Kalinda Donatien yunganiwe na Me MUCYO Donatien. [7] Ku wa 22/1/2016, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaciye urubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwemeza ko mbere y’uko uru rubanza rucibwa mu mizi ari ngombwa ko iburanisha ryarwo risubukurwa kugira ngo ababuranyi bagire impaka ku myanzuro nyongera no ku bimenyetso byatanzwe n’abaregwa, rwemeza kandi ko ruzasubukurwa ku wa 8/3/2016. [8] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryakomeje ku wa 8/3/2016, I&M Bank Ltd iburanirwa na Me RUSANGANWA Jean-Bosco, naho Kalinda Donatien yunganiwe na Me Mucyo Donatien. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA a. Ku bujurire bwa I&M Bank Ltd 1. Kumenya niba abaregwa bagomba kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd inyungu ku mafaranga 123.672.435 kugeza umunsi urubanza ruzarangira [9] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze kugenera I&M Bank Ltd inyungu nta mpamvu, rwirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko nᵒ 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, n’ingingo za 478 na 480 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, kubera ko rutubahirije ibivugwa n’amasezerano y’inguzanyo yabaye hagati ya I&M Bank Ltd na Kalinda Donatien. Asobanura ko raporo y’umuhanga (rapport d’expertise) yakozwe muri uru rubanza igaragaza ko kugeza ku tariki ya 20/7/2011, umwenda wose (principal et intérêts) wari ugeze kuri 123.672.435 Frw. Asoza avuga ko hagomba gukurikizwa ibyo impande zombi zumvikanye kugirango haboneke ubwishyu, bityo akaba asaba ko habarwa inyungu kuva mu mwaka wa 2011 kugeza igihe urubanza ruzarangirira. [10] Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko ntaho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwibeshye ku bijyanye n’ihame ryo kutagenera I&M Bank Ltd inyungu. Avuga ko urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye neza ko inyungu zitagomba gutangwa mu gihe ibikoresho byari byaratanzwe na I&M Bank Ltd (amakamyo) bitari bikiriho, ibyo byumvikanisha ko abaregwa batari bagikora akazi k’ubucuruzi, ku buryo inyungu zari gukomeza kubarwa. [11] Ku byerekeranye n’ibyemejwe n’umuhanga, Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko hasuzumwe raporo ye, bigaragara ko yagarukiye ku gutanga imibare yasanze muri mashini (computer), ariko atigeze asobanura impamvu zatumye abaregwa bananirwa kwishyura. Asoza avuga ko ahubwo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasobanuye neza ko kutishyura byatewe n’uko abaregwa batari bagikora ubucuruzi kubera ibibazo byabaye muri ‘’secteur‘’ y’ubwikorezi (transport), bitewe n’intambara yabaye muri Kenya ndetse no muri Congo aho bacururizaga, kandi ari nabyo byatumye basaba kugurisha amakamyo bari barahawe. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[12] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 12 k’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rushingiye ku ngingo ya 92 y’Itegeko n 45/2011 ryo ku wa ᵒ 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, k’ubutabera (équité) no kuba I&M Bank Ltd yari ifite ingwate nyishi yatanzwe n’abaregwa cyane cyane ingwate ku bintu bitimukanwa (garanties hypothécaires), rwasobanuye ko hatakomeza kubarwa inyungu kuva ku itariki ya 21/7/2011. [13] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga ubujurire bugomba kugaragaza amakosa anenga Urukiko rwa mbere rwaba rwarakoze mu rubanza rwajuririwe haba mu mategeko haba mu miterere y’ikiburanwa no gusobanura impamvu n’uburyo yumva ko agomba gukosorwa. [14] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga muri uru rubanza, uretse kuvuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwagombaga kubahiriza ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga ᵒ amasezerano, n’ingingo za 478 na 480 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, I&M Bank Ltd itagaragaza icyo inenga koko ku byo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasobanuye mu gace ka 12 k’urubanza rwajuririwe no mu cyemezo cyarwo, bityo kuba I&M Bank Ltd itagaragaza icyo inenga ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwayo nta shingiro igomba guhabwa. 2. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarakoze amakosa mu kongerera abaregwa igihe cyo kwishyura umwenda [15] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwongereye abaregwa nta mpamvu igihe cyo kwishyura umwenda bafitiye I&M Bank Ltd kugeza mu mwaka wa 2016. Asobanura ko I&M Bank Ltd yareze yifuza ko abaregwa bategekwa kwishyura vuba umwenda bayifitiye kuko batubahirije ibyo bari barasezeranye, bityo akaba asanga ko kongererwa igihe byateza igihombo I&M Bank Ltd, cyane cyane ko amafaranga bahawe ari ay ׳abandi ba ‘’clients’’ kandi akaba agomba kongera gukoreshwa akabyara andi. [16] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga kandi ko uwafashe ideni hari ingwate zitandukanye yatanze yiyemeza ko ubwishyu buramutse butabonetse izo ngwate zizagurishwa, ko ari muri urwo rwego yiyemereraga kugurisha inzu yo ku Gisozi, akishyura 100.000.000 Frw ntihagire andi amubarwaho, bityo akaba asanga Urukiko rwarirengagije uko kwiyemerera k’uwafashe ideni nk’uko bigaragara mu ibaruwa ya I&M Bank Ltd yo ku wa 05/04/2011, isubiza iyo mu kwezi kwa gatatu k’umwaka wa 2011 ya Kalinda Donatien. [17] Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwafashe uriya mwanzuro rushingiye ku nzitizi zikomeye (force majeure), abaregwa bahuye nazo mu bucuruzi bakoraga, ndetse anashingira no ku bushake bwagaragajwe nabo kugira ngo bishyure umwenda bari babereyemo I&M Bank Ltd. Asobanura ko uretse kuba abaregwa baragurishije amakamyo yose y’ubucuruzi bari barahawe n’urega bakishyura, bageze n’aho bagurisha imwe mu mitungo yabo bwite kugira ngo bishyure umwenda. Me Mucyo Donatien asoza avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye kuri ibyo byose maze rwemeza ko abaregwa bahabwa igihe cy’imyaka itatu yo kwishyura, nubwo bwose batemeranya narwo ko hari undi mwenda wari ugisigaye kwishyura. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[18] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu bice bya 20, 21, 22 na 24 by’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko abaregwa bahabwa igihe y’imyaka itatu, ni ukuvuga kugeza ku wa 31/3/2016, yo kwishyura umwenda ungana na 123.672.435 Frw bafitiye I&M Bank Ltd, rushingiye k’ubutabera (une bonne justice) no kuba nta buryarya bagaragaje mu gushaka kwishyura umwenda bafitiye Banki. [19] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga igihe rusuzuma iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa I&M Bank Ltd, igihe cy’imyaka itatu abaregwa bahawe cyo kwishyura Banki umwenda bayifiye cyararangiye ku wa 31/3/2016, bityo akaba nta mpamvu yo gusuzuma iyo ngingo y’ubujurire bwa I&M Bank Ltd. [20] Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga ariko abaregwa bagomba kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672.435 Frw yemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi. b. Ku bujurire bw’abaregwa bwuririye ku bwa I&M Bank Ltd 1. Kumenya niba abaregwa batagomba kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672.435 Frw kuko batanze amafaranga arenga ayo isaba [21] Mu myanzuro ya Me Mucyo Donatien, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwategetse abaregwa kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 123.672.435 Frw ariko rwirengagije ko imibare y’amafaranga batanze igaragaza ko ahubwo bari bishyuye amafaranga arenga ayagombaga gutangwa. [22] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko abaregwa bari bemeye umwenda wa123.672.435 Frw wari wasigaye kubera ko bemeraga kwishyura 102.000.000 Frw. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [23] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere cy’Itegeko n 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ᵒ ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ‘’ Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana’’. [24] Ingingo ya 110 y’Itegeko n 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu ᵒ manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ‘’ukwiyemerera mu rubanza ni amagambo umuburanyi cyangwa umuhagarariye avugira mu rukiko agira ibyo yemera’’. [25] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 9 k’urubanza rwajuririwe no mu nyandiko-mvugo y’imiburanishe ryabaye ku wa 20/2/2013, abaregwa bemeye ko nta makosa umuhanga yakoze ku birebana n’imibare. Uretse n’ibyo, rurasanga abaregwa batagaragaza uko bishyuye amafaranga arenga aya I&M Bank Ltd isaba. [26] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru no ku byavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga iyo ngingo y’ubujurire bw’abaregwa nta shingiro ifite. 2. Kumenya niba abaregwa bakwiye guhabwa indishyi basaba

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a. Kumenya niba I&M BANK Ltd yarasheshe amasezerano y’inguzanyo mu buryo budakurikije amategeko ‘’dénonciation abusive’’ ku buryo abaregwa bakwiye guhabwa indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 160.000.000 Frw [27] Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko Kalinda Donatien n’abavandimwe be basaba uru Rukiko gutegeka I&M Bank Ltd kubaha indishyi mbonezamusaruro zingana na 160.000.000 Frw kuko yasheshe amasezerano y’inguzanyo mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko (dénonciation abusive du crédit) kandi inakomeza gufatira inguzanyo kuva mu mwaka wa 2009 kugeza mu mwaka wa 2015, bigatuma badashobora gukomeza gukora. Avuga ko nta mpamvu yari gutuma I&M Bank Ltd isesa amasezerano kuko Kalinda Donatien yishyuraga umwenda neza. [28] Ku birebana na ‘’crédit-leasing I’’, Me Mucyo Donatien asobanura ko mu kwezi kwa mbere k’umwaka wa 2009, nyuma yo kugurisha amakamyo abiri arebana na ‘’ crédit-leasing 1’’ 93.240.000 Frw, ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA sekwekwe yari yarangije kwishyura umwenda wose urebana n’iyo ‘’ crédit-leasing I’’, ni ukuvuga ‘’arriérés’’, ‘’intérêts de retard’’, ‘’IPF’’ na ‘’VAT’’ angana na 53.179.796 Frw, I&M Bank Ltd igasigarana 40.060.204 Frw, ikayakoresha ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE itabizi aho kuyakoresha mu kugabanya umwenda wayo. Akomeza avuga ko aya 40.060.204 Frw yanganaga n’amezi atanu y’ubwishyu bw’umwenda. Yongeyeho ko ku wa 20/7/2009, ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE yishyuye 2.994.098 Frw, ikaza no kwishyura 5.200.000 Frw ku wa 24/7/2009, yose hamwe akaba 8.194.098 Frw, ni ukuvuga amafaranga y’ukwezi kumwe y’ubwishyu, bityo akaba asanga ko atari ukwezi kumwe kwari gutuma I&M Bank Ltd isesa amasezerano bagiranye (dénonciation du crédit) kuko iseswa ry’amasezerano ryabaye ku wa 20/7/2009 kandi iyo I&M Bank Ltd yari gukoresha aya 40.060.204 Frw mu kwishyura umwenda wa’’ Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE, ntabwo ‘’crédit-leasing I’’ yari kuba ifite ikibazo, ari nayo mpamvu bavuga ko ‘’dénonciation’’ yabaye ‘’abusive’’. [29] Ku birebana na ‘’Crédit-leasing II’’, Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko yagombaga gutangirwa kwishyurwa ku kwezi kwa mbere k’umwaka wa 2009 kandi ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE yagombaga kwishyura 3.400.000 Frw buri kwezi. Akomeza avuga ko nk’uko bigaragara ku mugereka wa gatanu w’imyanzuro y’abaregwa, ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE yishyuye 6.600.000 Frw ku wa 25/4/2009, 1.597.984 Frw ku wa 25/5/2009, 2.084.000 Frw ku wa 1/6/2009, 3.000.000 Frw ku wa 3/7/2009 yose hamwe angana na 13.281.984 Frw, ni ukuvuga ko angana n’amezi ane y’ubwishyu, bityo akaba asanga I&M Bank Ltd itari gusesa amasezerano, habura gusa amezi abiri y’ubwishyu. [30] Ku birebana na ‘’crédit amortissable’’ ingana na 55.600.000 Frw na ‘’crédit de consolidation’’ ingana na 73.927.209 Frw, Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko nk’uko bigaragara ku mugereka wa gatatu w’imyanzuro y’abaregwa, habayeho ubwishyu burenga 66.000.000 Frw mbere yuko haba iseswa ry’amasezerano (dénonciation) kandi abaregwa bagombaga kwishyura 2.779.852 Frw buri kwezi kuri ‘’crédit amortissable’’ na 2.706.634 Frw buri kwezi kuri ‘’crédit de consolidation’’, bityo akaba asanga ko atari amezi abiri aho batishyuye yari gutuma haba isezwa y’amasezerano (dénonciation). [31] Me Mucyo Donatien avuga ko umugereka wa karindwi w’imyanzuro y’abaregwa na raporo y’umuhanga (rapport d’expertise) bigaragaza uko bagiye bishyura I &M Bank Ltd nyuma y’iseswa ry’amasezerano, bakaba bishyuye 241.744.695 Frw, bityo akaba asanga ko bitumvikana

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ukuntu I &M Bank Ltd yishyuzaga 136.000.000 Frw mu mwaka wa 2011, ubu ikishyuza 200.000.000 Frw mu gihe nta ‘’activité commerciale’’ abaregwa bari bafite kandi amakamyo yari yagurishijwe na Banki kuko yari yanditswe mu mazina yayo. [32] Me MUCYO Donatien akomeza avuga ko I &M Bank Ltd yitiranyije inguzanyo yahawe abaregwa kuko inguzanyo yari ‘’crédit leasing’’ kandi muri ubu bwoko bw’inguzanyo, umu ‘’client’’ ahabwa ikintu (un bien), akishyura ubukode buri kwezi ariko mu gihe igikoresho yahawe kitagikora, akaba atagomba kwishyura ubwo bukode. Asoza avuga ko I&M Bank Ltd yari ifite uburyarya (mauvaise foi) kuko yanze kwemerera Kalinda Donatien ‘’restructuration’’ y’inguzanyo yasabaga kandi igakomeza kubara ubukode bw’amakamyo uko bwari bumeze igihe bagiranaga amasezerano, ko umuhanga yagaragaje ko iyo I&M Bank Ltd yari kwemera ‘’restructuration’’, bari kwishyura gusa 5.000.000 Frw. [33] Kalinda Donatien avuga ko uburyarya (mauvaise foi) bwa I&M Bank Ltd bugaragara ku kuba yarasabye ingwate (garantie), nyamara ku birebana na ‘’crédit-leasing’’, hadatangwa ingwate no kuba yaragurishije amakamyo abiri arebana na ‘’crédit leasing II’’ bari baguze 136.095.459 Frw, bagatakaza 55.644.390 Frw bari bashyizemo mu kuyagura. [34] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko ku birebana na ‘’dénonciation abusive’’ ivugwa na Kalinda Donatien, nk’uko bigaragara ku gace ka 15 kugeza ku ka 17 k’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rw’ubucuruzi rwagaragaje ko ‘’dénonciation’’ yari yakozwe na Banki, itari ‘’abusive’’. Asobanura ko kuva ukwezi kwa munani k’umwaka wa 2008, Kalinda Donatien yabwiye Banki ko hari ibibazo bihari bituma adashobora kwishyura, kugeza aho yasabye Banki kugurisha amakamyo kugira ngo yishyuye ibirarane yari ayifitiye, bityo akaba asanga ko nta ruhare I&M Bank Ltd ifite mu kutishyurira ku gihe kwa ‘’Etabissements’’ Kalinda Sekwekwe no mu kugurisha amakamyo. [35] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco akomeza asobanura ko nyuma y’iseswa ry’amasezerano yabaye ku wa 30/7/2009 no kumenyesha Kalinda Donatien ko bafitiye Banki umwenda ungana na 289.954.274 Frw, niwe wasabye ko amakamyo agurishwa, akishakira aba ‘’clients’’ ndetse agahitamo izigomba kugurishwa, bityo akaba asanga nta na hamwe hagaragara uruhare rwa Banki kandi Kalinda Donatien yagaragaje ko afite ibibazo ndetse anagaragaza uburyo byakemuka. [36] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko nta na rimwe Kalinda Donatien yandikiye Banki, akora ‘’contestation’’ haba mbere cyangwa nyuma y’iseswa ry’amasezerano. Akomeza avuga ko nk’uko bigaragara muri raporo y’umuhanga kuri koti ya 37, abaregwa bari bafite amasezerano y’inguzanyo atandukanye ariko basa nk’aho bafata ‘’crédit leasing’’ gusa kandi hari ibirarane byari bihari n’amafaranga yagombaga kwishyurwa kuri buri inguzanyo. [37] Ku birebana na ‘’restructuration’’, Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko ‘’restructuration’’ ari amasezerano mashya, I&M Bank Ltd itari gukora amasezerano mashyashya mu gihe Kalinda Donatien yivugira ko akazi ka ‘’Etablissement’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE katagendaga. Akomeza avuga ko Kalinda Donatien yayisabye mbere y’uko agurisha amakamyo, byumvikana ko hari ibibazo yari afite. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[38] Ingingo ya 258 y’Igitabo cya III cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko ‘‘Igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse‘‘. [39] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko n 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ᵒ ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ‘’ Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana’’. [40] Ingingo ya 9, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko n 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye ᵒ imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko ‘’urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso b’ibyo aregera. Iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda’’. [41] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara mu gace ka 13 k’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko I&M Bank Ltd itigeze isesa amasezerano y’inguzanyo yariganye n’abaregwa mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, ahubwo yayasheshe kubera ko batubahirije inshingano zabo zo kwishyura inguzanyo zitandukanye bahawe na I&M Bank Ltd. Rurasanga kandi mu gace ka 16 k’urwo rubanza, rwemeje ko iseswa ry’amasezerano ryabaye mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko yakozwe nyuma y’uko abaregwa bihanangirijwe kurangiza inshingano zabo, naho mu gace ka 17 k’urwo rubanza, rwasobanuye ko izindi mpamvu zatanzwe n’abaregwa z’uko habaye iseswa ry’amasezerano rinyuranije n’amategeko nta shingiro zifite kuko nta cyabuza ugombwa inshingano (créancier) gusesa amasezerano yagiranye n’ugomba inshingano mu gihe asanga ko atubahiriza inshingano ye yo kwishyura umwenda nk’uko bari bumvikanye mu masezerano. [42] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga raporo y’umuhanga (rapport d’audit) igaragaza mu rupapuro rwa 36 ko ku tariki ya 30/7/2009, umunsi iseswa ry’amasezerano ryabaye, abaregwa bari bafitiye I&M Bank Ltd umwenda ukurikira, 64.312.321 Frw (découvert en compte), 31.181.087 Frw (principal non échu crédit consolidé), 20.350.724 Frw (impayés en principal crédit consolidé), 8.864.206 Frw (impayés en intérêts crédit consolidé), 85.520.720 Frw (capital non encore échu et impayés leasing 1), 69.083.695 Frw (capital non encore échu et impayés leasing 2), yose hamwe akaba 279.312.663 Frw. [43] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga ibivugwa n’abaregwa by’uko bari barangije kwishyura umwenda wose urebana na ‘’crédit leasing 1’’ ku mwaka wa 2009 kandi ko I&M Bank Ltd yasigaranye 40.060.204 Frw nyuma yo kugurisha amakamyo, ikayakoresha ‘’Etablissements’’ KALINDA SEKWEKWE itabizi aho kuyakoresha mu kugabanya umwenda wayo, bitahabwa agaciro mu gihe bemera ibyemezo bya raporo y’umuhanga ndetse no mu gihe batagaragaza ibimenyetso byemewe n’amategeko bibishimangira. [44] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’abaregwa birebana na’’crédit leasing 2’’ by’uko kugeza ku wa 3/7/2009 bakomeje kwishyura uwo mwenda kandi I&M Bank Ltd itari gusesa amasezerano habura gusa amezi abiri y’ubwishyu, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga mu gihe bemera ibyemezo bya raporo y’umuhanga, ibyo bavuga bitahabwa agaciro kandi bigaragara ko bemera ko bari bafite ibirarane kuko bavuga ko bari bafire amezi abiri y’ubwishyu. Uretse n’ibyo, rurasanga nk’uko bigaragara muri raporo y’umuhanga, iseswa ry’amasezerano ritabaye gusa ku birebana n’inguzanyo ya ‘’crédit leasing’’ ahubwo yabaye no ku zindi nguzanyo bari bafite kuko Banki

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yasanze ko bafite ibibazo byo kwishyura izo nguzanyo zose nk’uko biteganywa mu masezerano bagiranye. [45] Ku birebana na ‘’crédit amortissable’’ ingana na 55.600.000 Frw na ‘’crédit de consolidation’’ ingana na 73.927.209 Frw, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga kuba abaregwa bemera ko igihe I&M Bank Ltd yasheshe amasezerano bagiranye, bari bafite amezi abiri batishyuye umwenda urebana na ‘’crédit amortissable’’ na ‘’crédit de consolidation’’ no kuba bemera ibyagaragaye muri raporo y’umuhanga, ibivugwa n’abaregwa bidakwiye guhabwa agaciro. [46] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’abaregwa by’uko bitumvikana ukuntu I &M Bank Ltd yishyuzaga 136.000.000 Frw mu mwaka wa 2011, ubu ikishyuza 200.000.000 Frw mu gihe nta ‘’activité commerciale’’ abaregwa bari bafite kandi amakamyo yari yagurishijwe na Banki kuko yari yanditswe mu mazina yayo ndetse bari bamaze kwishyura 241.744.695 Frw nyuma y’iseswa ry’amasezerano, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga bidakwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko bitagaragaza ko ku wa 30/7/2009, habayeho iseswa ry’amasezerano rinyuranije n’amategeko. [47] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’abaregwa by’uko I&M Bank Ltd yari ifite uburyarya kuko yanze kubemerera ‘’restructuration’’ y’inguzanyo basabaga kandi igakomeza kubara ubukode bw’amakamyo uko bwari bumeze igihe bagiranaga amasezerano, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga uretse ko bitagaragaza ko habayeho iseswa ry’amasezerano rinyuranije n’amategeko, bidakwiye guhabwa agaciro mu gihe bemeye mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ibyagaragaye muri raporo y’umuhanga. [48] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa n’abaregwa by’uko uburyarya (mauvaise foi) bwa I&M Bank Ltd bugaragara ku kuba yarasabye ingwate (garantie), nyamara ku birebana na ‘’crédit-leasing’’, hadatangwa ingwate no kuba yaragurishije amakamyo abiri arebana na ‘’crédit leasing II’’ bari baguze 136.095.459 Frw, bagatakaza 55.644.390 Frw bari bashyizemo mu kuyagura, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga uretse ko bitagaragaza ko habayeho iseswa ry’amasezerano rinyuranije n’amategeko, bidakwiye guhabwa agaciro mu gihe bemeye mu Rukiko Rukuru ibyagaragaye muri raporo y’umuhanga. Rurasanga kandi nk’uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 7 n’urwa 10 muri raporo y’umuhanga, nta ngwate yari yategetswe ku birebana n’amasezerano ya ‘’crédit-bail ou crédit leasing 1’’ angana na 207.327.014 Frw no ku birebana n’amasezerano ya ‘’crédit-bail ou crédit leasing 2’’ angana na 76.090.863 Frw. [49] Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga hatarabayeho gusesa amasezerano y’inguzanyo mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bw’abaregwa nta shingiro ifite, bakaba badakwiye guhabwa indishyi basaba zingana na 160.000.000 Frw. b. Kumenya niba abaregwa bakwiye guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000.000 Frw basaba [50] Me MUCYO Donatien avuga ko abaregwa basaba I&M Bank Ltd kubishyura indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000.000 Frw kubera kwangiza izina ry’ubucuruzi ryabo (destruction du fonds de commerce), kwishyura yonyine igihembo cy’umuhanga kuko ariyo nyirabayazana w’urubanza no kubaha 5.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka.

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[51] Me Rusanganwa Jean-Bosco avuga ko ibisabwa n’abaregwa nta shingiro byahabwa kuko ari KALINDA Donatien witwaye nabi mu kwishyura ibirarane bari bafitiye I&M Bank Ltd kandi yari yemeye kubyishyura. Asoza asaba uru Rukiko kubategeka kwishyura I&M Bank Ltd 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [52] Ingingo ya 258 y’Igitabo cya III cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko ‘‘Igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse‘‘. [53] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko n 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/6/2004 ryerekeye ᵒ ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko ‘’ Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana’’. [54] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rurasanga abaregwa badatanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza uko I&M Bank Ltd yangije izina ryabo ry’ubucuruzi. Rurasanga kandi mu gihe byagaragaye ko nta makosa I&M Bank Ltd yakoze mu gusesa amasezerano bagiranye, nta ndishyi z’akababaro abaregwa bakwiye guhabwa, bityo iyo ngingo y’ubujurire bw’abaregwa nta gaciro ikwiye guhabwa. [55] Naho ku byerekeye amafaranga y’igihembo cya avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza angana na 1.000.000 Frw I&M Bank Ltd isaba, nta yo hahabwa kuko hari ibyo itsindiwe. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [56] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na I&M Bank Ltd nta shingiro bufite; [57] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bw’abaregwa nta shingiro bufite; [58] Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse mu mikirize y’urubanza RCOM 0214/11/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 14/3/2013. [59] Rutegetse I&M Bank Ltd n’abaregwa gufatanya kwishyura amagarama y’uru rubanza angana na 100.000 Frw.