RLR-V.4- 2015

RLR-V.4- 2015

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Rwanda law reports - Date: 2015-10-01 - Collection: Supreme Court

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

SUPREME COURT Po. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

RWANDA LAW REPORTS ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO V. 4. 2015 Ukwakira, 2015 V. 4. 2015 October, 2015 Icyegeranyo V. 4 - 2015 Ukwakira, 2015 Law Report , V. 4 - 2015 October, 2015 Printed by

PROGRAPH LTD

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

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REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

SUPREME COURT Po. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw

REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

SUPREME COURT Po. Box. 2197 KIGALI www.judiciary.gov.rw

ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

RWANDA LAW REPORTS Icyegeranyo V. 1 - 2015 Mutarama, 2015 Icyegeranyo V. 4 - 2015 Ukwakira, 2015 Law Report V. 4 - 2015 October, 2015

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ISHAKIRO

ABAGIZE KOMITE Y‟UBWANDITSI ................................................ iii IRIBURIRO ........................................................................................... vii IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO.............................................. ix INYITO ................................................................................................... ix AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO ........................................................ x IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE ................................................................ xiii AMAGAMBO MPINE ......................................................................... xiv INGABIRE (IKIREGO KIGAMIJE KUVANAHO INGINGO Z‟AMATEGEKO ANYURANYIJE N‟ITEGEKO NSHINGA) ............ 1 NTABWOBA (IKIREGO KIGAMIJE KUVANAHO INGINGO Y‟ITEGEKO INYURANYIJE N‟ITEGEKO NSHINGA) ................... 19 KABAYIJUKA v. LETA Y‟U RWANDA ........................................... 31 NSHIZIRUNGU v. RWANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY (RRA) ..... 45 SEBERA v. RWANDA DEVELOPMENT BOARD (RDB) ................ 55 MITIMITUJE v. BANKI YA KIGALI Ltd ........................................... 69 ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) ............................................................. 101 MUNYANEZA (IKIREGO CYO KWIHANA UMUCAMANZA) ... 111 MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE ......................... 115 RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd N‟UNDI ......................... 125 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE....................................... 137 i

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA .................................................... 143 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE........................................... 155 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N‟UNDI ....................... 163 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N‟ABANDI ................ 175 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI .............................................. 185

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ABAGIZE KOMITE Y‟UBWANDITSI

ITSINDA RY‟ABANYAMATEGEKO BATEGUYE IMANZA

BAGABO Faustin

KAGABO U. Stephanie

MUJABI K. Naphtal

MUNYENSANGA Chrysostome

MWIHOREZE Claudine

NTIHEMUKA Emmanuel

UWIMANA Gisèle

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KOMITE YEMEZA IMANZA

MUGENZI Louis Marie : Perezida wa Komite Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : Visi perezida wa Komite Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rw‟Ikirenga

RUTAZANA Angeline : Umwanditsi wa Komite Umugenzuzi w‟Inkiko

BWIZA N. Blanche : Umugenzuzi w’Inkiko

DUSHIMINAMA Claudine : Umushinjacyaha ku rwego Rw’Igihugu

Me GAKUNZI Valery : Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka

GIRANEZA Clémentine : Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu

KALIWABO Charles : Perezida w’Urukiko iv

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v ABAGIZE KOMITE Y’UBWANDITSI

Rukuru

Me KAYIHURA Didace : Avoka mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi

MUREREREHE Saouda : Umucamanza mu Rukiko Rukuru

NYIRINKWAYA Immaculée : Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga

RUBANGO K. Epimaque : Intumwa ya Leta

RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : Umugenzuzi Mukuru w’Inkiko

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IRIBURIRO Basomyi bacu, Nyuma y‟ivugurura ry‟uburyo bwo gutangaza ibyemezo by‟Inkiko hagamijwe guhuza imicire y‟imanza mu Nkiko zo mu Rwanda, Urwego rw‟Ubucamanza runejejwe no gutangaza nomero ya kane y‟icyegeranyo cy‟ibyemezo by‟inkiko mu mwaka wa 2015. Tukaba dushishikariza abacamanza, abashinjacyaha, abavoka n‟abandi banyamategeko badakoresha iki cyegeranyo gutangira kugikoresha kuko kizabafasha kumenya uko Inkiko Nkuru zakemuye ibibazo zashyikirijwe, bikarushaho guteza imbere ubutabera bw‟u Rwanda. Muri iyi nomero murasangamo imanza cumi n‟esheshatu zikubiyemo imanza ebyiri (2) zirebana n‟Itegeko Nshinga, imanza enye (4) mbonezamubano, urubanza rumwe (1) rw‟ubucuruzi, Imanza eshatu (3) z‟ubutegetsi, urubanza rumwe (1) rw‟umurimo n‟imanza esheshatu (6) z‟inshinjabyaha. Tuboneyeho kubamenyesha ko imanza ziri muri iki cyegeranyo ziboneka no ku rubuga rwa murandasi rw‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, kuri http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/kn/nav.do Dukomeje gushishikariza abantu bose bifashisha amategeko mu kazi kwitabira gukoresha iki cyegeranyo. Prof. Sam RUGEGE Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga Perezida w‟Inama Nkuru y‟Ubucamanza

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IBIKUBIYE MURI IKI CYEGERANYO Iki cyegeranyo gikubiyemo imanza zaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga n‟Urukiko Rukuru rw‟Ubucuruzi zikoreshwa hakurikijwe inyito ivugwa hasi.

INYITO Imanza ziri muri iyi volime zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo: [2015]4 RLR

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AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04/06/2004 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 33 n‟iya 34………..................................……................. ingingo ya 17………………….…..................……………................. Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53 n‟iya 54…………………………………................... ingingo ya 53, igika cya 2 ………………………………................ ingingo 81 (1) …………...………………………………................... ingingo ya 34(10°) …………...…………………………................... Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo, ingingo ya 10, agace ka 2 .............................................................. Itegeko-Ngenga nº 01/2012 ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 765………………………………………........................... ingingo ya 71 na 83......................................................................... ingingo ya 144.........................……………………………………….. Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ingingo ya 14(6°)…………………………….... Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 9, 12 n‟iya 187.............................................................. ingingo ya 165...........................……………………………………… x 4 4 4 116 176 12 165 176 20 20 38 186 20

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AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO

Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 361(3)………………………………………………………. ingingo ya 171………………………………………………............... ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 7…………………............................................... ingingo ya 102................................................................................. ingingo ya 162(2)……………………............................................... Itegeko nᵒ 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/5/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 32 ………………………….............................................. ingingo ya 21, 27(2), 29, 33(3), 34, 35, 38, 55 n‟iya 77................. Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko, ingingo ya 93 na 94…………………………………………………… ingingo ya 164………………………................................................ Itegeko nº18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside itanga ibisobanuro by‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3………................. Itegeko ryo kuwa 20/07/1920 ryerekeye ibintu, ingingo ya 32……………. Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo za 258 n‟iya 260................................................................. ingingo ya 258………………………………………………………….. Amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo kuwa 10/07/2009 ya Minisitiri w‟Abakozi ba Leta n‟Umurimo, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 11…………....................................... 4 102 47 47 4 47 186 75 165 126 33 57 57 75

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Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 339…………………………………………………………………… Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ingingo ya 68 -3 n‟iya 121.………………………. Itegeko-Teka nº 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 312…………...........................................

47 57 138

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IMANZA ZIFASHISHIJWE

Re Mugesera, RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 28/09/2012…………..………………............................... Re Ntawuburintimba, RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 27/04/2012…………………………................................. Nyetera v. CORAR, RCAA 0202/07/CS, rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 09/4/2009........................................................................................... Ubushinjacyaha v. Musabyimana, RPA 0244/08/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 30/09/2012…………………………................................ Ubushinjacyaha v. Nyirakamana, RPA 0262/09/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 26/04/2013…………………………................................. Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphes 61 et 62…………………………………………………………… Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), paragraphe 33. ……………..........................................................

5 5 33 176 176 186 186

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AMAGAMBO MPINE Amategeko agenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa – Uburyozwe – Uburyozwe bw‟umukoresha ku makosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we – Umukoresha aryozwa amakosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we mu gihe yaba yabikoze mu rwego rw‟inshingano ze no mu masaha y‟akazi – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 260. KABAYIJUKA v. LETA Y‟U RWANDA.................................. Umushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi – Amafaranga 2.500Frw niwo mushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi hashingiwe ku miterere y‟ibiciro ku isoko ndetse no ku rwego imishahara igezeho mu Gihugu muri rusange. KABAYIJUKA v. LETA Y‟U RWANDA.................................. Amasezerano y‟ingwate – Uburenganzira bwo gucunga umutungo – Kugwatiriza umutungo uhuriweho n‟abazungura, bamwe nta burenganzira babitangiye – Ufite uburenganzrira bwo gucunga umutungo ntashobora kuwugwatiriza abawufiteho uburenganzira batabitangiye uburenganzira – Itegeko ryo kuwa 20/07/1920 ryerekeye ibintu , ingingo ya 32. RWASIBO v. I&M BANK .......................................................... Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y„imanza nshinjabyaha – Ugushidikanya – Ugushidikanya birengera ushinjwa […] – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA............................................. Kujuririra indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha – Iyo uregwa agizwe umwere, uregera indishyi akajurira, urubanza rwose rwongera xiv 31 31 125 143

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AMAGAMBO MPINE

kuburanishwa mu mizi – Itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko, Ingingo ya 164 – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 187. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA............................... Ihamagarwa ry‟Ubushinjacyaha mu manza zijuririra indishyi igihe ushinjwa yagizwe umwere ku rwego rwa mbere – Kujuririra indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha ntibivuga ko urubanza rw‟inshinjacyaha ruta kamere yarwo rukaba urw‟imbonezamubano. Bityo Ubushinjacyaha buba bugomba kwitaba bukagira icyo buvuga n‟ubwo butabitegetswe – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 9 na 187 n‟Itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko mu ngingo yaryo ya 164, UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA............................... Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano – Ibirego bigamije gukuraho ingingo – Iyubahirizwa ry‟imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ibyo birego – Itangwa ry‟amagarama y‟urubanza – Igihe urega afunze nta garama ry‟urubanza atanga kandi imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego gisaba kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko iba yubahirijwe igihe uwatanze ikirego yagitanze cyanditse, kiriho itariki n‟umukono we, kandi kigaragaza ikiregerwa kimwe n‟imyanzuro asabisha kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko nanone kandi agomba kuba afite inyungu yo gutanga bene icyo kirego – Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 361(3) – Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 163 163

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13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53(3) n‟iya 54. RE INGABIRE.............................................................................. Ikirego cyihutirwa – Irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo – Guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo – Irangizwa ry‟agateganyo ryemezwa n‟Urukiko rubyibwirije ndetse nta ngwate, iyo ikimenyetso cy‟ikiburanwa ari inyandiko mvaho cyangwa ikiburanwa ari umwenda wemewe mu rubanza n‟uregwa – Irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ntabwo byanze bikunze rikorwa ku rubanza rwose – Impamvu urega ashingiraho asaba ko irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryahagarikwa kubera ko rifite icyo rimuhombya igomba gusuzumwa hanazirikanwa n‟ibyakwangirika n‟igihombo uregwa agaragaza ko byaterwa no kudashyira mu bikorwa ibyo yatsindiye – Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 212(2), iya 213 n‟iya 214. ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI........................................................... Inzitizi – Ubwihane bw‟umucamanza – Kuregera ubwihane bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy‟iburanisha kandi mbere y‟ipfundikirwa ry‟urubanza – Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye UOI8 y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 102. RE MUNYANEZA ....................................................................... Amategeko agenga imiburanishirije y‟imanza z‟ubutegetsi – Ubujurire – Guhindura icyemezo cyajuririwe – Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza mu mizi – Urukiko rwajuririwe iyo ruhinduye icyemezo cyajuririwe, ruburanisha urwo rubanza mu mizi yarwo keretse iyo ruruhinduye ku mpamvu y‟uko rwaregewe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko 101 111 1

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cyangwa ku mpamvu y‟iburabubasha – Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ngingo ya 171. NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA.............................................................. Gutakamba – Kwirukanwa ku kazi nta mpamvu – Ikirego kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry‟ikibazo cy‟iyirukanwa mu kazi n‟indishyi zijyanye nabyo – Umukozi wakoreraga Leta ntagomba gutakamba mbere y‟uko atanga ikirego kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry„ikirego cy‟uko yarirukanwe mu kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko no gusaba indishyi zijyanye nabyo – Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ngingo ya 339 . NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA............................................................... Imbibi z‟ikiburanwa – Amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarbanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka – Ikiburanwa kigenwa n‟ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko itangiza ikirego n‟imyanzuro yo kwiregura – Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine – Kuba haribyo umuburanyi yatsindiye mu rubanza agenewe mu bushishozi bw‟Urukiko amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka – Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 7. MITIMITUJE v. BK................................................................... Amategeko agenga ububasha bw‟inkiko – Ibirego bigamije gukuraho ingingo z‟amategeko – Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuregerwa – Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga nirwo ruburanisha ibirego byerekeranye no gusaba gukuraho itegeko ngenga, itegeko, itegeko-teka, 45 45 71

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kubera ko binyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga – Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53. RE INGABIRE.............................................................................. Ububasha bw‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga – Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z‟akarengane – Inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego – Raporo y‟ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko – Kuba Raporo y‟ ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko itari muri dosiye ntibyaba impamvu yo kutakira ikirego kuko yifashishwa gusa kugira ngo urubanza rushyirwe kuri gahunda y‟iburanisha – Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryokuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo 81 (1). MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE................ Amategeko agenga uburenganzira bwa muntu – Uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura – Kwihitiramo umwunganizi ku muntu utishoboye – Uregwa ufite uburenganzira ntakuka bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira mu mategeko ni ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura, mu gihe utabufite, iyo mu nyungu z‟ubutabera bibaye ngombwa ko yunganirwa, inzego zibishinzwe zimushyiraho bitabaye ngombwa ko uregwa abigiramo uruhare – Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ingingo ya 14(6°). UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI..................................... Amategeko agenga umurimo – Gusesa amasezerano y‟umurimo – Kwirukanwa nta mpamvu – Iyo mu igabanya ry‟abakozi mu kigo kubera ingorane z‟ubukungu cyangwa guhindura ikoranabuhanga hatabaye urutonde rukurije ubushobozi, amashuri, uburambe 1 115 185

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muri icyo kigo n‟umubare w‟abo umukozi atunze ku buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko kandi urwo rutonde rutamenyeshejwe umuyobozi w‟umurimo mu nyandiko, bifatwa ko umukozi wasezerewe yirukanywe nta mpamvu – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 1(21) n‟iya 34. MITIMITUJE v. BK................................................................... Umushahara mpuzandengo – Ibarwa ry‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi – Umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi uboneka bagabanya na 12 igiteranyo cy‟amafaranga yose umukozi yahembwe mu mezi 12 ya nyuma y‟akazi hatabariwemo amafaranga ahabwa umukozi mu rwego rwo kumworohereza akazi, ku bw‟ibyo amafaranga y‟urwunguko, ay‟amashimwe, ayo kujya mu kiruhuko ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko atari umushahara umukozi ahembwa buri kwezi – Amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi mu Rwanda hamwe nay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari amafaranga umukozi aba yarazigamiwe – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 35 n‟iya 77. MITIMITUJE v. BK................................................................... Indishyi zikomoka ku iseswa ry‟amasezerano y‟umurimo – Ibarwa ry‟izo ndishyi – Iseswa ryose ry‟amasezerano y‟akazi rinyuranyije n‟amategeko rishobora gutuma hatangwa indishyi z‟akababaro – Iyo umukozi afite uburambe ku kazi burenze imyaka icumi (10) ku mukoresha umwe, indishyi z‟akababaro ntizishobora kurenga umushahara we w‟amezi icyenda (9) – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 33(3). MITIMITUJE v. BK.................................................................... 69 69 ..70

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Integuza – Ibarwa ry‟imperekeza – Iyo bibaye ngombwa gusesa amasezerano y‟akazi hatanzwe integuza, igihe cy‟integuza kigomba kungana n‟ukwezi kumwe iyo umukozi yakoze mu gihe cy‟umwaka umwe cyangwa kirenze – Umukoresha agomba guha imperekeza zo gusezererwa ku kazi cyangwa gusesa amasezerano umukozi umaze nibura amezi cumi n‟abiri (12) akora nta guhagarika – Umubare w‟amafaranga y‟imperekeza z‟isezererwa, ntushobora kujya na rimwe munsi y‟inshuro eshatu (3) z‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi ku mukozi ufite uburambe buri hejuru y‟imyaka cumi (10) kugeza kuri cumi n‟itanu (15) mu kigo – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 27(2) MITIMITUJE v. BK................................................................... Ikiruhuko cy‟akazi – Amafaranga ahabwa umukozi ugiye mu kiruhuko – Iyo umukozi agiye mu kiruhuko, umukoresha agomba kumuha amafaranga angana n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we ubarwa mu mezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ashize n‟ibindi afitiye uburenganzira hakurikijwe amasezerano yakoranye n‟umukoresha we – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 55 MITIMITUJE v. BK ………………………….......................... Icyemezo cy‟imirimo yakozwe – Iyo igihe cy‟amasezerano y‟akazi kirangiye, umukoresha agomba guha umukozi umushahara we wa nyuma hamwe n‟icyemezo ko yamukoreye – Icyo cyemezo kigaragaza ko yamukoreye, itariki yatangiriyeho akazi, itariki akazi karangiriyeho n‟akazi yakoraga; iyo umukoresha yanze gutanga iki cyemezo cyangwa ntashyiremo kimwe mu bisabwa, ashobora gusabwa kwishyura indishyi z‟akababaro zagenwa n‟urukiko rubifitiye ububasha – Itegeko nº 70 70

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13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 38. MITIMITUJE v. BK..................................................................... Amategeko mpanabyaha – Igenwa ry‟ibihano – Igihe hari impurirane z‟impamvu nkomezacyaha iz‟igabanyagihano,iz‟isubiracyaha n‟izinyoroshyacyaha, inkiko zigena igihano zikurikije uko izo mpamvu zikurikirana muri iyi ngingo – Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo gishya cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha, ingingo ya 71. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE............................. Igabanyagihano – Ntiryatangwa mu gihe ibyo ryagashingiyeho byitaweho n‟urukiko rubanza – Rishobora kudatangwa kubera uburemere bw‟icyaha cyakozwe, UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE............................... Uburenganzira bwo kwiregura – Uburenganzira bwo kwiregura ni ihame ry‟ingenzi mu manza nshinjabyaha – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 150. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE................................... Kuroga – Mu gihe ibimenyetso bihamya icyaha bidahagije, abaregwa bagirwa abere – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO…......................... Amategeko yerekeye ibimenyetso – Imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n‟ine – Imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n‟ine igomba kunganirwa n‟ibindi bimenyetso – Itegeko 70 137 137 155 175

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n°15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo, ingingo 63. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE…............................... Amategeko y‟ubutegetsi – Kwirukunwa kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo – Igihe umukoresha atagaragaza uburyo yageze ku mwanzuro wo guhagarika umukozi by‟agateganyo no kumwirukana nta mpaka ku mwanya yariho bifatwa nko kumwirukana nta mpamvu – Amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo kuwa 10/07/2009 ya Minisitiri w‟Abakozi ba Leta n‟Umurimo, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 11 SEBERA v. RDB………………………………........................... Ihagarikwa mu kazi ry‟agateganyo kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo – igihe ntaregwa – Bifatwa nko kwirukanwa binyuranyije n‟amategeko igihe ihagarikwa ry‟agatenyo rirengeje amezi atandatu – Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ingingo ya 3 iya 65 n‟iya 121 SEBERA v. RDB……………....................................................... Indishyi – Indishyi mbonezamusaruro – Indishyi z‟amafaranga yakoreshejwe kubera igikorwa cyangirije undi n‟iz‟ikurikiranarubanza – Igenwa ry‟indishyi mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) – Uburyo bwo kubara indishyi mbonezamusaruro – Indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibarwa zishingiye ku mushahara w‟amezi cumi n‟abiri harebwe n‟urugero rw‟ubumuga afite, ndetse n‟igihe cyo gukora yari asigaje kugira ngo agere ku myaka 65 – Mu gihe uwangirijwe atagaragaza ibimenyetso bishimangira umubare w„amafaranga yakoresheje kubera igikorwa cyamwangirije ariko bigaragara ko icyo gikorwa cyatumye akoresha amafaranga mu gukemura ikibazo cye, agenerwa indishyi zikwiye mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) – 155 55 55

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Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo za 258 KABAYIJUKA v. LETA Y‟U RWANDA.................................. Indishyi zikomoka ku kwirukanwa nta mpamvu – Igikorwa cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo 258 SEBERA v. RDB…....................................................................... Itegeko nshinga – Amategeko anyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga – Ikirego kigamije gusaba gukuraho ingingo y‟Itegeko – Ingaruka zo kuba itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo itagikoreshwa kandi yaregewe kuvanwaho kuko inyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga – Amerekezo yo kuba ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho – Kugira ngo itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bisuzumwe mu rwego rwo kumenya niba bitanyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga, iryo tegeko cyangwa iyo ngingo bigomba kuba biriho, bikoreshwa kandi byubahirizwa, bityo rero kuba itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bitagikoreshwa bituma ikirego kibura impamvu cyatangiwe bigatuma cyitakirwa – Kuba izi ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho ntibyafatwa nk‟aho zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga kuko kuba ingingo ikeneye gusobanurwa cyangwa kuzuzwa kurushaho bitafatwa nko kuba inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, ko ahubwo ari ibyakorwa n‟Umushingamategeko mu gihe byagaragara ko ari ngombwa – Itegeko-Ngenga nº 01/2012 ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 765. Re INGABIRE............................................................................... Ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo – Imbibi mu bwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo – Ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo 31 55 1

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ntibiha buri wese kuvuga ibyo yishakiye ahubwo ubwo burenganzira bushobora kuzitirwa n‟amategeko ya buri gihugu, cyane cyane iyo ari ngombwa kubungabunga umutekano n‟ubusugire by‟igihugu, ituze rusange rya rubanda cyangwa n‟imyatwarire iboneye – Itegeko nº18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3. Re INGABIRE............................................................................... Amategeko anyuranyije n‟itegeko Nshinga – Ikirego kigamije gukuraho ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo kuko inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda – Ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri ni ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa aho kuba ikibazo cy‟itegeko rinyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga ndetse kakaba gakwiye kumvikana mu buryo butabangamiye ihame ry‟uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha – Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 17. Re NTABWOBA ..........................................................................

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IMANZA ZISABA GUKURAHO

AMATEGEKO ANYURANYIJE N‟ITEGEKO NSHINGA

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INGABIRE (IKIREGO KIGAMIJE KUVANAHO INGINGO Z‟AMATEGEKO ANYURANYIJE N‟ITEGEKO NSHINGA) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/0002/12/CS (Kayitesi, P.J., Mutashya, Mukamurisa, Nyirinkwaya, Mukandamage, Kayitesi Rugabirwa, Hatangimbabazi na Munyangeri, J.) 18 Ukwakira 2012] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw‟inkiko – Ibirego bigamije gukuraho ingingo z‟amategeko – Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuregerwa – Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga nirwo ruburanisha ibirego byerekeranye no gusaba gukuraho itegeko ngenga, itegeko, itegeko-teka, kubera ko binyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga – Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano – Ibirego bigamije gukuraho ingingo – Iyubahirizwa ry‟imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ibyo birego – Itangwa ry‟amagarama y‟urubanza – Igihe urega afunze nta garama ry‟urubanza atanga kandi imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego gisaba kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko iba yubahirijwe igihe uwatanze ikirego yagitanze cyanditse, kiriho itariki n‟umukono we, kandi kigaragaza ikiregerwa kimwe n‟imyanzuro asabisha kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko nanone kandi agomba kuba afite inyungu yo gutanga bene icyo kirego – Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 361(3) – Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena 1

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imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53(3) n‟iya 54. Itegeko nshinga – Amategeko anyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga – Ikirego kigamije gusaba gukuraho ingingo y‟Itegeko – Ingaruka zo kuba itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo itagikoreshwa kandi yaregewe kuvanwaho kuko inyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga – Amerekezo yo kuba ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho – Kugira ngo itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bisuzumwe mu rwego rwo kumenya niba bitanyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga, iryo tegeko cyangwa iyo ngingo bigomba kuba biriho, bikoreshwa kandi byubahirizwa, bityo rero kuba itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bitagikoreshwa bituma ikirego kibura impamvu cyatangiwe bigatuma cyitakirwa – Kuba izi ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho ntibyafatwa nk‟aho zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga kuko kuba ingingo ikeneye gusobanurwa cyangwa kuzuzwa kurushaho bitafatwa nko kuba inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, ko ahubwo ari ibyakorwa n‟Umushingamategeko mu gihe byagaragara ko ari ngombwa – Itegeko-Ngenga nº 01/2012 ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 765. Itegeko nshinga – Ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo – Imbibi mu bwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo – Ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo ntibiha buri wese kuvuga ibyo yishakiye ahubwo ubwo burenganzira bushobora

kuzitirwa n‟amategeko ya buri gihugu, cyane cyane iyo ari ngombwa kubungabunga umutekano n‟ubusugire by‟igihugu, ituze rusange rya rubanda cyangwa n‟imyatwarire iboneye – Itegeko nº18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3. Incamake y‟ ikibazo: Ingabire yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga gikomoka ku rubanza rutaracibwa rufite nº RP 0110/10/HC aho yarezwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha mu Rukiko Rukuru, akurikiranyweho icyaha

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cyo gupfobya Jenoside n‟icy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, akaba asaba ko ingingo za 2 kugeza ku ya 9 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside hamwe n‟ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara zavanwaho kubera ko zinyuranyije n‟ingingo za 20, 33 na 34 z‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04/06/2003 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu ngo kuko zanditse mu buryo budasobanutse, zikaba zirimo urujijo ku buryo zibangamira uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n‟Itegeko Nshinga bwo kwisanzura mu bitegerezo cyane cyane iyo avuga kuri jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda, zikaba na none zituma umuntu wese ashobora kuzumva uko yishakiye. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga nirwo ruburanisha ibirego byerekeranye no gusaba gukuraho itegeko ngenga, itegeko, itegeko-teka, kubera ko binyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga.

2. Igihe urega afunze nta garama ry‟urubanza atanga kandi imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego gisaba kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko iba yubahirijwe igihe uwatanze ikirego yagitanze cyanditse, kiriho itariki n‟umukono we, kandi kigaragaza ikiregerwa kimwe n‟imyanzuro asabisha kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko nanone kandi agomba kuba afite inyungu yo gutanga bene icyo kirego.

3. Kugira ngo itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bisuzumwe mu rwego rwo kumenya niba bitanyuranyije n‟itegeko nshinga, iryo tegeko cyangwa iyo ngingo bigomba kuba biriho, bikoreshwa kandi byubahirizwa, bityo rero kuba itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bitagikoreshwa bituma ikirego kibura impamvu cyatangiwe, maze nticyakirwe.

4. Kuba izi ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho ntibyafatwa nk‟aho zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko

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Nshinga kuko kuba ingingo ikeneye gusobanurwa cyangwa kuzuzwa kurushaho bitafatwa nko kuba inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, ko ahubwo ari ibyakorwa n‟Umushingamategeko mu gihe byagaragara ko ari ngombwa.

5. Ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo ntibiha buri wese kuvuga ibyo yishakiye ahubwo ubwo burenganzira bushobora kuzitirwa n‟amategeko ya buri gihugu, cyane cyane iyo ari ngombwa kubungabunga umutekano n‟ubusugire by‟igihugu, ituze rusange rya rubanda cyangwa n‟imyatwarire iboneye, rero ingingo zisabirwa kuvanwaho ntizigamije kubuza abantu kwisanzura mu bitekerezo ahubwo zigamije gukumira uwakwitwaza ubwo burenganzira ahabwa n‟amategeko agahembera gukora jenoside cyangwa agapfobya iyabayeho, bityo izo ngingo zikaba zitanyuranije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. Ikirego kigamije kuvanaho ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside hamwe n‟ingingo ya 4 kugeza kuya 9 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside nticyakiriwe. Ikirego kigamije kuvanaho ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside kirakiriwe ariko nta shingiro gifite. Amagarama y‟urubanza aherereye ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04/06/2004 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 33 n‟iya 34. Itegeko nº18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside itanga ibisobanuro by‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3.

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Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 361(3). Itegeko-Ngenga nº 01/2012 ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 765. Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53 n‟iya 54. Imanza zifashishijwe: Mugesera Léon, RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 28/09/2012. Ntawuburintimba Alivera, RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 27/04/2012. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Ikirego cya Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire gikomoka ku rubanza rutaracibwa rufite nº RP 0110/10/HC yarezwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha mu Rukiko Rukuru, aho akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo gupfobya Jenoside n‟icy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside. [2] Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ku wa 16/05/2012 asaba ko ingingo za 2 kugeza ku ya 9 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n‟ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara zavanwaho kubera ko zinyuranyije n‟ingingo za 20, 33 na 34 z‟Itegeko Nshinga rya

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Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ryo kuwa 04/06/2003 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, akavuga ko zanditse mu buryo budasobanutse, zikaba zirimo urujijo ku buryo zibangamira uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n‟Itegeko Nshinga bwo kwisanzura mu bitegerezo cyane cyane iyo avuga kuri jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda, zikaba na none zituma umuntu wese ashobora kuzumva uko yishakiye. [3] Uru rubanza rwahamagawe tariki ya 19/07/2012, ariko ntirwaburanishwa kuko Me Gatera Gashabana wunganira Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yasabye ko yahabwa igihe cyo gusubiza umwanzuro w‟intumwa ya Leta mu nyandiko kuko yavugaga ko yawubonye bitinze, iburanisha ryimurirwa kuwa 03/09/2012, uwo munsi ruburanishwa mu ruhame Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gashabana, hari n‟Intumwa ya Leta Me Mbonera Théophile. II. KU BIJYANYE N‟UBUBASHA BW‟URUKIKO N‟IYAKIRWA RY‟IKIREGO Ku bijyanye n‟ububasha bw‟urukiko. [4] Ingingo ya 53, igika cya kabiri y‟Itegeko ngenga Nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga iteganya ko “Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ari rwo ruburanisha ibirego byerekeranye no gusaba gukuraho itegeko ngenga, itegeko, itegeko-teka, kubera ko binyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga”. [5] Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yashyikirije Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ikirego kigamije gukuraho ingingo ya ingingo ya 2 kugeza kuya 9 z‟Itegeko n° 18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside n‟ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33

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bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara kuko zinyuranije n‟ingingo za 20, 33 na 34 z‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu. [6] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rufite ububasha bwo gusuzuma iki kirego. Ku bijyanye n‟imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego. [7] Hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 361, 3º y‟itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, nta garama Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yagombaga gutanga kubera ko afunze. Ikirego yatanze yagitanze cyanditse, kiriho itariki n‟umukono we, kandi kigaragaza ikiregerwa kimwe n‟imyanzuro asabisha kuvanaho ingingo z‟amategeko. Ku mugereka w‟ikirego cye, akaba yarometseho kopi y‟ingingo z‟amategeko asabira kuvanwaho. Bikaba bigaragara ko ingingo ya 54 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga irebana n‟imihango igendana n‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego yubahirijwe. [8] Nanone kandi hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 53, igika cya 3 y‟Itegeko Ngenga rimaze kuvugwa, Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire afite inyungu yo gutanga ikirego kigamije gukuraho ingingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe kubera ko afite urubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha aburana mu Rukiko Rukuru akurikiranweho icyaha cyo gupfobya Jenoside n‟icy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.

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8 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

III. ISESENGURA RY‟IBIBAZO BIGIZE

URUBANZA [9] Ibibazo urukiko rugomba gusuzuma muri uru rubanza ni ibyerekeranye n‟ivanwaho ry‟ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 ryahanaga icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara, hamwe n‟icyo kumenya niba ingingo ya 2 kugeza kuya 9 z‟itegeko n°18 /2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. A. Ibyerekeranye n‟ivanwaho ry‟ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 ryahanaga icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara. [10] Me Gatera Gashabana wunganira Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire avuga ko ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara, basaba ko ivanwaho kuko basanga yaragaruwe mu gitabo cy‟amategeko ahana gishya mu ngingo yacyo ya 116 ikaba ivuga bimwe n‟iyo basabira kuvanwaho, zikaba zitandukaniye gusa ku gihano cy‟igifungo. Avuga rero ko hakurikijwe imyanzuro y‟inyongera batanze nyuma y‟uko hasohotse Itegeko Ngenga rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda gishya, ingingo basabira kuvanwaho ari iya 116 y‟iryo Tegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana. [11] Me Mbonera Théophile, Intumwa ya Leta, avuga ko ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 ryamaze kuvugwa yavuyeho, bityo ko ari nta mpamvu yo gusaba ko iyo ngingo ivaho (sans objet) kuko utavanaho ingingo y‟Itegeko yarangije kuvaho.

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[12] Ku birebana no kuba ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 aribyo biboneka mu ngingo ya 116 y‟Itegeko-Ngenga nº 01/2012 ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha mu Rwanda, Me Mbonera Théophile avuga ko ibirego bigira uko bitangwa n‟uko biburanishwa, ko rero ikirego gisaba kuvanaho ingingo ya 116 kitasuzumwa kuko itigeze iregerwa. [13] Ku byerekeranye n‟iki kirego gishingiye ku ngingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 ryahanaga icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara, bigaragara ko igihe Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yagitangaga, iryo tegeko ryariho kandi rikoreshwa, ko ariko kuva Itegeko Ngenga no 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rivuzwe haruguru ryasohoka, Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara, ariryo ririmo ingingo ya 4 Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yasabye ko ivanwaho ritari rikiriho hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 765 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rimaze kuvugwa. Kuba rero Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yarasabye kuvanaho ingingo y‟itegeko ritagikoreshwa bituma ikirego cye kibura impamvu cyatangiwe (sans objet), bityo ikirego kijyanye no gusaba gukuraho ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara kikaba kitagomba kwakirwa. [14] Ibi ni nako byemejwe n‟uru Rukiko mu rubanza nº RS/INCONST/PEN 0004/12/CS ko kugira ngo itegeko cyangwa ingingo yaryo bisuzumwe mu rwego rwo kumenya niba bitanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, iryo tegeko cyangwa iyo ngingo bigomba kuba biriho, bikoreshwa kandi byubahirizwa1.

1 Urubanza RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rwaciwe kuwa 28/09/2012 Mugesera Léon asaba Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kwemeza ko ingingo ya 162 mu gika cyayo cya 2 y‟Itegeko Nº 18/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi,

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[15] Ku byerekeye ivanwaho ry‟ingingo ya 116 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 53 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 03/2012 OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga iteganya ko “…Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruregerwa mu nyandiko…” naho ingingo ya 54 y‟iryo Tegeko Ngenga ikavuga ko “Ikirego… kigaragaza kandi ikiregerwa kimwe n‟ingingo urega asabisha kuvanaho itegeko ngenga, itegeko cyangwa itegeko-teka…”. [16] Ingingo zivuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, zigaragaza uburyo gutanga ikirego bikorwamo n‟inzira zikoreshwa. Kuba Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire yaratanze ikirego asaba ko ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo ku wa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara yavanwaho kuko inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, ntabwo Urukiko rwahindukira ngo rusuzume ko ingingo ya 116 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana iyo ngingo ariyo inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga kuko atari cyo kirego Urukiko rwagejejweho binyuze mu nzira n‟uburyo biteganywa n‟ingingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki. B. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 2 kugeza kuya 9 z‟itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [17] Mu mwanzuro utanga ikirego muri uru Rukiko ndetse no mu iburanisha ry‟uru rubanza, Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire na Me Gatera Gashabana umwunganira bavuga ko ingingo za 2 kugeza kuya 9 z‟itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha

iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi inyuranye nta shiti n‟Itegeko Nshinga.

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cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo zaryo za 20, 33 na 34. Me Gatera Gashabana asobanura ko itegeko rihana rigomba kugaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho, ibice bigize icyaha, mu gusobanura imvugo ye agatanga inyandiko z‟abahanga mu mategeko n‟imanza zaciwe mu bindi bihugu. [18] Bavuga kandi ko ugushinjwa icyaha ku buryo budasobanutse binyuranya n‟ihame ry‟uko ntawe ushobora guhanirwa ibyo yakoze cyangwa atakoze iyo amategeko atabifataga nk‟icyaha igihe byakorwaga, ko kandi ntawe ushobora gucibwa igihano kiruta icyari giteganijwe n‟amategeko mu gihe yakoraga icyaha nk‟uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 20 y‟Itegeko Nshinga, kuko basanga mu ngingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 zarezwe nta bigize icyaha bizigaragaramo. [19] Bakomeza bavuga nanone ko ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 zibanze ku mvugo cyangwa ibikorwa bigaragajwe mu ruhame (expressions orales et écrites) zidatanga ibisobanuro, ku buryo umuntu ugiye gutanga igitekerezo kuri jenoside atazi aho yagarukira kugirango avuge ibyo ashaka nta bwoba bwo gukurikiranwa, bakaba basanga izo ngingo zibangamira uburenganzira umuntu ahabwa n‟Itegeko Nshinga mu gutanga ibitekerezo, bityo zikaba zikwiye kuvanwaho. [20] Me Mbonera Théophile Intumwa ya Leta, avuga ko ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside zisabirwa gukurwaho zisobanutse neza, ko zidakoresha amagambo atumvikana cyangwa se ateye urujijo ku buryo yasobanurwa uko umuntu yishakiye. Yongeraho ko kibaye ari n‟ikibazo cyo gusobanura amategeko (interprétation), itegeko ryanditse mu ndimi eshatu, bivuze ko umuntu yakwifashisha rumwe cyangwa urundi, ko ariko bitakwitiranywa no kuba rinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga.

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[21] Ku byerekeranye n‟ingingo zirebana n‟ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo no kubigaragaza, Intumwa ya Leta isanga ntaho ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟Itegeko n° 18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ziregerwa zinyuranyije n‟iza 33 na 34 z‟Itegeko Nshinga kuko ubwisanzure buzivugwamo bugomba gukoreshwa butabangamiye abandi. Yongeraho ko itegeko ryashyizeho imbibi, ariko ritabujije umuntu kuvuga ibyo azi kuri jenoside. Icyo umushingamategeko yanze ni ibyavugwa bigamije guhembera ko jenoside yakongera kubaho cyangwa bigamije gupfobya iyabayeho. [22] Mu gusesengura ikirego cya Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire ku birebana n‟ingingo ya 2 kugeza kuya 9 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟itegeko rivuzwe haruguru zikiriho, bityo ikirego kizishingiyeho kikaba cyakwakirwa kigasuzumwa. Naho ikirego gishingiye ku ngingo ya 4 kugeza kuya 9 z‟iryo tegeko kikaba nta mpamvu yacyo (sans objet) kubera ko izo ngingo zirebana n‟ibihano biteganyijwe mu gitabo cy‟amategeko ahana gishya zavanweho, kikaba rero kidakwiye kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe. [23] Ingingo ya 33 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda iteganya ko “ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo, mu kubigaragaza, mu mutimanama, mu guhitamo idini, mu gusenga no kubigaragaza mu ruhame burengerwa na Leta mu buryo buteganywa n‟amategeko. Kwamamaza

ivangura rishingiye ku isano muzi, ku karere, ku bwoko cyangwa ku macakubiri ayo ari yo yose bihanwa n‟amategeko”, naho ingingo ya 34 yaryo igateganya ko “ubwisanzure bw‟itangazamakuru n‟ubwo kumenya amakuru bwemewe kandi bwubahirizwa na Leta. Ubwisanzure bwo kugaragaza ibitekerezo n‟ubwo kumenya amakuru ntibugomba kubangamira ituze rusange rya rubanda n‟imyifatire iboneye, uburenganzira bw‟umwenegihugu bwo kugira icyubahiro n‟agaciro mu maso y‟abandi, ubwo kutagira uwivanga mu mibereho ye

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bwite n‟iy‟umuryango we; bwemerwa kandi iyo butabangamiye irengerwa ry‟urubyiruko n‟abana. Uko ubwo bwisanzure bukoreshwa biteganywa n‟amategeko”. [24] Ingingo ya 2 y‟itegeko nº18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside itanga ibisobanuro by‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside mu buryo bukurikira “Ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ni urusobe rw‟ibitekerezo bigaragarira mu myifatire, imvugo, inyandiko n‟ibindi bikorwa bigamije cyangwa bihamagarira abantu kurimbura abandi hashingiwe ku bwoko, inkomoko, ubwenegihugu, akarere, ibara ry‟umubiri, isura, igitsina, ururimi, idini cyangwa ibitekerezo bya politiki, bikozwe mu gihe gisanzwe cyangwa mu gihe cy‟intambara”, naho ingingo ya 3 y‟iryo tegeko ikagira iti: “Icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside kigaragarira mu myifatire irangwa n‟ibimenyetso bigamije kwambura ubumuntu umuntu umwe cyangwa itsinda ry‟abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho nko mu buryo bukurikira:

1° Gutoteza, gutera ubwoba, gutesha agaciro mu mvugo, mu nyandiko cyangwa mu bikorwa bisebanya, birangwamo ubugome cyangwa byenyegeza urwango;

2° Gushyira mu kato, gushinyagurira, kwigamba, kwandagaza, guharabika, gutesha isura, kuyobya uburari hagamijwe gupfobya jenoside yabaye, guteranya abantu, kwihimura, kwangiza ubuhamya cyangwa ibimenyetso bya jenoside yabaye;

3° Kwica, gutegura umugambi wo kwica cyangwa kugerageza kwica undi bishingiye ku ngengabitekerezo ya jenoside”. [25] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga izi ngingo, iya 2 n‟iya 3 ntaho zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo ya 20, kuko zateganyije ibigize icyaha, ari nabyo bishingirwaho mu gufata

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icyemezo. Izo ngingo ziteganya na none ingero z‟uburyo icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside gikorwamo, umucamanza akaba ariwe usuzuma ibikorwa uregwa akurikiranweho akabihuza n‟itegeko. [26] Kuba izi ngingo ubwazo zaba zitumvikana neza cyangwa se zikenewe gusobanurwa kurushaho ntibyafatwa nk‟aho zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga nk‟uko Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rwabifasheho icyemezo, aho rwemeje ko kuba ingingo ikeneye gusobanurwa cyangwa kuzuzwa kurushaho bitafatwa nko kuba inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, ko ahubwo ari ibyakorwa n‟Umushingamategeko mu gihe byagaragara ko ari ngombwa2. [27] Ku byerekeranye no kuvuga ko izi ngingo zaba zinyuranyije n‟ibiteganywa n‟ingingo za 33 na 34 z‟Itegeko Nshinga ngo kubera ko zibangamira uburenganzira bwo kwisanzura mu bitekerezo zikaba zabuza umuntu washaka kugira icyo avuga kuri Jenoside kukivuga nta bwoba bwo gukurikiranwa, nabyo nta shingiro bifite kubera ko ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo bidaha buri wese kuvuga ibyo yishakiye, cyane ko n‟amategeko mpuzamahanga n‟Itegeko Nshinga ry‟u Rwanda yemera ko ubwo burenganzira bushobora kuzitirwa nk‟uko biteganywa ngingo ya 34 y‟Iryo Tegeko Nshinga n‟ingingo ya 19 y‟Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politiki iteganya mu gace kayo ka 3 b, ko uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo, bushobora kuzitirwa n‟amategeko ya buri gihugu, cyane cyane iyo ari ngombwa kubungabunga umutekano n‟ubusugire by‟igihugu, ituze rusange rya rubanda cyangwa n‟imyitwarire iboneye3.

2Urubanza Nº RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rwaciwe ku wa 27/04/2012, Ntawuburintimba Alivera asaba kwemeza ko ngingo ya 138 n‟iya 141 z‟itegeko no 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/06/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. 3 Aya masezerano yemejwe n‟Inteko y‟Umuryango w‟Abibumbye ku wa 16/12/1966 yatangiye gukurikizwa kuwa 23/03/1976, akaba yaremejwe mu Rwanda n‟Itegeko –

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No mu ngingo ya 10 y‟amasezerano y‟Uburayi yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, hateganywa ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo, ariko mu ngingo yayo ya 17 hakabuzwa gukoresha nabi ubwo burenganzira. [28] Kuba umuntu ashobora gukurikiranwa kubera ko ibyo yavuze bikubiyemo urwango cyangwa ivangura si umwihariko w‟u Rwanda. Urugero ni nko mu gihugu cya Canada, mu gitabo cy‟amategeko ahana (code criminel), ingingo ya 319 y‟icyo gitabo ihana abakwirakwiza urwango n‟imvugo y‟amacakubiri4. [29] Na none mu rubanza R. v. Keegstra rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rw‟icyo gihugu cya Canada ku itariki ya 13/12/1990, aho James Keegstra, umwarimu mu mashuri yisumbuye mu ntara ya Alberta y‟icyo gihugu, yarezwe gukwirakwiza urwango ku bayahudi igihe yigishaga. Mu gihe urubanza yarezwemo n‟ubushinjacyaha rwari rutaracibwa burundu, James Keegstra yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga rw‟icyo gihugu avuga ko icyaha yari akurikiranyweho giteganywa n‟ingingo ivugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki mu gace kayo ka kabiri kinyuranije n‟Itegeko Nshinga ry‟icyo gihugu. Urukiko rwanzuye ruvuga ko ari ngombwa kurengera itsinda ry‟abantu runaka, no kubanisha abantu bumva ko bangana (égalité) kabone n‟ubwo baba bafite imico itandukanye. Urukiko rwabivuze muri aya magambo “………There is obviously a rational connection between the criminal prohibition of hate propaganda and the objective of protecting target

Teka n° 08/75 ryo kuwa 12/02/1975. 4 (1) “Every one who, by communicating statements in any public place, incites hatred against any identifiable group where such incitement is likely to lead to a breach of the peace is guilty of (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction. (2) Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group is guilty of (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction”.

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group members and of fostering harmonious social relations in a community dedicated to equality and multiculturalisme”. [30] Nanone kandi, ibindi bihugu byiganjemo ibyo ku mugabane w‟Uburayi bihana icyaha cyo gupfobya jenoside yakorewe abayahudi. Urugero nko Mu Bufaransa, Urukiko Rusesa imanza n‟Urukiko rw‟Ubujurire rw‟i Paris zemeje mu manza zaciye ko ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo bushobora, ku mpamvu yumvikana gukumirwa kubera kurengera ituze rusange rya rubanda n‟imyifatire iboneye no kurengera inyungu z‟inzirakarengane za ”nazisme”5. Izindi ngero zigaragaza bihagije ko icyo cyaha gihanwa, ni nk‟imanza zaciwe mu bihugu by‟i Burayi zagihamije abari bagikurikiranweho kandi bakagihanirwa6.

5 En Europe, l‟article 10 de la Convention européenne des droits de l‟homme garantit la liberté d‟expression, alors que l‟article 17 interdit d‟abuser du droit. La Cour européenne des Droits de l‟homme, s‟appuyant sur ces deux articles, a conforté l‟utilisation de la loi française du 13 juillet 1990 dite «Loi Gayssot» pour poursuivre et condamner des auteurs de publications négationistes. En France, la Cour de Cassation et la Cour d‟Appel de Paris ont jugé que la liberté d‟expression pouvait légitimement être restreinte pour des motifs de protection de l‟ordre public, de la morale et des intérêts des victimes du nazisme). 6 Lehideux and Isorni v. France, 1998-VII, n. 92; application number 24662/94,case number 55/1997/839/1045 (European Court of Human Rights 23 September 1998). Faurisson v France, 2 BHRC UN Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/550/1993, Constitutional Court of Spain. November 7, 2007. -Jean-Marie Le Pen, France, Germany fines Feb. 27, 1998. En 1987, il a qualifié à plusieurs reprises les chambres à gaz de «point de détail de l‟histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale». Roger Garaudy, France, imprisonment (suspended), ₣240,000 fine Jul. 21, 1998 (Writer fined for Holocaust writings). Jürgen Graf, Switzerland, 15 months imprisonment (fled Switzerland to avoid sentence). Gerhard Förster, Switzerland, 12 months imprisonment, disgorgement, May 27, 1999. Jean Plantin, France, 6 months imprisonment (suspended), fine, damages Apr. 11, 2000 (Francillon, Claude. "A Lyon, l'éditeur chômeur Jean Plantin jugé pour

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[31] Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside zitagamije kubuza abantu kwisanzura mu bitekerezo cyangwa kubigaragaza mu mvugo mu gihe bavuga kuri jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994, ahubwo zigamije gukumira uwakwitwaza ubwo burenganzira ahabwa n‟amategeko agahembera gukora jenoside cyangwa agapfobya iyabayeho, bityo izo ngingo zikaba zitanyuranije n‟Itegeko Nshinga.

contestation de crimes contre l'humanité", Disciple de Faurisson, il a été à deux reprises condamné pour contestation de crimes contre l‟humanité par le Tribunal de grande instance de Lyon, à 6 mois de prison avec sursis ainsi qu‟à des peines d‟amende. Gaston-Armand Amaudruz, Switzerland, 1 year imprisonment, damages Feb. 20, 2006 ("Holocaust revisionist sentenced". David Irving, Austria, 1 year imprisonment Mar. 15, 2006 (Traynor, Ian. "Irving jailed for denying Holocaust". Germar Rudolf, Germany, 2½ years imprisonment, Oct. 3, 2006 ("German Holocaust Denier Imprisoned for Inciting Racial Hatred". Robert Faurisson, France, €7,500 fine, 3 months probation, Feb. 15, 2007. Les thèses revisionnistes héritées de Paul Rassinier, ancien résistant déporté qui contestait la véracité des témoignages d‟anciens déportés, a été condamné en 1981 par la 17ème Chambre du Tribunal de grande instance de Paris pour diffamation publique, condamnation confirmée par la Cour d‟Appel. Ernst Zündel, Germany, 5 years imprisonment, Jan. 14, 2008 ("Holocaust denier in Germany sentenced to five years in prison Wolfgang Fröhlich, Austria, 6½ years imprisonment, Jan. 15, 2008 ("Austrian Holocaust denier gets six-and-a-half years in prison". Sylvia Stolz, Germany, 3½ years imprisonment , Mar. 11, 2009 ("German Neo-Nazi Lawyer Sentenced for Denying Holocaust". Horst Mahler, Germany, 5 years imprisonment, Oct. 23, 2009. Dirk Zimmerman, Germany, 9 months imprisonment, Oct. 27, 2009. Richard Williamson, Germany, €12,000 fine. Condamnation pour des déclarations négationnistes d‟un évêque britannique qui avait déclaré en 2008 qu‟il n‟y a pas eu de chambres à gaz, que 200000 à 300000 Juifs ont péri dans les camps de concentration, mais un seul dans les chambres à gaz

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IV. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [32] Rwemeje kutakira ikirego rwashyikirijwe na Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire kigamije kuvanaho ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 33 bis/2003 ryo kuwa 06/09/2003 rihana icyaha cya Jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n‟ibyaha by‟intambara kuko nta mpamvu yacyo; [33] Rwemeje kutakira ikirego cya Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire kigamije kuvanaho ingingo ya 4 kugeza kuya 9 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside kuko nta mpamvu; [34] Rwemeje kwakira ikirego cya Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire kigamije kuvanaho ingingo ya 2 n‟iya 3 z‟Itegeko n°18/2008 ryo kuwa 23/07/2008 rihana icyaha cy‟ingengabitekerezo ya Jenocide kuko cyatanzwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko; [35] Rwemeje ariko ko nta shingiro gifite; [36] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza angana na 11.600Frw, aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

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NTABWOBA (IKIREGO KIGAMIJE KUVANAHO INGINGO Y‟ITEGEKO INYURANYIJE N‟ITEGEKO NSHINGA) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/GEN 0001/14/CS (Rugege, P.J., Mugenzi, Nyirinkwaya, Hatangimbabazi, Kanyange, Mukamulisa, Mukandamage, Rugabirwa na Munyangeri N., J.) 27 Werurwe 2015] Itegeko Nshinga – Amategeko anyuranyije n‟itegeko Nshinga – Ikirego kigamije gukuraho ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo kuko inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda – Ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri ni ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa aho kuba ikibazo cy‟itegeko rinyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga ndetse kakaba gakwiye kumvikana mu buryo butabangamiye ihame ry‟uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha – Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 17. Imiterere y‟ikibazo: Urukiko Gacaca rw‟Ubujurire rw‟Umurenge wa Kinyinya rwahamije Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma icyaha cya Jenoside ashinjwa ko yishe Uwimbabazi Thérèse, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 15. Ntabwoba yaje gutanga ikirego cyo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ibanze rwa Nyamirambo avuga ko yabonye izindi manza zahamije Nshimiyimana Thomas, Harelimana Joseph bita Ngayi na Rwabuhungu Augustin icyaha cyo kwica Uwimbabazi Thérèse kandi izo manza zitagaragaza ubufatanyacyaha hagati yabo 19

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Nyuma yo gutanga icyo kirego, Ntabwoba yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga arusaba gukuraho agace ka kabiri k‟ingingo ya 10 y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo avuga ko kanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. Imiterere y‟icyemezo: Agace k‟amagambo “cyonyine gusa” kari mu ngingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri ni ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa aho kuba ikibazo cy‟itegeko rinyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga. Kuba ari ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa, bigaragazwa kandi nuko ibyanditse mu cyongereza bitandukanye n‟ibyanditse mu zindi ndimi. Bityo, aka gace k‟iyi ngingo kakaba gakwiye kumvikana mu buryo butabangamiye ihame ry‟uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha nkuko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 17 y‟Itegeko Nshinga. Agace k‟ingingo yaregewe ntikanyuranyije n‟itegeko Nshinga. Amagarama aherera ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo, ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri. Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53, igika cya kabiri. Itegeko Nshinga ryo kuwa 04/06/2003 nk‟uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 17. Nta manza zifashishijwe.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rukomoka ku rubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Gacaca rw‟Ubujurire rw‟Umurenge wa Kinyinya rwahamije Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma icyaha cya Jenoside. Urukiko rwemeje ko yishe Uwimbabazi Thérèse, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 15. Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yaje gutanga ikirego cyo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ibanze rwa Nyamirambo avuga ko yabonye izindi manza zahamije Nshimiyimana Thomas, Harelimana Joseph bita Ngayi na Rwabuhungu Augustin icyaha cyo kwica Uwimbabazi Thérèse kandi izo manza zitagaragaza ubufatanyacyaha hagati yabo nawe. [2] Mu gihe urubanza rwo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya rwari rutaracibwa, Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga arusaba gukuraho agace ka kabiri k‟ingingo ya 10 y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo avuga ko kanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [3] Urubanza rwaburanishirijwe mu ruhame kuwa 23/02/2015 hari ntabwoba Amiru bita cyuma yunganiwe na Me Muhikira Jean Claude, hari kandi na Me Rubango Epimaque uhagarariye Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera watanze ibitekerezo kuri icyo kirego.

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II. KU BIJYANYE N‟UBUBASHA BW‟URUKIKO N‟IMIHANGO Y‟IYAKIRWA RY‟IKIREGO [4] Ku byerekeranye n‟ububasha bw‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo ya 53, igika cya kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko “Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruburanisha […] ibirego bisaba gukuraho Itegeko Ngenga, Itegeko cyangwa Itegeko Teka kubera ko binyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga”. [5] Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yandikiye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga asaba ikurwaho ry‟ingingo ya 10, agace ka 2 y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru kubera ko inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, bityo iki kirego kikaba kiri mu bubasha bwarwo. [6] Ku birebana n‟imihango y‟iyakira ry‟ikirego, dosiye y‟urubanza irimourwandiko Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yandikiye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ku wa 20/11/2014 asaba ikurwaho ry‟agace k‟ingingo yavuzwe haruguru kubera ko kanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nkuko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu. [7] Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma afite inyungu yo kuregera Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kubera ko agace k‟ingingo y‟Itegeko Ngenga asaba ko gakurwaho ariko kashingirwaho hasuzumwa niba ikirego yatanze cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya cyakwakirwa. [8] Ku mugereka w‟urwandiko rwa Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma hari kandi imyanzuro yoherereje Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga asobanura ikirego

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cye. Yanatanze kopi y‟Itegeko Ngenga asaba ko agace k‟ingingo yaryo kavanwaho bitewe nuko kaaba kanyuranije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [9] Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma ufungiye muri Gereza ya Nyarugenge ntiyatanze ingwate y‟amagarama kuko asonewe kuyitanga hashingiwe ku biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 268 y‟Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟ imanza z‟inshinjabyaha1. [10] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga ku birebana n‟imihango y‟iyakirwa ry‟Ikirego, Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yarubahirije ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 54 y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru. III. ISESENGURA RY‟IKIBAZO KIGIZE URU RUBANZA N‟UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA Kumenya niba ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [11] Urwandiko n‟imyanzuro Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yashyikirije Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ku wa 21/11/2014 bigaragaza ko aregera gukuraho ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo kuko asanga agace ka kabiri k‟iyo ngingo kanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga ryo ku wa 04/06/2003 nkuko ryahinduwe kandi ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu. Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma avuga ko kunyuranya kw‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru n‟Itegeko

1 Ingingo ya 268 y Itegeko No 30/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y imanza z‟inshinjabyaha ivuga ko abantu bafunzwe basonewe gutanga ingwate y‟amagarama igihe barega.

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Nshinga bigaragarira mu kuba iryo tegeko rimubuza gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya yifashishije urundi rubanza rwahamije undi muntu icyo cyaha aregwa. [12] Asobanura ko kugirango asubirishemo urubanza rwaciwe n‟Inkiko Gacaca ingingo nshya, yifashishije urubanza rwahamije icyaha undi muntu, bisaba kuba uwo muntu yarahamwe gusa n‟icyo cyaha cy‟ubwicanyi. Mugihe uwo muntu wundi yaba yarahamwe n‟icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi, agahamwa n‟ibindi byaha, bizitira uwifuza kwifashisha urwo rubanza kandi nta bufatanyacyaha bwabayeho hagati y‟usubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya n‟undi wahamwe n‟icyo cyaha mu rundi rubanza. [13] Me Muhikira Jean Claude wunganira Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma avuga ko agace ka kabiri k‟ingingo ya 10 y‟Itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe haruguru, ariko gateje ibibazo kuko Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yahamijwe kwica Uwimbabazi Thérèse, ariko nyuma aza gusanga hari abandi bantu baciriwe imanza zemeza ko aribo bishe Uwimbabazi Thérèse, uwo yunganira akaba atakwifashisha izo manza zindi asubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya mu gihe abo bantu bandi baba barakoze ibindi byaha kandi nta bufatanyacyaha bwabayeho hagati yabo na Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma, akaba asanga iyo ngingo igumyeho byaba ari uguhanirwa ibyaha utakoze bikaba binyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 17 ivuga ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha. [14] Intumwa ya Leta, Me Rubango Epimaque avuga ko uwatanze ikirego yafashe ibintu uko bitari, kuko itsinda ry‟amagambo “cyonyine gusa” rigaragara mu gace ka kabiri k‟ingingo inengwa, rishaka kuvuga ibindi byaha bitandukanye n‟icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi byahamye usubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, aho kuba ibyaha byahamye undi muntu mu rundi rubanza usubirishamo ingingo nshya ashaka kwifashisha. Me Rubango Epimaque akomeza avuga ko imyandikire

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y‟ingingo inengwa na Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma iteje ikibazo ariko ko itanyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga kandi ko ibyo byakosorwa binyuze mu zindi nzira bitanyuze mu nzira ikoreshwa havanwaho itegeko cyangwa ingingo y‟itegeko inyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [15] Ingingo ya 53, igika cya kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruburanisha (…) ibirego bisaba gukuraho Itegeko Ngenga, Itegeko cyangwa Itegeko-Teka kubera ko binyuranyije n‟ Itegeko Nshinga, haba kubikuraho byose cyangwa se zimwe mu ngingo zabyo zinyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma yatanze ikirego asaba gukuraho ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo. [16] Ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryavuzwe haruguru, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo ivuga ko “urubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Gacaca rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya mu rukiko rubifitiye ububasha hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟iri tegeko ngenga [……] iyo umuntu yari yarahamijwe icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi n‟urubanza rwabaye ndakuka rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Gacaca kandi ari cyo cyaha cyonyine cyamuhamye, nyuma hakaboneka urundi rubanza rwahamije undi muntu icyo cyaha cyonyine gusa

kandi nta bufatanyacyaha buri hagati ya bombi”. Agace k‟amagambo yo muri iyi ngingo “cyonyine gusa” niko Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma avuga ko kanyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 17, igika cya mbere aho ivuga iti “Uburyozwacyaha ni gatozi ku wakoze icyaha [….]. [17] Imyandikire y‟ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri ivugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, cyane cyane agace ka magambo “cyonyine gusa” agaragara mu nteruro ya nyuma yako gace, ishobora kumvikanisha ko

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kugirango uwahamijwe icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi n‟Inkiko Gacaca, asubirishemo urubanza ingingo nshya yifashishije urundi rubanza rwahamije undi muntu icyo cyaha, bisaba ko uwahamwe n‟icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi muri urwo rubanza ashingiraho asubirishamo ingingo nshya, aba atarahamwe n‟ibindi byaha. Bivuze ko ukurikije uko aka gace ka kabiri k‟ingingo ya 10 kanditse, itsinda ry‟amagambo “cyonyine gusa” ryaba ribaye inzitizi ku muntu wahamijwe icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi n‟Inkiko Gacaca, mu gihe yaba ashatse gusubirishamo ingingo nshya urubanza rwamuhamije icyaha, ashingiye ku kuba hari abandi bantu bahamijwe icyo cyaha mu rundi rubanza kandi nta bufatanyacyaha bwabayeho. [18] Ukurikije iyi myandikire, kuba undi muntu yarahamwe n‟icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi, agahamwa n‟ikindi cyaha cyangwa ibindi byaha, byumvikana nkaho byambura uburenganzira undi muntu wahamwe n‟icyo cyaha cy‟ubwicanyi, bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya yitwaje ko hari undi wahamwe n‟icyaha gisa n‟icyo yahamijwe kandi nta bufatanyacyaha buri hagati yabo. Nkuko bikubiye mu ngingo ya 17, igika cya mbere y‟Itegeko Nshinga, uburyozwacyaha ni gatozi ku wakoze icyaha. Ibi bisobanuye ko uwakoze icyaha ariwe ugihanirwa, ntanushobora guhanirwa icyaha cyangwa ibyaha byakozwe n‟abandi. [19] Nubwo imyandikire y‟ingingo ya 10 agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012, iteye ikibazo nkuko byasobanuwe hejuru, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kureba niba Umushingamategeko yarashyizeho iriya ngingo agamije gukumira abantu basubirishamo imanza zaciwe n‟Inkiko Gacaca ahereye ku byaha byakozwe n‟abandi cyangwa niba ari imyandikire y‟ingingo iteje ikibazo ku buryo yakosorwa binyuze mu zindi nzira ziteganywa n‟amategeko.

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[20] Ubusanzwe, gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ni ihame ryemewe mu mategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza mu Rwanda2. Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, bigamije gusaba ko urubanza rwaciwe burundu ruvanwaho rukongera gusuzumwa bundi bushya hashingiwe ku mpamvu ziteganywa n‟itegeko. Ku birebana n‟imanza zaciwe n‟Inkiko Gacaca, Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho izo nkiko, naryo ryemera ko izo manza zishobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya, ndetse ryanarondoye mu ngingo ya 10 impamvu zishingirwaho mu gusubirishamo urubanza rwaciwe n‟inkiko gacaca. Ikigaragara aha, nuko Umushingamategeko yemeye ko imanza zaciwe n‟Inkiko Gacaca zishobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya bishingiye ku mpamvu zateganijwe n‟iryo Tegeko Ngenga. [21] Umushingamategeko ntiyari kwemera ko imanza zaciwe n‟Inkiko Gacaca zisubirishwamo ingingo nshya, ngo narangiza ashyireho amananiza atuma uwahamijwe icyaha cy‟ubwicanyi n‟inkiko gacaca atemererwa gusubirishamo urubanza bitewe n‟ibyaha byakozwe n‟abandi. Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga agace k‟amagambo “cyonyine gusa” kari mu ngingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri ari ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa aho kuba ikibazo cy‟itegeko rinyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga. Kuba ari ikosa ry‟imyandikire rishobora gukosorwa, bigaragazwa kandi nuko ibyanditse mu cyongereza3 bitandukanye n‟ibyanditse mu zindi ndimi.

2 Reba Itegeko N°21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi kuva ku ngingo yaryo ya 184 kugeza kuya 193. Reba kandi Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, kuva ku ngingo yaryo ya 192 kugeza kuya 197.3 “[……] if a person is definitively convicted of homicide by a Gacaca Court and it is the only crime to which he/she is convicted, and later another person is convicted of the same crime where there is no complicity between the two”;

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[22] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo gakwiye kumvikana mu buryo butabangamiye ihame ry‟uko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha nkuko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 17 y'Itegeko Nshinga. IV. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [23] Rwemeje ko ikirego rwashyikirijwe na Ntabwoba Amiru bita Cyuma asaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 10, agace ka kabiri y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012 ryo kuwa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo inyuranyije n‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda cyakiriwe. [24] Rwemeje ko iyo ngingo itanyuranije n‟Itegeko Nshinga. [25] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.

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IMANZA Z‟UBUTEGETSI

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KABAYIJUKA v. LETA Y‟U RWANDA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RADA 0054/12/CS (Mukanyundo, P.J., Rugabirwa na Gakwaya, J.) 19 Ukuboza 2014] Amategeko agenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa – Uburyozwe – Uburyozwe bw‟umukoresha ku makosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we – Umukoresha aryozwa amakosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we mu gihe yaba yabikoze mu rwego rw‟inshingano ze no mu masaha y‟akazi – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo ya 260. Indishyi – Indishyi mbonezamusaruro – Indishyi z‟amafaranga yakoreshejwe kubera igikorwa cyangirije undi n‟iz‟ikurikiranarubanza – Igenwa ry‟indishyi mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) – Uburyo bwo kubara indishyi mbonezamusaruro – Indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibarwa zishingiye ku mushahara w‟amezi cumi n‟abiri harebwe n‟urugero rw‟ubumuga afite, ndetse n‟igihe cyo gukora yari asigaje kugira ngo agere ku myaka 65 – Mu gihe uwangirijwe atagaragaza ibimenyetso bishimangira umubare w„amafaranga yakoresheje kubera igikorwa cyamwangirije ariko bigaragara ko icyo gikorwa cyatumye akoresha amafaranga mu gukemura ikibazo cye, agenerwa indishyi zikwiye mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo za 258. Umushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi – Amafaranga 2.500Frw niwo mushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi hashingiwe ku miterere y‟ibiciro ku isoko ndetse no ku rwego imishahara igezeho mu Gihugu muri rusange. 31

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Incamake y‟ikibazo: Kabayijuka yagiye kwivuza ku Kigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye aterwa urushinge kw‟itako n‟umuntu witwa Hakizamana wambaye nk‟umuganga, kuva ubwo bimutera ububabare bukabije. Iki Kigo Nderabuzima cyamwohereje ku bitaro bya Kibungo, ariko ntibyagira icyo bitanga, ahubwo akurizamo kumugara ku buryo bukomeye. Kubera iyo mpamvu yareze Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima (Minisanté) mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana asaba ko imuha indishyi kuko ubumuga afite bwatewe n‟urwo rushinge, kandi ko uwarumuteye yari umukozi wayo. Urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko nta shingiro ikirego cye gifite. Kabayijuka yajuriye mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko rwirengagize ibimenyetso maze rwemeza ko Ministeri y‟Ubuzima itaryozwa indishyi kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko urushinge yatewe ari rwo rwamumugaje kandi ngo Hakizimana yari umukozi wiyise umuforomo akabishyigikirwamo n‟abamukuriye, kandi kuba abayobozi b‟ibitaro baremerega ko umuntu udafite ububasha n‟ubushobozi bwo gukora ako kazi k‟umuforomo agakora, umukoresha we agomba kuryozwa amakosa ye kuko ari amakosa akomeye. Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima yiregura ko nta buryozwe bugomba kubaho kuko ubumuga avuga ko afite nta kigaragaza ko bwatewe n‟umukozi wayo, kandi ubwe yarivugiye mu Rukiko ko urushinge yarutewe n‟umuntu utari umuganga wari wambaye imyenda y‟abaganga, bivuga ko atari umukozi wa Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima ngo abe yarabikoze mu nshingano yamuhaye. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Umukoresha aryozwa amakosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we mu gihe yaba yabikoze mu rwego rw‟inshingano ze no mu masaha y‟akazi. Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima igomba kubiryozwa kuko amakosa y‟umukozi wayo ariyo yatumye Kabayijuka wari uharwariye agira ubumuga.

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2. Mu gihe uwangirijwe atagaragaza ibimenyetso bishimangira umubare w„amafaranga yakoresheje kubera igikorwa cyamwangirije ariko bigaragara ko icyo gikorwa cyatumye akoresha amafaranga mu gukemura ikibazo cye, agomba kugenerwa mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) amafaranga akwiye.

3. Amafaranga 2.500Frw niwo mushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi hashingiwe ku miterere y‟ibiciro kw‟isoko ndetse no ku rwego imishahara igezeho mu Gihugu muri rusange. Bityo amafaranga 60.000Frw ari mu rugero rwiza rw‟umushahara fatizo mpuzandengo (SMIG).

4. Indishyi mbonezamusaruro zibarwa zishingiye ku mushahara w „amezi cumi n‟abiri harebwe n„urugero rw‟ubumuga afite, ndetse n‟igihe cyo gukora yari asigaje kugira ngo agere ku myaka 65.

5. Urukiko rumugeneye indishyi z‟akababaro, iz‟imbonezamusaruro, izo kwivuza n‟iz‟ingendo yagiye akora. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro;. Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima igomba kuryozwa amakosa yakozwe n‟ umukozi wayo; Uregwa ategetswe guha uwajuriye amafaranga y‟indishyi z‟akababaro, i‟zimbonezamusaruro, ayo kwivuza n‟ingendo yagiye akora. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo za 258 n‟iya 260. Imanza zifashishijwe: Nyetera v. CORAR, RCAA 0202/07/CS, rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 09/4/2009.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Kabayijuka Gaspard yareze Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima (Minisanté) mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, avuga ko yagiye kwivuza kuri “Centre de santé” ya Nyarubuye kuwa 12/12/2000, mu gihe agitegereje umuganga haza umuntu usa n‟umuganga witwa Hakizimana Sylvestre, maze amutera urushinge mu itako, kuva ubwo yumva ububabare bukabije. Ikigo Nderabuzima cyamwohereje ku bitaro bya Kibungo, ariko ntibyagira icyo bitanga, ahubwo aherako amugara ku buryo bukomeye. Kubera iyo mpamvu asaba Urukiko Rukuru gutegeka Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima kumuha indishyi, kuko ubumuga afite bwatewe n‟urwo rushinge, kandi ko uwarumuteye yari umukozi wayo. Kuwa 28/09/2012, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RAD 0003/12/HC/Rwg rwemeza ko ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite, ko Leta y‟u Rwanda (Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima), nta ndishyi igomba kuryozwa. [2] Kabayijuka Gaspard ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urwo rubanza arujuririra mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 25/10/2012, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutahaye agaciro imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya bose bemeza ko yatewe urushinge na Hakizimana Sylvestre, umukozi w‟Ikigo nderabuzima (Centre de Santé) cya Nyarubuye ndetse ko ubumuga afite yabutewe n‟urwo rushinge yamuteye. Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rutahaye agaciro ukwiyemerera kw‟Intumwa ya Leta ko agomba guhabwa indishyi. [3] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye kuwa 23/9/2014 no kuwa 12/11/2014, Kabayijuka Gaspard, aburanirwa na Me Karangwa Vincent naho Minisiteri y„Ubuzima iburanirwa na Me Umwali Claire, Intumwa ya Leta.

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II. ISESENGURA RY‟IBIBAZO BIGIZE

URUBANZA a. Kumenya niba Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima yaryozwa amakosa yakozwe na Hakizimana Sylvestre. [4] Me Karangwa Vincent, uburanira Kabayijuka Gaspard, avuga ko nk‟uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 6 rw‟imikirize y‟urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima itaryozwa indishyi kuko nta kimenyetso kigaragaza ko urushinge Kabayijuka Gaspard yatewe arirwo rwamumugaje, bityo akaba asanga rutarahaye agaciro imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya bemeza ko Hakizimana Sylvestre wateye Kabayijuka Gaspard urushinge yari umukozi w‟Ikigo Nderabuzima (Centre de Santé) cya Nyarubuye. [5] Asobanura ko Hakizimana Sylvestre yari umukozi wiyise umuforomo akabishyigikirwamo n‟abamukuriye, bityo akaba asanga ko kuba abayobozi b`ibitaro baremerega ko umuntu udafite ububasha n‟ubushobozi bwo gukora ako kazi k‟umuforomo agakora, umukoresha we agomba kuryozwa amakosa ye kuko ari amakosa akomeye. [6] Asobanura kandi ko n‟ubwo umuganga Ngabonziza Adélard yemeje muri raporo ye yo kuwa 4/9/2003 ko bitoroshye kumenya impamvu yaba yarateye Kabayijuka Gaspard ubwo bumuga, ariko mu nyandiko ye yo kuwa 20/1/2003 ubwo yamukoreraga “transfert” amwohereza ku bitaro bya C.H.K. i Kigali, yavuze ko impamvu y‟ubumuga bwe ari urushinge yatewe ku itako hakaba hashize imyaka ibiri. Akomeza avuga ko umuganga Marc, “spécialiste” muri “kinésithérapie” (indwara z‟ubumuga) nawe yavuze ko ubumuga bwa Kabayijuka Gaspard bukomoka k‟urushinge yatewe ndetse ko hari umuganga yabonanye nawe kuwa 12/12/2000 wemeje mu rurimi rw‟igifaransa ko habayeho “paralysie suspecte suite à une injection intramusculaire injectée par Sylvestre dans le nerf sciatique”.

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[7] Asoza avuga ko mu mwanzuro wayo ku rwego rwa mbere, intumwa ya Leta nayo yemezaga ko Leta igomba guha Kabayijuka Gaspard indishyi ariko zikagabanywa kuko izo yasabaga ari ikirenga, bityo akaba asanga Urukiko Rukuru rutari kwanga kwemeza ko amakosa yakozwe n‟umukozi w‟ibitaro. [8] Kabayijuka Gaspard asobanura ko yagiye kwa muganga arwaye malariya, aribwa mu nda ariko yigenza, agezeyo bamushyira ku gitanda, bazana serumu bavanga n‟imiti bamutera mu mitsi. Avuga ko uwamuteye iyo serumu yabwiye abaganga bari aho ngo ntibayimukuremo, ko azayimukuramo bukeye, bigeze saa saba ayimukuramo, saa tatu amutera urushinge, bukeye mu gitondo, Hakizimana Sylvestre wari umuforomo wabo amutera urundi rushinge, maze yitura hasi. Avuga kandi ko Umuganga mukuru yari azi ko Hakizimana Sylvestre agomba gutera urwo rushinge kuko n‟abandi ariwe wabateraga, kandi ko butari ubwa mbere amutera, ko no mu gatabo yivurizagaho bigaragara. [9] Ku birebana na “liste de paie” igaragaza abakozi b‟Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye yatanzwe na Me Umwali Claire, Me Karangwa Vincent avuga ko nta gushidikanya ko Hakizimana Sylvestre yari umukozi wa Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima, kuko yari “auxillaire de santé“, ni ukuvuga ko nawe yari umukozi w‟ibitaro ushobora gutera urushinge. Ko kuba barahaye Me Umwali Claire “liste de paie” yo muri Novembre 2001, yafatwa ko ari ikitegererezo (échantillon), kuko iyo aza kubaza igihe

Hakizimana Sylvestre yatangiriye akazi nabyo bari kubimubwira. [10] Me Umwali Claire, uburanira Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima avuga ko nta buryozwe bugomba kubaho kuri Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima, kuko ubumuga Kabayijuka Gaspard avuga ko afite nta kigaragaza ko bwatewe n‟umukozi wayo, kandi Kabayijuka Gaspard ubwe yarivugiye mu rukiko ko urushinge yarutewe n‟umuntu utari umuganga wari wambaye imyenda y‟abaganga. Ibyo bikaba bivuze ko niba n‟uwo muntu yaba

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yarabayeho koko nk‟uko abivuga, ntabwo yaba yari umukozi wa Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima ngo abe yarabikoze mu nshingano yamuhaye. [11] Asobanura ko ku birebana na Hakizimana Sylvestre ugaruka kenshi mu rubanza, Kabayijuka Gaspard yavuze mu Rukiko Rukuru ko yari umukozi ukora isuku mu Kigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye, ariyo mpamvu asaba ko Urukiko rwamuhamagaza agatanga amakuru, kuko umukoresha aryozwa ibyo umukozi we yakoze iyo yamutumye. [12] Asobanura kandi ko icyemezo cya muganga cyo kuwa 4/9/2003 kigaragaza impamvu y‟ubumuga bwa Kabayijuka Gaspard kidasobanutse, aho kivuga mu myanzuro yacyo ko “steppage du pied droit dont la cause est difficile à préciser ce jour d‟examen”. [13] Ku birebana na lisiti y‟abakozi yatumwe n‟Urukiko, Me Umwali Claire asobanura ko igaragaza ko Hakizimana Sylvestre yari “Auxillaire de santé”. Akomeza avuga ko kuba Kabayijuka Gaspard yaratewe urushinge mu mwaka wa 2000, kandi iyo lisiti ariyo muri 2001, nta kigaragaza ko ari Hakizimana Sylvestre wamuteye urwo rushinge, ndetse ko nta n„ikigaragaza ko urwo rushinge arirwo rwamuteye gucumbagira ngo bibe byakwitirirwa Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [14] Ingingo ya 258 y‟Igitabo cya gatatu cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko “igikorwa cyose cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. [15] Ingingo ya 260, agace ka 3 y‟Igitabo cya gatatu cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko “bashebuja n‟abakoresha baryozwa ibyangirijwe n‟abakozi babo mu gihe bakora imirimo babashinze [......]”.

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[16] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga nk‟uko bigaragara mu gatabo ke yivurizagamo, Kabayijuka Gaspard yaragiye ku Kigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye kuwa 8/8/2000 kwivuza “malaria”, “nausée”, “diarrhée” na “gastrite” ariko kuwa 12/12/2000 akaba yaragize ikibazo cyo kumugara (paralysie), nk‟uko byemezwa n‟ibyo Muganga Gafurama Claude yanditse muri ako gatabo yivurizagamo, aho avuga ko “paralysie suspecte suite à une injection intramusculaire injectée par Sylvestre dans le nerf sciatique”. [17] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga kuva icyo gihe Kabayijuka Gaspard yarakomeje kwivuza ubwo bumuga mu bitaro bitandukanye harimo ibitaro bya Kibungo, ibya Rwamagana na “Centre Hospitalier de Kigali” (C.H.K.). [18] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga n‟ubwo hari igihe Kabayijuka Gaspard yavuze ko Hakizimana Sylvestre yari umukozi ukora isuku mu Kigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye, ikindi gihe akavuga ko yari umuforomo, ariko, nk‟uko bigaragazwa na “liste de paie” yatanzwe na Me Umwali Claire, Hakizimana Sylvestre yari umufasha wa muganga (auxilliaire de santé) mu Kigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye igihe Kabayijuka Gaspard yahuye n‟ikibazo cy‟ubumuga afite ndetse ko ariwe wamuteye urushinge rwatumye icyo kibazo kiba nk‟uko Muganga Gafuruma Claude yabyemeje. [19] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga hakurikijwe ibisobanuro bimaze gutangwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, Hakizimana Sylvestre yari umwe mu bakozi b‟Ikigo Nderabuzima ashinzwe kuvura abarwayi (corps soignant) ari nayo mpamvu yateye urushinge Kabayijuka Gaspard mu rwego rwo kumuvura akoresheje ibikoresho by‟Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye. [20] Ku birebana n‟ibivugwa na Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima y‟uko hakurikijwe raporo ya muganga (rapport d‟expertise médico-légale) Ngabonziza Adélard yo kuwa 4/9/2003, nta kintu kigaragaza ko

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ubumuga bwa Kabayijuka Gaspard bwatewe n‟urushinge nk‟uko abivuga kubera ko iyo raporo ivuga mu myanzuro yayo ko “steppage du pied droit dont la cause est difficile à préciser à ce jour”, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga rutashingira kuri iyo raporo yakozwe nyuma y‟imyaka itatu kuva ubwo bumuga bugaragaraye, mu gihe muganga Gafurama Claude nyuma yo gusuzuma Kabayijuka Gaspard yaremeje kuwa 12/12/2000, umunsi icyo kibazo kivuka, ko urushinge yatewe na Hakizimana Sylvestre ari nyirabayazana w`ubumuga bwe nk‟uko byasobanuwe mu gace ka 16 k‟uru rubanza. [21] Ku birebana n‟uburyozwe bwa Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima ku makosa yakozwe na Hakizimana Sylvestre, wari umukozi wayo icyo gihe, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 260, agace ka 3 y‟Igitabo cya gatatu cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano cyavuzwe haruguru, umukoresha aryozwa amakosa yakozwe n‟umukozi we mu gihe yaba yabikoze mu rwego rw‟inshingano ze no mu masaha y‟akazi, bityo kuba ibikorwa bya Hakizimana Sylvestre byarangije Kabayijuka Gaspard mu gihe yakoraga imirimo ashinzwe, mu masaha y„akazi ndetse akoresha n`ibikoresho by‟Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Nyarubuye mu nyungu zacyo, Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima igomba kubiryozwa kuko amakosa y‟umukozi wayo ariyo yatumye Kabayijuka Gaspard wari uharwariye agira ubumuga1. [22] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga kandi ibyavuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki bishimangirwa n‟inyandiko y‟abahanga mu mategeko, aho basobanura ko umukoresha aryozwa ibyangijwe n‟umukozi we iyo

1“La jurisprudence décide que la responsabilité du commettant existe dès que l‟acte dommageable a été accompli pendant la durée du service, et en relation avec ce service” in Henri De Page Traité élémentaire de droit civil Belge, tome deuxième, Les incapables-Les obligations Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1964, P. 1019.

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mu bikorwa yakoze, kimwe muri byo nibura gifitanye isano n‟inshingano ze2 [23] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe haruguru no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga iyo ngingo y‟Ubujurire bwa Kabayijuka Gaspard ifite ishingiro. b. Kumenya niba Kabayijuka Gaspard akwiye indishyi asaba. [24] Me Karangwa Vincent avuga ko Kabayijuka Gaspard asaba Urukiko kumugenera indishyi z‟impozamarira zingana na 5.000.000Frw, asaba kandi indishyi mbonezamusaruro za 60.000Frw buri kwezi zihwanye n‟umushahara yigeneraga mu mirimo yikoreraga zigomba kubarwa kuva kuwa 12/12/2000, asaba na none andi 200.000Frw akubiyemo ayo yatanze yivuza n„ayo yakoresheje mu ngendo ajya kuburana uru rubanza, yose hamwe akaba 13.480.000Frw kugeza mu kwezi kwa gatandatu k‟umwaka wa 2012. [25] Me Umwali Claire avuga ko indishyi zose Kabayijuka Gaspard atazikwiye kuko atari Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima igomba kuryozwa ibyo byamubayeho.

2 “On peut se contenter d‟un simple lien de connexité entre l‟acte dommageable du préposé et ses fonctions, pour pouvoir engager la responsabilité du commettant. L‟auteur continue en disant que” lorsque l‟acte du préposé consiste en un exercice défectueux de ses fonctions, le rattachement est manifeste: tel est le cas d‟un chauffeur livreur qui commet un accident de la circulation du fait d‟une vitesse excessive… CH. Larroumet, note sous cass. Com.12 oct. 1993, Dalloz.1994.124, séc.p. cité par Françoise BENAC-SCHMIDT. Uyu kandi ni wo murongo wemejwe mu rubanza RPA 0210/10/CS rwaciwe n‟uru Rukiko kuwa 18/7/2014, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Munyankumburwa Valens, Manirarora Rosette n‟abana be n‟Akarere ka Burera.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [26] Ingingo ya 258 y‟Igitabo cya gatatu cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano iteganya ko “igikorwa cyose cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. [27] Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 258 y‟Igitabo cya gatatu cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano yavuzwe haruguru, kuriha igihombo (ibyangiritse) bigomba gukorwa mu buryo bwuzuye (intégrale ou complète) ariko kugira ngo bishoboke icyo gihombo kigomba kugaragarizwa ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko cyabayeho. [28] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga mu gihe uwangirijwe atagaragaza ibimenyetso bishimangira umubare w„amafaranga yakoresheje kubera igikorwa cyamwangirije ariko bigaragara ko icyo gikorwa cyatumye akoresha amafaranga mu gukemura ikibazo cye, nk‟uko bigaragara muri uru rubanza byumvikana ko Kabayijuka Gaspard yagombaga gukoresha amafaranga ye mu kwivuza, kugura imiti, gukora ingendo, kwitunga, akaba agomba kugenerwa mu bushishozi (ex aequo et bono) amafaranga akwiye koko3. [29] N‟ubwo nta kimenyetso Kabayijuka Gaspard yatanze kigaragaza umushahara wa 60.000Frw avuga ko yigeneraga buri kwezi kandi akaba nta tegeko rirajyaho rigena umubare w‟umushahara fatizo mpuzandengo (SMIG), Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga umubare wa 60.000Frw uri mu rugero rukwiye, kuko n‟uru Rukiko mu rubanza RCAA 0202/07/CS

3 “L‟évaluation du dommage ex aequo et bono ne peut être adoptée; par le juge comme mode d‟évaluation que si, d‟une part, il donne la raison pour laquelle une autre base d‟évaluation, proposée par une des parties, ne peut être admise en l‟espèce, et si, d‟autre part, l‟évaluation ne peut, à défaut d‟éléments plus sûrs, se faire qu‟ex aequo et bono”, in Henri De Page, Traité élémentaire de droit civil Belge, tome deuxième, Les incapables-Les obligations Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1964, p.1070.

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rwaciwe ku itariki ya 9/4/2009, rwemeje ko 2.500Frw ariwo mushahara ukwiye nibura umukozi usanzwe ku munsi hashingiwe ku miterere y‟ibiciro kw‟isoko ndetse no ku rwego imishahara igezeho mu Gihugu muri rusange, bityo 60.000Frw akaba ariyo yaherwaho mu kubarira Kabayijuka Gaspard indishyi mbonezamusaruro, harebwe n‟urugero rw‟ubumuga afite, ndetse n‟igihe cyo gukora yari asigaje kugira ngo agere ku myaka 65. [30] Ku byerekeye indishyi z‟impozamarira zingana na 5.000.000Frw zisabwa na Kabayijuka Gaspard, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga akwiye kuyahabwa kubera ububabare yagize nyuma yo gukomeretswa umutsi w‟itako n‟urushinge yatewe nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru n`igihe cyose amaze arwaye, ariko ayo asaba akaba ari ikirenga, rumugeneye mu bushisozi bwarwo angana na 1.500.000Frw. [31] Ku byerekeye indishyi mbonezamusaruro Kabayijuka Gaspard agenewe, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga ayo mafaranga abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 60.000Frw x12 (amezi) x15 (taux d‟incapacité) x 5 (igihe cyo gukora yari asigaje) ---------------------------------------------------= 540.000Frw. 100 [32] Ku byerekere 200.000 Frw yo kwivuza n„ayo yakoresheje mu ngendo ajya kuburana uru rubanza rwe, Urukiko rurasanga aya mafaranga yayagenerwa kuko ari mu rugero rukwiye. [33] Urukiko rurasanga Kabayijuka Gaspard agenewe: 1.500.000Frw y‟indishyi z‟akababaro, 540.000Frw y‟indishyi mboneza musaruro na 200.000Frw yo kwivuza n‟ingendo yagiye akora, yose hamwe akaba angana na 2.240.000Frw.

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III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [34] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Kabayijuka Gaspard bufite ishingiro. [35] Rwemeje ko Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima igomba kuryozwa amakosa yakozwe na Hakizimana Sylvestre, umukozi wayo, wangije Kabayijuka Gaspard. [36] Rutegetse Minisiteri y‟Ubuzima guha Kabayijuka Gaspard 1.500.000Frw y‟indishyi z‟akababaro, 540.000Frw y‟indishyi mboneza musaruro na 200.000Frw yo kwivuza n‟ingendo yagiye akora, yose hamwe akaba angana na 2.240.000Frw.

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NSHIZIRUNGU v. RWANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY (RRA) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RADA 0027/12/CS (Kanyange, P.J., Gakwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) 23 Mutarama 2015] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirije y‟imanza z‟ubutegetsi – Ubujurire – Guhindura icyemezo cyajuririwe – Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha urubanza mu mizi – Urukiko rwajuririwe iyo ruhinduye icyemezo cyajuririwe, ruburanisha urwo rubanza mu mizi yarwo keretse iyo ruruhinduye ku mpamvu y‟uko rwaregewe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko cyangwa ku mpamvu y‟iburabubasha – Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ngingo ya 171. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirije y‟imanza z‟ubutegetsi – Gutakamba – Kwirukanwa ku kazi nta mpamvu – Ikirego kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry‟ikibazo cy‟iyirukanwa mu kazi n‟indishyi zijyanye nabyo – Umukozi wakoreraga Leta ntagomba gutakamba mbere y‟uko atanga ikirego kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry„ikirego cy‟uko yirukanwe mu kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko no gusaba indishyi zijyanye nabyo – Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ngingo ya 339 . Incamake y‟ikibazo: Komiseri Mukuru wa Rwanda Revenue Authority (R.R.A) yasezereye Nshizirungu ku kazi nta nteguza amuhaye kubera uburemere bw‟amakosa yo kurangwa n‟umusaruro muke, gusuzugura umukuriye mu Ntara y‟Iburasirazuba no gusubiza atinze amabaruwa yamwandikiye. Nyuma yo gutakambira Komiseri Mukuru, Umugenzuzi 45

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w‟Umurimo, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo ishinzwe abakozi ba Leta na Minisitiri w‟abakozi ba Leta n‟umurimo, yaregeye Urukiko Rukuru asaba ko yahabwa indishyi zikomoka ku kwirukanwa nta mpamvu, integuza n‟indishyi z‟akababaro, ariko urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko ikirego cye kitakiriwe. Nshizirungu yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko rwakoresheje nabi Itegeko kuko rwemeje ko ikirego cye kitakiriwe kubera ko ataregeye igihe nyuma yo gutakamba nyamara yaramenyesheje Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo ikibazo cye, bityo iryo menyesha rikaba ryarasubitse igihe cy‟ubuzime cy‟imyaka itanu. R.R.A yiregura ivuga ko Nshizirungu yabanje kujyana icyo kibazo ku Mugenzuzi w‟Umurimo mu gihe nyamara yagombaga gutakambira Umutegetsi wafashe icyemezo kimusezerera ku kazi kubera ko mu gihe itakamba ryaba ritabayeho ngo icyo cyemezo cyamufatiwe gikurweho, Urukiko Rukuru atari rwo rwari kugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha iki kirego. RRA ivuga na none ko Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruramutse rubonye ko ikirego cya Nshizirungu cyagombaga kwakirwa, hashingirwa ku ngingo ya 171 n„iya 172 z‟Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, rugasubiza uru rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru. Incamake y‟icyemezo: Urukiko rwajuririwe iyo ruhinduye icyemezo cyajuririwe, ruburanisha urwo rubanza mu mizi yarwo keretse iyo ruruhinduye ku mpamvu y‟uko rwaregewe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko cyangwa ku mpamvu y‟iburabubasha. Umukozi wakoreraga Leta ntagomba gutakamba mbere y‟uko atanga ikirego kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry„ikibazo cyerekeye

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iyirirukanwa mu kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko no gusaba indishyi zijyanye nabyo. Ubujurire burakiriwe. Ikirego cyagombaga kwakirwa mu Rukiko Rukuru. Iburanisha ry‟urubanza mu mizi rizakomeza. Amagarama y‟u rubanza abaye asubitswe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 171. Itegeko nᵒ 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/5/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 32. Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko, ingingo ya 93 na 94. Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 339. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, aho kuwa 01/12/2010, Nshizirungu Bernard yareze Ikigo cy‟Imisoro n‟Amahoro “RRA”, kuba cyaramwirukanye ku kazi nta mpamvu, asaba ko yahabwa indishyi zikomoka kuri uko kwirukanwa nta mpamvu, integuza

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n‟indishyi z‟akababaro. Asobanura ko kuwa 04/01/2007, Komiseri Mukuru, ashingiye ku mwanzuro wa “Senior Management Team“, yandikiye Nshizirungu Bernard ibaruwa imusezerera ku kazi nta nteguza kubera uburemere bw‟ibyaha byo kurangwa n‟umusaruro muke, gusuzugura umukuriye mu Ntara y‟Iburasirazuba no gusubiza atinze amabaruwa yamwandikiye. [2] Asobanura ko yatakambiye Komiseri Mukuru, Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo (Inspecteur du travail), Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Komisiyo ishinzwe abakozi ba Leta na Minisitiri w‟abakozi ba Leta n‟umurimo, abonye nta gisubizo cyo guhindura icyemezo kimwirukana, aregera Urukiko Rukuru. Kuwa 26/04/2012, urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza RAD 0174/10/HC/KIG, rwemeza kutakira ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard. [3] Nshizirungu Bernard ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza, kuwa 24/05/2012, ajuririra mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, avuga ko Urukiko rwakoresheje nabi ingingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi (mauvaise application de la loi) kuko rwemeje ko ikirego cye kitakiriwe kubera ko ataregeye igihe nyuma yo gutakamba. [4] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye kuwa 9/12/2014, Nshizirungu Bernard aburanirwa na Me Mutembe Protais naho R.R.A. iburanirwa na Me Kabibi Spéciose. II. ISESENGURA RY‟IKIBAZO KIGIZE

URUBANZA a. Kumenya niba ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard cyaragombaga kwakirwa n‟Urukiko Rukuru no kumenya niba uru rubanza

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rwakoherezwa mu urwo Rukiko kugirango abe arirwo ruruburanisha mu mizi. [5] Me Mutembe Protais avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwibeshye mu gukurikiza ingingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru kuko rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard cyazimye kubera ko yagitanze yararengeje igihe cy‟amezi atandatu giteganywa n‟iyo ngingo. [6] Me Mutembe Protais asobanura ko mu gushaka kumvikana n‟Umukoresha we, Nshizirungu Bernard yari yatanze ikirego gisaba gukuraho icyemezo cy‟umutegetsi cyo kumwirukana ku kazi, nyuma yo kubona ko uwo mutegetsi yabyanze, aregera Urukiko. [7] Me Mutembe Protais asobanura kandi ko hakurikijwe Itegeko rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, Nshizirungu Bernard yamenyesheje Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo (Inspecteur du travail) icyo kibazo mu kwezi kwa munani k‟umwaka wa 2007 ku buryo iryo menyesha ryasubitse igihe cy‟ubuzime (interruption de la prescription) cy‟imyaka itanu, bityo akaba asanga kuba Nshizirungu Bernard yari yatanze ikirego cye mu kwezi kwa cumi k‟umwaka wa 2010, Urukiko Rukuru rwagombaga kucyakira kuko kitari gishaje. [8] Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko Nshizirungu Bernard yatakambiye Minisitiri w„abakozi ba Leta, maze akamusubiza kuwa 20/10/2009 ariko aza gutanga ikirego kuwa 1/12/2010, nyuma y„amezi abiri avugwa n‟ingingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru. [9] Me Kabibi Spéciose asobanura ko Nshizirungu Bernard yabanje kujyana icyo kibazo ku Mugenzuzi w‟Umurimo (Inspecteur du travail) maze agaragaza ko ari Umukozi wa Leta ku buryo yagombaga mbere na mbere gutakambira Umutegetsi wafashe icyemezo kimusezerera ku kazi.

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Akomeza asobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru kubera ko nawe ubwe yabanje gutakambira Umutegetsi wafashe icyo cyemezo anenga. [10] Ku byerekeranye n„ibivugwa na Nshizirungu Bernard ko ataregeraga gukuraho icyemezo cyamukuye ku kazi, ahubwo ko yari yaregeye indishyi gusa, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko bigaragara ko ikirego cye ari „„licenciement abusif„„ gishingiye ku Itegeko nᵒ 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/5/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda no ku ngingo ya 258 y‟Igitabo cya III cy‟urwunge rw‟amategeko mbonezamubano, bityo akaba asanga mu gihe adashaka ko icyo cyemezo cyamufatiwe gikurwaho, Urukiko Rukuru rutari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha iki kirego. [11] Me Kabibi Spéciose akomeza avuga ko ariko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 94 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko ryakoreshwaga igihe Nshizirungu Bernard yaregaga, mu gihe Urukiko Rukuru rushobora kuba rwasesa isezererwa ry‟umukozi rinyuranyije n‟amategeko kandi rukaba rushobora kuba rwafata icyemezo cyo kugikuraho, asanga umukozi wa Leta agomba kubahiriza imihango ivugwa mu ngingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru igihe cyose abona ko icyemezo kimusezera ku kazi kinyuranyije n‟amategeko. [12] Me Kabibi Spéciose asoza avuga ko Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruramutse rubonye ko ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard cyagombaga kwakirwa, asaba ko, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 171 n„iya 172 z‟Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, uru rubanza rwasubizwa mu Rukiko Rukuru.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [13] Ingingo ya 1, agace ka 32 y‟Itegeko nᵒ 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/5/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda iteganya ko “umukozi ari umuntu wese wemeye gukorera undi ku gihembo agategekwa nawe cyangwa se ubwibumbe bw‟abantu, agakoreshwa na Leta cyangwa undi mukoresha wigenga”. [14] Ingingo ya 93(4ᵒ) y‟Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko iteganya ko “Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibirego bijyanye n‟imanza z‟ubutegetsi kuva ku rwego rw‟Intara n‟urw‟Umujyi wa Kigali kugeza ku rwego rwa Perezida wa Repubulika birebana n‟impaka zivutse mu kazi hagati y‟abantu ku giti cyabo na Leta cyangwa ibigo byayo”. [15] Ingingo ya 94 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko iteganya ko “Urukiko Rukuru rusuzuma niba ibyemezo, amasezerano n‟izindi nyandiko byo mu bubasha bwarwo, byakozwe n‟umuyobozi, byarakurikije amategeko. Iyo rusanze bitarayubahirije, rushobora kubisesa cyangwa kwemeza indishyi z‟akababaro zikomoka ku byangijwe na byo”. [16] Ingingo ya 339 agace ka mbere y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi itegenya ko “Ikirego gisaba gukuraho icyemezo cy‟umutegetsi cyakirwa gusa iyo cyerekeye icyemezo cy‟umutegetsi cyeruye cyangwa kiteruye”, agace kayo ka kabiri gateganya ko “Mbere yo gutanga ikirego, unenga icyemezo cy‟umutegetsi agomba kubanza gutakambira umutegetsi wagifashe”. [17] Ingingo ya 171 y‟Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi iteganya ko „„Urukiko rwajuririwe iyo

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ruhinduye icyemezo cyajuririwe, ruburanisha urwo rubanza mu mizi yarwo keretse iyo ruruhinduye ku mpamvu y‟uko rwaregewe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko cyangwa ku mpamvu y‟iburabubasha”. [18] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga bigaragara neza mu masezerano y‟akazi hagati ya R.R.A. na Nshizirungu Bernard ko ayo masezerano agengwa n‟Itegeko ryo kuwa 28/2/1967 ryerekeye amategeko agenga umurimo n‟andi mategeko agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo, yakurikizwaga igihe ayo amasezerano yasinywaga. [19] Ku byerekeranye n‟ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga ku ikubitiro iyo ngingo itakurikizwa muri uru rubanza kuko ikirego cyatanzwe na Nshizirungu Bernard mu rwego rwa mbere kitari kigamije gusaba Urukiko kuvanaho icyemezo yafatiwe n‟ubuyobozi bwa R.R.A. ahubwo cyari kigamije gusaba isuzumwa mu mizi ry„ikibazo cyo kuba yarirukanwe mu kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko no gusaba indishyi zijyanye nabyo. [20] Byongeye kandi nk‟uko byavuzwe haruguru, amasezerano y‟akazi hagati ya R.R.A. na Nshizirungu Bernard ateganya ko agengwa n‟Itegeko ryo kuwa 28/2/1967 ryerekeye amategeko agenga umurimo n‟andi mategeko agenga ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo ku buryo hagomba ahubwo gukurikizwa imihango iteganywa n‟Itegeko rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda mu gihe hagomba gukemurwa impaka zihariye ku kazi hagati y‟umukozi n‟umukoresha. [21] Ku byerekeranye n‟ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 94 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nᵒ 51/2008 ryo kuwa 9/9/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Inkiko, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga iyo ngingo idashimangira ko umukozi wa Leta agomba igihe cyose gukurikiza imihango iteganywa n‟ingingo ya 339 y‟Itegeko n° 18/2004 ryo kuwa 20/6/2004 ryavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo igaragaza gusa ko mu nshingano

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zarwo mu gusuzuma iyubahiriza ry‟amategeko ku byemezo, amasezerano n‟izindi nyandiko byakozwe n‟ubuyobozi, Urukiko Rukuru rushobora cyangwa kubisesa igihe umuburanyi asaba gukuraho icyemezo cy‟umuyobozi cyangwa kwemeza indishyi z‟akababaro zikomoka ku byangijwe na byo igihe umuburanyi yatanze ikirego kigamije gusaba indishyi z„igihombo yatewe n‟icyemezo cy‟ubuyobozi. [22] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe haruguru no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard cyaragombaga kwakirwa n„Urukiko Rukuru. [23] Ku byerekeranye n‟ibisabwa na R.R.A. ko uru rubanza rwakoherezwa mu Rukiko Rukuru mu gihe hakwemezwa ko ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard cyagombaga kwakirwa, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 171 n‟iya 172 z‟Itegeko nᵒ 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟umurimo, iz‟ubucuruzi, n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, uru rubanza rugomba kuburanishwa mu mizi n‟uru Rukiko kuko icyemezo cyajuririwe gihinduwe ku mpamvu itari iy‟uko Urukiko Rukuru rwaregewe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko cyangwa rutari rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo kirego ndetse ko kitateshejwe agaciro n‟uru Rukiko. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [24] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Nshizirungu Bernard bufite ishingiro. [25] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nshizirungu Bernard mu Rukiko Rukuru cyagombaga kwakirwa. [26] Rwemeje ko iburanisha ry‟uru rubanza mu mizi rizakomeza kuwa 17/3/2015.

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[27] Rwemeje ko amagarama y‟uru rubanza abaye asubitswe.

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SEBERA v. RWANDA DEVELOPMENT BOARD (RDB) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RADA 0024/13/CS (Mukamulisa, P.J., Mukandamage na Gatete, J.) 14 Ugushyingo 2014] Amategeko y‟ubutegetsi – Kwirukunwa kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo – Igihe umukoresha atagaragaza uburyo yageze ku mwanzuro wo guhagarika umukozi by‟agateganyo no kumwirukana nta mpaka ku mwanya yariho bifatwa nko kumwirukana nta mpamvu – Amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo kuwa 10/07/2009 ya Minisitiri w‟Abakozi ba Leta n‟Umurimo, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 11. Amategeko y‟ubutegetsi – Ihagarikwa mu kazi ry‟agateganyo kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo – Igihe ntaregwa – Bifatwa nko kwirukanwa binyuranyije n‟amategeko igihe ihagarikwa ry‟agatenyo rirengeje amezi atandatu – Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ingingo ya 3 iya 65 n‟iya 121. Indishyi – Indishyi zikomoka ku kwirukanwa nta mpamvu – Igikorwa cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse – Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo 258. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Sebera yareze RDB mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yamwirukanye binyuranyije n‟amategeko maze abisabira indishyi zinyuranye zirimo umushahara w‟amezi atandatu; indishyi z‟akababaro, izo kuvutswa amahirwe yo kubona ikiruhuko cy‟izabukuru, izo gushyirwa mu bushomeri, izo kuba yarateshejwe agaciro hamwe n‟amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka. Urukiko rwemeje koSebera atirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko yasezerewe kubera ivugururwa RDB yakoze ndetse igashyiraho 55

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imbonerahamwe y‟inzego z‟imirimo n‟ibisabwa ku muntu ugomba kujya mu mwanya w‟ukuriye urwego rushinzwe abakozi arinarwo yakoragamo, maze RDB igasanga Sebera atujuje ibisabwa kuri uwo mwanya bikaba impamvu yokumusezerera. Uru Rukiko rwasanze kandi yarirukanywe amezi atandatu yari yahagaritswe by‟agateganyo yararangiye maze akamenyeshwa ko asezerewe burundu hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 121 y‟itegeko rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ivuga ibijyanye no gusezerera umukozi kubera ivanwaho ry‟umwanya yakoragamo, ikindi kandi ko indishyi Sebera yasabye zo kuba atarahawe icyemezo cy‟imi rimo yakoze atazihabwa kuko atagaragaza ingingo ashingiraho azisaba. Sebera ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza ayijuririra mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko umucamanza yivuguruje mu kuvuga ko RDB yakoze imbonerahamwe igaragaza inzego z‟imirimo n‟ibisabwa ku muntu ugomba kujya ku mwanya w‟ukuriye urwego rushinzwe abakozi, ariko agashingira ku ngingo ya 121 ya sitati rusange y‟abakozi ba Leta ivuga ku ivanwaho ry‟umwanya yakoragamo, kandi nanone akavuga ko asanga yarirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko RDB itamukoreye isuzumabushobozi riteganywa n‟amabwiriza yashyizweho na MIFOTRA yerekeye isuzumabushobozi ry‟abakozi . RDB ivuga ko yasezereye Sebera mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko yamumenyesheje ko atujuje ibisabwa kuri uwo mwanya ndetse aikaba yaranamuhaye n‟ibyo amategeko ateganya

byose. Ku bijyanye n‟isuzumabumenyi, BRD ivuga ko ryakozwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya Mifotra kuko iyo riba ritubahirije amategeko inama y‟abaminisitiri iba yararyanze. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Kuba RDB nta suzumabushobozi yakoreye umukozi ngo hagaragare amanota yahawe atuma hamenyekana niba afite ubushobozi cyangwa se ko nta bushobozi afite, kuko ari byo byari gutuma hamenyekana niba agomba guhagarikwa by‟agateganyo

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cyangwa se niba agomba gusezererwa nta mpaka mu kazi nk‟uko amabwiriza ya Minisitiri abiteganya ndetse ikaba yararengeje igihe cy‟ihagarikwa ry‟agateganyo bifatwa nko kumwirukana bidakurikije amategeko.

2. Igikorwa cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, Amagarama y‟urubanza aherereye ku regwa. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko ryo kuwa 30/07/1888 rigenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa, ingingo 258. Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ingingo ya 68 -3 n‟iya 121. Amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo kuwa 10/07/2009 ya Minisitiri w‟Abakozi ba Leta n‟Umurimo, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 11. Nta rubanza rwifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Sebera Jean Damascène yareze RDB mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yirukanywe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, asaba indishyi zinyuranye zikubiyemo umushahara w‟amezi atandatu (6) ungana na 5.823.144Frw, ubazwe kuva ahagaritswe by‟agatebanyo kugeza igihe yaboneye ibaruwa imusezerera burundu, 58.231.400Frw y‟indishyi z‟akababaro zikomoka ku kutubahiriza amategeko agenga abakozi ba

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Leta zihwanye n‟umushahara w‟imyaka itanu (5) yari asigaje ngo ajye mu kiruhuko cy‟izabukuru, 2.693.052Frw kubera kuvutswa amahirwe yo kubona “pension”, 12.258.347Frw yo gushyirwa mu bushomeri, 10.000.000Frw yo kuba yarateshejwe agaciro, n‟amafaranga 2.000.000 y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya Avoka. [2] Urukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cya Sebera nta shingiro gifite, rusobanura ko atirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kubera ko, mu kuvugurura, RDB yakoze imbonerahamwe y‟inzego z‟imirimo n‟ibisabwa ku muntu ugomba kujya mu mwanya w‟ukuriye urwego rushinzwe abakozi, maze kuri uwo mwanya hasabwa impamyabumenyi y‟icyiciro cya gatatu cya Kaminuza mu byerekeye imiyoborere cyangwa gucunga abakozi cyangwa impamyabumenyi ihanitse ya Kaminuza muri ibyo, afite n‟uburambe ku kazi, maze RDB isanga Sebera atabyujuje. [3] Urukiko rwasanze kandi yarirukanywe amezi atandatu yari yahagaritswe by‟agateganyo yararangiye kuko yandikiwe ko ahagaritswe by‟agateganyo guhera kuwa 05/04/2010, agasezerwa burundu guhera kuwa 15/10/2010, ko kandi yamenyeshejwe ko asezerewe burundu, akerekwa n‟ingingo bishingiyeho, harimo n‟ingingo ya 121 y‟itegeko rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta, ivuga ibijyanye no gusezerera umukozi kubera ivanwaho ry‟umwanya yakoragamo, ko rero ibyo byari bihagije kandi ko bitamubuzaga kuba yakwaka ibisobanuro birenze ibyari muri iyo barwa. [4] Urukiko rwasobanuye ko indishyi Sebera yatse zo kuba atarahawe icyemezo cy‟uko yakoreye RDB atazihabwa, kuko atagaragaza ingingo ashingiraho azisaba, kuko ariyo yari gutuma rumenya niba koko RDB yaratinze kumuha icyo cyemezo. [5] Sebera ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza ajuririra Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko umucamanza yivuguruje avuga ko RDB yakoze imbonerahamwe igaragaza inzego z‟imirimo n‟ibisabwa ku muntu

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ugomba kujya ku mwanya w‟ukuriye urwego rushinzwe abakozi, ariko agashingira ku ngingo ya 121 ya sitati rusange y‟abakozi ba Leta ivuga ku ivanwaho ry‟umwanya yakoragamo. Asanga kandi, n‟ubwo ibarwa imwirukana itavuga ko hari ibyo atujuje, yari yujuje ibisabwa kuri uwo mwanya kuko afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse ya kaminuza (licence) muri “sciences économiques et administratives” n‟uburambe mu kazi. [6] Sebera avuga kandi ko yirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko RDB yakoresheje uburyo bunyuranye n‟amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo ku wa 10/07/2009 yerekeye uko isuzumabushobozi ry‟abakozi rikorwa yashyizweho na MIFOTRA. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame tariki ya 30/09/2014, Sebera Jean Damascène yunganiwe na Me Nyiringabo Théoneste, RDB iburanirwa na Me Zawadi Geofrey. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N‟ISESENGURA RYABYO a. Kumenya niba Sebera yarirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranije n‟amategeko. [8] Me Nyiringabo avuga ko Umucamanza yivuguruje mu gika cya 28 n‟icya 30 by‟incarubanza, agasobanura ko mu gika cya 28 yasanze mu kuvugurura inzego z‟imirimo za RDB, harakozwe imbonerahamwe igaragaza inzego z‟imirimo n‟ibisabwa ku muntu ugomba kujya ku mwanya w‟ukuriye urwego rushinzwe abakozi, ko iyo mbonerahamwe yagaragazaga ko ushinzwe kujya muri uwo mwanya yagombaga kuba afite “master‟s degree“ mu byerekeye imiyoborere cyangwa gucunga abakozi (public or business administration, or human resources management or related field) cyangwa ufite impamyabushobozi ihanitse ya Kaminuza (bachelor degree), ariko yagera ku gika cya 30,

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umucamanza akemeza ko koko mu ibaruwa yirukana Sebera nta mpamvu ivugwamo, ariko ko ngo bidahagije kugirango byitwe ko yirukanywe binyuranyije n‟amategeko ngo kuko yari yamenyeshejwe ko impamvu ahagaritswe ari iyo kuvugurura RDB. [9] Me Nyiringabo anavuga ko Umucamanza yakomeje ashingira ku ngingo ya 121 ya Sitati rusange y‟abakozi ba Leta ivuga iby‟ivanwaho ry‟umwanya yakoragamo (suppression d‟emploi), ko rero kutagira impamyabumenyi isabwa no gukuraho urwego rw‟umurimo bitaba icyarimwe impamvu yo kwirukanwa kwa Sebera, ahubwo byaba kimwe cyangwa se ikindi. [10] Me Nyiringabo akomeza avuga ko akurikije ibivugwa mu gika cya 28 cy„incarubanza ku bijyanye n‟impamyabushobozi, ikigaragara ari uko habayeho gushakisha kuko Sebera afite “ diplôme ” ya “ licence ” muri “ sciences économiques et administratives ” guhera mu mwaka wa 1981, cyane cyane ko n‟umucamanza mu gika cya 10 ndetse n‟icya 11 cy‟urubanza yivugira ko nta bimenyetso bijyanye n‟isuzumabushobozi rivugwa n‟uhagarariye RDB byagaragajwe, uretse kurivuga gusa, haba ku rwego rw‟Umuvunyi ndetse no mu rukiko, bikaba bitangaje kubona umucamanza ashingira ku kimenyetso yatesheje agaciro, maze akemeza ko Sebera atujuje ibisabwa, ni ukuvuga impamyabushobozi n‟uburambe mu kazi, ko yasezerewe mu buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko, mu gihe urwandiko rumwirukana rutagaragaza ko impamvu yirukanywe ari uko atabifite. [11] Sebera n‟Umwunganira bavuga ko yirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranije n‟amategeko kubera ko mu rwego rw‟imivugururire y‟inzego za Leta hari amabwiriza yashyizweho, bigaragara ko atubahirijwe nk‟uko byagaragajwe n‟Urwego rw‟Umuvunyi mu rwandiko rwo kuwa 14/12/2010, aho rwavugaga ko uburyo RDB yakoresheje bunyuranye n‟amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo ku wa 10/07/2009

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yerekeye uko isuzumabushobozi ry‟abakozi rikorwa yashyizweho na MIFOTRA. [12] Me Zawadi uburanira RDB avuga ko nyuma yo guhuza ibigo bitandukanye bigera ku munani (8) hakavuka ikigo kimwe cya RDB, mu mwaka wa 2010 habaye ivugurura ry‟imiterere y‟imirimo n‟inzego (restructuration), ku buryo abakozi baturutse mu bigo bitandukanye bahuriye muri RDB bafite inshingano zihuye, bitari gushoboka ko bose bagumamo.

[13] Akomeza avuga ko habayeho ijonjora ry‟abakozi basigara mu kazi hagendewe ku isuzumabumenyi, ku byangombwa bisabwa ku mwanya runaka, ndetse no ku myanya yari ihari kuri “structure” nshya ya RDB, akaba ari muri urwo rwego abakozi bamwe batakaje imirimo yabo kubera ubushobozi buke, kubura k„umwanya kuri “structure” nshya, kutuzuza ibisabwa ku mwanya runaka n‟ibindi, Sebera asezererwa ku mpamvu y‟uko atari yujuje ibyasabwaga ku mwanya yari ariho mbere, kuko nta mpamyabushobozi y‟icyiciro cya gatatu cya Kaminuza yari afite, naho uburambe mu kazi bikaba byari kuba ari inyongera. [14] Uhagarariye RDB asanga Sebera yarasezerewe ku buryo buteganywa n‟amategeko, bitandukanye n‟ibyo avuga ko yahohotewe, ko yahagaritswe by‟agateganyo igihe ivugurura ryakorwaga kandi agakomeza guhabwa 2/3 by‟umushahara we n‟ibindi byose biteganywa n‟amategeko, aza kumenyeshwa ko atujuje ibisabwa ku mwanya yariho, bityo asezererwa burundu, anahabwa ibiteganywa n‟amategeko, harimo na “attestation de service rendu”. [15] Me Zawadi avuga ko isuzumabumenyi ryakozwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya MIFOTRA, ko ndetse Sebera yashyikirijwe ibyarivuyemo nabyo bikemezwa n‟Inama y„Abaminisitiri, ko rero iyo biba bitubahirije amategeko iba yarabyanze.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Ku byerekeye isuzumabushobozi no gushyira abakozi mu myanya nyuma y‟ivugurura ry‟inzego z‟imirimo za Leta ryemejwe n‟Inama y‟Abaminisitiri kuwa 26 Kamena 2009, ingingo ya 4 y„amabwiriza nº 03/19.21 yo kuwa 10/07/2009 ya Minisitiri w‟Abakozi ba Leta n‟Umurimo iteganya izusumabushobozi ribariye ku manota 100, rishingiye kuri:

“Performance assessment” yo mu myaka ya 2006, 2007 na 2008 (50 %);

Umusaruro w‟imyitwarire umukozi yagaragaje guhera muri Mutarama 2009 kugeza muri Kamena 2009 (50%). Naho ingingo ya 11 yayo igateganya ko “nyuma y‟isuzumabushobozi, buri “institution” igeza kuri MIFOTRA: Urutonde rw‟amazina y‟abakozi bagaragaje “high performance” n‟imyanya basabira gushyirwamo muri “structure” nshya;

Urutonde rw‟amazina y‟abakozi bafite “high performance” ariko batabonye imyanya muri “structure” kubera ibusana hagati ya “profiles” zabo na “job profiles” nshya cyangwa kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo; Urutonde rw‟amazina y‟abakozi bagaragaje “low performance” bagomba guhagarikwa by‟agateganyo mu nzego za Leta;

Urutonde rw‟amazina y‟abakozi bagaragaje “poor perfomance” bagomba gusezererwa nta mpaka kandi ntibahabwe imperekeza;

Umubare w‟amafaranga y‟imperekeza n‟ibindi bigenerwa abakozi bagomba gusezererwa by‟agateganyo.

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[17] Inyandiko iri muri dosiye ku rupapuro rwa 36 igaragaza ko ku mwanya wa “Head of Human Resource” muri RDB, hasabwaga “diplôme” y‟icyiciro cya gatatu cya Kaminuza mu yerekeye gucunga abakozi cyangwa mu bindi bisa nabyo (Master‟s degree or equivalent in public or business administration, human resource management or related area), cyangwa se “diplôme” y‟icyiciro cya mbere cya Kaminuza muri ubwo bumenyi n‟uburambe mu kazi (a first level university degree with a combination of relevant academic qualifications and experience may be accepted in lieu of advanced university), ko Sebera yari afite impamyabushobozi ya Kaminuza (licence) muri sciences économiques et administratives, amahugurwa atandukanye, ndetse no mu byerekeye gucunga abakozi, n‟uburambe mu kazi bw‟umwaka umwe kuri uwo mwanya n‟indi 11 nk‟umuyobozi w‟Ubutegetsi n‟imari (director of administration and finance), ariko hafatwa umwanzuro ko atujuje ibisabwa (lacks of qualification and experience required). [18] Mu ibarwa Sebera yandikiwe kuwa 25/01/2011 yirukanwa mu kazi, RDB yashingiye ku ngingo ya 68-3 na 121 z‟Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta zerekeye ihagarikwa ku kazi ry‟agateganyo no gusezererwa nta mpaka kubera ivanwaho ry‟umurimo, nyamara atari ko byari bimeze kubera ko umurimo wari uhari. Byongeye kandi ntibyari gushoboka ko Sebera yirukanwa icyarimwe

hashingiwe ku mpamvu y‟uko atujuje ibisabwa nk‟uko byagaragajwe haruguru, no kubera ko umwanya yari ariho uvanyweho nk‟uko uburanira RDB abivuga, akaba rero yaragombaga gusobanurirwa neza icyemezo afatiwe. [19] Urukiko rurasanga rero RDB itagaragaza uburyo yageze ku mwanzuro wo guhagarika Sebera by‟agateganyo no kumwirukana nta mpaka ku mwanya yariho, kuko nta suzumabushobozi yamukoreye, ngo hagaragare amanota yahawe atuma hamenyekana niba afite ubushobozi buhanitse, ubushobozi buringaniye cyangwa se ko nta bushobozi afite,

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kuko ari byo byari gutuma hamenyekana niba agomba guhagarikwa by‟agateganyo cyangwa se niba agomba gusezererwa nta mpaka mu kazi nk‟uko amabwiriza ya Minisitiri yavuzwe haruguru abiteganya. [20] Urukiko rurasanga na none Sebera yarahagaritswe mu kazi tariki ya 9/04/2010 mu gihe cy‟amezi atandatu, ariko asezererwa kuwa 25/01/2011 abwirwa ko isezererwa rye rihera kuwa 15/10/2010, ibaruwa imusezerera ayibona kuwa 15/04/2011, ibi nabyo bikaba bigaragaza ko yamaze igihe ari mu gihirahiro, bikaba bitubahirije ingingo ya 65 y‟Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 ryavuzwe, iteganya ko igihe cy‟ihagarikwa ry‟agateganyo kidashobora kurenza amezi atandatu. [21] Hashingiwe rero ku bimaze kuvugwa urukiko rurasanga kwirukanwa mu kazi kwa Sebera kutarakurikije amategeko. b. Indishyi zisabwa na Sebera. [22] Me Nyiringabo wunganira Sebera asaba ko uru rukiko rwahindura icyemezo cyafashe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, maze rukemeza ko yirukanywe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, agahabwa indishyi nk‟uko yari yaziregeye. [23] Me Zawadi uburanira RDB avuga ko ubujurire bwa Sebera nta shingiro bufite, ko urukiko rutamugenera indishyi n‟andi mafaranga yasabye kubera ko ntaho bishingiye.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [24] Urukiko rurasanga, nk‟uko byagaragajwe haruguru, Sebera yarirukanywe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, bituma ahungabana mu kazi no mu mibereho ye bwite, akaba akwiye kubiherwa indishyi.

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[25] Urukiko rurasanga ariko, Itegeko nº 22/2002 ryo kuwa 09/07/2002 rishyiraho sitati rusange igenga abakozi ba Leta ryakurikizwaga igihe Sebera yirukanwaga kimwe n‟Itegeko nº 86/2013 ryo kuwa 11/09/2013 rikurikizwa ubu ryarisimbuye, adateganya uburyo byo gutanga indishyi ku kibazo cy„umukozi wirukanywe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, hakaba rero hakurikizwa ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 258 CC LIII iteganya ko “ igikorwa cy‟umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”, maze mu bushishozi bw‟urukiko akaba agenewe indishyi zingana n‟amezi atandatu y‟umushahara wa nyuma yahembwaga na RDB itavuguruza, ni ukuvuga 970.524Frw x 6 = 5.823.144Frw. [26] Ku byerekeye izindi ndishyi, urukiko rurasanga izijyanye n‟igihe yamaze ahagaritswe by‟agateganyo, Sebera atazigenerwa kuko yahembwe 2/3 by‟umushahara nk‟uko itegeko ribiteganya, akaba rero atari guhembwa umushahara wose, naho izijyanye n‟igihe yari asigaje kugira ngo ajye mu kiruhuko cy‟izabukuru no kuba yaravukijwe amahirwe yo kukijyamo, gushyirwa mu bushomeri no guteshwa agaciro, urukiko rusanga atazigenerwa kuko ibyo yahombejwe byose yabiherewe indishyi kubera kwirukanwa mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, kandi ibyo guteshwa agaciro akaba atabitangira ibimenyetso. [27] Ku birebana n‟amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya Avoka, urukiko rurasanga akwiye kuyahabwa, ariko kubera ko 2.000.000Frw asaba atagaragaza uko ayabara, agenewe mu bushishozi bw„urukiko 1.000.000Frw ku nzego zombi yaburaniyeho. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [28] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Sebera Jean Damascène bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe;

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[29] Rutegetse RDB kwishyura Sebera Jean Damascène indishyi zingana na 5.823.144Frw na 1.000.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya Avoka, yose hamwe akaba 6.823.144Frw. [30] Rutegetse RDB kwishyura amagarama y‟urubanza.

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URUBANZA RW‟UMURIMO

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MITIMITUJE v. BANKI YA KIGALI Ltd [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RSOCAA 0010/12/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Rugabirwa na Gakwaya, J.) 13 Kamena 2014] Amategeko agenga umurimo – Gusesa amasezerano y‟umurimo – Kwirukanwa nta mpamvu – Iyo mu igabanya ry‟abakozi mu kigo kubera ingorane z‟ubukungu cyangwa guhindura ikoranabuhanga hatabaye urutonde rukurije ubushobozi, amashuri, uburambe muri icyo kigo n‟umubare w‟abo umukozi atunze ku buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko kandi urwo rutonde rutamenyeshejwe umuyobozi w‟umurimo mu nyandiko, bifatwa ko umukozi wasezerewe yirukanywe nta mpamvu – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 1(21) n‟iya 34. Amategeko agenga umurimo – Umushahara mpuzandengo – Ibarwa ry‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi – Umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi uboneka bagabanya na 12 igiteranyo cy‟amafaranga yose umukozi yahembwe mu mezi 12 ya nyuma y‟akazi hatabariwemo amafaranga ahabwa umukozi mu rwego rwo kumworohereza akazi, ku bw‟ibyo amafaranga y‟urwunguko, ay‟amashimwe, ayo kujya mu kiruhuko ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko atari umushahara umukozi ahembwa buri kwezi – Amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi mu Rwanda hamwe nay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari amafaranga umukozi aba yarazigamiwe – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 35 n‟iya 77. Amategeko agenga umurimo – Indishyi zikomoka ku iseswa ry‟amasezerano y‟umurimo – Ibarwa ry‟izo ndishyi – Iseswa ryose ry‟amasezerano y‟akazi rinyuranyije n‟amategeko rishobora gutuma hatangwa indishyi z‟akababaro – Iyo umukozi afite uburambe ku kazi 69

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burenze imyaka icumi (10) ku mukoresha umwe, indishyi z‟akababaro ntizishobora kurenga umushahara we w‟amezi icyenda (9) – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 33(3). Amategeko agenga umurimo – Integuza – Ibarwa ry‟imperekeza – Iyo bibaye ngombwa gusesa amasezerano y‟akazi hatanzwe integuza, igihe cy‟integuza kigomba kungana n‟ukwezi kumwe iyo umukozi yakoze mu gihe cy‟umwaka umwe cyangwa kirenze – Umukoresha agomba guha imperekeza zo gusezererwa ku kazi cyangwa gusesa amasezerano umukozi umaze nibura amezi cumi n‟abiri (12) akora nta guhagarika – Umubare w‟amafaranga y‟imperekeza z‟isezererwa, ntushobora kujya na rimwe munsi y‟inshuro eshatu (3) z‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi ku mukozi ufite uburambe buri hejuru y‟imyaka cumi (10) kugeza kuri cumi n‟itanu (15) mu kigo – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 27(2). Amategeko agenga umurimo – Ikiruhuko cy‟akazi – Amafaranga ahabwa umukozi ugiye mu kiruhuko – Iyo umukozi agiye mu kiruhuko, umukoresha agomba kumuha amafaranga angana n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we ubarwa mu mezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ashize n‟ibindi afitiye uburenganzira hakurikijwe amasezerano yakoranye n‟umukoresha we – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 55. Amategeko agenga umurimo – Icyemezo cy‟imirimo yakozwe – Iyo igihe cy‟amasezerano y‟akazi

kirangiye, umukoresha agomba guha umukozi umushahara we wa nyuma hamwe n‟icyemezo ko yamukoreye – Icyo cyemezo kigaragaza ko yamukoreye, itariki yatangiriyeho akazi, itariki akazi karangiriyeho n‟akazi yakoraga; iyo umukoresha yanze gutanga iki cyemezo cyangwa ntashyiremo kimwe mu bisabwa, ashobora gusabwa kwishyura indishyi z‟akababaro zagenwa n‟urukiko rubifitiye ububasha – Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 38.

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Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟umurimo – Imbibi z‟ikiburanwa – Amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarbanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka – Ikiburanwa kigenwa n‟ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko itangiza ikirego n‟imyanzuro yo kwiregura – Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine – Kuba haribyo umuburanyi yatsindiye mu rubanza agenewe mu bushishozi bw‟Urukiko amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka – Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 7. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Mitimituje yagiranye na Banki ya Kigali Ltd amasezerano y‟umurimo y‟igihe kitazwi guhera kuwa 26/09/1995, hanyuma Banki ya Kigali Ltd iyasesa kuwa 23/10/2009 ivuga ko Mitimituje adafite ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi ku kazi bijyanye n‟imirimo mishya yemejwe mu gihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo. Nyuma y‟uko impande zombi zinaniwe kumvikana imbere y‟umugenzuzi w‟umurimo, Mitimituje yareze Banki ya Kigali Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugengeasaba guhabwa indishyi zinyuranye zigizwe n‟izo kwirukanwa nta mpamvu, imperekeza, integuza, amashimwe y‟umwaka wa 2009, ay‟urwunguko rw‟umwaka wa 2009, ayo kujya muri kiruhuko cy‟umwaka wa 2009 hamwe n‟ikinyuranyo cyayo cy‟umwaka wa 2008, indishyi z‟uko yahawe icyemezo cy‟umukoresha kituzuye, ay‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka. Urwo rukiko rwemeje ko Mitimituje yirukanwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko yamwirukanye itagaragaje impamyabushobozi yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo, ko imbonerahamwe y‟imirimo mishya yashingiyeho imwirukana yabonetse kuwa 27/10/2009, nyamara yararangije kumusezerera ku kazi kuwa 23/10/2009, ko kandi yamwirukanye itabanje gutondekanya abakozi bayo hashingiwe ku

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bushobozi, ku murimo, amashuri, uburambe ku kazi n‟umubare w‟abo atunze; ku bw‟ibyo Banki ya Kigali ikaba igomba kubimuhera indishyi havuyemo amafaranga yamuhaye imwirukana kandi izo ndishyi zikabarirwa ku mushahara mpuzandengo ugizwe n‟umushahara fatizo hiyongereyeho amafaranga y‟icumbi, ingendo, gufasha umuryango, ayo gucunga agasanduku (indemnité de caisse), ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi, ubwiteganirize bw‟ingoboka hamwe nayo kujya mu kiruhuko ariko ikamuha ayo mafaranga ibanje kuyavanamo umusoro ku nyungu. Banki ya Kigali Ltd yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, maze rwo rwemeza ko itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko itari kumushyira ku rutonde rw‟abakozi mu gihe atari afite impamyabushobozi yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo, kandi rutegeka kuvanaho indishyi yari yagenewe mbere uretse indishyi z‟uko yamuhaye icyemezo cy‟umukoresha kituzuye, hiyongereyeho amafaranga atarajuririwe agizwe n‟amafaranga yo kujya mu kiruhuko, ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟Avoka. Urwo rukiko rwasobanuye ko umushahara ugomba gushingirwaho ugizwe n‟umushahara-fatizo, amafaranga y‟icumbi, ay‟ingendo, aya “indemnité de caisse”, ayo gufasha umuryango, ko amafaranga y‟ingendo atakagombye kubarirwa muri uwo mushahara, ariko ko agomba kuwubarirwamo kuko ari umukoresha we washatse ko abarirwamo, ariko ko amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi, ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka

n‟ayo kujya mu kiruhuko atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari ayorohereza umukozi mu kazi ke. Mitimituje yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwagombaga kwemeza ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yamwirukanye ku kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, rukayitegeka kumuha indishyi zinyuranye zibariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo unakubiyemo amafaranga y‟urwunguko, ay‟amashimwe, ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko, ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize

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bw‟ingoboka, ariko ko mu gihe ayo mafaranga atabariwe muri uwo mushahara, yayahabwa ukwayo nk‟amafaranga afitiye uburenganzira. Banki ya Kigali Ltd yo ikavuga ko itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, ko rero nta ndishyi ikwiye kumuha, ko kandi yamuhaye amafaranga y‟imperekeza igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi, ariko ko mu gihe uru Rukiko rubibonye ukundi, rwamubarira indishyi rushingiye ku mushahara wemejwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Bifatwa nko kwirukanwa nta mpamvu igihe umukoresha asezereye umukozi umwe cyangwa benshi bitewe no kuvugurura imikorere y‟ikigo kubera ingorane z‟ubukungu cyangwa guhindura ikoranabuhanga,iyo mu kugabanya abakozi mu kigo hatabaye itondeka rikurije ubushobozi, amashuri, uburambe muri icyo kigo n‟umubare w‟abo umukozi atunze ku buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko kandi urwo rutonde ntirumenyeshwe umuyobozi w‟umurimo mu nyandiko.

2. Umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi uboneka bagabanya na 12 igiteranyo cy‟amafaranga yose umukozi yahembwe mu mezi 12 ya nyuma y‟akazi hatabariwemo amafaranga ahabwa umukozi mu rwego rwo kumworohereza akazi. Ku bw‟ibyo amafaranga y‟urwunguko, ay‟amashimwe, ayo kujya mu kiruhuko ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko atari umushahara umukozi ahembwa buri kwezi ko ahubwo ayahembwa rimwe mu mwaka mu gihe yahawe amanota agaragaza ko yakoze neza no mu gihe Banki ya Kigali yungutse; ikindi kandi amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi mu Rwanda hamwe nay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka ntabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari amafaranga umukozi aba yarazigamiwe.

3. Iseswa ryose ry‟amasezerano y‟akazi rinyuranyije n‟amategeko rishobora gutuma hatangwa indishyi z‟akababaro. Iyo umukozi afite uburambe ku kazi burenze imyaka icumi (10) ku mukoresha umwe,

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indishyi z‟akababaro ntizishobora kurenga umushahara we w‟amezi icyenda (9)” niyo mpamvu Mitimituje agenewe amezi atandatu (6).

4. Iyo bibaye ngombwa gusesa amasezerano y‟akazi hatanzwe integuza, igihe cy‟integuza kigomba kungana n‟ukwezi kumwe iyo umukozi yakoze mu gihe cy‟umwaka umwe cyangwa kirenze.nanone kandi Umukoresha agomba guha imperekeza zo gusezererwa ku kazi cyangwa gusesa amasezerano umukozi umaze nibura amezi cumi n‟abiri (12) akora nta guhagarika. Umubare w‟amafaranga y‟imperekeza z‟isezererwa ntushobora kujya na rimwe munsi y‟inshuro eshatu (3) z‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi ku mukozi ufite uburambe buri hejuru y‟imyaka cumi (10) kugeza kuri cumi n‟itanu (15) mu kigo ariko rero ayo mafaranga Mitimituje ntiyayagenerwa kuko yayahawe igihe yasezererwaga ku kazi.

5. Iyo umukozi agiye mu kiruhuko, umukoresha agomba kumuha amafaranga angana n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we ubarwa mu mezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ashize n‟ibindi afitiye uburenganzira hakurikijwe amasezerano yakoranye n‟umukoresha we, bityo Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikaba igomba kwishyura Mitimituje ayo mafaranga ikuyemo ayo yamuhaye imusezerera naho kubijyanye n‟amafaranga y‟ikiruhuko ya 2009 Mitimituje ntakwiye kuyahabwa kuko yasezerewe uwo mwaka utararangira.

6. Amafaranga y‟ishimwe (gratification) ashobora gutangwa rimwe mu mwaka, ariko umukoresha ntategetswe kuyatanga, naho amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) ashobora gutangwa nibura mu kwezi kwa gatatu k‟umwaka ukurikiyeho akabarwa hashingiwe k‟urwunguko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yagize mu mwaka ushize, kubwibyo rero Mitimituje akaba atagenerwa ayo mafaranga kuko atayafiteho uburenganzira ndakuka.

7. Iyo igihe cy‟amasezerano y‟akazi kirangiye, umukoresha agomba guha umukozi umushahara we wa nyuma hamwe n‟icyemezo cyerekana ko yamukoreye. Icyo cyemezo kigaragaza ko yamukoreye, itariki

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yatangiriyeho akazi, itariki akazi karangiriyeho n‟akazi yakoraga. Iyo umukoresha yanze gutanga iki cyemezo cyangwa ntashyiremo kimwe mu bisabwa, ashobora gusabwa kwishyura indishyi z‟akababaro zagenwa n‟urukiko.

8. Ikiburanwa kigenwa n‟ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko itangiza ikirego n‟imyanzuro yo kwiregura kandi Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine ku icyemezo cyo kuvana umusoro ku nyungu ku ndishyi Mitimituje yagenewe n‟Urukiko kigomba kuvaho cyane ko ayo mafaranga ataba ari umushahara, ahubwo ari indishyi zagenwe n‟Urukiko.

9. Kuba haribyo umuburanyi yatsindiye mu rubanza, Urukiko rusanga akwiye kugenerwa amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟avoka agenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Amagarama y‟urubanza aherereye k‟uregwa. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 21, 27(2), 29, 33(3), 34, 35, 38, 55 n‟iya 77. Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 7. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Ibitekerezo by‟abahanga Jean-Claude Javilier, Droit du Travail, 6ème édition, 1998, Paris, LDGJ, p.303.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Kuwa 26/09/1995, Mitimituje Gaëtan yagiranye na Banki ya Kigali Ltd amasezerano y‟umurimo y‟igihe kitazwi. Kuwa 23/10/2009, iyo Banki yasheshe ayo masezerano kubera ko Mitimituje Gaëtan adafite ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi ku kazi bijyanye n‟imirimo mishya yemejwe igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo. [2] Nyuma y‟uko ababuranyi b‟impande zombi batumvikaniye imbere y‟Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo, Mitimituje Gaëtan yareze Banki ya Kigali Ltd mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge asaba ko yamuha indishyi zinyuranye zavuzwe mu kirego cyavuzwe haruguru, rutegeka Banki ya Kigali Ltd kumuha 3.043.458Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yamwirukanye ku kazi nta mpamvu, 2.028.972Frw y‟imperekeza, ariko ikavanamo 1.840.572Frw yamuhaye ubwo yamwirukanaga, agahabwa 188.400Frw, ikanamuha 338.162Frw y‟integuza havanywemo 306.762 Frw yamuhaye agahabwa 31.400 Frw, ikanamuha 511.270 ya “gratification” ya 2009, 511.270Frw “prime de bilan” ya 2009, 533.585 Frw ya “pécule de congé” ya 2009 n‟ikinyuranyo cya “pécule de congé” ya 2008, 2.028.972Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yahawe icyemezo cy‟umukoresha kituzuye, 200.000 Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza na 500.000Frw y‟igihembo cya Avoka, yose hamwe akaba 7.548.355Frw, ariko Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikamuha ayo mafaranga yabanje kuyavanamo umusoro ku nyungu (TPR). [3] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko yamwirukanye itagaragaje impamyabushobozi yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo, ko kandi imbonerahamwe y‟imirimo mishya yashingiyeho imwirukana yabonetse kuwa 27/10/2009, nyamara

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yararangije kumusezerera ku kazi kuwa 23/10/2009, ko kandi yamwirukanye itabanje gutondekanya abakozi bayo hashingiwe ku bushobozi ku murimo, amashuri, uburambe ku kazi n‟umubare w‟abo atunze nk‟uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 34 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda hamwe n‟ingingo ya 58 ya Sitati yo kuwa 30/12/2003 igenga abakozi b‟iyo Banki. [4] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye kandi ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikwiye guha Mitimituje Gaëtan indishyi zibariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo (salaire moyen) ugizwe na 142.739Frw y‟umushahara-fatizo (basic salary) + 94.578Frw y‟icumbi + 30.845Frw y‟ingendo (indemnité de transport) + 3.500Frw yo gufasha umuryango (allocation femme et enfants) + 35.100Frw ya “indemnité de caisse” + 8.173Frw ahwanye na 3% y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi (SSF) + 11.332Frw y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka (pension complémentaire) ahwanye na 3% ya 226.647Frw, ko kandi uwo mushahara ugomba kwiyongeraho 11.895Frw ya “pécule de congé”, yose hamwe akaba 338.162Frw. [5] Banki ya Kigali Ltd yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, rwemeza ko itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, ruvanaho indishyi yari yagenewe mbere zikurikira: 3.043.458Frw y‟indishyi zo kwirukanwa nta mpamvu, 511.270 ya “gratification”, 511.270Frw ya “prime de bilan” na 31.400Frw y‟integuza, 188.400Frw y‟imperekeza, rutegeka Banki ya Kigali Ltd kumuha 1.227.048Frw y‟indishyi

z‟uko yamuhaye icyemezo cy‟umukoresha kituzuye, hiyongereyeho amafaranga atarajuririwe ariyo: 533.585Frw ya “pécule de congé, 200.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza na 500.000Frw y‟igihembo cya Avoka. [6] Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko itari kumushyira ku rutonde rw‟abakozi mu gihe atari afite impamyabushobozi yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo, ariko ko

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indishyi afitiye uburenganzira zikwiye kubarirwa ku mushahara mpuzandengo (salaire moyen) ungana na 306.762Frw ugaragara kuri “payment slip” yakorewe n‟umukoresha we, aho kuba 338.162Frw yagenewe n‟Umucamanza wa mbere. [7] Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko umushahara mpuzandengo ugomba gushingirwaho ari 306.762Frw ugizwe n‟umushahara-fatizo, amafaranga y‟icumbi, ay‟ingendo, aya “indemnité de caisse”, ayo gufasha umuryango (allocation femme et enfants), ko amafaranga y‟ingendo atakagombye kubarirwa muri uwo mushahara, ariko ko agomba kuwubarirwamo kuko ari umukoresha we washatse ko abarirwamo, ariko ko amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi, ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka n‟aya “pécule de congé” atabarirwa mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari ayorohereza umukozi mu kazi ke hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 35 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda. [8] Mitimituje Gaëtan yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwagombaga kwemeza ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yamwirukanye ku kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, rukayitegeka kumuha indishyi zinyuranye zibariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo unakubiyemo amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan), ay‟amashimwe (gratification), ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko (pécule de congé) ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi (S.S.F) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka, ariko ko mu gihe ayo mafaranga atabariwe muri uwo mushahara, yayahabwa ukwayo nk‟amafaranga afitiye uburenganzira. [9] Banki ya Kigali Ltd yo ikavuga ko itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, ko rero nta ndishyi ikwiye kumuha, ko kandi yamuhaye amafaranga y‟imperekeza abariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo ungana na 307.762Frw igihe yamusezereraga

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ku kazi, ariko ko mu gihe uru Rukiko rubibonye ukundi, rwamubarira indishyi rushingiye kuri uwo mushahara. [10] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 13/05/2014, Mitimituje Gaëtan ahagarariwe na Me Karongozi André Martin, naho Banki ya Kigali Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Rutembesa Phocas. II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N‟ISESENGURWA RYABYO: 1. Kumenya niba Banki ya Kigali yarirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko. [11] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd itamwirukanye ku kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko itagombaga kumushyira ku rutonde rw‟abakozi bayo mbere yo kumusezerera ku kazi ka “Caissier” yakoraga ngo kubera ko atari afite impamyabushobozi yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo yashoboraga gutuma akomeza ako kazi, rwirengagije ko rutagaragaje ibyo rwashingiyeho rwemeza ko Mitimituje Gaëtan atari yujuje ibyasabwaga kuko imbonerahamwe y‟imirimo mishya (New structure) n‟itangazo ryamenyeshaga abakozi bayo ko hari ivugururwa ryayo riteganyijwe mu gihe cy‟amezi abiri ari imbere (Communication to all staff) byasohotse kuwa 27/10/2009 yararangije kwirukanwa kuwa 23/10/2009, ko kandi atirukanwe kubera ko atari afite impamyabushobozi ihanitse kubera ko ibaruwa imwirukana ivuga ko impamvu yirukanwe ari uko adafite ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi ku kazi (performances, qualifications and competencies), nyamara Banki yarahoraga imuha amanota meza n‟ibihembo by‟amashimwe (gratification), ikanamuzamura mu ntera kubera akazi keza yayikoreraga.

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[12] Avuga kandi ko n‟ubwo Mitimituje Gaëtan yari kuba atujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo akomeze akazi ke nk‟uko urwo Rukiko rwabyemeje, rwagombaga kwemeza ko yirukanwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kubera ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yamwirukanye itabanje gukora urutonde rw‟abakozi bayo mbere y‟uko imwirukana hashingiwe ku bushobozi ku murimo, amashuri, uburambe ku kazi n‟umubare w‟abo umukozi atunze mu rugo rwe ngo inabimenyeshe Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo nk‟uko iyo Banki yabitegekwaga n‟ingingo ya 34 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda hamwe n‟ingingo ya 58 ya Sitati yo kuwa 30/12/2003 igenga abakozi bayo. [13] Asobanura ko iyo Banki ya Kigali Ltd ijya gukora urwo rutonde, itari kwirukana Mitimituje Gaëtan kubera ko yari gusanga yujuje ibyasabwaga n‟amategeko kugira ngo akomeze kuyikorera kuko atari yageza ku myaka yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy‟izabukuru kuko yavutse mu mwaka wa 1966 yirukanwa muri 2009, atari mu igeragezwa, ko ahubwo yari amaze imyaka 14 ayikorera, nta gihano yahawe mu rwego rw‟akazi, ko kandi yazamurwaga mu ntera akanahabwa amashimwe buri mwaka kubera ko yayikoreraga neza, ko kuba Banki yarabirenzeho ikamwirukana, asanga yaramwirukanye ku kazi nta mpamvu, ko rero ikwiye kubimuhera indishyi zinyuranye zirimo izo kwirukanwa ku kazi nta mpamvu. [14] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko itirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko nk‟uko n‟Urukiko Rukuru rwabyemeje, ko ahubwo yamusezereye ku kazi kuwa 23/10/2009 kubera ko atari afite impamyabumenyi ya “Licence” yasabwaga ku mwanya wa “Cashier” yakoraga kubera ko yari afite impamyabumenyi y‟amashuri y‟ububaji itari ikijyanye n‟uwo mwanya hakurikijwe imiterere mishya y‟imirimo (New structure) yemejwe n‟Inama y‟Ubutegetsi y‟iyo Banki yo kuwa 30/09/2009.

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[15] Avuga kandi ko kuba Mitimituje Gaëtan atari afite impamyabumenyi ya “Licence” yasabwaga igihe cy‟ivugururwa rya Banki ya Kigali Ltd byari bihagije kugira ngo imusezerere ku kazi itiriwe imushyira ku rutonde rw‟abakozi bayo bazasigara ngo inarumenyeshe Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo kuko ibishingirwaho kugira ngo urwo rutonde rukorwe nk‟ubushobozi ku kazi, amashuri n‟uburambe ku kazi biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 34 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryavuzwe haruguru, bitafatirwa hamwe (conditions cummulatives) kugira ngo hamenyekane niba umukozi agomba kuguma cyangwa gusezererwa ku kazi, ko ahubwo kubura kimwe muri byo kiba gihagije (conditions alternatives) kugira ngo umukozi asezererwe ku kazi. [16] Avuga na none ko kuba Banki ya Kigali Ltd itaramenyesheje Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo urwo rutonde mbere y‟uko isezerera Mitimituje Gaëtan ku kazi bitafatwa nk‟aho yamwirukanye ku kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko kumumenyesha urwo rutonde biba bigamije gusa kumumenyesha impinduka zabaye mu kigo cyavuguruwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [17] Ingingo ya mbere, agace ka 21 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Kwirukanwa nta mpamvu ari uguhagarika amasezerano y‟akazi bikozwe n‟umukoresha nta mpamvu igaragara cyangwa hadakurikijwe uburyo bwateganyijwe n‟amategeko”. Ingingo ya 29 y‟iryo Tegeko, igateganya ko “Amasezerano y‟akazi y‟igihe kitazwi ashobora guseswa igihe cyose iyo umwe mu bayagiranye abishatse, ariko ku mpamvu zumvikana. Iryo seswa ribanzirizwa n‟integuza itangwa n‟urishaka”. Naho ingingo ya 34 y‟Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa, igateganya ko “Umukoresha ashobora gusezerera umukozi umwe cyangwa benshi bitewe no kuvugurura imikorere y‟ikigo kubera ingorane z‟ubukungu cyangwa guhindura

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ikoranabuhanga ryakoreshwaga hagamijwe kugira ngo ikigo kirusheho gukora neza. Abakozi bagabanywa mu kigo batondekwa hakurikijwe ubushobozi, amashuri, uburambe muri icyo kigo n‟umubare w‟abo atunze ku buryo bwemewe n‟amategeko, bikitabwaho uko bikurikirana. Ibyo bimenyeshwa Umugenzuzi w‟umurimo mu nyandiko”. [18] Umuhanga mu mategeko witwa Jean-Claude Javilier, mu gitabo cye cyitwa “Droit du Travail” avuga ko umukoresha ashobora gusezerera umukozi ku kazi mu gihe hari impamvu ifatika (cause réelle) kandi ikomeye (cause sérieuse). Asobanura ko impamvu ifatika akaba ari impamvu igaragara, idashingiye ku marangamutima, naho impamvu ikomeye ikaba ari impamvu ifite uburemere ituma umukozi adashobora gukomeza akazi yakoraga ku buryo ihesha umukoresha we uburenganzira bwo kumusezerera ku kazi bitagize ingaruka ku kigo yakoragamo1. [19] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko Mitimituje Gaëtan yagiranye na Banki ya Kigali Ltd amasezerano y‟akazi y‟igihe kitazwi kuwa 26/09/1995. Kuwa 23/10/2009, iyo Banki yasheshe ayo masezerano kubera ko Mitimituje Gaëtan adafite ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi ku kazi bijyanye n‟imirimo mishya igaragara ku mbonerahamwe yemejwe igihe cy‟ivugururwa ryayo (This is to inform you that your performance, your qualifications and competencies did not match the requirements of the job profiles given in the new structure. Therefore, you are hereby informed that Banque de Kigali Ltd would

1L‟existence d‟une cause réelle et sérieuse justifient le licenciement, une cause est réelle si elle présente un caractère d‟objectivité, ce qui exclut les préjugés et les convenances personnelles. La cause est sérieuse quant elle revêt une certaine gravité qui rend impossible, sans dommage pour l‟entreprise, la continuation du travail et rend nécessaire le licenciement”, par Jean-Claude Javilier, Droit du Travail, 6ème édition, 1998, Paris, LDGJ, p.303.

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like to terminate your services with effect from Friday, 23rd October, 2009). [20] Muri dosiye, hari kandi itangazo Banki ya Kigali Ltd yandikiye abakozi bayo bose (Communication to all staff) kuwa 27/10/2009, ibamenyesha ko Inama Nyobozi yayo yateranye kuwa 30/09/2009 yemeje imiterere mishya y‟inzego z‟imirimo yayo (new structure) kugira ngo izahe abakiriya bayo serivisi nziza, ko uretse Abayobozi b‟Amashami (Chefs des Départements) n‟Abacungamari (Gérants) bayo barangije gushyirwa mu myanya mishya n‟iyo Nama, abandi bakozi bazagenda bayishyirwamo mu gihe cy‟amezi abiri ari imbere, ko kandi abazayishyirwamo bazatangira guhembwa imishahara mishya guhera kuwa 01/01/2010. [21] Muri dosiye, hari na none Sitati igenga abakozi ba Banki ya Kigali Ltd yo muri Mutarama 2004, ivuga ko mu mpera za buri mwaka, abakozi bayo bazajya bakorerwa isuzumamikorere (évaluation) hashingiwe kuri ibi bikurikira: ibihano by‟akazi umukozi yahawe muri uwo mwaka, uko asanzwe yitwara muri rusange, ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi bye ku kazi n‟uko asanzwe agakora (aptitudes professionnelles: sens d‟organisation et connaissances techniques), n‟uburyo ashishikazwa no kugateza imbere (souci de perfectionnement). [22] Hashingiwe ku mategeko n‟ibisobanuro bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga Banki ya Kigali Ltd yarirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan ku kazi hadashingiwe ku mpamvu yumvikana

kubera ko yamwirukanye itabanje kugaragaza ko adafite ubwoko bw‟impamyabumenyi yasabwaga ku mwanya mushya wa “Caissier” yakoraga kugira ngo bigaragare ko atagifite ubumenyi n‟ubushobozi byo gukomeza kuyikorera kuri uwo mwanya. Ikindi ni uko imbonerahamwe y‟imirimo mishya (new structure) n‟itangazo ryari rigenewe abakozi (Communication to all staff) byabonetse kuwa 27/10/2009, Banki ya Kigali Ltd yararangije kwirukana Mitimituje Gaëtan kuwa 23/10/2009.

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[23] Byongeye kandi, Urukiko rurasanga ikindi kimenyetso kigaragaza ko Mitimituje Gaëtan yirukanywe hadashingiwe ku mpamvu yumvikana ni uko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yamwirukanye itagaragaje ko yigeze imwandikira inenga imikorere ye igihe yayikoreraga, no kuba yaramwirukanye itabanje gukora urutonde rw‟abakozi bayo ngo inarumenyeshe Umugenzuzi w‟Umurimo nk‟uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 34 y‟Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, kugira ngo hamenyekane koko ko ariwe wagombaga gusezererwa icyo gihe bitewe n‟uko atari yujuje ibyasabwaga, bityo Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikaba igomba kubimuhera indishyi, ariko Urukiko rukaba rugomba kubanza gusuzuma ikibazo cy‟umushahara mpuzandengo ugomba gushingirwaho mu kumubarira izo ndishyi.

2. Kumenya ibigize umushahara mpuzandengo ukwiye gushingirwaho mu kubarira Mitimituje indishyi. [24] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko akwiye kubarirwa indishyi hashingiwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo ungana na 306.762Frw, rwirengagiza ko uwo mushahara wagombaga kwiyongeraho amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan), ay‟amashimwe (gratification), ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko (pécule de congé) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi mu Rwanda (S.S.F) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka (pension complémentaire) yatangirwaga n‟umukoresha we. [25] Asobanura ko amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification) akwiye kubarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kubera ko ari amafaranga ateganyijwe mu ngingo ya 76 na 77 za Sitati igenga abakozi ba Banki ya Kigali Ltd, umukoresha yahaga abakozi bayo buri mwaka igihe Banki ya Kigali Ltd yungutse (prime de bilan), ko kandi yabahaga amafaranga y‟ishimwe (gratification) kubera akazi keza bayikoreraga.

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[26] Akomeza avuga ko ikindi kigaragaza ko amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification) yahembwaga akwiye kubarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo ari uko Umuhanga mu mategeko witwa Nsengiyumva Métusera, mu gitabo cye cyitwa Droit Social, Manuels de Droit Rwandais, pp.81-82, yasobanuye ko amafaranga y‟amashimwe (gratification) afatwa nk‟ari mu bigize umushahara mu gihe umukoresha yemeje ko azajya atangwa mu buryo bwa rusange, akanatangirwa igihe kimwe, no mu buryo buhoraho (généralité, constance et fixité), ko Raymond Guillien et Jean Vincent, mu gitabo cyabo cyitwa “Lexique des termes juridiques”, Dalloz, 12ème édition, 1999, p.476, basobanuye ko umushahara-fatizo (salaire de base) ukunze kwiyongeraho amafaranga y‟amashimwe (Souvent s‟ajoutent au salaire de base des compléments tels que les primes et les gratifications). [27] Asaba kandi ko amafaranga yahembwaga igihe agiye mu kiruhuko (pécule de congé) yabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo hashingiwe kuri 142.739Frw y‟umwaka wa 2008 yahembwe mu mwaka wa 2009. Asaba kandi ko uwo mushahara wabarirwamo 5%, y‟amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟abakozi (S.S.F) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka (pension complémentaire) yishyurirwa buri kwezi n‟umukoresha we, aho kuba 3 % umucamanza wa mbere yari yawubariyeho. [28] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko nta zindi ndishyi ikwiye guha Mitimituje Gaëtan kubera ko igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi, yamuhaye amafaranga y‟imperekeza abariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo ungana na 307.762Frw nk‟uko wemejwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru. [29] Asobanura ko amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification) atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kubera ko hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n‟ingingo ya 76 na 77 za Sitati igenga abakozi ba Banki ya Kigali Ltd, Mitimituje Gaëtan atayafiteho

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uburenganzira ndakuka kuko yashoboraga kuyahembwa cyangwa kutayahembwa mu mpera z‟umwaka bitewe n‟uko yakoze neza cyangwa atakoze neza, no kuba Banki ya Kigali yabaga yungutse cyangwa itungutse. [30] Ku birebana n‟amafaranga ya “pécule de congé”, avuga ko nayo atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kubera ko atari umushahara yahembwaga buri kwezi, ko ahubwo ari amafaranga yahabwaga gusa igihe agiye mu kiruhuko. [31] Avuga na none ko amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize Mitimituje Gaëtan yitangiraga angana na 3 % ya 272.417Frw, naho umukoresha we akamutangira 5 % yayo mu Isanduku y‟Ubwiteganyirize bw‟Abakozi y‟u Rwanda (S.S.F) no muri SONARWA atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko ari amafaranga y‟ubwiteganyirize umukozi afata igihe kigeze, atahabwa nk‟indishyi, ko kandi itamuha ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka kuko yayamuhaye.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [32] Ingingo ya 35 igika cyayo cya nyuma y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi uboneka bagabanya na 12 igiteranyo cy‟amafaranga yose umukozi yahembwe mu mezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ya nyuma y‟akazi hatabariwemo amafaranga ahabwa umukozi mu rwego rwo kumworohereza akazi”. Naho ingingo ya 77 y‟iryo Tegeko, igateganya ko “Kugira ngo haboneke umushahara ushingirwaho habarwa amafaranga y‟ikiruhuko, ay‟integuza, n‟ay‟indishyi, hakorwa impuzandengo y‟imishahara y‟amezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ya nyuma umukozi yakoze”.

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[33] Muri uru rubanza, Mitimituje Gaëtan asaba ko amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan), ay‟amashimwe (gratification), amafaranga ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko (pécule de congé) na 5% yatangirwaga n‟umukoresha we mu Isanduku y‟Ubwiteganyirize bw‟Abakozi y‟u Rwanda (S.S.F) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka yabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo ugomba gushingirwaho mu kumubarira indishyi. [34] Hashingiwe ku mategeko yavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification) atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko atari umushahara yahembwaga buri kwezi, ko ahubwo yayahembwaga rimwe mu mwaka mu gihe Mitimituje Gaëtan yahawe amanota agaragaza ko yakoze neza, no mu gihe Banki ya Kigali yabaga yungutse. [35] Urukiko rurasanga kandi amafaranga ya “pécule de congé” atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kubera ko ari ahabwa umukozi rimwe mu mwaka igihe yagiye mu kiruhuko. [36] Urukiko rurasanga na none amafaranga y‟Ubwiteganyirize Mitimituje Gaëtan yatangirwa mu Isanduku y‟Ubwiteganyirize bw‟Abakozi mu Rwanda (S.S.F) n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka atabarirwa mu mushahara mpuzandengo kuko atari mu bigize umushahara, ko ahubwo aba ari amafaranga umukozi yazigamiwe. [37] Hakurikijwe ibyo bisobanuro, Urukiko rurasanga rero umushahara mpuzandengo ukwiye gushingirwaho mu kubarira Mitimituje Gaëtan amafaranga y‟ikiruhuko, ay‟integuza n‟ay‟indishyi, ugizwe n‟amafaranga abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 142.739Frw y‟umushahara-fatizo (basic salary) + 94.578Frw y‟icumbi + 35.100Frw ya “indemnité de caisse” + 3.500Frw yo gufasha umuryango we (allocation femme et enfants), naho 30.845Frw y‟ingendo (indemnité de transport) atakagombye kubarirwa muri uwo mushahara kuko ari

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ayorohereza umukozi mu kazi ke, agomba kubarirwa muri uwo mushaha, kuko ari umukoresha we wabishatse gutyo, yose hamwe akaba 306.762Frw nk‟uko n‟Urukiko Rukuru rwabyemeje nk‟uko na Banki ya Kigali Ltd ibyiyemerera.

3. Ku birebana n‟indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza 3.1. Ku birebana n‟indishyi zo kwirukanwa nta mpamvu [38] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikwiye kumuha 3.859.398Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yamwirukanye ku kazi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru, zabariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo ukubiyemo n‟amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan), ay‟amashimwe (gratification), amafaranga ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko (pécule de congé) na 5% yatangirwaga n‟umukoresha we mu Isanduku y‟Ubwiteganyirize bw‟Abakozi y‟u Rwanda n‟ay‟ubwiteganyirize bw‟ingoboka kuko Urukiko Rukuru rutagaragaje amategeko rwashingiyeho ruvanaho 3.043.458Frw y‟indishyi zo kwirukanwa mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko yari yaragenewe ku rwego rwa mbere n‟ubwo zari zarabariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo utari wo. [39] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko Mitimituje Gaëtan atahabwa izo ndishyi kuko nta kosa yamukoreye igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi, ko kandi atahabwa izo ndishyi kuko yazibariye ku mushahara mpuzandengo utari wo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [40] Ku birebana n‟indishyi zo kwirukanwa nta mpamvu, ingingo ya 33, igika cya mbere n‟icya 3 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Iseswa ryose ry‟amasezerano y‟akazi rinyuranyije n‟amategeko rishobora gutuma

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hatangwa indishyi z‟akababaro. Iyo umukozi afite uburambe ku kazi burenze imyaka icumi (10) ku mukoresha umwe, indishyi z‟akababaro ntizishobora kurenga umushahara we w‟amezi icyenda (9)”. [41] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, inyandiko ziri muri dosiye zigaragaza ko Mitimituje Gaëtan yakoreye Banki ya Kigali Ltd mu gihe kingana n‟imyaka 14, ni ukuvuga kuva kuwa 26/09/1995 kugera kuwa 23/10/2009, igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi hadashingiwe ku mpamvu yumvikana nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [42] Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro, Urukiko rurasanga kuba Banki ya Kigali yarirukanye Mitimituje Gaëtan mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko igomba kubimuhera indishyi z‟akababaro zingana n‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟amezi atandatu (6) ubazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 306.762 Frw x 6 = 1.840.572Frw. 3.2. Ku birebana n‟amafaranga y‟integuza n‟ay‟imperekeza. [43] Ku bijyanye n‟integuza, uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanyeho 31.400Frw y‟integuza yari yaragenewe n‟Urukiko rubanza nta mpamvu ifatika rushingiyeho, rwirengagiza ko yagombaga guhabwa amafaranga y‟integuza abariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo unabariwemo amafaranga y‟urwunguko, ay‟amashimwe, amafaranga ahabwa umukozi igihe agiye mu kiruhuko na 5% y‟ubwiteganyirize yishyurirwaga n‟umukoresha we, agahabwa amafaranga y‟integuza abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 31.400Frw y‟integuza yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere + 90.660Frw yasabye mu Rukiko Rukuru, yose hamwe akaba 122.060Frw. [44] Ku bijyanye n‟imperekeza, uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanyeho 188.572Frw y‟imperekeza yagenewe n‟umucamanza wa mbere nta mpamvu rutanze, rwirengagiza ko yagombaga guhabwa amafaranga y‟imperekeza abariwe ku mushahara

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mpuzandengo yifuza wasobanuwe haruguru. Asaba ko yahabwa amafaranga y‟imperekeza abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 188.572Frw y‟imperekeza yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere + 543.960Frw yasabye mu Rukiko Rukuru, yose hamwe akaba 732.523Frw. [45] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko Mitimituje Gaëtan atahabwa amafaranga y‟integuza n‟ay‟imperekeza asaba muri uru rubanza kubera ko yayabaze ashingiye ku mushahara mpuzandengo utari wo, ko ahubwo yamuhaye 1.542.176Frw y‟integuza n‟imperekeza igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi abariwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo ungana na 307.762Frw wemejwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [46] Ku birebana n‟integuza, ingingo ya 27, 2º y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Iyo bibaye ngombwa gusesa amasezerano y‟akazi hatanzwe integuza, igihe cy‟integuza kigomba kungana n‟ukwezi kumwe iyo umukozi yakoze mu gihe cy‟umwaka umwe cyangwa kirenze”. [47] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko Mitimituje Gaëtan yakoreye Banki ya Kigali Ltd mu gihe cy‟imyaka 14, bityo Urukiko rurasanga Banki ya Kigali Ltd yari ikwiye kumuha 306.762Frw y‟integuza ahwanye n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we w‟ukwezi kumwe, ariko Mitimituje Gaëtan akaba atahabwa ayo mafaranga kuko yayahawe igihe yasezererwaga ku kazi nk‟uko bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko yiswe “indemnité de départ” hamwe na “historique bancaire” ya konti ye nº 0031593-01 iri muri Banki ya Kigali Ltd, Ishami rya Cyangugu. [48] Ku bijyanye n‟imperekeza, ingingo ya 35, igika cya mbere n‟icya 2 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Umukoresha agomba guha imperekeza zo

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gusezererwa ku kazi cyangwa gusesa amasezerano umukozi umaze nibura amezi cumi n‟abiri (12) akora nta guhagarika. Umubare w‟amafaranga y‟imperekeza z‟isezererwa, ntushobora kujya na rimwe munsi y‟inshuro eshatu (3) z‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi ku mukozi ufite uburambe buri hejuru y‟imyaka cumi (10) kugeza kuri cumi n‟itanu (15) mu kigo”. [49] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga kuba Mitimituje Gaëtan afite uburambe ku kazi buhwanye n‟imyaka 14 nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bigaragara ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yari ikwiye kumuha amafaranga y‟imperekeza ahwanye n‟inshuro esheshatu (6) z‟umushahara mpuzandengo w‟ukwezi abazwe mu buryo bukurikira: 306.762Frw x 6 = 1.840.572Frw y‟imperekeza, ariko Mitimituje Gaëtan akaba atahabwa ayo mafaranga kuko yayahawe igihe yahabwaga amafaranga y‟imperekeza nk‟uko bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko yiswe “indemnité de départ” hamwe na “historique bancaire” ya konti ye nº 0031593-01 iri muri Banki ya Kigali Ltd. 3.3. Ku birebana n‟amafaranga ya “pécule de congé”. [50] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko agomba guhabwa 533.585Frw ya “pécule de congé” yagenewe n‟umucamanza wa mbere, rwirengagiza ko ayo mafaranga yagombaga kwiyongeraho 181.320Frw yabariye ku mushahara mpuzandengo yasabye wavuzwe haruguru, yose hamwe akaba 714.905Frw. [51] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko Mitimituje Gaëtan atahabwa ayo mafaranga kuko yabazwe nabi hashingiwe ku mushahara mpuzandengo utari wo, ko ahubwo yahabwa 533.585Frw yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [52] Ingingo ya 55 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Iyo umukozi agiye mu kiruhuko, umukoresha agomba kumuha amafaranga angana n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we ubarwa mu mezi cumi n‟abiri (12) ashize n‟ibindi afitiye uburenganzira hakurikijwe amasezerano yakoranye n‟umukoresha we”. [53] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, “Bulletin de paie” n‟inyandiko yiswe “Indemnité de départ” ziri muri dosiye zigaragaza ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yahaye Mitimituje Gaëtan 142.739Frw ya “pécule de congé” y‟umwaka wa 2008 yahembwe muri Mutarama 2009 na 55.775Frw y‟ikiruhuko yamuhaye igihe yamusezereraga ku kazi, yose hamwe akaba 198.514Frw. [54] Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 55 y‟Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga Banki ya Kigali Ltd yari ikwiye guha Mitimituje Gaëtan 306.762Frw ahwanye n‟umushahara mpuzandengo we w‟ukwezi kumwe ya “pécule de congé” y‟umwaka wa 2008, ariko akaba agomba guhabwa 533.585Frw yemerewe n‟umukoresha we, ariko aya mafaranga akaba agomba kuvanwamo 198.514Frw yamuhaye nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ikamuha 335.071Frw. [55] Urukiko rurasanga Banki ya Kigali Ltd itagomba guha Mitimituje Gaëtan amafaranga ya “pécule de congé” y‟umwaka wa 2009 kuko yamwirukanye atari yawurangiza.

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3.4. Ku birebana n‟amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification) y‟umwaka wa 2009. [56] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanyeho 511.270Frw ya “prime de bilan” ya 2009 na 511.270Frw ya “gratification” ya 2009 yari yaragenewe n‟umucamanza wa mbere nta mpamvu ifatika rushingiyeho, rwirengagiza ko yagombaga kuyahabwa kuko mu mpera z‟umwaka wa 2009 yirukanwemo, Banki ya Kigali Ltd yungutse ku buryo yihariye 82 % y‟inyungu zavuye mu ma Banki yose akorera mu Rwanda nk‟uko yabyiyemereye mu Kinyamakuru Umuvugizi, Vol 65 yo kuwa 28/11-12/2009, bikanagaragazwa kandi n‟uko kuwa 31/03/2010, yahaye Uwamariya Sekaziga Vestine amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) y‟umwaka wa 2009. [57] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko itaha Mitimituje Gaëtan ayo mafaranga kuko atagaragarije uru Rukiko ko mu mpera z‟umwaka wa 2009 Banki ya Kigali Ltd yungutse cyangwa ko yari kubona amanota meza yari kumuhesha amafaranga y‟ishimwe (gratification) kubera ko yirukanwe uwo mwaka utari warangira.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [58] Ku birebana n‟amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) n‟ay‟amashimwe (gratification), ingingo ya 76 n‟iya 77 za Sitati igenga abakozi ba Banki ya Kigali ziteganya ko amafaranga y‟ishimwe (gratification) ashobora gutangwa rimwe mu mwaka, ariko ko umukoresha adategetswe kuyatanga, ko amafaranga y‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) ashobora gutangwa nibura mu kwezi kwa gatatu k‟umwaka ukurikiyeho akabarwa hashingiwe k‟urwunguko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yagize mu mwaka ushize, ko kandi umukoresha adategetswe gutanga ayo mafaranga.

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[59] Hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 76 n‟iya 77 za Sitati imaze kuvugwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga Mitimituje Gaëtan atahabwa amafaranga y‟ishimwe (gratification) n‟ay‟urwunguko (prime de bilan) y‟umwaka wa 2009 kuko atari ayafiteho uburenganzira ndakuka kuko yayahabwaga igihe Banki ya Kigali Ltd yungutse, no kuba Mitimituje Gaëtan yarahawe amanota meza kubera akazi keza yabaga yayikoreye mu gihe cy‟umwaka wose, kuba rero Mitimituje Gaëtan yarirukanywe ku kazi umwaka wa 2009 utari warangira, bigaragara ko atari yujuje ibisabwa bimaze kuvugwa muri iki gika kugira ngo ayahabwe nk‟uko n‟Urukiko Rukuru rwabyemeje. 3.5. Ku birebana n‟indishyi z‟icyemezo cy‟umurimo kituzuye. [60] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamugeneye 1.227.048Frw y‟indishyi zigenwe mu bushishozi bwarwo zijyanye ni uko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yamuhaye icyemezo cy‟umurimo kituzuye kuko kitagaragaza imirimo yayikoreye mu gihe cy‟imyaka 14. Asaba ko yahabwa 2.572.572Frw y‟indishyi kuko yazibariye ku mushahara mpuzandengo yifuza wavuzwe haruguru. [61] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko itaha Mitimituje indishyi asaba kuko yazibaze ashingiye ku mushahara mpuzandengo utari wo, ko ahubwo yahabwa 1.227.048Frw yagenewe n‟Urukiko Rukuru mu bushishozi bwarwo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [62] Ingingo ya 38 y‟Itegeko nº 13/2009 ryo kuwa 27/05/2009 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, iteganya ko “Iyo igihe cy‟amasezerano y‟akazi kirangiye, umukoresha agomba guha umukozi umushahara we wa nyuma hamwe n‟icyemezo ko yamukoreye. Icyo cyemezo kigaragaza ko yamukoreye, itariki yatangiriyeho akazi, itariki akazi karangiriyeho n‟akazi yakoraga. Iyo umukoresha yanze gutanga iki cyemezo cyangwa

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ntashyiremo kimwe mu bisabwa (...), ashobora gusabwa kwishyura indishyi z‟akababaro zagenwa n‟urukiko rubifitiye ububasha”. [63] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd yahaye Mitimituje Gaëtan icyemezo cy‟imirimo kitagaragaza imirimo yayikoreye, Urukiko rurasanga rero Banki ya Kigali Ltd yarakoze ikosa rituma igomba kubimuhera indishyi z‟akababaro hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 38 y‟Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, izo ndishyi zagombye kubarirwa kuri 306.762Frw y‟umushahara mpuzandengo we w‟ukwezi, ariko akaba agomba guhabwa 1.227.048Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yahawe icyemezo cy‟imirimo kituzuye yagenewe n‟Urukiko Rukuru mu bushishozi bwarwo nk‟uko na Banki ya Kigali Ltd yabyiyemereye.

4. Kumenya niba indishyi Mitimituje Gaëtan agenewe muri uru rubanza zigomba kuvanwamo amafaranga y‟umusoro ku nyungu (TPR). [64] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko umucamanza wa mbere yategetse Banki ya Kigali Ltd ko izamwishyura indishyi atsindiye muri uru rubanza ibanje kuzivanamo amafaranga y‟umusoro ku nyungu (TPR), ariko ko Urukiko Rukuru rutavanyeho icyo cyemezo ngo kuko nta kirego cy‟umusoro rwashyikirijwe, rwirengagiza ko icyo cyemezo cyagombaga kuvanwaho kuko cyafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kubera ko nta muburanyi wari wabisabye, ko kandi bitari byaburanyweho ku rwego rwa mbere. Asaba ko uru Rukiko ko ruvanaho ibyo byemezo byombi kugira ngo indishyi agenerwa muri uru rubanza zitazavanwaho amafaranga y‟umusoro ku nyungu. [65] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye iyo ngingo ruyiha agaciro nk‟uko bigaragarira mu gace ka 20 k‟urubanza rwajuririwe muri uru Rukiko, ko rero iyi mpamvu y‟ubujurire nta shingiro ifite.

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UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [66] Ingingo ya 4 y‟Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, iteganya ko “Ikiburanwa kigenwa n‟ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko itangiza ikirego n‟imyanzuro yo kwiregura”. Naho ingingo ya 7 y‟iryo Tegeko, igateganya ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine”. [67] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwategetse Banki ya Kigali Ltd guha Mitimituje Gaëtan 7.548.355Frw y‟indishyi yatsindiye muri urwo Rukiko ibanje kuzivanamo umusoro ku nyungu (TPR). Icyo cyemezo cyatumye Banki ya Kigali Ltd ivana 660.933Frw y‟umusoro ku nyungu kuri 2.203.109Frw y‟imperekeza yari yageneye Mitimituje Gaëtan igihe yamwirukanaga ku kazi, imuha 1.542.176Frw y‟imperekeza nk‟uko bigaragazwa n‟inyandiko yiswe “indemnité de départ” na “historique bancaire” ya konti ye nº 0031593-01 iri muri iyo Banki. [68] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko haba mu nyandiko yo kuwa 30/07/2010 n‟iyo kuwa 19/08/2010 Mitimituje Gaëtan yatangiyeho ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge cyangwa haba mu mwanzuro wo kwiregura watanzwe na Banki ya Kigali Ltd muri urwo Rukiko, nta muburanyi wigeze asaba ko amafaranga Mitimituje Gaëtan azatsindira muri urwo rubanza azavanwamo amafaranga y‟umusoro ku nyungu, ariko Urukiko Rukuru rwashyikirijwe icyo kibazo, rwasobanuye ko ntacyo rwakivugaho kuko nta kirego cy‟umusoro rwaregewe, bityo Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rukaba rugomba kugira icyo rukivugaho.

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[69] Urukiko rurasanga icyemezo cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge cyo kuvana umusoro ku nyungu ku ndishyi Mitimituje Gaëtan yagenewe n‟Urukiko kigomba kuvaho kuko cyafashwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟ingingo ya 4 n‟iya 7 z‟Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru, kuko nta muburanyi wigeza asaba ko gifatwa nk‟uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [70] Urukiko rurasanga ikindi gituma amafaranga Mitimituje Gaëtan agenewe muri uru rubanza atagomba kuvanwamo amafaranga y‟umusoro ku nyungu, ari uko atari umushahara, ko ahubwo ari indishyi agenewe n‟uru Rukiko.

5. Ku bijyanye n‟amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya avoka. [71] Uburanira Mitimituje Gaëtan avuga ko Banki ya Kigali Ltd ikwiye kumuha 2.707.199Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya avoka. [72] Uburanira Banki ya Kigali Ltd avuga ko itaha Mitimituje ayo mafaranga kuko ariwe wakomeje kuyishora mu manza nta mpamvu.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [73] Urukiko rurasanga Banki ya Kigali Ltd igomba guha Mitimituje Gaëtan 300.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza na 400.000Frw y‟igihembo cya avoka agenewe mu bushishozi bwawo kuko ayo asaba ari ikirenga, yiyongera kuri 200.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza na 500.000Frw y‟igihembo cya avoka yagenewe ku rwego rwa mbere, yose hamwe akaba 1.400.000Frw kubera ko yiyambaje avoka wo kumuburanira, kandi hari ibyo yatsindiye muri uru rubanza.

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[74] Urukiko rurasanga rero igiteranyo cy‟amafaranga Banki ya Kigali Ltd igomba guha Mitimituje Gaëtan ari: 1.840.572Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yamwirukanye ku kazi nta mpamvu, 335.071Frw ya “pécule de congé” y‟umwaka wa 2008, 1.227.048Frw y‟indishyi z‟uko yamuhaye icyemezo cy‟imirimo kituzuye, 660.933Frw yari yarafatiriye ku mafaranga y‟imperekeza nk‟umusoro ku nyungu, 1.400.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cya avoka, yose hamwe akaba 5.463.624Frw. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [75] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mitimituje Gaëtan bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [76] Rutegetse Banki ya Kigali Ltd guha Mitimituje Gaëtan 5.463.624Frw; [77] Ruvuze ko imikirize y‟urubanza RSOCA 0001/12/HC/KIG rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru kuwa 09/04/2011 ihindutse kuri bimwe; [78] Rutegetse Banki ya Kigali Ltd gutanga amagarama y‟uru rubanza angana na 24.800Frw, itayatanga mu gihe cy‟iminsi umunani, ayo mafaranga akavanwa mu byayo ku ngufu za Leta.

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IMANZA Z‟IMBONEZAMUBANO

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ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RC 0004/13/CS (Kayitesi Z., P.J., Mugenzi na Hitiyaremye, J.) 10 Mutarama 2014] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano – Ikirego cyihutirwa – Irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo – Guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo – Irangizwa ry‟agateganyo ryemezwa n‟Urukiko rubyibwirije ndetse nta ngwate, iyo ikimenyetso cy‟ikiburanwa ari inyandiko mvaho cyangwa ikiburanwa ari umwenda wemewe mu rubanza n‟uregwa – Irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ntabwo byanze bikunze rikorwa ku rubanza rwose – Impamvu urega ashingiraho asaba ko irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryahagarikwa kubera ko rifite icyo rimuhombya igomba gusuzumwa hanazirikanwa n‟ibyakwangirika n‟igihombo uregwa agaragaza ko byaterwa no kudashyira mu bikorwa ibyo yatsindiye – Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 212(2), iya 213 n‟iya 214. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Nyuma y‟aho Segatabazi aregeye ARPEQ mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo asaba ko yamwishyura 150.000.000Frw ukubiyemo 48.693.694Frw y‟inguzanyo, 44.352.822Frw y‟imisanzu yatanze muri ARPEQ na 56.953.484Frw y‟ishimwe yemerewe na ARPEQ hiyongereyeho inyungu zayo, indishyi z‟ikurikiranarubanza n‟igihembo cy‟Avoka; Urukiko rugasanga ikirego cya Segatabazi gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe maze rukayitegeka kumwishyura 105.648.178Frw zihwanye n‟igiteranyo cy‟inguzanyo ya 48.693.694Frw na 56.953.484Frw y‟ishimwe yamwemereye; impande zombi zajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, maze uru Rukiko rwo rwemeza ko Segatabazi atsindiye 150.000.000Frw ndetse 101

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runategeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ku mafaranga angana na 48.693.484Frw. ARPEQ yajuririye iki cyemezo mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko urubanza rutahawe uburemere rukwiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi ko Uru Rukiko rwitiranyije ARPEQ n‟ibigo biharanira inyungu kandi yo ari umushinga udaharanira inyungu. Hagati aho kuwa 14/11/2013, Umuhesha w‟Inkiko w‟Umwuga yatangiye imihango y‟irangizarubanza ku birebana n‟icyemezo cy‟urukiko Rukuru gitegeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo maze amenyesha ARPEQ ko ayihaye iminsi 3 yo kurangiza urubanza nk‟uko byategetswe n‟Urukiko Rukuru bitaba bityo imitungo yayo igafatirwa. Mu gihe urubanza rutaraburanishwa mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ARPEQ yatanze ikirego cyihutirwa gishamikiye ku bujurire bwayo, isaba ko rwahagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryategetswe n‟Urukiko Rukuru kugeza igihe urubanza rw‟ubujurire ruzaburanishirizwa mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko umucamanza yibwirije agategeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ndetse ko icyemezo cy‟urukiko cyatandukiriye kigacamo umwenda ibice mu gihe urega yishyurizaga hamwe umwenda wa 150.000.000Frw, ibyo rero ngo bikaba binyuranije n‟ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 4, iya 7 n‟iya 19 z‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi. Segatabazi n‟abamwunganira bavuga ko icyemezo cy‟Urukiko Rukuru nta nenge gifite kubera ko umwenda wa 48.693.694Frw ARPEQ yawemeye, bityo iyi mpamvu ikaba idakwiye guhabwa agaciro kubera ko nta naho ihuriye n‟impamvu zihagarika irangizarubanza ziteganyijwe mu ingingo ya 214 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Irangizwa ry‟agateganyo ryemezwa n‟Urukiko rubyibwirije ndetse nta ngwate, iyo ikimenyetso

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cy‟ikiburanwa ari inyandiko mvaho n‟iyo ikiburanwa ari umwenda wemewe mu rubanza n‟uregwa.

2. Nta gutandukira kwabayeho Urukiko Rukuru rwemeza irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo kuri 48.693.694Frw kuko irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryabaye ku gice cy‟umwenda urega yiyemerera, ikindi kandi, ntakibuza ko irangizarubanza ryakorwa ku gice cy‟umwenda.

3. N‟iyo ARPEQ yaba ifite konti imwe yonyine kandi yari itezeho inguzanyo yatse banki sibyo byahabwa ishingiro nk„impamvu yo guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo cyane ko izo mpamvu ARPEQ itanga zigomba gusuzumwa hazirikanwa ko na Segatabazi avuga ko yafashe imyenda muri banki yananiwe kwishyura ku buryo imitungo ye ishobora gutezwa cyamunara igihe icyo aricyo cyose, kandi niba ARPEQ ifite ibyangirika n„ibyo ihomba, n‟uwo ifitiye umwenda afite ibyo ahomba nibyangirika, bityo ibyo ARPEQ ivuga bikaba bitahabwa ishingiro. Ikirego nta shingiro gifite. Amagarama aherereye ku rega. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 212(2), iya 213 n‟iya 214. Nta manza zifashishijwe.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA MURI MAKE [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo Segatabazi Protais arega ARPEQ umwenda ungana na 150.000.000Frw (ugizwe na 48.693.694Frw yagurije ARPEQ, 44.352.822Frw y‟imisanzu yatanze muri ARPEQ na 56.953.484Frw y‟ishimwe yemerewe na ARPEQ) hiyongereyeho inyungu zayo mafaranga yose zibariwe kuri 18% kugeza yishyuwe, indishyi z‟ikurikiranarubanza zingana na 5.000.000Frw n‟igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 7.500.000Frw. Urukiko rwasanze ikirego cya Segatabazi gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe, rutegeka

ARPEQ kumwishyura 48.693.694Frw yayigurije na 56.953.484Frw y‟ishimwe yamwemereye yose hamwe akaba 105.648.178Frw. [2] Impande zombi zajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru, mu rubanza RCA 041/13/HC/KIG na RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG rwo kuwa 08/11/2013 urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko Segatabazi atsindiye 150.000.000Frw, rutegeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ku mafaranga angana na 48.693.484Frw, rutegeka na none ARPEQ kwishyura Segatabazi amafaranga y‟ikurikirana rubanza angana na 1.000.000Frw no gutanga amagarama y‟urubanza. [3] ARPEQ yajuririye iki cyemezo mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko urubanza rutahawe uburemere rukwiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi ko Umucamanza yitiranyije ARPEQ n‟ibigo biharanira inyungu kandi ari umushinga udaharanira inyungu. Ikirego cyanditswe kuri No RCAA 0025/13/CS. [4] Kuwa 14/11/2013 Umuhesha w‟Inkiko w‟Umwuga yamenyesheje ARPEQ ko ayihaye iminsi 3 yo kurangiza urubanza

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by‟agateganyo nk‟uko byategetswe n‟Urukiko Rukuru bitaba bityo imitungo yayo igafatirwa. [5] Mu gihe urubanza rutaraburanishwa mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ARPEQ yatanze ikirego cyihutirwa gishamikiye ku rubanza Nº RCA 0025/13/CS kigamije guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryategetswe n‟Urukiko Rukuru ngo kugirango urubanza rw‟ubujurire rubanze ruburanishwe mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga. [6] Iburanisha mu ruhame ku kirego cyihutirwa ryabaye kuwa 07/01/2014, Segatabazi ahari kandi yunganiwe na Me Niyomugabo Christophe hamwe na Me Dukeshinema Beatha naho ARPEQ iburanirwa Me Bikotwa Bruce hamwe na Me Nduwamungu Jean Marie Vianney. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA N‟ISESENGURA RYABYO a) Kumenya niba icyemezo cy‟umucamanza cy‟irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo kinyuranije n‟amategeko. [7] Ababuranira ARPEQ bavuga ko ikirego cyabo gishingiye ku kuba Umucamanza w‟Urukiko Rukuru yaribwirije agategeka irangizarubanza kuri miliyoni 48.693.484Frw nyamara Segatabazi atarigeze atandukanya amafaranga agize ikirego cye kuko cyari icyo kwishyuriza hamwe 150.000.000Frw, ko n‟ubwo, mu Rukiko Rukuru, Segatabazi yari yasabye irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo kuri 48.693.484Frw, yari yuririye ku bisobanuro ARPEQ yatangaga bijyanye n‟imvano y‟umwenda waregewe, ko hatagombaga gutangwa irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo mu gihe ARPEQ itemeranywa na Segatabazi ku mubare w‟uwo mwenda, kuko hakiri ikibazo cy‟ibimenyetso (pièces justificatives) by‟uko izi 48.693.484Frw

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yazikoresheje, ko icyemezo cy‟umucamanza cyatandukiriye kigacamo umwenda ibice, bityo kikaba kinyuranije n‟ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 4, iya 7 n‟iya 19 z‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi. [8] Segatabazi n‟abamwunganira bavuga ko icyemezo cy‟Urukiko Rukuru nta nenge gifite kubera ko muri kopi y‟urubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye ku rupapuro rwa kabiri, igika cya 5, muri kopi y‟urubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, urupapuro rwa 5, igika cya 3 no mu myanzuro y‟ubujurire, umwenda wa 48.693.694Frw ARPEQ yawemeye, bityo iyi mpamvu ikaba idakwiye guhabwa agaciro kubera ko nta naho ihuriye n‟impamvu zihagarika irangizarubanza ziteganyijwe mu ingingo ya 214 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [9] Ingingo ya 212 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru igira iti: “Irangizwa ry‟agateganyo ryemezwa n‟Urukiko rubyibwirije ndetse nta ngwate, iyo: 1) Ikimenyetso cy‟ikiburanwa ari inyandiko mvaho, 2) Iyo ikiburanwa ari umwenda wemewe mu rubanza n‟uregwa”. [10] Ingingo ya 214 y‟Itegeko Nº 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, ivuga ko Uwishyuzwa ashobora guhagarikisha irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo mu rukiko rwajuririwe mu nzira zikurikira: 1) Gusaba ko irangizwa ryurubanza by‟agateganyo rihagarikwa kuko ryatanzwe mu nzira zinyuranije n‟amategeko, 2) Gusaba ko ashinganisha amafaranga cyangwa impapuro zivunjwa amafaranga bihagije kugirango bibe ingwate y‟ibyo yatsindiye, 3) Gusaba ko irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo rikorwa ku gice kimwe

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cy‟amafaranga yagenwe mu rubanza aho kuba ku rubanza rwose iyo irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryateganijwe ku rubanza rwose ridafite ishingiro. [11] Urukiko rurasanga, ku birebana n‟umwenda wa 48.693.484Frw abunganira ARPEQ bavuga ko batawumvikanaho, muri dosiye y‟urubanza hari ibaruwa y‟ Umuyobozi Mukuru uhagarariye ARPEQ mu rwego rw‟amategeko, Rwabigwi Cyprien, avugamo ko ayo mafaranga Segatabazi yayashoye muri imwe mu nyubako z‟ishuli, akavuga ko bakomeje kumusaba kwihangana akazaba yishyurwa (cote 8), byumvikana ko uwo Muyobozi yemera uwo mwenda. Dosiye y‟urubanza igaragaza kandi ko Me Bikotwa uburanira ARPEQ, mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye yavuze ko1 “bemera ko bagomba kumwishyura [Segatabazi] 48.693.694Frw kuko ariyo Umuryango wemera ko yawutije”, naho mu Rukiko Rukuru, Abunganira ARPEQ bavuga ko “ARPEQ… isaba ko kuri 48.693.694Frw yemera kwishyura yajya yishyura Segatabazi 5.000.000Frw buri gihembwe kugira ngo ibikorwa byayo bidahagarara”2. Na none mu gika cya 5 cy‟imyanzuro yatanzwe mw‟izina rya ARPEQ muri uru rubanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, Me Nduwamungu avuga ko “ayo mafaranga yitwa ko ari ideni, umuryango wemeye kumusubiza, n‟amafaranga yawutije angana na 48.693.694Frw”. Izi mvugo zose zikaba zigaragaza ko umwenda wa 48.693.694Frw, ARPEQ iwemera, bityo icyemezo cy‟umucamanza kikaba ntaho kinyuranyije n‟ingingo ya 212 agace ka 2 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru.

1 Urubanza RC 0280/12/TGI/GSBO rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo hagati ya Segatabazi Protais na Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ), kuwa 19/09/2012, igika cya 3. 2 Urubanza RCA 421/13/HC/KIG; RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru ku Cyicaro cyarwo i Kigali, hagati ya Segatabazi Protais na Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) kuwa 08/11/2013, igika cya 17. ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) 107

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[12] Ku birebana n‟uko umucamanza ategeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo kuri 48.693.694Frw acamo umwenda ibice kandi akaba yaranibwirije kuritanga kuko nta warisabye, Urukiko rurasanga, uretse ko bitari na ngombwa ko bisabwa kubera ko uregwa umwenda yawemeraga, Abunganira ARPEQ bivugiye imbere y‟uru rukiko ko Segatabazi yari yasabye irangizarubanza kuri 48.693.694Frw, bikaba bigaragara kandi ko aya mafaranga ari igice cy‟umwenda uzwi ndetse wemeranijweho udashingiye ku mwenda wose nkuko byasobanuwe mu gika kibanza, bityo ibyo abahagarariye ARPEQ bavuga bikaba bitahabwa agaciro. [13] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rusanga icyemezo cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru ku irangazarubanza ry‟agateganyo nta nenge gifite kandi ntaho kinyuranije n‟ingingo ya 214 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru. [14] Naho ku mpamvu yerekeranye n‟uko icyemezo cy‟umucamanza gitegeka irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo kinyuranije n‟ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 4, iya 7 n‟iya 19 z‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi nuko umucamanza yatandukiriye, Urukiko rurasanga nta gutandukira kwabayeho kuko irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryabaye ku gice cy‟umwenda ARPEQ yiyemerera, ikindi kandi, ntakibuza ko irangizarubanza ryakorwa ku gice cy‟umwenda nk‟uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 213 y‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru ndetse bishimangirwa n‟abahanga mu mategeko aho bagira bati : irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ntabwo byanze bikunze rikorwa ku rubanza rwose3.

3 L‟exécution provisoire n‟a pas obligatoirement pour effet de permettre l‟exécution du jugement dans sa totalité. Reba Jean Vincent, Procédure Civile, Paris, Dalloz, 1976, p.748.

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[15] Urukiko rurasanga kandi icyo ingingo ya 4, iya 7 n‟iya 19 z‟Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru zivuga, ari ibirebana no kugena ikiburanwa, kudahinduka kw‟ikirego, guca urubanza ku cyaregewe n‟ibikubiye mu kirego, ibi bikaba ntaho bihuriye n‟irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryaregewe kuko nta gutandukira kurigaragaramo, bityo ibyo abahagarariye ARPEQ bavuga bikaba nta shingiro bifite. b) Kumenya niba izindi mpamvu ARPEQ itanga zatuma irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo rihagarara. [16] Izindi mpamvu

ARPEQ yerekana isaba guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo nuko yatse inguzanyo Banki ya Kigali, igasanga irangizarubanza rikomeje konti yayo ya Banki ya Kigali yafatirwa, iyo nguzanyo ntizatangwe ndetse n‟abanyeshuli bakaba babura ibyo barya, kuko ari nayo konti yonyine ifite ishyirwaho amafaranga y‟ishuli. [17] Segatabazi avuga ko nk‟umucuruzi n‟umwubatsi yashatse kubaka ishuli, nyuma aza gushaka abanyamuryango basobanukiwe n‟iby‟uburezi ngo bakorane, bishyira hamwe muri ARPEQ bashinga ishuli. Mu gihe ryari ririmo kwagurwa ryaje kugira ikibazo cy‟amafaranga, Segatabazi yemerera ARPEQ gukoresha amafaranga ye angana na 48.693.694Frw ubwo bari bagitegereje inguzanyo ya Banki, ari nayo akorerwaho irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo. Yongeraho ko ibyo guhagarika irangizarubanza ry‟agatenganyo bitagomba guhabwa ishingiro kubera ko ARPEQ yireba gusa ikirengagiza ko nawe afite imyenda n‟ inguzanyo yafashe muri Banki ku buryo ingwate yatanze ishobora gutezwa cyamunara igihe icyo aricyo cyose. [18] Ababuranira Segatabazi bongeraho ko ibyo ARPEQ ivuga ko ifite konti imwe gusa nta shingiro bifite kubera ko uretse konti ARPEQ yafunguje muri Banki ya Kigali ku izina rya Regional Positive Choice ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) 109

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(RPC) igamije guhunga umwenda ibereyemo segatabazi, isanzwe ifite n‟indi konti muri Banque Rwandaise du Développement (BRD). [19] Ku mpamvu ARPEQ itanga zijyanye n‟ifatira rya konti iri muri Banki ya Kigali, Urukiko rurasanga ARPEQ ifite izindi konti nk‟uko biri ku rwandiko rw‟Umuyobozi Mukuru wa ARPEQ yandikiye Banki ya Kigali rwo kuwa 27/11/2013, bigaragaza ko atari yo yonyine ishyirwaho amafaranga y‟ishuli rya ARPEQ, uretse ko niyo yaba ariyo konti yonyine ARPEQ ifite atari byo byaha ishingiro iyo mpamvu. Urukiko rurasanga kandi izo mpamvu ARPEQ itanga zigomba gusuzumwa hazirikanwa ko na Segatabazi avuga ko yafashe imyenda muri banki yananiwe kwishyura ku buryo imitungo ye ishobora gutezwa cyamunara igihe icyo aricyo cyose, kandi ko niba ARPEQ ifite ibyangirika n‟ibyo ihomba, n‟uwo ifitiye umwenda afite ibyo ahomba n‟ibyangirika, bityo ibyo ARPEQ ivuga bikaba bitahabwa ishingiro. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [20] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyihutirwa cya Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) gisaba guhagarikisha irangizarubanza ry‟agateganyo ryategetswe mu rubanza RCA 0421/13/HC/KIG na RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, ku Cyicaro cyarwo i Kigali nta shingiro gifite. [21] Rutegetse Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) gutanga amagarama y‟urubanza angana na 11.400Frw.

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MUNYANEZA (IKIREGO CYO KWIHANA UMUCAMANZA) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RS/RECUS/Civ 0001/13/CS (Mugenzi, P.J., Hatangimbabazi na Munyangeri N., J.) 18 Mata 2013] Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano – Inzitizi – Ubwihane bw‟umucamanza – Kuregera ubwihane bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy‟iburanisha kandi mbere y‟ipfundikirwa ry‟urubanza – Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 102. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Mu gihe hari hategerejwe isomwa ry‟urubanza RCAA 0028/12/CS mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga rwari rwapfundikiwe kuwa 02/04/2013, Munyaneza akaba yari arukurikiranyemo SONARWA n‟Ikigega Cyihariye cy‟Ingoboka indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yagize guhera mu Rukiko Rukuru mu rubanza RPA 0024/05/HC/KIG; yandikiye Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga amumenyesha ko yihannye umwe mu bacamanza bagize inteko yaburanishije urubanza rwe witwa Mukandamage Marie Josée kubera ko yabaye mu nteko yaburanishije Urubanza rwe mu Rukiko Rukuru. Ashingira ubwo bwihane ku gace ka 7 k‟ingingo ya 99 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ndetse akavuga ko na nyuma y‟iburanisha mu gihe urubanza rutarasomwa, ubwihane bukwiye kwakirwa kuko n‟ubwo itegeko ryibagiwe kubiteganya, bitabuza umucamanza kuziba icyo cyuho kigaragara mu itegeko, nk‟uko abyemererwa n‟ingingo ya 6 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru. 111

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Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Kuregera ubwihane bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy‟iburanisha kandi mbere y‟ipfundikirwa ry‟urubanza, bityo ubwihane bukozwe nyuma y‟icyo gihe buba butanzwe imburagihe kandi binyuranyije n‟amategeko. Ubwihane ntibwakiriwe. Inteko iburanisha ntihindutse. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 102. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Mu ibaruwa yandikiye Urukiko kuwa 04/04/2013, Munyaneza Aaron yamenyesheje Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ko yihannye Umucamanza Mukandamage Marie Josée, umwe mu bagize inteko yaburanishije urubanza RCAA 0028/12/CS rugapfundikirwa kuwa 02/04/2013, hakaba hari hategerejwe isomwa ryarwo. [2] Munyaneza avuga ko ubwo bwihane yabutewe n‟uko uwo mucamanza yabaye mu nteko yaburanishije mu Rukiko Rukuru urubanza RPA 0024/05/HC/KIG, rwaciwe kuwa 05/10/2005, Munyaneza yari akurikiranyemo indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka yagize, akaba ari nazo aburana na SONARWA na Fonds de Garantie muri uru

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rukiko. Asobanura ko ubwo bwihane bushingiye ku gace ka 7 k‟ingingo ya 99 y‟Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi iteganya ko “umucamanza wese bashobora kumwihana iyo yigeze kuba mu rubanza ari umucamanza, umwunzi, umushinjacyaha, umugenzacyaha, umuburanyi, umutangabuhamya, umuhuza, umusemuzi, inzobere cyangwa umukozi wo mu butegetsi bwa Leta”. [3] Isuzuma ry‟ubwo bwihane ryabaye mu iburanisha mu ruhame kuwa 17/04/2013, Munyaneza yunganiwe na Me Uwimana Gisèle. II. ISESENGURA RY‟IKIBAZO KIGIZE

URUBANZA [4] Muri uru rubanza harasuzumwa iyakirwa (admissibilité) ry‟ubwihane ku mucamanza Mukandamage Marie Josée, mbere yo kuba hasuzumwa ishingiro ryabwo, hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n„ingingo ya 103 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi ivuga ko Urukiko Umucamanza wihanwe arimo, rubanza gusuzuma niba ubwo bwihane bushobora kwakirwa. [5] Ingingo ya 102, agace ka mbere, y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ushaka kwihana umucamanza, aho urubanza rwaba rugeze hose, abitangira impamvu mu iburanisha. [6] Ku kibazo cyo kuba Munyaneza yaratanze ikirego cy‟ubwihane nyuma y‟iburanisha, we n‟umwunganira basubiza ko basanga na nyuma y‟iburanisha mu gihe urubanza rutarasomwa, ubwihane bukwiye kwakirwa n‟ubwo itegeko ryibagiwe kubiteganya, umucamanza akaba atabura kuziba icyo cyuho kigaragara mu itegeko, nk‟uko abyemererwa n‟ingingo ya 6 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru.

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[7] Urukiko rurasanga, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 102 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ubwihane bwa Munyaneza butarakozwe mu gihe cy‟iburanisha nk‟uko iyo ngingo ibiteganya, kuko yabukoze kuwa 04/04/2013, iburanisha ry‟urubanza ryarapfundikiwe kuwa 02/04/2013, rutegereje gusa gusomwa, bityo ubwihane bwe bukaba butakwemerwa kuko bwatanzwe imburagihe. [8] Iby‟uko Urukiko rwakwemera ubwihane butanzwe nyuma y‟iburanisha, ku mpamvu zo kuziba icyuho cyaba kiri mu itegeko, Urukiko rurasanga nta cyuho ingingo ya 102 imaze kuvugwa igaragaza, kutayikurikiza uko iri, bikaba byaba ari kutubahiriza itegeko. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [9] Rwemeje ko ubwihane bwa Munyaneza butemewe kuko bwatanzwe nyuma y‟igihe giteganywa n‟amategeko; [10] Rwemeje ko inteko yaburanishije urubanza RCAA 0028/12/CS ari yo igomba gukomeza isuzumwa ryarwo.

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BWANAKEYE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0007/14/CS (Mukanyundo, P.J., Rugabirwa na Hitiyaremye, J.) 10 Ukwakira 2014] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw‟Inkiko – Ububasha bw‟urukiko rw‟ikirenga – Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z‟akarengane – Inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego – Raporo y‟ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko – Kuba Raporo y‟ ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko itari muri dosiye ntibyaba impamvu yo kutakira ikirego kuko yifashishwa gusa kugira ngo urubanza rushyirwe kuri gahunda y‟iburanisha – Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryokuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo 81 (1). Incamake y‟ikibazo: Mu 1995, Mukagatare yubatse mu kibanza avuga ko yari yahawe na Komini Ngoma ahungutse. Mu mwaka wa 2000, Bwanakeye yatangiye kurega Mukagatare mu buyobozi ko yamwubakiye mu busitani, maze mu mwaka wa 2006 amurega mu rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye asaba guhagarikisha ubwubatsi Mukagatare yakoreraga mu murima we.urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko Mukagatare asenya Bingalo n‟amazu yubatse mu murima wa Bwanakeye. Mukagatare ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza maze arujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza;rwemeza ko imikirize y‟urubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye idahindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. Mukagatare ntiyishimiye na none iyo mikirize y‟urubanza arujurira mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ariko nyuma y‟inzitizi y‟iburabubasha yari 115

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yabyukijwe n‟abahagarariye Bwanakeye, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rwemeje ko ubujurire bwe butari mu bubasha bw‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga. Mukagatare amaze kubona icyo cyemezo yahise agana urwego rw‟umuvunyi asaba ko urubanza RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z‟akarengane, maze Urwego rw‟Umuvunyi rwandikira Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusaba ko urubanza rwe rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z‟akarengane rwagejejweho na Mukagatare. Succession Bwanakeye yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cya Mukagatare mu rwego rw‟akarengane avuga ko nta raporo y‟ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko yabonye cyangwa se ngo igaragare muri dosiye. Mukagatare yiregura avuga ko iyi nzitizi itahabwa agaciro kubera ko ku birebana na raporo y‟ubugenzuzi atari we wagombaga kuyitanga, ahubwo iyo ngingo irebana n‟ibimenyetso byirengagijwe igomba kuzasuzumwa mu mizi y‟urubanza. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Kuba Raporo y‟ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko itari muri dosiye ntaho bibangamira ababuranyi kuko ubundi yifashishwa kugira ngo urubanza rushyirwe kuri gahunda ntiyifashishwa mu gusuzuma akarengane. Inzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Ikirego kirakiwe. Amagarama y‟urubanza arasubitswe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryokuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ingingo 81 (1). Nta manza zafashishijwe.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Mukagatare Grâce ni umunyarwandakazi wari warahunze mu 1960 kubera impamvu za politiki zari mu gihugu muri kiriya gihe, mu 1994 agaruka mu Rwanda ajya gutura mu cyahoze ari Intara ya Butare. Mu 1995 yubatse mu kibanza avuga ko yari ahawe na Komini Ngoma, akaba ariho atuye. Mu mwaka wa 2000, Bwanakeye François yatangiye kurega Mukagatare ko yamwubakiye mu busitani, ikibazo gikurikiranwa mu nzego z‟ubuyobozi. [2] Mu mwaka wa 2006, Bwanakeye François yareze Mukagatare Grâce mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye asaba guhagarikisha ibohozwa ry‟ubwubatsi buri mu murima we. Mu rubanza RC 0069/06/TGI/HYE/RC0002/06/TP/BUT rwaciwe kuwa 29/09/2006 n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye, rwemeje ko Mukagatare Grâce asenya Bingalo n‟amazu yubatse mu murima wa Bwanakeye François akabivanamo mu gihe kitarenze iminsi mirongo itatu (30). [3] Mukagatare ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza maze arujuririra mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, rwaciye urubanza RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA ku wa 03/11/2008 rwemezako Mukagatare atsinzwe, ko imikirize y‟urubanza RC 0069/06/TP/BUT rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye kuwa 29/09/2006 idahindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. [4] Mukagatare Grâce ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urubanza arujurira mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, nyuma y‟inzitizi y‟iburabubasha yari yabyukijwe n‟uhagarariye Bwanakeye, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rwemeje ko ubujurire bwakozwe ku rubanza RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA rwaciwe ku

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itariki ya 3/11/2006 n‟Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, butari mu bubasha bw‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga. [5] Mukagatare abonye icyo cyemezo yagannye Urwego rw‟Umuvunyi asaba ko urubanza RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z‟akarengane, maze ku itariki ya 27/3/2013, Urwego rw‟Umuvunyi rwandikira Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusaba ko urubanza rumaze kuvugwa rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z‟akarengane rwagejejweho na Mukagatare. [6] Urwego rw‟Umuvunyi ruvuga ko impamvu z‟akarengane zigaragara muri urwo rubanza zishingiye ku byangombwa Mukagatare yerekanye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, bigaragaza ko ikibanza cyaburanwaga ari icye, nyamara urwo rukiko ntirubyiteho. Ibyo akaba ari na byo bikubiye mu mwanzuro watanzwe na Mukagatare mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga agaragaza akarengane yagiriwe. [7] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku itariki ya 16/09/2014, Mukagatare aburanirwa na Me Hakizimana John, naho Succession Bwanacyeye iburanirwa na Me Ngirabakunzi Evariste wahise atanga inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego avuga ko kitubahirije ingingo ya 79 n‟iya 81z‟Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/6/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw„Ikirenga. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N‟ISESENGURA RYACYO. Kumenya niba inzitizi yatanzwe na Succession Bwanakeye François yo kutakira ikirego cya Mukagatare ifite ishingiro. [8] Me Ngirabakunzi Evariste yatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cya Mukagatare mu rwego rw‟akarengane avuga ko nta raporo

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y‟ubugenzuzi bw‟inkiko yabonye cyangwa se ngo igaragare muri dosiye, akavuga kandi ko Mukagatare Grâce yatanze ikirego ashingiye ku ngingo 81, agace ka 2°, y„Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/6/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga yemeza ko inkiko zirengagije amategeko n‟ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese, kandi nyamara mu rubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Huye Mukagatare yarasabwe ibimenyetso agatanga “acte de notoriété” yo ku itariki ya 30/3/2000 n‟ibaruwa yamuhaga uburenganzira bwo kubaka, urukiko rugasanga iyo “acte de notoriété” yaremezaga ko afite Bar Isangano, ko itamuhaga ikibanza, akaba yarayubatsemo atabyumvikanyeho na nyiracyo. Arangiza avugako nta karengane kabayeho kuko ibyo bimenyetso avuga ko byirengagijwe byasuzumwe n‟urukiko ntirwabiha agaciro. [9] Me Hakizimana John uburanira Mukagatare Grâce we avuga ko iyi nzitizi itahabwa agaciro kubera ko ku birebana na raporo y‟ubugenzuzi atari Mukagatare wagombaga kuyitanga, kuko birebana n‟ibimenyetso byirengagijwe, iyo ngingo igomba kuzasuzumwa mu mizi y‟urubanza. Arangiza asaba urukiko ko izo ngingo zombi rwazitesha agaciro rukemeza ko inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego yatanzwe n‟abazungura ba Bwanakeye nta shingiro ifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [10] Ingingoya 81, igika cya mbere y‟Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL ryo kuwa 13/06/2012 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ivuga ko: “Urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwanyuma rushobora gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z‟akarengane kubera impamvu zikurikira: 1° iyo hari ibimenyetso simusiga bigaragaza ruswa, ikimenyane cyangwa icyenewabo byagize ingaruka kumikirize y‟urubanza bikaba bitarigeze bimenywa n‟uwatsinzwe mu gihe cy‟iburana; 2° iyo mu icibwa ry‟urubanza hirengagijwe amategeko MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE 119

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n‟ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese; 3° n‟iyo urubanza rudashobora kurangizwa ukurikije imikirize yarwo.” [11] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, mu ibaruwa ye yo ku itariki ya 27/03/2013, Umuvunyi Mukuru yandikiye Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga asaba ko urubanza RCA 1633/11/HC/NYA rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, ku itariki ya 3/11/2008 rwasubirwamo kubera impamvu z‟akaregane, agaragaza ko urwo rubanza rwaciwe hirengagijwe ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese. [12] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko Mukagatare Grâce wasabye ko urubanza rusubirwamo kubera impamvu z‟akarengane, mu myanzuro yatanze avuga ko inkiko zabanje zirengangije ibimenyetso bigaragarira buriwese, harimo nk‟ibaruwa yamuhaga uburenganzira bwo kubaka “kiosque” muri icyo kibanza, “acte de notoriété“, “fiche cadastrale“ y‟ikibanza kiburanwa n‟amasezerano y‟ubukode yagiranye n‟ubuyobozi bw‟Akarere ka Huye ku itariki ya 28/8/2006. [13] Ku birebana na raporo y‟Ubugenzuzi bw‟Inkiko, uhagarariye abazunguraba Bwanakeye avuga ko itagaragara muri dosiye, Urukiko rurasanga iyo raporo nta sano ifitanye n‟urubanza, ko n‟ubwo yifashishwa kugira ngo urubanza rushyirwe kuri gahunda, itifashishwa mu gusuzuma akarengane, kuba itari muri dosiye rero bikaba ntaho bibangamiye ababuranyi mu kwiregura. [14] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga rero, ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, agace ka 2°, y‟itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe haruguru, ivuga ku bimenyetso n‟amategeko byirengagijwe, bisobanuye ko ibisabwa n‟iyo ngingo ku bijyanye n‟iyakirwa ry‟ikirego byubahirijwe, ishingiro ryabyo rikazasuzumwa mu mizi y‟urubanza, bityo inzitizi yatanzwe n‟uburanira abazungura ba Bwanakeye ikaba nta shingiro ifite.

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III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [15] Rwemeje ko inzitizi yatanzwe n‟uburanira abazungura ba Bwanakeye François nta shingiro ifite; [16] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Mukagatare Grâce cyakiriwe kugirango kizasuzumwe mu mizi; [17] Rwemeje ko iburanisha ry‟urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0007/14/CS rizakomeza ku itarikiya13/1/2015; [18] Ruvuze ko amagarama y‟urubanza abaye asubitswe.

MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE 121

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URUBANZA RW‟UBUCURUZI

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RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd N‟UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU RW‟UBUCURUZI – RCOMA 0104/14/HCC (Mukamurera, P.J.) 28 Mata 2014] Amategeko agenga amasezerano cyangwa imirimo nshinganwa – Amasezerano y‟ingwate – Uburenganzira bwo gucunga umutungo – Kugwatiriza umutungo uhuriweho n‟abazungura, bamwe nta burenganzira babitangiye – Ufite uburenganzrira bwo gucunga umutungo ntashobora kuwugwatiriza abawufiteho uburenganzira batabitangiye uburenganzira – Itegeko ryo kuwa 20/07/1920 ryerekeye ibintu , ingingo ya 32. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Mu mwaka wa 1984 BCR yagiranye amasezerano y‟inguzanyo ebyiri zitandukanye na Rwasibo. Imwe ya milliyoni 18 indi ya miliyoni 10 ariko ahabwa imwe ya 18, yitaba Imana atararangiza kuwishyura, BCR irega abazungura be kugira ngo yishurwe ariko iza gutsindwa n‟uko itarangije ishingano zayo zo gutanga umwenda wari warumvikanyweho. Bamwe mu bazungura ba Rwasibo Jean Baptiste aribo Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Joseph baje gusaba Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Kigali icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo wasizwe na nyakwigendera baragihabwa. Mu 1997 abo bazungura baje kugirana amasezerano y‟inguzanyo na BCR. Umwe mu bana ba Rwasibo Jean Baptiste witwa Rwasibo Bernard yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw‟Ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge asaba ko amasezerano y‟inguzanyo yabaye hagati ya BCR n‟abo bavandimwe be batatu yaseswa. Urukiko rwemeje ko amasezerano agumyeho kuko yasinywe n‟ababifitiye ububasha, rutegeka Rwasibo Bernard guha BCR 125

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indishyi zingana 3.000.000Frw hamwe na 300.000Frw y‟igihembo cya avoka. Rwasibo Bernard yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru rw‟Ubcuruzi avuga ko Urukiko rubanza rwafashe icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo uko kitari, ko kandi urwo Rukiko rutitaye ku ibaruwa yo kuwa 16/12/1997 BCR yandikiye succession Rwasibo. BCR yavuze ko ubujurire nta shingiro bufite kuko abasinye ku masezerano bari bafite ububasha bahawe n‟icyemezo no 694/I.J.B/97 cyabahaga uburenganzira bwo gucunga imitungo yasizwe na nyakwigendera, kandi inguzanyo yatanzwe mu nyungu z‟umuryango. Ku bijyanye n‟ibaruwa yandikiwe succession Rwasibo, BCR yavuze ko iyo ngingo nta shingiro ifite kuko Urukiko rubanza rwayifasheho icyemezo rukavuga ko amasezerano y‟inguzanyo yasinyweho n‟ababiherewe uburenganzira n‟Urukiko. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo wasizwe na Rwasibo Jean Baptiste, ntigiha uburenganzira abagihawe bwo kugwatiriza uwo mutungo, abawufiteho uburenganzira bose batabibahereye ububasha. Bityo amasezerano y‟inguzanyo n‟ingwate yakozwe n‟abafite icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo wa nyakwigendera nta gaciro afite. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Ubugwate bukuweho. Urubanza rwajuririwe rurahindutse. Amagarama asubijwe uwajuriye bikozwe n‟abarezwe mu bujurire. Amategeko yashingiweho. Itegeko ryo kuwa 20/07/1920 ryerekeye ibintu, ingingo ya 32.

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Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uwitwa Rwasibo Jean Baptiste yagiranye na BCR amasezerano y‟inguzanyo kuwa 21/03/1984, bemeranywa ko agomba guhabwa inguzanyo ebyiri, ariko BCR imuha inguzanyo imwe gusa ya 18.000.000Frw indi ya 10.000.000Frw nayo bari bemeranijweho ntiyatangwa. Rwasibo Jean Baptiste yaje kwitaba Imana, nyuma BCR irega abazungura be isaba ko yakwishyurwa umwenda ukomoka ku nguzanyo yari yaramuhaye. Urubanza rwarangiriye mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga BCR itsinzwe kubera ko itagombaga kwishyuza umwenda kandi itararangije inshingano zayo zo gutanga imyenda yose yari yumvikanyweho. [2] Bamwe mu bazungura ba Rwasibo Jean Baptiste aribo Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Joseph baje gusaba mu rukiko rwa mbere rw‟iremezo rwa Kigali icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo wasizwe na se maze kuwa 30/09/1997 baragihabwa. Kuwa 16/12/1997 bagiranye na BCR amasezerano y‟inguzanyo zingana na 26.303.692 frw ziteye gutya: 1) 12.303.692Frw: consolidation de vos engagements arrêtés au 12/08/1987 et résultant de votre ancien prét hypothécaire. 2) 14.000.000Frw: prêt hypothécaire complémentaire destiné à la réfection de votre maison sise à Kicukiro et dont 1.100.000Frw vous ont déjà été avancés sur votre compte courant. [3] Umwe mubana ba Rwasibo Jean Bosco witwa Rwasibo Bernard yatanze ikirego mu rukiko rw‟ubucuruzi rwa Nyarugenge asaba ko MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE 127 RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd N’UNDI 127

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amasezerano y‟inguzanyo yasinywe hagati ya BCR n‟abo bavandimwe be batatu yaseswa, BCR igasubiza ingwate yahawe igizwe n‟inzu iri muri n° 2087 ku Kicukiro, asaba n‟indishyi. BCR yavuze ko ayo masezerano atateshwa agaciro kuko yasinywe n‟abazungura babiherewe ububasha n‟urukiko kandi bagamije kurangiza inshingano za se yari afitanye na banki no gusana inzu yasize. Urukiko rwavuze ko ikirego ntashingiro gifite, rwemeza ko amasezerano agumyeho kuko yasinywe n‟ababifitiye uburenganzira, Rwasibo Bernard ategekwa guha BCR indishyi zingana na 3.000.000Frw hamwe na 300.000Frw y‟igihembo cy‟avocat. [4] Rwasibo Bernard ntiyabyishimiye ajurira muri uru rukiko avuga ko urukiko rwaciye urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere rwafashe Ordonnance n° 694/I.J.B/97 de gestion uko itari, ngo ntabwo urukiko rwitaye ku ibaruwa yo kuwa 16/12/1997 BCR yandikiye succession Rwasibo, ikindi ngo ntiyemera indishyi zategetswe. Uhagarariye BCR avuga ko ubwo bujurire ntashingiro bufite, agasaba indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza no guhemba avocat. [5] Mu iburanisha rya mbere ryabaye kuwa 06/03/2014, uhagarariye BCR yabanje gusaba ko urukiko rwagobokesha abazungura ba Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Joseph kuko aba bari mu basinye amasezerano aburanwa, bikaba byarasabwe ku rwego rwa mbere ariko icyemezo cyabifashweho ntibakishimira. Urukiko rumaze kubisuzuma rwafashe icyemezo cyo gukomeza iburanisha ku baburanyi basanzwe mu

rubanza gusa (reba mu magambo arambuye icyemezo cyo kuwa 14/03/2014). [6] Kumunsi w‟iburanisha mu mizi hitabye uhagarariye BCR hamwe na Rwasibo Bernard ariko Rwasibo Bosco atitabye nta n‟impamvu yamubujije kwitaba yamenyesheje urukiko, kandi yaramenye itariki y‟iburanisha mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, maze bisabwe n‟abandi baburanyi urukiko rufata icyemezo cyo gukomeza iburanisha adahari nkuko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 59 CPCCSA.

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II. IBIBAZO BIGIYE GUSUZUMWA Urukiko rugiye gusuzuma ibijyanye na Ordonnance n° 694/I.J.B/97 de gestion, rusuzume ibijyanye n‟inguzanyo BCR yatanze mu ibaruwa yo kuwa 16/12/1997, hasuzumwe kandi ibijyanye n‟indishyi zatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere ndetse n‟izisabwa mu bujurire.

1. Kubijyanye na Ordonnance n° 694/I.J.B/97 de gestion. [7] Rwasibo Bernard na Me Rwagatare Janvier umwunganira bavuga ko Ordonnance n° 694/I.J.B/97 de gestion urukiko rwahaye Rwasibo Joseph(+), Rwasibo Louis(+) na Rwasibo Jean Bosco yari iyo gucunga (gestion) umutungo w‟abazungura ba Rwasibo Jean Baptiste ngo ntabwo bahawe uburenganzira bwo kuwugwatitiza cg kuwugurisha (acte de disposition) abandi bo mumuryango batabizi. Aha rero ngo niho umucamanza yibeshye yemeza ko ibyo bakoze bari babifitiye uburenganzira, nyamara kugira ububasha bwo gucunga umutungo ntabwo bivuga ko uba ufite ububasha busesuye nka nyirawo. Ikibazo ngo ni uko umucamanza atigeze ahakana ko ibyakozwe ari acte de disposition, ariko yongeraho ko hatagomba kurebwa ingwate gusa ahubwo hagomba kurebwa n‟icyo yari igamije, nyamara ngo yagombaga kureba niba ibyo bakoze bari babifitiye ububasha. [8] Me Rusanganwa Jean Bosco uhagarariye BCR yahindutse I&M Bank, avuga ko iyi mpamvu ntashingiro ifite kuko abasinye ku masezerano bari bafite ububasha bahawe n‟icyemezo n° 694/I.J.B/97 cyabahaga uburengazira bwo gucunga imitungo wasizwe na Rwasibo Jean Baptiste birimo kuyisana no kurangiza inshingano nyakwigendera yari yarasize atarangije kuri BCR, kandi bikaba byarakozwe mu nyungu z‟umuryango. Uretse nibyo kandi ngo amategeko ateganya gestion d‟affaire ku bantu badahari (art. 247 à 251 CCL.III), byongeye kandi ngo urega ntagaragaza icyo yaba yarakoze nk‟umuzungura kuva 1997 kugirango asigasire umutungo ndetse n‟amadeni byasizwe na se.

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Ibyakozwe rero n‟abafite icyemezo ngo ntibyateshwa agaciro kuko bari babifitiye uburenganzira kandi biri no mu nyungu z‟umuryango. [9] Urukiko rusanga icyemezo cyahawe Rwasibo Joseph, Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Jean Bosco cyari icyo gucunga umutungo wasizwe na Rwasibo Jean Baptiste nk‟uko no mu nteruro (titre) yacyo bigaragara ko ari Ordonnance n° 694/I.J.B/97 de gestion. Ufite uburenganzira bwo gucunga umutungo ntabwo aba ashobora kuwugwatiriza abawufiteho uburenganzira batabitangiye ububasha. Ibyo bikaba bishimangirwa n‟ingingo ya 32 CCL.II igira iti “Aucun des copropriétaires ne peut, sans le consentement des autres, changer la destination de la chose commune, ni la grever de droits réels au-delà de sa part indivise”. Bityo amasezerano y‟inguzanyo n‟ingwate yakozwe n‟abo bavuzwe haruguru bari bafite icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo gusa, nta gaciro yagira ku bazungura bandi ba Rwasibo kuko bakoze ibyo badafitiye uburenganzira, kandi batabitumwe n‟abo bireba bose. Kuvuga ko byari mu nyungu z‟umuryango, ibyo nabyo ntibyahabwa agaciro kuko uwo muryango niwo wari kumenya inyungu zawo ukanagena uburyo zirengerwa, ariko ntibyatuma umuntu yiha uburenganzira adafite kandi uwo muryango uhari.

2. Gusuzuma ibijyanye n‟inguzanyo BCR yatanze mu ibaruwa yo kuwa 16/12/1997. [10] Rwasibo Bernard n‟umwunganira bavuga ko urukiko rutitaye ku ibaruwa BCR yandikiye succession Rwasibo kuwa 16/12/1997, kuko uyisesenguye wasanga yarandikiwe Rwasibo Joseph, Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Jean Bosco. Ikindi ngo abandi bazungura ntacyo bamenyeshejwe kandi uburenganzira bw‟inguzanyo n‟ingwate ntabyo batanze. Basobanuye kandi ko uburyo iyo nguzanyo yatanzwemo bugaragaramo uburiganya kuko banki itigeze igaragaza niba yaratanze iyo nguzanyo imaze kugaragarizwa cg gukora expertise y‟ibyangiritse ngo irebe koko niba inguzanyo yo gusana inzu igomba gutangwa cg ngo

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ikurikirane irebe koko niba iyo nguzanyo yarashyizwe kuri iyo nzu. Bakomeje bavuga ko BCR yatanze iyo nguzanyo ivuga ko yishingikirije ku masezerano yo kuwa 21/03/1984 ndetse no ku manza zaciwe arizo RCA 10.263/Kig na RA 2022/13.03/93 ndetse no ku isabwa ry‟inguzanyo ryo kuwa 26/08/1997, nyamara ngo iyo urebye inguzanyo zatanzwe ntaho zihuriye n‟amasezerano yavuzwe ndetse n‟imanza zavuzwe. Kuba rero ngo haratanzwe inguzanyo zidafite aho zihuriye n‟ibyo byavuzwe kandi zigahabwa abatabiherewe uburenganzira, ni indi mpamvu ituma asaba ko ayo masezerano yakozwe mu izina ry‟abazungura ba Rwasibo nawe arimo yaseswa. [11] Uhagarariye BCR (I&M Bank) avuga ko iyi ngingo ntashingiro yahabwa kuko urukiko rwayifasheho icyemezo rukavuga ko amasezerano y‟inguzanyo yasinyweho n‟ababiherewe uburenganzira n‟urukiko. Yabajijwe niba we abona ko ibyakozwe n‟abasinye amasezerano ari “acte de gestion cg se niba ari acte de disposition”, asubiza ko ari acte de disposition ariko ko abazungura ba Rwasibo badashobora kuvuga ko umwenda utabareba cyane cyane ko ushingiye ku mwenda wasizwe na se, hakiyongeraho inguzanyo yo gusana inzu nayo y‟abazungura, bityo urega ngo akaba adakwiye kuvuga ko bitamureba kandi atagaragaza icyo yaba yarakoze ku mwenda se yasize cg mugusana iyo nzu, ahubwo yagombye gushimira ababikoze. Yakomeje asobanura ko abahawe inguzanyo bari barahawe icyemezo cyo gucunga umutungo, ngo

ni mu rwego rwo kuwucunga rero bafashe n‟inguzanyo yo kuwusana, maze inzu isanwa bayitangaho ingwate, ibyo nabyo ngo ntibikwiye kwirengagizwa. [12] Urukiko rusanga inguzanyo yatanzwe na BCR kuwa 16/12/1997 uyihagarariye avuga ko byakozwe mu rwego rwo kurangiza inshingano za Rwasibo Jean Baptiste ku masezerano yari yaragiranye na BCR, ndetse no murwego rwo kubahiriza ibyemezo by‟inkiko mu manza RCA 10.263/Kig na RA 2022/13.03/93. Mu gusuzuma ayo masezerano ndetse

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n‟izo manza, urukiko rusanga iyo nguzanyo koko yaranditswe ko ishingiye kuyandi masezerano yo kuwa 21/03/1984 no kuri izo manza zaciwe ariko ikanashingira no kunguzanyo yasabwe kuwa 26/08/1997. Uhagarariye BCR ntagaragaza niba iyo nguzanyo yaba yarasabwe n‟abazungura bose ba Rwasibo. Kuba rero yarasabwe na bamwe kandi batagaragaza niba abandi babatumye cg babibahereye uburenganzira, ibyo ntibyakwitirirwa abazungura bose. Ikindi iyo nguzanyo yasabwe ntaho ihuriye n‟amasezerano yari yarasinywe hagati ya BCR na Rwasibo Jean Baptiste, kandi n‟ingano y‟amafranga yatanzwe kuri iyo nguzanyo atandukanye n‟ayari mumasezerano ya kera, ndetse n‟impamvu ntabwo ari imwe. Ibi byose rero bigaragaza ko izo nguzanyo zatanzwe kuwa 16/12/1997 itandukanye n‟iyari mu masezerano ya Rwasibo Jean Baptise na BCR. Iyo nguzanyo ikaba itakwitwa ko yatanzwe mu rwego rwo kurangiza imanza zavuzwe kuko izo manza nazo zavugaga ko hubahirizwa amasezerano yabaye hagati ya BCR na Rwasibo nyamara nkuko bimaze gusobanuka ntabwo ibiri muri ayo masezerano aribyo byashyizwe mu bikorwa, bityo n‟izo manza sizo zarangijwe. Uretse n‟ibyo kandi n‟abakoraga ayo masezerano y‟inguzanyo n‟ingwate ntibari babifitiye ububasha nkuko byasobanuwe hejuru, ibyo bigatuma ibyakozwe muri ayo masezerano biteshwa agaciro.

3. Kubijyanye n‟indishyi zatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere n‟izasabwe mu bujurire. [13] Rwasibo Bernard n‟umwunganira bavuga ko ntandishyi BCR yagombaga guhabwa ahubwo ko ariyo yagombaga kuzitanga kubera uburiganya bwakoreshejwe mu gutanga izo nguzanyo hitwajwe izina ry‟abazungura ba Rwasibo, bityo agasaba indishyi zingana na 50.000.000Frw, hamwe na 5.000.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza ndetse na 10.000.000Frw y‟igihembo cy‟avocat. [14] Uhagarariye BCR (I&M Bank) avuga ko izo ndishyi ntashingiro zifite kuko nta buriganya banki yakoze, ahubwo ko igomba guhabwa

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indishyi zingana na 1.000.000Frw kuko ikomeje gushorwa mu manza ntampamvu, igahabwa na 1.000.000Frw y‟igihembo cy‟avocat mu bujurire. [15] Urukiko rusanga indishyi zahawe BCR ku rwego rwa mbere zigomba kuvanwaho kuko urubanza zishingiye rurayitsinda, bikajyana n‟uko izo isaba mu bujurire zitakwirirwa zisuzumwa kubera iyo mpamvu y‟uko itsindwa. Naho indishyi zisabwa na Rwasibo Bernard zo gukurikirana urubanza no guhemba avocat, urukiko rusanga akwiye kuzihabwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 258 CCL.III igira iti “Igikorwa cyose cy'umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. Kuba yariyambaje inkiko ngo zikemure ikibazo cye byatumye ashaka avocat wo kumwunganira kandi agomba guhembwa, ndetse nawe hari ibyo yatakaje akurikiranye urwo rubanza, bityo ibyo byose bikaba byirengerwa n‟abaregwa kuko aribo ba nyirabayazana. Urukiko ariko rusanga izo ndishyi zagenwa mu bushishozi bwarwo hashingiwe kubyakozwe mu rubanza n‟igihe rwamaze, kuko izasabwe ari ikirenga kandi ntanikigaragaza ko ariko zishyuwe, bityo hakaba hagenwe 500.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza na 1.000.000Frw y‟igihembo cy‟avocat. Izindi ndishyi zasabwe zingana na 50.000.000Frw ngo zishingiye ko hakoreshejwe izina rya succession Rwasibo mugukora uburiganya, izo ntiyazihabwa kuko zitasobanuwe neza ngo hagaragazwe kuba harakozwe ibintu mu buryo butemewe n‟amategeko icyo byamwangirijeho yahererwa indishyi cyane cyane ko ibyo yatakaje akurikiranye ikibazo ngo gikemuke mu nkiko abishubijwe. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [16] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Rwasibo Bernard bufite ishingiro. [17] Rwemeje ko amasezerano y‟inguzanyo yasinywe hagati ya BCR, Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis na Rwasibo Joseph kuwa

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16/12/1997 atareba abandi bazungura ba Rwasibo Jean Baptiste batayasinyeho. [18] Rwemeje ko ubugwate bwakozwe kunzu iri mukibanza n° 2087 bushingiye kuri ayo masezerano bukuweho. [19] Rwemeje ko indishyi zari zahawe BCR ku rwego rwa mbere zikuweho. [20] Rwemeje ko BCR yahindutse I&M Bank ifatanije na RWASIBO Jean Bosco aribo bagomba guha Rwasibo Bernard indishyi z‟ikurikiranarubanza no guhemba avocat. [21] Rwemeje ko icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza rwajuririwe gihindutse. [22] Rutegetse BCR yahindutse I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd ifatanije na Rwasibo Jean Bosco kwishyura Rwasibo Bernard indishyi zo gukurikirana urubanza zingana na 500.000Frw n‟indishyi zo guhemba avocat zingana na 1.000.000Frw, yose hamwe akaba 1.500.000Frw, buri wese agatanga 750.000Frw. [23] Rutegetse kandi BCR yahindutse I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd hamwe na Rwasibo Jean Bosco gufatanya gusubiza Rwasibo Bernard 75.000Frw y‟ingwate y‟amagarama yatanze ku rubanza ajurira, buri wese akaba agomba gutanga 37.500Frw.

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IMANZA NSHINJABYAHA

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPA 0283/10/CS (Nyirinkwaya, P.J., Mukanyundo na Rugabirwa, J.) 19 Ukuboza 2014] Amategeko mpanabyaha – Igenwa ry‟ibihano – Igihe hari impurirane z‟impamvu nkomezacyaha iz‟igabanyagihano, iz‟isubiracyaha n‟izinyoroshyacyaha, inkiko zigena igihano zikurikije uko izo mpamvu zikurikirana muri iyi ngingo – Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo gishya cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha, ingingo ya 71. Amategeko mpanabyaha – Igabanyagihano – Ntiryatangwa mu gihe ibyo ryagashingiyeho byitaweho n‟urukiko rubanza – Rishobora kudatangwa kubera uburemere bw‟icyaha cyakozwe. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Uregwa yarezwe ubuhotozi bwakorewe umwana ukivuka ubwo yamutaga mu musarane amaze kumubyara. Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko icyaha aregwa kimuhama rushingiye ku kuba yemera ko ariwe wataye umwana yari amaze kwibaruka mu musarane, kuba yarahishe ko atwite no kuba igihe cyo kubyara cyarageze agahitamo kubyara mu ibanga, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 10. Yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, avuga ko yajurijwe no gusaba kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko yabyaye atazi ibimubayeho yibwira ko nawe agiye gupfa. Ubushinjacyaha bwo bwavuze ko uregwa adasobanura neza imikorere y‟icyaha kuko mu Bugenzacyaha yavuze ko umwana yamubyariye mu musarane hanyuma akamusigamo akigendera. Incamake y‟icyemezo: Mu kugena ibihano, Urukiko Rukuru rwitaye ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zishingiye ku kuba hari ibyo uregwa yemeye nubwo atavuga ukuri ku buryo bwuzuye rumuhanisha igifungo 137

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cy‟imyaka icumi, mu gihe ubundi icyaha yakoze gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu. Bityo, ntakwiye kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano harebwe uburemere bw‟icyaha yakoze. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Urubanza rwajuririwe ntiruhindutse. Amagarama aherereye ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo gishya cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha, ingingo ya 71 na 83. Itegeko-Teka nº 21/77 ryo kuwa 18/08/1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy‟amategeko, ingingo ya 312. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Ubushinjacyaha burega Gahongayire Jeanne icyaha cy‟ubuhotozi bwakorewe umwana ukivuka ubwo yamutaga mu musarane amaze kumubyara mu ijoro ryo kuwa 23/03/2009, urukiko ruca urubanza RP 0049/09/HC/KIG kuwa 20/08/2010, rwemeza ko icyaha aregwa kimuhama rushingiye ku kuba yemera ko ariwe wataye umwana yari amaze kwibaruka mu musarane, kuba yarahishe ko atwite no kuba igihe cyo kubyara cyarageze agahitamo kubyara mu ibanga, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 10.

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[2] Gahongayire Jeanne yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 20/09/2010. Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 24/11/2014, Me Batware Jean Claude amwunganiye, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na PN Bunyoye Grâce. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URU RUBANZA N‟ISESENGURWA RYABYO a) Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bihamya Gahongayire Jeanne icyaha cy‟ubuhotozi. [3] Gahongayire Jeanne avuga ko yajurijwe no gusaba kongera kugabanyirizwa ibihano kuko yabyaye atazi ibimubayeho yibwira ko nawe agiye gupfa. Ku byerekeye imikorere y‟icyaha, asobanura ko yatwise akabihisha nyirakuru babanaga, igihe cyo kubyara kigeze ajya mu rutoki, amaze kubyara nka saa cyenda za nijoro intege zimubana nkeya asubira mu nzu kuryama uruhinja arusize aho, bukeye agarutse asanga yapfuye, yigira inama yo kumujugunya mu musarane kuko n‟ubundi ntawe yari yamenyesheje ko yabyaye. [4] Me Batware Jean Claude umwunganira avuga ko akurikije ibyo Gagongayire Jeanne asobanura, asanga icyaha cy‟ubuhotozi kitamuhama, ahubwo yarasinziriye umwana agapfa kubera kutitabwaho. [5] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko Gahongayire Jeanne adasobanura neza imikorere y‟icyaha kuko mu Bugenzacyaha yavuze ko umwana yamubyariye mu musarane hanyuma akamusigamo akigendera.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [6] Urukiko rusanga ibisobanuro bya Gahongayire Jeanne biganisha ku kuvuga ko atari yagambiriye kwica umwana yari amaze kwibaruka UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE 139

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kuko yamusize aho yamubyariye mu rutoki mu ma saa cyenda zijoro, bukeye agarutse agasanga yapfuye, nyamara atari byo kuko iyo aza kuba adafite umugambi wo kumwica ntiyari guhitamo gusohoka hanze mu ijoro ngo abyare mu ibanga nyirakuru babanaga atabizi, amaze kubyara naho ntiyari gusubira mu nzu kuryama nk‟aho nta kintu cyabaye asize uruhinja ku gasozi. [7] Rusanga kandi kwicisha uruhinja imbeho n‟inzara ubizi neza ko nutarufubika cyangwa se ngo uruhe ibyo rukeneye rugomba gupfa nta kabuza, ibyo kandi ukabikora ari wowe wari ushinzwe kurwitaho, nabyo ari ubuhotozi bukorewe umwana ukivuka kimwe nko kurujugunya mu musarane ari ruzima, icyo cyaha kikaba gihanwa n‟ingingo ya 312 y‟Itegeko-Teka n° 21/77 ryo kuwa 18 Kanama 1977 rishyiraho Igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana cyariho igihe icyaha cyakorwaga. b) Kumenya niba Gahongayire Jeanne yakongera akagabanyirizwa ibihano. [8] Gahongayire Jeanne avuga ko igifungo cy‟imyaka 10 yahanishijwe kiremereye cyane, akaba asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano, naho Me Batware umwunganira akavuga ko icyaha yagikoze kubera gutereranywa n‟ababyeyi be kugeza ubwo ahungira kwa nyirakuru aho yabyariye, imibereho yarimo ikaba ikwiye kumubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha. [9] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko igihano yahawe kidakwiye kongera kugabanywa harebwe uburemere bw‟icyaha yakoze.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [10] Ingingo ya 71 y‟Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo gishya cy‟amategeko ahana ibyaha ivuga ko “umucamanza atanga igihano akurikije uko uhanwa yakoze icyaha,

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ashingiye ku mpamvu zabimuteye, uko uwakoze icyaha yari asanzwe yitwara, uburyo icyaha cyakozwemo n‟imibereho ye bwite”, naho ingingo ya 82 y‟icyo gitabo ikavuga ko “igihe hari impurirane z„impamvu nkomezacyaha iz‟igabanyagihano, iz‟isubiracyaha n‟izinyoroshyacyaha, inkiko zigena igihano zikurikije uko izo mpamvu zikurikirana muri iyi ngingo”. [11] Mu kugena ibihano muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rusanga Urukiko Rukuru rwaritaye ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zishingiye ku kuba hari ibyo Gahongayire Jeanne yemeye nubwo atavuga ukuri ku buryo bwuzuye, ku kuba icyaha ahanini yaragitewe n‟uko uwamuteye inda yamwihakanye akanamuhunga kandi yari asanzwe ari umuntu utishoboye. [12] Urukiko rusanga rero ibyo Gahongayire Jeanne asaba yararangije kubihabwa kuko icyaha yakoze ubundi gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu ariko we akaba yarahawe igihano cy‟imyaka 10, akaba adakwiye kwongera kugabanyirizwa harebwe uburemere bw‟icyaha yakoze. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [13] Rwemeje ko ubujirire bwa Gahongayire Jeanne nta shingiro bufite. [14] Rwemeje ko urubanza RP 0049/09/HC/KIG rwamuhanishije igifungo cy‟imyaka icumi (10) rudahindutse. [15] Ruvuze ko amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GAHONGAYIRE 141

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPA0084/10/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Gakwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) 9 Gicurasi 2014] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y„imanza nshinjabyaha – Ugushidikanya – Ugushidikanya birengera ushinjwa […] – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Uregwa yakurikiranywe mu Rukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba, ku cyaha cy‟ubuhotozi bwakorewe Mpagazahayo w‟imyaka 12, Urukiko rwemeza ko ahamwa n‟icyaha aregwa, rumuhanisha kwicwa. Nyuma y‟ivugururwa ry‟inzego z‟ubutabera, urubanza rwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuko arirwo rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo cyaha ku rwego rw‟ubujurire, hashingiwe ku mategeko mashya yagenaga ububasha bw‟Inkiko. Uregwa yari yajuriye avuga ko Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rwamuniganye ijambo, ntirwumve ibyo yari yateguye kwireguza, rukima agaciro iperereza risesuye yasabye ko ryakorwa mu gihe amategeko abimuhera uburenganzira. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ingingo z‟ubujurire z„ uregwa nta shingiro zifite kubera ko atigeze aniganwa ijambo, ko yahawe rugari akisobanura ku cyaha aregwa, naho kuba Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rutarakoze iperereza asobanura ko ritari ngombwa mu gihe ibimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze byari bihagije, Urukiko kandi rukaba rutitsitsa ku bwinshi bw‟abatanga buhamya kugira ngo rumenye ukuri. Incamake y‟icyemezo: Nta kimenyetso nyakuri kiboneka cyemeza nta shiti ko uregwa yishe koko nyakwigendera Mpagazahayo, ahubwo 143

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ababajijwe bivuguruza ku mikorere y‟icyaha ndetse no ku ntwaro yakoreshejwe, bityo kuko gushindikanya birengera ushinjwa, agizwe umwere ku cyaha yari akurikiranyweho. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Uregwa agizwe umwere akaba agomba guhita arekurwa. Amagarama y‟uru rubanza aherereye ku Isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 119. Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba, Ubushinjacyaha bukurikiranyeho Gatera Célestin icyaha cy‟ubuhotozi bwakorewe Mpagazahayo w‟imyaka 12 kuwa 6/8/1998, amutemye mu mutwe, hagati ya saa munani na saa cyenda z‟amanywa. Urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko Gatera Célestin ahamwa n‟icyaha aregwa, rumuhanisha kwicwa no gutanga amagarama y‟urubanza angana na 7.300Frw. [2] Gatera Célestin ntiyishimiye imikirize y‟urwo rubanza arujuririra mu Rukiko rw‟Ubujurire rwa Kigali, nyuma y‟ivugururwa ry‟Ubucamanza ryo muri 2004, urubanza rwimurirwa mu Rukiko Rukuru, rusanga rutaburanisha icyaha cy‟ubuhotozi ku rwego rw‟ubujurire, rurwohereza mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuko arirwo rufite

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ububasha bwo kuburanisha icyo cyaha ku rwego rw‟ubujurire, hashingiwe ku mategeko mashya yagenaga ububasha bw‟Inkiko. [3] Gatera Célestin yajuriye avuga ko Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rwamuniganye ijambo, ntirwumve ibyo yari yateguye kwireguza, rukima agaciro iperereza risesuye yasabye ko ryakorwa mu gihe amategeko abimuhera uburenganzira. [4] Iburanisha ry‟urubanza ryabaye kuwa 17/3/2014, Gatera Célestin yunganiwe na Me Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Mutayoba Alphonse, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw‟Igihugu. Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ruributsa ko ku tariki ya 10/2/2014, rwasubitse urubanza kugira ngo Ubushinjacyaha buhabwe umwanya wo kubanza gukora iperereza kuri abo bantu bavugwa na Gatera Célestin ko baba bazi aho yari ubwo icyaha cyakorwaga. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N‟ISESENGURWA RYACYO Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bifatika bihamya Gatera Célestin icyaha akurikiranyweho. [5] Gatera Célestin n‟umwunganira bavuze ko impamvu zamuteye kujurira ari uko yaniganwe ijambo agahanishwa kwicwa hatitawe ku bisobanuro yari yateguye no kuba Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rutarakoze iperereza risesuye ngo rumenye uburyo nyakwigendera yapfuyemo kuko afite abatangabuhamya bamushinjura, bazi ko igihe umwana yicwaga atari ahari, ariko bakaba batarabajijwe, ahubwo Urukiko rugashingira kubamushinja gusa. [6] Me Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis, wunganira Gatera Célestin, asobanura ko ababajijwe bavuze ko Gatera Célestin yakoresheje UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA 145

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umuhoro atema uwo mwana, ariko akaba ntawigeze avuga ko yamubonye, akaba yarasabye iperereza risesuye aho kwambikwa amaraso atamennye. Naho kubyerekeye ko hari umushinja ko yamubonye atema uwo mwana, undi akamushinja ko yamubonanye umuhoro uriho amaraso, Gatera Célestin yavuze ko ari ibinyoma kuko ntawigeze amufatira mu cyuho, ahubwo ko ari akagambane ko kumuca kugira ngo bazabone uko bagabana ibya nyina kuko abo bamushinja kimwe n‟umubyeyi wa nyakwigendera bose baburanye akabatsinda. [7] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ingingo z‟ubujurire za Gatera Célestin nta shingiro zifite kubera ko atigeze aniganwa ijambo, ko yahawe rugari akisobanura ku cyaha aregwa, naho kuba Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rutarakoze iperereza asobanura ko ritari ngombwa mu gihe ibimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze byari bihagije, Urukiko kandi rukaba rutitsitsa ku bwinshi bw‟abatanga buhamya kugira ngo rumenye ukuri. [8] Ku byavuye mu iperereza, Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Uzabakiriho, Nkubiri Cyprien na Mutabaruka Jean bose bavuze ko bumvishe ko Gatera Célestin ariwe wishe uwo mwana, kandi ko bahuriza ku kuba yaramwicishije “fer à béton”, ibyo bigahura n‟ibyo muganga yemeje. Naho Bitangisaka Célestin, we yavuze ko Gatera Célestin yari afite imyitwarire mibi kandi ko yabanaga nabi na Ntawuruhunga Evariste, Se w„umwana wishwe. Kayijuka François yavuze ko ari Gatera Célestin wishe uwo mwana, cyakora ko ibyo avuga ari ibyo yumvanye abamubonye amanuka mu bisambu ava aho uwo mwana yiciwe. Naho Nyirabega Julie akamushinja ko umunsi uwo mwana yicwa, Gatera Célestin yanyuze iwe, amubitsa isuka, amubwira ko agiye kuvumba ariko ko ari bukore akantu, kandi ko akimara kuhava aribwo yumvise induru bavuga ko umwana yishwe, cyakora ubwo buhamya bwe bugatandukana n‟ubwo yatanze mbere mu Bushinjacyaha

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kuwa 11/8/1998 kuko yari yavuze ko Gatera Célestin yamunyuzeho gusa afite umuhoro yerekeza muri Selire Nyagasozi aho umwana yaguye. [9] Ubushinjacyaha busoza ku byavuye mu iperereza, buvuga ko hari abandi batangabuhamya batabajijwe nk‟uwitwa Karasira kuko yapfuye, Mutaboba kuko yari yagiye kwa muganga naho Ntawuruhanga Evariste, Se w‟umwana, akaba afunze, abandi bo bakaba barimutse, batakiba muri uwo Murenge. [10] Me Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis, wunganira Gatera Célestin, avuga ko muri iryo perereza nta n‟umwe mu babajijwe wemeje ko yabonye Gatera Célestin yica uwo mwana, ko bose bavuze ko babyumvise, ahubwo ko igishya kirimo ari uko mbere babazwa, bavugaga ko uriya mwana yishwe n‟umuhoro ariko ubu bakaba bavuga ko yicishijwe “fer à béton”, mu gihe muganga yavuze ko ari “un objet pesant, non un objet tranchant”. Avuga kandi ko Nyirabega Julie yavuze ko bamubikije umupanga ubundi akigarura agusha ku myitwarire ya Gatera Célestin nyamara imyitwarire atariyo ivuga ko umuntu yakoze icyaha kandi akaba adasobanura akantu yamubwiye arakora ako ari ko. [11] Naho ku buhamya bwa Nkubiri Cyprien, Me Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis yibajije umwana avuga wari munsi y‟intumbi uwo ariwe, naho ubwa Mutabaruka Jean uvuga ko yumvishe ko umwana bamwicishije “fer à béton”, avuga ko atumva uko iyo “fer à béton” ije kimwe n‟ibyo kuvuga ko bamwiciye mu mugongo, bityo iryo perereza akaba adashobora

kuryemera kuko rituzuye ko ahubwo akibeshya, cyane cyane ko iryari ryasabwe ari irishinja n‟irishinjura habazwa abo Gatera Célestin yari kumwe nabo mu masaha icyaha cyakoreweho none bakaba batarabajijwe. [12] Me Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis akomeza avuga ko kuba mu iperereza ryakozwe bavuga ko nyakwigendera yicishijwe “fer à béton” ubundi bakavuga umuhoro bihabanye cyane kandi bivuguruzanya, UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA 147

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kimwe no kuba Nyirabega Julie avuga ko yamubonye yihitira gusa, ubundi akavuga ko yamubikije umupanga, ko kuba bavuga ko uwo mwana yari afite imyaka 12 ubundi bakavuga ko yiciwe mu mugongo bamuhetse, ubwo buhamya bwose burimo ugushidikanya kurengera uregwa, ariyo mpamvu asaba ko Gatera Célestin yarekurwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 118 n‟iya 165 z‟Itegeko n° 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha kuko amaze igihe afunzwe by‟agateganyo. [13] Gatera Célestin avuga ko ibintu bamushinja ari ibintu bishingiye ku nzangano atabona uko asobanura, ko ababajijwe bamushinja ibinyoma bakekeranya, cyane ko ntawe uhamya ko yamubonye, bakaba bamuziza ko bashatse kwica umudamu ngo bamubeshyere yimuke aho atuye, kandi ko baburanye bakabafunga, aho baviriyemo bamuhigira ko bazashirwa ahavuye, abo baburanye akaba ari Uzabakiriho, Mutabaruka Jean, Kayijuka François na Nkubiri Cyprien. [14] Gatera Célestin akomeza avuga ko umuntu bamurega yapfuye adahari, kuko yari yagiye mu muganda, ko Nyirabega Julie uvuga ko yasize isuka iwe agiye kuvumba ari ukubeshya ahubwo ko yabivugishijwe n‟inkoni yakubiswe kubera uriya mwana yari yaguye hafi y‟iwe. Naho kubyerekeye amakimbirane yari afitanye na Ntawuruhunga Evariste akomoka ku kuba yaramwiciye inkoko, avuga ko ibyo bitari gutuma akora ibyo bintu, ko inkoko ze zapfuye koko, agiye kuzirya abaturage bamubwira ko

Ntawuruhunga Evariste yazisize umuti. [15] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko Gatera Célestin atagaragaza ibimenyetso by‟izo nzangano, kandi ko bidashoboka ko agasozi kose kamwanga, naho kuba hatarabajijwe abamushinjura, yasobanuye ko babajije abo babashije kubona. Bwongeraho ko Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rwamuhamije icyaha rushingiye ku buhamya bwa Mukamazimpaka Eugénie na Mukabugingo Chantal, bose bakaba

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barahurije ku kintu kimwe cy‟uko wa mwana yicishijwe umuhoro ndetse Mukamazimpaka Eugénie we akemeza ko yamubonye amutema, naho Kaberuka Jean akavuga ko yamubonye afite umuhoro uriho amaraso kandi afite ubwoba.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Ingingo ya 119 y‟Itegeko n° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko “Mu manza nshinjabyaha, ibimenyetso bishingira ku mpamvu zose z‟ibyabaye n‟ibyemejwe n‟amategeko, ababuranyi bapfa kuba barahawe uburyo bwo kuhaba ngo banyomazanye. Urukiko ruhamya ku buryo butavuguruzwa ko ibimenyetso byose birega cyangwa biregura aribyo kandi ko bishobora kwemerwa”. [17] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Ntawuruhunga Evariste (Se w‟umwana wishwe), abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha kuwa 12/8/1998 yaravuze ko Gatera Célestin ariwe wamwiciye umwana akoresheje umuhoro n‟ibuye yamukubise mu mutwe, avuga ko n‟umugore wa Nsanzineza Etienne witwa Mukabugingo Chantal hamwe n‟undi witwa Mukamazimpaka Eugénie bamubonye yica umwana yarangiza akiruka afite umuhoro. Ageze mu Bushinjacyaha yavuze ko ababonye Gatera Célestin yihishahisha mu bihuru ari Nkubiri Cyprien, Nsanzineza Etienne n‟umugore we witwa Mukabugingo Chantal na Nyirabega Julie. Yakomeje avuga ko Uwitwa Nkubiri Cyprien ntaho ahuriye n‟urupfu rw‟umwana we kuko ariwe wamuhuruje kandi ko bari birirwanye basangira inzoga bakanatahana, ko amaze kumenya ibyabaye yamuhuruje ataregera mu rugo. [18] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Mukamazimpaka Eugénie (utuye hafi yaho icyaha cyabereye), abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha yaravuze ko umwana wa Ntawuruhunga Evariste yishwe ubwo yari ashyiriye nyina UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA 149

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umwana ngo yonke, ko uwo mwana yanyuze imbere y‟iwe ahagana saa munani, ageze nko muri 100 m uvuye aho atuye, abona Gatera Célestin amukurikiye afite umuhoro, ageze imbere ahita amukubita umuhoro, ahita yiruka. Avuga ko Gatera Célestin yaje kugera aho umwana yiciwe nyuma y‟abandi kandi ko yari asanzwe arangwa n‟ubugome ndetse akaba yari asanzwe avuga ko azica umuntu akamutwerera Selire Nyagasozi. [19] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Mukabugingo Chantal, abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha kuwa 11/8/1998, yaravuze ko amaze kumva induru, yerekeje aho iyo nduru yavugiraga, ahura na Gatera Célestin ahita amukubita igitsiburira cy‟umuhoro asa n‟ufite ubwoba yiruka avuga ngo nta mugore ukwiye guhurura, akomeza yerekeza iwabo. Yakomeje asobanura ko Gatera Célestin yahoraga avuga ko Ntawuruhunga Evariste yamuririye inkoko ariko ko azazizira. [20] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Kaberuka Jean, abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha kuwa12/8/1998 nawe yaravuze ko ubwo yari atabaye mu bambere amaze kumva induru, yahuye na Gatera Célestin asa n‟uvuye mu gihuru abona asa n‟ufite ubwoba, afashe umuhoro ku gatwe kawo hariho amaraso, amubonye arirukanka ajya mu rugo kwa nyina, agaruka abandi bose bahageze, akavuga ko uwo mwana yishwe n‟icyuma bamuteye mu mutwe kimeze nk‟umuhoro kuko umutwe wari wajanjaguritse kandi ko Gatera Célestin yahageze akavuga ko uwishe uwo mwana yamuhamije. [21] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Nyirabega Julie, abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha kuwa 11/8/1998, yaravuze ko umunsi umwana yicwaho, Gatera Célestin yamunyuzeho afite umuhoro ahagana saa saba, hashize nk‟iminota 30 yumva induru ituruka Nyamyatano ivuga ko uwo mwana yiciwe imbere yo kwa Mukamazimpaka mu gahuru kari iruhande rw‟inzira. Yakomeje avuga ko Gatera Célestin yari yarirukanywe n‟Ubuyobozi bwa Segiteri kuko mbere y‟intambara yari yenda kwica

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nyina akoresheje inkota, abaturage barahurura bamwohereza i BIbare aho atuye, akaba yarageraga i Nyagasozi nk‟umujura. Yavuze ko ntacyo azi Gatera Célestin yapfaga na Ntawuruhunga Evariste kuko atari aturanye nabo. Mu iperereza ryakozwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha kuwa 11/03/2014, Nyirabega Julie yavuze ko umunsi uwo mwana yicwa, Gatera Célestin yanyuze iwe amubitsa isuka amubwira ko agiye kuvumba ariko ko ari bukore akantu, kandi ko akimara kuhava aribwo yumvise bavuga ko umwana yishwe, ahageze asanga barimo gukubita abantu, aravuga ngo abantu barimo gukubitwa kandi uwabikoze yigaramiye. Yanavuze ko Gatera Célestin yari asanzwe afite imyitwarira mibi, buri gihe avuga ko azica nyina ibinya Remera bimuzire. [22] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Nkubiri Cyprien, abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha kuwa 29/10/1998 yaravuze ko uwo mwana yishwe mu gihe yarimo asangira inzoga na se Ntawuruhunga Evariste. Yavuze ko avuye kunywa inzoga yatahanye na Nsanzineza Etienne na Ngwabije, ageze mu rugo arakaraba, agize ngo arajya kureba umuntu uzamurangurira inzoga, agiye kumva yumva induru iravuze, ajya kureba ibibaye, ahageze ahasanga Nyumbakumi. Yavuze ko Ntawuruhunga Evariste batatahanye kuko we n‟umugore we babanje gusigara aho, nabo baza babakurikiye. Yakomeje avuga ko yaje gufatanwa na bagenzi be bagera kuri 11 bakekwaho icyo cyaha, ariko nyuma baza kurekurwa hasigaramo Gatera Célestin wenyine. Yavuze ko ntacyo

apfa na Gatera Célestin ndetse nta n‟icyo bapfana. Mu iperereza ryakozwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha kuwa 11/03/2014, Nkubiri Cyprien yavuze ko Gatera Célestin yari asanzwe afitanye amakimbirane na Ntawuruhunga Evariste (Se w‟umwana wishwe) akomoka ku kuba ngo Ntawuruhunga Evariste yaramurogeye inkoko zigapfa akoresheje umuti batera ikawa, ibyo bikaba ngo aribyo byabaye intandaro yo kumwicira umwana amwihimuraho. Yavuze ko Gatera Célestin yari asanzwe afite imyitwarire mibi ndetse anywa n‟ibiyobyabwenge. Yavuze ko bahuruye bagasanga intumbi iri hejuru y‟undi mwana wari umushyiriye nyina. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA 151

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[23] Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rusanga Nsanzineza Etienne, abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha kuwa 29/10/1998, yaravuze ko uwo mwana yishwe mu gihe yarimo asangira inzoga n‟abantu benshi, Ntawuruhunga Evariste nawe aza kuhabasanga, bababwiye ko inzoga ishize, we, Nkubiri Cyprien na Ngwabije barataha, bageze imuhira bumva Ntawuruhunga Evariste aravuza induru, avuga ko yari aje abakurikiye kuko inzira zitari zimwe, bahuruye basanga Ntawuruhunga Evariste n‟umugore we aribo bavuza induru. Akomeza avuga ko uwo mwana yaguye hafi yo kwa Ndaberetse, icyo gihe akaba yari mu nzu kuko atumva neza. [24] Urukiko rurasanga Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba rwarahamije Gatera Célestin icyaha rushingiye ku mvugo za Mukamazimpaka Eugénie, iza Mukabugingo Chantal, iza Kaberuka Jean hamwe niza Nyirabega Julie, nyamara Mukamazimpaka Eugénie ari we wenyine wavuze ko yabonye Gatera Célestin arimo gukubita umupanga mu mutwe umwana wa Ntawuruhunga Evariste kandi icyo gihe yari ahetswe n‟undi mwana mu mugongo, ariko bikaba bitumvikana ukuntu uwo mwana atabajijwe. Bigaragara nanone mu nyandiko-mvugo y‟ibazwa rya Nsanzineza Etienne ryo kuwa 29/10/2008 imbere y‟Umushinjacyaha ko uyu mutangabuhamya yavuze ko igihe icyaha cyakorwaga, Mukamazimpaka Eugénie yari mu nzu iwe kandi ko nta kintu yashoboye kumva ku byabaye, bitewe nuko yapfuye amatwi akaba atumva neza, Urukiko rukaba rusanga bitumvikana ukuntu yabonye Gatera

Célestin akubita umupanga umwana wishwe, cyane ko na raporo ya Muganga wasuzumye umurambo we ivuga ko yicishijwe ikintu kiremereye, “le nommé Mpagazahayo est mort d‟un traumatisme crânien avec fracture des os pariétaux et frontal occasionnée par un coup d‟un objet pesant qu‟il aurait reçu au niveau de la tête”, bikaba rero byumvikana ko icyakoreshejwe atari umupanga nk‟uko Mukamazimpaka Eugénie yabivuze kuko wo ari intwaro ifite ubugi, ikaba ikoreshwa itema aho kujanjagura.

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[25] Uretse ibyo dosiye y‟urubanza igaragaza ko Mukamazimpaka Eugénie nawe yafashwe agafungwa umwana akimara gupfa tariki ya 06/08/1998, hamwe na Gatera Célestin, bombi baregwa urupfu rw‟umwana wa Ntawuruhunga Evariste, ariko igitangaje ni uko nyuma y‟iminsi itanu yose, ni ukuvuga tariki ya 11/08/1998, ariho yabwiye Umugenzacyaha ko yabonye Gatera Célestin yica uriya mwana. [26] Ku bijyanye n‟imikorere y‟icyaha, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga Kaberuka Jean, Mukabugingo Chantal na Nyirabega Julie bavuga ko babonye Gatera Célestin akimara gukora iryo bara, ngo arimo agerageza kwihishahisha ashaka uburyo yacika kandi ngo afite umupanga uriho amaraso mu ntoki, ibi nabyo bivuguruzwa na raporo ya muganga yavuzwe mu bika bibanza yerekana ko umwana yicishijwe ikintu kiremereye, ko umuhoro abatangabuhamya bamaze kuvugwa bavuga ko babonye Gatera Célestin afite ntawabayeho, ko ahubwo hari ukwivuguruza gukabije ku ntwaro yakoreshejwe mu kwica uriya mwana kuko abatangabuhamya babajijwe mbere n‟inzego z‟iperereza bavuga ko hakoreshejwe umuhoro, mu gihe ababajijwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha bitegetswe n‟uru Rukiko bemeje ko umwana yicishijwe “fer à béton”, uretse ko izi ntwaro zombi nta n‟imwe iremereye nkuko byemejwe na raporo ya Muganga. Rurasanga kandi ikindi kitakwirengagizwa ari uko abatangabuhamya babajijwe urubanza rugeze hagati, bose bavuga ko ibyo bavuze ari ibyo bumvise abandi bavuga, ndetse

bamwe bakavuga ko Gatera Célestin ari wishe uriya mwana kubera ko ngo yari asanzwe afite imyitwarire mibi, benshi bamufata nk‟ikihebe kandi akaba yari afitanye amakimbirane na Ntawuruhunga Evariste, se w‟umwana wishwe. [27] Hasesenguwe nanone ibyavuye mu ibazwa ryakorewe mu Bugenzacyaha, mu Bushinjacyaha ndetse n‟ibikubiye mu iperereza ryakozwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha bubitegetswe n‟Urukiko ryabaye kuwa 11/03/2014, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga uruhare rwa Gatera Célestin UBUSHINJACYAHA v. GATERA 153

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mu iyicwa ry‟umwana wa Ntawuruhunga Evariste rushidikanywaho, nta kimenyetso nyakuri kiboneka cyemeza nta shiti ko Gatera Célestin yishe koko nyakwigendera Mpagazahayo, ahubwo ko ababajijwe bivuguruza ku mikorere y‟icyaha ndetse no ku ntwaro yakoreshejwe mu kwica nyakwigendera Mpagazahayo, bityo hakurikijwe ingingo ya 165 y‟Itegeko n° 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha iteganya ko “Gushindikanya birengera ushinjwa. Iyo urubanza rwakurikiranywe mu buryo bwose, ntihagire ibimenyetso nyakuri biboneka byemeza nta shiti abacamanza ko ushinjwa yakoze icyaha koko, bagomba kwemeza ko atsinze”, icyo cyaha akaba agomba kugihanagurwaho. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [28] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Gatera Célestin bufite ishingiro; [29] Rwemeje ko imikirize y‟urubanza n° RP 516/XXI/99/BY-R.M.P 13508/S3/CT/RRP rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rwa Mbere rw‟Iremezo rwa Byumba kuwa 14/06/2001 rujuririrwa, ihindutse kuri byose; [30] Rwemeje ko Gatera Célestin ahanaguweho icyaha, akaba agomba kurekurwa uru rubanza rukimara gusomwa. [31] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPAA 0133/10/CS (Nyirinkwaya, P.J. Kayitesi na Hitiyaremye, J.) 7 Ugushyingo 2014] Amategeko yerekeye ibimenyetso – Imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n‟ine – Imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka cumi n‟ine igomba kunganirwa n‟ibindi bimenyetso – Itegeko n°15/2004 ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 63. Amategeko mpanabyaha – Uburenganzira bwo kwiregura – Uburenganzira bwo kwiregura ni ihame ry‟ingenzi mu manza nshinjabyaha – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 150. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Uregwa yakurikiranyweho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. Mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu aho urubanza rwatangiriye, yaburanye ahakana icyaha, asaba ko umwana yapimishwa SIDA hakarebwa niba yaranduye kuko we ayirwaye akaba atari kubura kumwanduza iyo amusambanya harebwe raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko umwana yari yakomeretse afite n‟amaraso ku gitsina. Urwo rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko uregwa yasambanyije uwo mwana w‟imyaka 3, ko kuba uyu atarapimishijwe ngo harebwe niba yaranduye SIDA bitavanaho ibindi bimenyetso byatanzwe bimuhamya icyaha, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 25 n‟ihazabu ya 100.000Frw, rumugabanyirije igihano kuko afite ubwandu bwa SIDA. Uregwa yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze, aho yakomeje guhakana icyaha no gusaba ko umwana yapimishwa hakagaragazwa niba yaranduye SIDA. Urukiko rwaciye 155

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urubanza rwemeza ko bitari ngombwa gupimisha umwana kuko icyaha gikurikiranywe atari ukumwanduza SIDA ahubwo ari ukumusambanya, ndetse kwandura SIDA akaba atari ihame igihe umuntu uyirwaye asambanye n‟utayirwaye, bivuze ko n‟ubwo umwana yaba ataranduye bitaba bisobanura ko atasambanyijwe. Yongeye kujuririra Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko yahamijwe icyaha hadashingiwe ku bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho kandi hirengagijwe ibimenyetso byamurenganura. Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ingingo y‟ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba umwana atarapimishijwe SIDA nta shingiro ifite kuko nk‟uko byasobanuwe mu Rukiko Rukuru icyaha aregwa atari icyo kwanduza umwana SIDA ahubwo ari icyo kumusambanya, hakaba hari ibimenyetso byatanzwe bigaragaza ko yamusambanyije, ndetse akaba atari ihame ko umuntu urwaye SIDA ayanduza uwo asambanyije. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1. Kuba ikimenyetso gishinja uregwa ari imvugo ya U.D wari ufite imyaka 3 y‟amavuko igihe yasambanywaga kuko nta kindi Ubushinjacyaha bwagendeyeho bumukurikirana usibye imvugo ye n‟inkiko zabanje nazo zikaba nta kindi zashingiyeho zimuhamya icyaha kuko ababajijwe bose basubiramo ibyo yababwiye, ntibyubahirije ibiteganywa n‟amategeko, ko imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka 14 igomba kunganirwa n‟ibindi bimenyetso.

2. Uregwa yarahamijwe icyaha hadashingiwe ku bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho kandi hatubahirijwe uburenganzira bwo kwiregura, ihame mu manza z‟inshinjabyaha, bityo agomba kugirwa umwere. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Uregwa agizwe umwere, akaba agomba guhita arekurwa. Amagarama ahererereye ku isanduku ya Leta.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 150. Itegeko n°15/2004ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 63. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Kuwa 10/12/2006, uwitwa Nyirabageni Vestine yatanze ikirego mu Bugenzacyaha avuga ko Mvuyekure Faustin yasambanyije umwana we w‟imyaka 3 y‟amavuko witwa U.D. [2] Mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu aho urubanza rwatangiriye Mvuyekure Faustin yaburanye ahakana icyaha, asaba ko umwana yapimishwa SIDA hakarebwa niba yaranduye kuko we ayirwaye akaba atari kubura kumwanduza iyo amusambanya harebwe raporo ya muganga igaragaza ko umwana yari yakomeretse afite n‟amaraso ku gitsina. [3] Urwo rukiko rwaciye urubanza kuwa 06/08/2008 rwemeza ko Mvuyekure Faustin yasambanyije Uwimana Dina w‟imyaka 3, kuba uyu atarapimishijwe ngo harebwe niba yaranduye SIDA bikaba bitavanaho ibindi bimenyetso byatanzwe bimuhamya icyaha, rumuhanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka 25 n‟ihazabu ya 100.000Frw, rumugabanyirije igihano kuko afite ubwandu bwa SIDA. 157

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[4] Mvuyekure Faustin yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze. Muri urwo rukiko yakomeje guhakana icyaha no gusaba ko umwana yapimishwa hakagaragazwa niba yaranduye SIDA. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza kuwa 08/04/2010, rwemeza ko bitari ngombwa gupimisha umwana kuko icyaha gikurikiranywe atari ukumwanduza SIDA ahubwo ari ukumusambanya, ndetse kwandura SIDA akaba atari ihame igihe umuntu uyirwaye asambanye n‟utayirwaye, bivuze ko n‟ubwo umwana yaba ataranduye bitaba bisobanura ko atasambanyijwe. [5] Rwemeje kandi ko imikirize y‟urubanza rwa mbere idahindutse rushingiye ku mvugo z‟abatangabuhamya babajijwe ubwo rwakoraga iperereza aho icyaha cyabereye bagaragaje ko bahurujwe na nyina w‟umwana ku mugoroba w‟umunsi icyaha cyakoreweho, barebye umwana basanga afite amaraso ku gitsina, bamubajije ababwira ko ari Mvuyekure Faustin wamushyize ikintu mu gitsina. [6] Mvuyekure Faustin yajuririye na none urwo rubanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko yahamijwe icyaha hadashingiwe ku bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho kandi hirengagijwe ibimenyetso byamurenganura. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 24/02/2014, Mvuyekure Faustin yunganiwe na Me Ndaruhutse Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ntawangundi Beatrice, ababyeyi b‟umwana Nyirabageni na Rwajekare batarashoboye kuboneka kubera ko babuze aho babarizwaga igihe Nyirabageni yatangaga ikirego mu Bugenzacyaha. [8] Urubanza rwongeye kuburanishwa mu ruhame kuwa 29/09/2014 Mvuyekure Faustin yunganiwe na Me Ndaruhutse Janvier, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ntawangundi Beatrice, ababyeyi b‟umwana Nyirabageni na Rwajekare batarashoboye kuboneka kubera

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ko babuze aho babarizwaga igihe Nyirabageni yatangaga ikirego mu Bugenzacyaha. II. IKIBAZO KIRI MU RUBANZA N‟ISESENGURWA RYACYO Kumenya niba Mvuyekure Faustin yarahamijwe icyaha hadashingiwe ku bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho. [9] Mvuyekure Faustin avuga ko yahamijwe icyaha nta bimenyetso simusiga Urukiko rushingiyeho kuko yerekana inyandiko za Muganga zigaragaza ko abana n‟ubwandu bwa sida akaba yarasabye ko umwana apimishwa kugira ngo hagaragazwe niba yaranduye SIDA kuko iyo amusambanya nta kuntu atari kumwanduza harebwe raporo ya muganga wamupimye ivuga ko yari yakomeretse afite amaraso ku gitsina. [10] Mvuyekure Faustin avuga kandi ko mu Rukiko Rukuru yatanze abatangabuhamya bo kumushinjura aribo Ziragora, Sebahinzi, Mama Mukayisenga na Nsigayehe ntibabazwa. [11] Me Ndaruhutse Janvier umwunganira avuga ko badahakana ko umwana yasambanyijwe ariko ko Ubushinjacyaha butagaragaje uko bubihuza na Mvuyekure Faustin berekana aho icyaha cyakorewe n‟igihe cyakorewe, kuba yarahaye umwana „‟biscuits‟‟ akaba atari ikimenyetso cy‟icyaha akurikiranyweho kuko yazihaye abana bose bari bahari harimo n‟abe. [12] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ingingo y‟ubujurire ishingiye ku kuba umwana atarapimishijwe SIDA nta shingiro ifite kuko nk‟uko byasobanuwe mu Rukiko Rukuru icyaha Mvuyekure Faustin aregwa atari icyo kwanduza umwana SIDA ahubwo ari icyo kumusambanya, hakaba hari ibimenyetso byatanzwe bigaragaza ko 159 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE

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yamusambanyije, ndetse akaba atari ihame ko umuntu urwaye SIDA ayanduza uwo asambanyije. [13] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga kandi ko ingingo y‟ubujurire ishingiye ku batangabuhamya batahamagawe nayo nta shingiro ifite kuko Urukiko rutagendera ku bwinshi bw‟abatangabuhamya, ndetse ko rwikoreye iperereza ryimbitse rubisabwe na Mvuyekure Faustin, rubaza abo rwasanze ari ngombwa bose batuye aho icyaha cyakorewe, biza kugaragara ko ababajijwe aho kumushinjura ahubwo bamushinja, abo avuga Urukiko rukaba rwarasanze atari ngombwa kubabaza ngo rugere ku kuri rwashakaga kugeraho.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [14] Muganga wasuzumye U.D yagaragaje muri raporo ye ko yari afite ibikomere biva amaraso ku gitsina (lésions traumatiques) kandi ko akarangabusugi ke kacitse (déchirure totale de l‟hymen), yemeza ko yasambanyijwe, ikibazo akaba ari icyo kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko uwakoze icyo cyaha ari Mvuyekure Faustin. [15] Ku bijyanye rero n‟uwamusambanyije, nyina w‟umwana Nyirabageni Vestine ubwo yatangaga ikirego mu Bugenzacyaha yavuze ko umwana yamubwiye ko ari Mvuyekure Faustin wamusambanyije. Abaturanyi babajijwe igihe Urukiko Rukuru rwakoraga iperereza nabo bemeje ko bahurujwe na nyina w‟umwana, bahageze babaza umwana abasobanurira ko ari Mvuyekure Faustin wamushyize ikintu mu gitsina. [16] Urukiko rusanga ariko dosiye yakozwe n‟inzego zibishinzwe n‟iperereza ryakozwe n‟Urukiko bitagaragaza uwaba yarabonye umwana yinjira mu nzu kwa Mvuyekure Faustin cyangwa ahandi yaba yaramusambanyirije, aho abandi bana bari bari muri icyo gihe kuko

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Nyirabageni yavuze mu Bugenzacyaha ko D. yari hamwe na gasaza ke kitwa Niyobuhungiro naho Mvuyekure Faustin akavuga ko yamubonye ari kumwe n‟abandi bana barimo n‟abe, uko uwo mwana yavuye kwa Mvuyekure Faustin niba ariho yasambanyirijwe, uwaba yaramubonye cyangwa yaramwumvise arira n‟ibindi byari gufasha kumenya ukuri kw‟ibyabaye. [17] Urukiko rusanga kuba ikimenyetso gishinja Mvuyekure Faustin gihagaze gusa ku mvugo ya U.D wari ufite imyaka 3 y‟amavuko igihe yasambanywaga kuko nta kindi Ubushinjacyaha bwagendeyeho bukurikirana Mvuyekure Faustin usibye imvugo ye n‟inkiko zabanje nazo zikaba nta kindi zashingiyeho zimuhamya icyaha kuko ababajijwe bose basubiramo ibyo yababwiye, bitubahirije ingingo ya 63 y‟itegeko n°15/2004ryo kuwa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n‟itangwa ryabyo ivuga ko imvugo y‟umwana utarageza ku myaka 14 igomba kunganirwa n‟ibindi bimenyetso. [18] Dosiye igaragaza nanone ko guhera mu Bugenzacyaha byavuzwe ko Mvuyekure Faustin abana n‟ubwandu bwa SIDA, bikaba byaranatangiwe ibimenyetso, Urukiko rukaba rusanga bitumvikana ko Uwimana Dina atapimishijwe ngo harebwe niba nawe yaranduye SIDA kuko nubwo atari ihame ko umuntu uyirwaye ayanduza uwo asambanyije, U.D yari afite amahirwe make yo kutayandura ukurikije uburyo yakomerekejwe n‟uwamusambanyije, bikaba bidahagije kuvuga ko icyaha cyo kwanduza nkana SIDA atari cyo gikurikiranywe kuko usibye n‟uko

umwana wahohotewe agomba gufashwa kubona ubutabera hakurikiranwa ibyaha aba yakorewe, iyo ikizamini kiza cyerekana ko atanduye cyashoboraga gufasha Mvuyekure Faustin mu myiregurire ye. [19] Urukiko rusanga rero kuba Mvuyekure Faustin yarahamijwe icyaha icyo kizamini kidakozwe (ubu kikaba kitagishoboye gukorwa kuko Uwimana n‟ababyeyi be babuze) bikaba byaramuvukije uburenganzira bwo kwiregura kandi ari ihame ry‟ingenzi mu manza 161 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MVUYEKURE

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z‟inshinjabyaha nk‟uko bisobanurwa mu ngingo ya 150 y‟Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha. [20] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, uru rukiko rusanga Mvuyekure Faustin yarahamijwe icyaha hadashingiwe ku bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho kandi hatubahirijwe amahame agenga imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, bityo akaba agomba kugirwa umwere. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [21] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mvuyekure Faustin bufite ishingiro; [22] Rwemeje ko urubanza rwaciwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru Urugereko rwa Musanze ruhindutse kuri byose; [23] Rwemeje ko Mvuyekure Faustin agizwe umwere akaba agomba kurekurwa uru rubanza rukimara gusomwa; [24] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N‟UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPAA 0024/09/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Kanyange na Hitiyaremye, J.) 13 Ukuboza 2013] Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha – Kujuririra indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha – Iyo uregwa agizwe umwere, uregera indishyi akajurira, urubanza rwose rwongera kuburanishwa mu mizi – Itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko, Ingingo ya 164 – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 187. Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha – Ihamagarwa ry‟Ubushinjacyaha mu manza zijuririra indishyi igihe ushinjwa yagizwe umwere ku rwego rwa mbere – Kujuririra indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha ntibivuga ko urubanza rw‟inshinjacyaha ruta kamere yarwo rukaba urw‟imbonezamubano. Bityo Ubushinjacyaha buba bugomba kwitaba bukagira icyo buvuga n‟ubwo butabitegetswe – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, Ingingo ya 9 na 187 n‟Itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko mu ngingo yaryo ya 164. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva na Munyaneza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma bashinjwa ubuhemu bagamije gutwara amafaranga ya Bank y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, Ishami rya Gahororo. Nsengiyumva na Nabahire bahamijwe gukora inyandiko mpimbano n‟ubuhemu bahanishwa igifungo cy‟imyaka 2 n‟ihazabu ya 50.000Frw kubera gukora inyandiko mpimbano n‟igifungo cy‟amezi 6 163

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ku cyaha cy‟ubuhemu naho Nyaguhirwa na Munyaneza bahamwa no kuba ibyitso mu cyaha cy‟ubuhemu gihama Nsengiyumva rubahanisha igifungo cy‟amezi 6. Rwemeje kandi ko ubuhemu bwakozwe na Nsengiyumva na Nabahire Nyaguhirwana Munyaneza cyateje iyo banki igihombo kingana na 80.107.800Frw rubategeka kwishyura ayo mafaranga bafatanyije kandi rwemeza ko Nabahire agomba kwishyura igihombo kingana na 9.400.000Frw wenyine rwategetse abashinjwaga bose kandi kwishyura amafaranga y‟ikurikiranarubanza. Abaregwaga bose bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana nuko rubahindura abere. Iyo banki yajuririye urubanza mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso byose ndetse rurenga ku mvugo z‟abashinjwa bemera kandi bagasobanura uburyo bakoramo ubwo uburiganya bwose. Mbere y‟itangira ry‟urubanza, Ubushinjacyaha bwazamuye inzitizi buvuga ko bubona nta mpamvu yo guhamagarwa mu rubanza kuko butajuriye. Ahubwo hajuriye Banki y‟Baturage y‟u Rwanda ku bijyanye n‟indishyi gusa. Bwasoje buvuga ko bwagombye gukurwa mu rubanza. Incamake y‟icyemezo: 1 Uwari ukurikiranyweho icyaha akagirwa umwere, ntibibuza uwangirijwe n‟icyaha kujuririra indishyi kandi urwo rubanza rukongera kuburanishwa mu mizi uwajuriye agatanga ibimenyetso bihamya uregwa icyaha byaba bisanzwe muri dosiye cyangwa ibindi bishya. Icyo gihe, Urukiko rusuzuma niba uwangirijwe n‟icyo cyaha ashobora kwishyurwa indishyi z‟ibyangijwe n‟icyaha uregwa yahanaguweho.

2. Nta rubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha rushobora kuburanishwa ubushinjacyaha budahagarariwe. Bityo rero, kuba ushinjwa yaragizwe umwere uregera indishyi akazijuririra, ntibivuga ko urubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha ruta kamere yarwo rukaba urw‟imbonezamubano. Ahubwo indishyi zisabwa, zirasabwa umucamanza w‟imanza nshinjabyaha akazitanga mu bujurire ahereye ku bimenyetso Abaturage 1.

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yashyikirijwe n‟uwajuririye indishyi amaze kubisuzuma akabiha agaciro. Inzitizi nta shingiro ifite. Iburanisha rizakakomeza. Amagarama y‟urubanza arasubitwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko, ingingo ya 164. Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 9, 12 n‟iya 187. Nta manza zifashishijwe. Inyandiko z‟abahanga zifashishijwe: Henri-D. Bosly and Damien Vandermeersch in their book “Droit de la Procédure Pénale”, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva na Munyaneza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, bubakurikiranyeho kuba barakoze inyandiko mpimbano n‟icyaha cy‟ubuhemu bagamije gutwara amafaranga ya Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, ishami rya Gahororo, bifashishije uburyo bunyuranye bayakoresha ibyo atagenewe. 165 UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N’UNDI

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[2] Urukiko rwemeje ko Nsengiyumva na Nabahire bahamwa n‟ibyaha byo gukora inyandiko mpimbano n‟icy‟ubuhemu, rubahanisha igifungo cy‟imyaka ibiri (2) n‟ihazabu ya 50.000 frw ku cyaha cyo gukora inyandiko mpimbano, n‟igifungo cy‟amezi atandatu (6) ku cyaha cy‟ubuhemu naho Nyaguhirwa na Munyaneza bahamwa no kuba ibyitso mu cyaha cy‟ubuhemu gihama Nsengiyumva, rubahanisha igifungo cy‟amezi atandatu (6). [3] Rwemeje kandi ko icyaha cy‟ubuhemu cyakozwe na Nsengiyumva, Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa na Munyaneza cyateje Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, ishami rya Gahororo, igihombo kingana na 80.107.800Frw, rubategeka kwishyura ayo mafaranga bafatanyije, rwemeza ko Nabahire ku giti cye nawe yayiteje igihombo kingana na 9.400.000Frw, rumutegeka kuyariha. Rwategetse kandi Nsengiyumva, Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa na Munyaneza kuriha Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, ishami rya Gahororo 200.000Frw y‟ikurikiranarubanza. [4] Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva na Munyaneza bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, mu guca urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bwabo bufite ishingiro, ko bahanaguweho ibyaha baregwa. [5] Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, ishami rya Gahororo yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije ibimenyetso byose ndetse rurenga no ku mvugo z‟abashinjwa bemera kandi bagasobanura uburyo bakoragamo ayo manyanga yose, rubagira abere. [6] Iburanisha ry‟urubanza ryashyizwe ku wa 02/10/2013 ariko uwo munsi urubanza ntirwaburanishwa kubera ko Urukiko rwasanze mu baburanyi hari abatarahamagajwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, iburanisha ry‟urubanza ryimurirwa ku wa 13/11/2013, kuri iyi tariki abaregwa bose baritaba Nyaguhirwa Naurat na Munyaneza Robert bunganiwe na Me Rumenge Nkundimana Victor, Me Gasasira Jean

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Claude yunganira Nsengiyumva Prosper, Me Habimana Adolphe yunganira [7] Mbere y‟uko urubanza ruburanishwa mu mizi, uhagarariye ubushinjacyaha yatanze inzitizi avuga ko abona nta mpamvu ihari yo kuba ubushinjacyaha buhamagarwa muri uru rubanza kubera ko bwo butajuriye, ko hajuriye Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda ku bijyanye n‟indishyi gusa, ko ubushinjacyaha bwagombye gukurwa mu rubanza. II. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N‟ISESENGURA RYACYO Kumenya niba ubushinjacyaha bugomba guhamagarwa mu iburanisha ry‟ubujurire bwatanzwe n„uregera indishyi mu gihe uregwa yahanaguweho icyaha ku rwego rwa mbere. [8] Nkuko bikubiye mu mwanzuro yashyikirije urukiko akanabisobanura mu iburanisha ry„urubanza, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, abaruregwamo bahamwa n‟ibyaha bwari bubakurikiranyeho. Ko nyuma yo kutishimira imikirize y‟urubanza, abaregwa bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana, rusanga badahamwa n‟ibyaha bashinjwa kubera ko nta bimenyetso, icyo cyemezo nicyo Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda yajuririye muri uru Rukiko, ubushinjacyaha ntibwajurira. [9] Avuga ko ikiburanwa ubu, ari ikirebana n‟indishyi gusa, n‟ikimenyimenyi umucamanza w‟ibanzirizasuzuma yakiriye ubujurire bwa Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda ashingiye ko indishyi zaregewe zirengeje 20.000.000Frw. Akomeza avuga ko ingingo ya 175 n‟iya 187 z‟itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, zisobanura neza ko uregera indishyi ajuririra UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N’UNDI

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urubanza rwaciwe, ku byerekeranye n‟indishyi gusa, ko kandi urukiko rwajuririwe ruburanisha gusa mu mbibi z‟icyajuririwe nkuko ingingo ya 189 y‟iryo tegeko ibisobanura. [10] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha arongera akavuga ko ingingo ya 187 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z„inshinjabyaha kimwe n‟ingingo ya 164 y„itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko, zose zihuriza ku kintu kimwe cy„uko iyo uregwa agizwe umwere, bitazitira uwaregeraga indishyi kujurira, izo ngingo zikanagena ko mu gihe ajuriye haburanishwa gusa ibijyanye n‟indishyi. [11] Avuga kandi ko ku bivugwa mu ngingo ya 187 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ko iyo uregera indishyi ajuriye urubanza rwose rwongera gusuzumwa mu mizi yarwo, asanga bishaka kuvuga kurusuzuma rwose ku birebana n‟indishyi gusa, akaba asanga rero nta mpamvu yatuma ubushinjacyaha buhamagazwa muri bene izi manza, dore ko no mu ivugururwa ry‟inzego z‟ubucamanza, ubushinjacyaha bwakuwe mu manza z‟imbonezamubano kandi urubanza ruburanishwa ubu, rukaba rufite kamere y‟urubanza mbonezamubano. [12] Arangiza avuga ko ibimaze kuvugwa byagarutsweho n‟abahanga mu mategeko nka Henri-D. Bosly na Damien Vandermeersch mu gitabo cyabo “Droit de la Procédure Pénale, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005, page 1419-1420”, aho bavuga ko iyo uregera indishyi ajuriye, ajuririra urubanza rwaciwe ku byerekeranye n‟indishyi gusas, kubera ko ibyerekeranye n‟icyaha baregwa biba byararangije kuba itegeko kuko byafashweho icyemezo nticyajuririrwa. [13] Me Ingabire Solange uburanira Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda, avuga ko urubanza rwajuririwe ari urw‟inshinjabyaha, ko kandi

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n„ubujurire batanze, bushingiye ku rubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha, akaba abona nta mpamvu ubushinjacyaha bwakurwa mu rubanza. Yongeraho ko Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda yajuririye ibyo itishimiye muri urwo rubanza rwaciwe abo irega indishyi bakagirwa abere ku cyaha cyari guherwaho hemezwa indishyi, ko iyo ijuririra imbonezamubano gusa, yari kuba ihinduye ikirego kandi bitemewe. [14] Me Rumenge Nkundimana Victor wunganira Munyaneza na Nyiraguhirwa we avuga ko inzitizi yatanzwe n‟ubushinjacyaha ifite ishingiro ko nta mpamvu bugomba guhamagarwa muri uru rubanza kuko ikiburanwa ari indishyi gusa. [15] Me Gasasira Jean Claude wunganira Nsengiyumva Prosper nawe avuga ko abona nta mpamvu ubushinjacyaha bugomba guhamagarwa muri izi manza, ko ibirego byari bibiri ariko aho urubanza rugeze, ikirego kikaba ari kimwe kijyanye n„indishyi mbonezamubano, ko rero hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 12 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z„inshinjabyaha ivuga ko ikirego cy‟indishyi kiburanishwa hashingiwe ku mategeko agenga imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, ubushinjacyaha butagomba kuza muri uru rubanza. [16] Me Habimana Adolphe wunganira Nabahire Théophile nawe avuga ko yumva nta mpamvu ubushinjacyaha bugomba kuza muri uru rubanza kubera ko icyajuririwe ari ikirebana n‟indishyi, akavuga ko ingingo zavuzwe azongeraho ingingo ya 9(2º) y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku

wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z„inshinjabyaha ivuga ko ujurira aba agamije inyungu gusa, ko atazanamo ubushinjacyaha kandi ntacyo abusaba, dore ko na Banki y‟Abaturage y‟u Rwanda yashoboraga kujurira bamwe gusa abandi ikabareka, bityo akaba abona ubushinjacyaha bwarahamagawe bitagombye, kuko urubanza ruburanishwa ari urw„imbonezamubano rusabwamo indishyi. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N’UNDI

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[17] Ku byerekeye ingingo ya 187(2º) y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, Me Habimana Adolphe avuga ko abona idasobanutse neza, ko kandi urubanza rwose ruvugwa muri iyi ngingo, bivuze ko umuburanyi uregera indishyi ahera aho urukiko rwagereje agatanga ibimenyetso bigaragaza uruhare rw‟uwahanaguweho icyaha, byagira ishingiro, agahabwa indishyi yasabaga. Ko n‟ubwo ingingo ivuga ko urubanza rusubirwamo bundi bushya, uregera indishyi niwe utanga ibimenyetso byose kugira ngo abone indishyi, ko asanga ntacyo ubushinjacyaha bwaba buje kumara muri uru rubanza.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [18] Ingingo ya 9 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko ikirego cy‟indishyi ari ikirego gitangwa hagamijwe kwishyuzwa ibyangijwe n‟icyaha, ko kiba kigamije gusaba indishyi. Isesengura ry‟iyi ngingo ryumvikanisha ko indishyi zisabwa zigomba kuba zuririye ku cyaha cyakozwe zikaba ari ingurane y‟ibyangijwe n‟icyo cyaha kirimo kuburanishwa, ko kandi icyo kirego gitangwa mu rukiko ruburanisha imanza z‟inshinjabyaha ariko kikaba kigamije gusaba indishyi gusa kitarebana n‟ibijyanye n‟igihano ku cyaha cyakozwe. [19] Ingingo ya 164 y„itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko, n„ingingo ya 187 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ziteganya ko uregera indishyi ajurira ku bijyanye n‟indishyi gusa. Ariko hakongerwamo ko iyo ukurikiranyweho icyaha agizwe umwere, bitabuza uregera indishyi kujurira, ko kandi muri icyo gihe, urubanza rwose rwongera kuburanishwa mu mizi.

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[20] Urukiko rurasanga kuba uwari ukurikiranyweho icyaha agizwe umwere bitabuza uwangirijwe n‟icyo cyaha kujurira kandi urubanza rukaburanishwa rwose mu mizi, uwajuriye agatanga ibimenyetso bihamya uregwa icyaha byaba ibisanzwe muri dosiye cyangwa se ibindi bishya yaba yungutse, urukiko rukabisuzuma hagamijwe kureba niba uwangirijwe n‟icyo cyaha ashobora kwishyurwa indishyi z‟ibye byangijwe n‟icyaha uregwa yahanaguweho. [21] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ubushinjacyaha bugomba kuza cyangwa kutaza mu rubanza rusuzuma ubujurire bw‟uwaregeye indishyi mu gihe ukurikiranyweho icyaha yagihanaguweho mu rwego rwa mbere, urukiko rurasanga ihame rya mbere ari uko nta rubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha rushobora kuburanishwa ubushinjacyaha budahagarariwe. [22] Urukiko rurasanga kuba uregwa yarahanaguweho icyaha hakajurira uregera indishyi gusa ubushinjacyaha ntibujurire, ibyo bidatuma urubanza ruta kamere yarwo y‟urubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha ngo ruhinduke urw‟imbonezamubano, kuko indishyi zisabwa, zisabwa umucamanza uburanisha imanza z‟inshinjabyaha (le juge pénal) kuva mu rwego rwa mbere, mu bujurire akaba agomba kuzitanga ahereye ku bimenyetso yagejejweho n‟uregera indishyi amaze kubisuzuma akabiha agaciro. Ko nubwo urubanza rwaburanishwa hakurikijwe amategeko agenga imanza z‟imbonezamubano nk„uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 12 y‟itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z„inshinjabyaha , ibyo ntibiruvana mu mubare w‟imanza nshinjabyaha kuko nk„uko byavuzwe haruguru, ruba rwaratangiye ari urubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha kandi no mu bujurire, umucamanza aba agihamagariwe gusuzuma uruhare rw‟uwakoze icyaha ashingiye ku bimenyetso yagejejweho n‟uwajuriye bikimushinja, akabiheraho atanga indishyi. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N’UNDI

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[23] Urukiko rurasanga, rushingiye ku ihame ryavuzwe haruguru ry‟uko nta rubanza rw‟inshinjabyaha rushobora kuburanishwa ubushinjacyaha budahagarariwe, no kuba urubanza mu bujurire ruba rucyambaye umwenda w‟urubanza nshinjabyaha, ari ngombwa ko ubushinjacyaha buruzamo nk‟umuburanyi nkuko bujya mu zindi manza z‟inshinjabyaha, kugirango mu gihe bikenewe bube bwagira icyo bwungura urukiko mu itangwa ry‟ibimenyetso n‟uwaregeye indishyi. [24] Urukiko rurasanga ibi kandi, itegeko-ngenga nº 51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟inkiko mu ngingo yaryo ya 164, n„itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha mu ngingo yaryo ya 187, ayo mategeko yombi abishimangira aho muri izo ngingo zayo hateganyijwemo ko iyo uregwa agizwe umwere, uregera indishyi akajurira, urubanza rwose rwongera kuburanishwa mu mizi. [25] Urukiko rurasanga ibikubiye muri izi ngingo byumvikanisha ko ubushinjacyaha bugomba guhagararirwa muri izi manza, kubera ko Urukiko rwongera gusuzuma urubanza mu mpande zarwo zose, haba kurw‟imikorere y‟icyaha no ku rw‟indishyi, rusuzuma uruhare rw‟uregwa wagizwe umwere kugira ngo urwo ruhare rube arirwo ruherwaho mu kugena indishyi mu gihe rusanze ruhari. [26] Urukiko rurasanga rero hakurikijwe ibimaze kuvugwa, mu manza zajuririwe n‟uregera indishyi uregwa yaragizwe umwere mu rwego rwa mbere,

Ubushinjacyaha bugomba kuzizamo kugirango bibabye ngombwa bugire igitekerezo butanga. [27] Kuri iki kibazo, abahanga mu mategeko nka Henri-D. Bosly na Damien Vandermeersch mu gitabo cyabo “Droit de la Procédure Pénale, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005, page 1425” bagize icyo bakivugaho. Bavuga ko iyo mu manza z‟inshinjabyaha ubujurire bushingiye ku ndishyi gusa, Ubushinjacyaha budategetswe kugira igitekerezo butanga

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muri urwo rubanza (Lorsque l‟appel ne porte que sur l‟action civile, le ministère public n‟est pas tenu de donner un avis sur cette action). [28] Urukiko rurasanga aba bahanga icyo bavuga, ari uko mu manza zikomoka ku bujurire bw‟uregera indishyi mu gihe uregwa yagizwe umwere mu rwego rwa mbere, Ubushinjacyaha buba buzirimo nubwo budategetswe kugira icyo buvuga, ariko ntibiba binabujijwe kugira igitekerezo butanga. [29] Urukiko rurasanga hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, nta mpamvu yatuma Ubushinjacyaha butaza mu manza zisuzuma ubujurire bw‟uregera indishyi mu gihe uregwa yagizwe umwere ku rwego rwa mbere. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [30] Rwemeje ko inzitizi yatanzwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha, nta shingiro ifite; [31] Rwemeje ko iburanisha ry‟urubanza rizakomeza mu mizi ku wa 10/02/2014; [32] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza asubitswe.

UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NSENGIYUMVA N’UNDI

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N‟ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPA 0372/10/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Gakwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) 24 Mata 2015] Amategeko mpanabyaha – Kuroga – Mu gihe ibimenyetso bihamya icyaha bidahagije, abaregwa bagirwa abere – Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. Incamake y‟ikibazo: Abajuriye bakurikiranyweho icyaha cyo kuroga umuryango wa Nyirarukundo n‟icyaha cyo gupfobya jenocide.Ubushinjacyaha bugasobanura ko uwo mugambi bawucuze bavuye muri Gacaca maze ntibishimira ko Nyiramugisha yabashinje kuba kuba barishe umugabo we muri jenocide. Hasobnuwe ko bashyize uburozi mu byo kurya maze umuryango wa Nyiramugisha umaze kubirya urarwara ndetse umwana umwe muri bo arapfa. Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko abajuriye bahamwa n‟icyaha cyo kuroga ariko rubahanaguraho icyaha cyo gupfobya jenocide maze ruhanisha Sindikubwabo antoine igifungo cya burundu y‟umwihariko naho Nyiramihanda ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu. Abaregwa bajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, Sindikubwabo Antoine avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanze ibyaha bya jenoside n‟ibindi byaha yaregwaga barabihuza barabimuhanira, ko rwamuhamije icyaha cy‟uburozi nta cyemezo cya muganga no kuba rwarirengagije imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya, naho Nyiramihanda Florence avuga ko Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rumuhamya icyaha 175

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rushingiye ku buhamya bw‟uwo basangiye urubanza n‟abandi batangabuhamya batakwizerwa. Incamake y‟icyemezo: Kuba nta raporo ya muganga igaragaza umuryango uvugak warozwe wariye ibiryo birimo uburozi ndetse n‟imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya zikaba zirimo gushidikanya bigaragaza ko nta bimeneyetso bihagije bihamya abaregwa icyaha.Bityo abaregwa bagomba kugirwa abere. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro. Abajuriye ntibahamwa n‟icyaha cyo kuroga. Bagomba guhita barekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa. Amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku isanduku ya Leta. Imanza zifashishijwe: Ubushinjacyaha v. Musabyimana, RPA 0244/08/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 30/09/2012. Ubushinjacyaha v. Nyirakamana, RPA 0262/09/CS rwaciwe n‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga kuwa 26/04/2013. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 165. Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana, ingingo ya 144.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi SINDIKUBWABO Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence baregwa icyaha cyavuzwe haruguru bakoreye umuryango wa Nyirarukundo. Ubushinjacyaha bukavuga ko ubwo bari bavuye muri Gacaca batishimiye uburyo Nyirarukundo yabatanzeho ubuhamya bw‟uko bamwiciye umugabo muri Jenoside, bagize umugambi wo kurimbura umuryango we wose bakoresheje uburozi bashyize mu byo kurya, nyuma yo kurya ku biryo byaribyarozwe Nyirarukundo n‟umuryango we bakaba baramerewe nabi ndetse ngo hakaba hari n‟umwana umwe wapfuye. [2] Uru Rukiko rwaciye urubanza R.P 0121/08/HC/RSZ kuwa 18/03/2010 rwemeza ko Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence bahamwa n‟icyaha cyo kuroga bakurikiranyweho ariko ko icyaha cyo gupfobya jenoside baregwa kitabahama, ruhanisha Sindikubwabo Antoine igifungo cya burundu y‟umwihariko naho Nyiramihanda Florence rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu. Urwo Rukiko kandi rwanabategetse gufatanya gutanga amagarama y‟urubanza angana na 67.050Frw. [3] Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence ntibishimiye iki cyemezo maze bakijuririra mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, Sindikubwabo Antoine avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwavanze ibyaha bya jenoside n‟ibindi byaha yaregwaga barabihuza barabimuhanira, ko rwamuhamije icyaha cy‟uburozi nta cyemezo cya muganga no kuba rwarirengagije imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya, naho Nyiramihanda Florence avuga ko Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rumuhamya icyaha rushingiye ku buhamya bw‟uwo basangiye urubanza n‟abandi batangabuhamya batakwizerwa. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N’ABANDI

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[4] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 09/03/2015, Sindikubwabo Antoine yitabye yunganiwe na Me Akimanizanye Béatrice, Nyiramihanda Florence nawe yitabye yunganiwe na Me Mutabaruka Jean naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Bunyoye Grace, Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw‟Igihugu. II. IKIBAZO KIRI MU RUBANZA N‟ISESENGURA RYACYO Kumenya niba hari ibimenyetso bihamya Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda icyaha cyo kuroga bakurikiranyweho. [5] Sindikubwabo Antoine avuga ko nta mugambi yigeze agirana na Nyiramihanda Florence wo gushaka kwivugana umuryango wa Nyirarukundo Godelive bakoresheje uburozi. Avuga ko icyatumye ajurira ari akarengane yagiriwe aho Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwafashe icyaha cya jenoside rukagihuza n‟icyaha cy‟uburozi akurikiranyweho rukakimuhanira, ndetse rufata icyemezo nta perereza rukoze ahubwo rugendera ku buhamya bwatanzwe n‟abo bafitanye ikibazo aribo Sebahire na Turikumwe. [6] Avuga ko bitumvikana ukuntu yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuroga nta cyemezo cya muganga kiri muri dosiye cyemeza ko umuryango wa Nyirarukundo Godelive wariye ibiryo birimo uburozi, ndetse ko n‟icupa rya acide rivugwa ntaryigeze rigaragazwa muri dosiye, no kuba ibyo yemeye mbere mu Bugenzacyaha yarabitewe n‟inkoni yakubiswe. [7] Me Akimanizanye Béatrice umwunganira avuga ko Sindikubwabo Antoine yahamijwe icyaha nta bimenyetso Urukiko rushingiyeho, kubera ko yaketswe ko yaroze umuryango wa Nyirarukundo ngo kubera ko yari yamushinje muri Gacaca, ariko ntihagaragazwa uko icyo cyaha cyakozwe ndetse ntihagaragazwa ikindi

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kimenyetso gishimangira ibyavuzwe, ahubwo rufata icyemezo nta cyemezo cya muganga kigaragajwe rushingiye ku magambo y‟abatangabuhamya arimo gushidikanya, cyane cyane ko byavuzwe ko abo bantu bajyanwe kwa muganga, ariko ntihagaragazwa raporo ya muganga igaragaza uko byagenze. [8] Avuga ko kuba Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence barahuriye mu nzira nyabagendwa bidasobanuye ko aribo bagiye kuroga kwa Nyirarukundo cyane cyane ko yabyemeye mu Bugenzacyaha honyine ariko ageze mu zindi nzego arabihakana akavuga n‟impamvu abihakana. [9] Asoza avuga ko nk‟uko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa munani rw‟urubanza rujuririrwa, aho Ubushinjacyaha bwatanzeho umugabo uwitwa Sebahire ngo waba yaravuze ko yiboneye Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence bajya umugambi wo kujya kuroga umuryango wa Nyirarukundo, mu iperereza ryakozwe n‟Urukiko Sebahire yarabihakanye avuga ko atahamya ko aribo baroze uwo muryango, ndetse avuga ko atigeze ababona bahurira mu rutoki. Byongeye kandi undi mutangabuhamya wabajijwe wari ubarwaje witwa Mukantembera yasobanuye ko batari barwaye uburozi bwa kinyarwanda kuko uburozi bwa kinyarwanda butavurirwa ku bitaro bisanzwe. [10] Nyiramihanda Florence avuga ko Urukiko rwamuhamije icyaha cyo kuroga kandi abeshyerwa, rukaba rwarafashe icyemezo nta kimenyetso rushingiyeho kuko rutagaragaje icyo yapfaga n‟uwo muryango cyane cyane ko atigeze aburana muri Gacaca nk‟uko byavuzwe, ahubwo rugendera ku bimenyetso byatanzwe n‟uwo bafatanyije urubanza. Avuga ko kuba yarahuriye na Sindikubwabo Antoine mu rutoki ubwabyo bidahagije kumuhamya icyaha kuko bahuye akamubaza ngo amurangire aho Perezida w‟Inkiko Gacaca ari nawe akamubwira ko ari muri sosiyete bagahita batandukana. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N’ABANDI

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[11] Yavuze ko imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya babajijwe barimo Haguma na Nyirabuhoro zitakwizerwa kuko bafitanye ikibazo kuko bagiye bagirana amakimbirane mu muryango. [12] Me Mutabaruka umwunganira yavuze ko Urukiko rwamuhamije icyaha rugendeyeku mvugo zivuguruzanya kuko nta kintu gifatika rwashingiyeho rumuhamya icyaha kuba umuryango wa Nyirarukundo waragiye kwa muganga hakagira umwana upfa, muganga akaba yaragombaga kugaragaza icyamwishe ndetse n‟abandi akagaragaza icyo bari barwaye, bityo kuba atarabikoze bigaragara ko abo bantu batigeze barogwa nk‟uko bivugwa cyane cyane ko uwari ubarwaje mu buhamya yatanze, yavuze ko yasanze bacibwamo babajyana kwa muganga ndetse ko n‟ibikoresho bakoresheje iryo joro babijugunye kuko byari byahindanye, abajijwe niba abo bantu yarabonaga ko bari barozwe asubiza ko batari bahawe uburozi bwa kinyarwanda, bityo asaba ko uwo yunganira yagirwa umwere kubera kubura ibimenyetso. [13] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence bafatanyije umugambi wo gushaka kwivugana umuryango wa Nyirarukundo bakoresheje uburozi kubera ko bombi ariwe wari wabashinje muri Gacaca kandi Sindikubwabo Antoine akaba yarabyiyemereye mu ibazwa rye mu Bugenzacyaha. [14] Ku birebana n‟impamvu z‟ubujurire za Sindikubwabo Antoine, avuga ko kuba yarabanje gufungirwa jenoside n‟ibindi yasobanuye nta shingiro bifite kuko Urukiko rujya kumuhamya icyaha sibyo rwashingiyeho, rwasuzumye imvugo yavugiye mu Bugenzacyaha ruzihuza n‟iz‟abatangabuhamya ndetse n‟ibyo rwivaniye mu iperereza rwakoze. [15] Avuga ko nubwo nta cyemezo cya muganga gihari kigaragaza ko abo bantu barozwe atari cyo cyonyine kigomba gushingirwaho, cyane cyane ko hari imvugo ze bwite yivugiye akimara gufatwa yemeye icyaha

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asobanura n‟uko yagikoze n‟uko yagiteguranye na Nyiramihanda Florence ndetse agasobanura ko icyo bamuhoye ari uko yabashinje muri Gacaca, bikaba bitumvikana ukuntu abantu bariye ku biryo bose bagahita barwara kandi hakaba hari uwiyemereye ko yabaroze. [16] Ku birebana no kuba Urukiko rwarirengagije imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ataribyo kubera ko imvugo zabo zashingiweho cyane kuko zashimangiraga ibyo we yari yiyemereye mu Bugenzacyaha kandi nta n‟umutangabuhamya wigeze umuhakanira ahubwo bahamije ko yaroze uriya muryango awuziza ko Nyirarukundo yamushinje muri Gacaca ndetse n‟iperereza Urukiko rwikoreye ababajijwe bose ntawigeze amuhakanira nk‟uko abivuga, naho kuba yarakubiswe mu Bugenzacyaha ntabwo aribyo kuko nta bimenyetso abitangira. [17] Kuri Nyiramihanda Florence, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko ibyo avuga nta shingiro bifite kubera ko Sindikubwabo Antoine yasobanuye uko bakoze icyaha akaba atari kubica ku ruhande ngo areke kumuvuga kandi ariwe bagiteguranye, naho ku birebana n‟ubuhamya bw‟uwitwa Nyirabuhoro Daphrose yavuze ko butahabwa agaciro ntacyo byamumarira kuko we n‟ubundi ntabwo yigeze ahamya ko yamubonye aroga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [18] Ku byerekeranye n‟icyaha cyo kuroga, ingingo ya 144 y‟Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy‟amategeko ahana, iteganya ko “byitwa kuroga, kugambirira ubuzima bw‟umuntu umuha ibintu bishobora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze, batagombye kwitegereza ibyakoreshejwe cyangwa uko byahawe nyiri ukubigirirwa n‟inkurikizi zabyo (…)”. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N’ABANDI

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[19] Iyi ngingo yumvikanisha neza1 ko icyaha cyo kuroga kibaho mu gihe habayeho igikorwa cyo guha umuntu uburozi. [20] Umuhanga mu mategeko witwa Robert Kint2 wasesenguye iyi ngingo asanga ko kugirango icyaha cyo kuroga kibeho hagomba kubaho “kugambirira ubuzima bw‟umuntu no gukoresha ibintu bishobora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze”. Na none kandi kugira ngo icyo cyaha kibeho ni ngombwa ko haba hakoreshejwe uburozi, hatitawe ku ngaruka bwagize ku muntu. Undi muhanga witwa Général Likulia Bolongo yasobanuye ko kugirango umenye ko ibyakoreshejwe ari uburozi, ari ngombwa kwiyambaza ubuhanga bw‟abaganga cyangwa abahanga mu by‟imiti n‟ubutabire. [21] Nyuma y‟isesengura ry‟inyandiko zikubiye muri dosiye, Urukiko rusanga nta kigaragaza ko umuryango wa Nyirarukundo Godelive wasuzumwe na muganga cyangwa se abahanga mu by‟imiti n‟ubutabire kugira ngo hamenyekane niba koko barariye ibiryo birimo uburozi hashingiwe ku bisobanuro by‟abahanga mu mategeko bavuzwe haruguru. [22] Urukiko rurasanga kuba uwo muryango warajyanwe kwa muganga nk‟uko bivugwa ariko ntihagaragare raporo ya muganga igaragaza uko byagenze ndetse n‟agacupa karimo acide bashyize mu biryo kakaba kataragaragajwe, ntaho rwahera rwemeza ko bariye ibiryo birimo uburozi bahawe na Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence, uyu kandi akaba ariwo murongo wafashwe mu rubanza RPA 0244/08/CS rwo ku wa 30/09/2011, MP c/ Musabyimana Marie

1 Droit pénal spécial, 1993, p.76-77. 2 Il a été jugé que nonobstant l‟absence d‟une preuve rapportée d‟une manière spéciale par un rapport toxicologique établi par un homme de l‟art ayant une connaissance approfondie de la nature et des effets du poison et affirmant que les matières administrés à la victime étaient de nature à donner la mort, par Général Likulia Bolongo, Droit Pénal Spécial Zairois, L.G.D.J, T1, 1985, p.80.

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n‟urubanza RPA 0262/09/CS rwaciwe n‟uru Rukiko ku wa 26/04/2013, MP c/ Nyirakamana Florence, muri izo manza hakaba haremejwe ko ari ngombwa kwiyambaza ubuhanga bw‟abaganga cyangwa abahanga mu by‟imiti n‟ubutabire kugirango umenye ko ibyakoreshejwe ari uburozi. [23] Ku bijyanye n‟imvugo z‟abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu Bugenzacyaha barimo Sebahire Isidore wavuze ko mu gihe Sindikubwabo Antoine yari aje kumureba yahuye na Nyiramihanda Florence bajya umugambi wo kujya kuroga Nyirarukundo, imvugo ya Turikumwe Jonathan (musaza wa Nyirarukundo) wavuze ko bavuye muri Gacaca, Sindikubwabo Antoine yahuriye na Nyiramihanda Florence muri Cellule ya Twarizo mu rutoki ruri ruguru ku mutwe w‟inzu ya Nyirarukundo, Nyiramihanda Florence ngo akaba ariwe washyize uburozi mu nkono yo kwa Nyirarukundo kandi ko abaturage bose bari bazi ko asanzwe ari umurozi, naho Uwiragiye Malachie abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha akaba yaravuze ko icyo ahindura kubyo yavugiye mu Bugenzacyaha ari uko ku birebana n‟uburozi bitamureba, Urukiko rurasanga izo mvugo zose zitahabwa agaciro kuko, uretse no kuba nta muhanga wemeje ko umuryango wa Nyirarukundo wariye ibiryo birimo uburozi, muri bo ntawababonye batanga ubwo burozi ndetse nta n‟umwe wemeza ko babahaye ibintu bishobora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze mu buryo buteganywa n‟ingingo ya 144 y‟Itegeko Ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo icyo

bemeza akaba ari uko Sindikubwabo Antoine yahuye na Nyiramihanda Florence. [24] Ku bijyanye no kuba Sindikubwabo Antoine yaremeye icyaha mu ibazwa rye mu Bugenzacyaha ariko yagera mu zindi nzego akagihakana, Urukiko rurasanga ibyo bitahabwa agaciro kuko uburozi bugomba kwemezwa n‟umuhanga kugira ngo hamenyekanye niba icyakoreshejwe ari ikintu gishobora kwica bwangu cyangwa bitinze. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. SINDIKUBWABO N’ABANDI

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[25] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ubujurire bwa Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence bukwiye guhabwa ishingiro bagahanagurwaho icyaha cyo kuroga kuko ibimenyetso byashingiweho n‟Urukiko rubanza rubahamya icyaha bidahagije hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 165 y‟Itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha iteganya ko “gushidikanya birengera ushinjwa. Iyo urubanza rwakurikiranywe mu buryo bwose ntihagire ibimenyetso nyakuri biboneka byemeza nta shiti ko ushinjwa yakoze icyaha koko, bagomba kwemeza ko atsinze”. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [26] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Sindikubwabo Antoine na Nyiramihanda Florence bufite ishingiro; [27] Rwemeje ko icyaha cyo kuroga bakurikiranweho kitabahama; [28] Rutegetse ko bahita barekurwa urubanza rukimara gusomwa; [29] Rutegetse ko amagarama aherera ku isanduku ya Leta.

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW‟IKIRENGA – RPA 0011/15/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Gakwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) 24 Mata 2015] Amategeko agenga uburenganzira bwa muntu – Uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura – Kwihitiramo umwunganizi ku muntu utishoboye – Uregwa ufite uburenganzira ntakuka bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira mu mategeko ni ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura, mu gihe utabufite, iyo mu nyungu z‟ubutabera bibaye ngombwa ko yunganirwa, inzego zibishinzwe zimushyiraho bitabaye ngombwa ko uregwa abigiramo uruhare – Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ingingo ya 14(6°). Incamake y‟ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rukuru,Urugereko ruburanisha ibyaha mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi (HCCI), uregwa yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gashabana na Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste ariko baza kuva murubanza .Urukiko rwasabye inzego zibishinwe gufasha uregwa kubona ubwunganizi.Urugaga rw‟Abavoka rwagennye Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isaacar maze ku iburanisha ryakurikiyeho uregwa yitaba ari kumwe n‟abo bunganizi mu by‟amategeko ariko atanga inzitizi avuga ko abo bunganizi bagenwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kuko atabihitiyemo. Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko abunganizi bagenwe n‟Urugaga rw‟Abavoka bagenwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko rushingiye ku kuba uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi bufitwe n‟ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira, naho utabufite akaba yamugenerwa n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka ku buntu. Uregwa yajuririye Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga avuga ko yavukijwe uburenganzira bwo 185

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kunganirwa no kwiregura naho Ubushinjacyaha butanga inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire bwatanzwe n‟uregwa kuko bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, ko ariko Urukiko rubibonye ukundi rwakwemeza ko ubwo bujurire nta shingiro bufite. Incamake y‟icyemezo: Uregwa ufite uburenganzira ntakuka bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira mu mategeko niufite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura, mu gihe utabufite, iyo mu nyungu z‟ubutabera bibaye ngombwa ko yunganirwa, inzego zibishinzwe zimushyiraho bitabaye ngomba ko uregwa abigiramo uruhare. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Inzitizi y‟Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite. Icyemezo cyajuririwe kigumyeho. Amagarama aherereye ku isanduku ya Leta. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ngingo ya 34(10°). Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 162. Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ingingo ya 14(6°). Imanza zifashishijwe: Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphe 61, 62. Affaire ° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Paragraphe 33.

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Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y‟URUBANZA [1] Ku itariki ya 21/01/2015, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo mu rwego mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi (HCCI) rwafashe icyemezo cyo gusaba inzego zibishinzwe gufasha Uwinkindi Jean kubona ubwunganizi nyuma y‟uko rumaze kubona ko abamwunganiraga aribo Me Gatera Gashabana na Me Niyibizi Jean-Baptiste bivanye mu rubanza. [2] Ku itariki ya 05/02/2015, Uwinkindi Jean yitabye Urukiko Rukuru hari Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isacaar bagenwe n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka nk‟abunganizi be. Icyo gihe nibwo Uwinkindi Jean yatanze inzitizi yo kuba yaragenewe abunganizi mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko atabihitiyemo. [3] Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi n° RP 0002/12/HCCI rwo ku wa 06/02/2015, Urukiko Rukuru (HCCI) rwemeje ko Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isacaar bagenwe n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [4] Mu gufata icyemezo, urwo rukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 14, igika cya 6 y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, rusanga uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi bufitwe n‟ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira, naho utabufite akaba yamugenerwa n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka ku buntu. [5] Urwo rukiko rwashingiye nanone ku rubanza rwa Akayesu Jean- Paul rwaciwe na TPIR rusanga ko, n‟ubwo Uwinkindi Jean akigezwa UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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mu Rwanda yahawe urutonde rw‟abavoka akihitiramo, bitari itegeko ku buryo yabifata nk‟uburenganzira budakuka. [6] Uwinkindi Jean yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga ku wa 03/03/2015, avuga ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kwiregura no kunganirwa ahabwa n‟ingingo ya 18, igika cya gatatu (3), y‟Itegeko Nshinga, ingingo ya 150(3°) y‟Itegeko n° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ndetse n‟ingingo ya 14, 6° y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda. [7] Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire bwatanzwe na Uwinkindi Jean kuko bwatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko, ko ariko Urukiko rubibonye ukundi rwakwemeza ko ubwo bujurire nta shingiro bufite. [8] Iburanisha kuri ubwo bujurire ryashyizwe ku itariki ya 9/3/2015, ariko uwo munsi urubanza ntirwaburanishwa kuko Me Gatera Gashabana na Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste bari bazanwe na Uwinkindi Jean kumwunganira batari bemerewe kuburana kuko bari batarishyura ihazabu bari baraciwe n‟Urukiko, urubanza rwimurirwa ku itariki ya 6/4/2015. Uwo munsi ugeze, nyuma yo kubona ko noneho abunganizi ba Uwinkindi Jean bashyize mu bikorwa ibyo bari barategetswe n‟Urukiko, iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame Uwinkindi Jean yitabye yunganiwe na Me Gatera Gashabana afatanyije na Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ruberwa Bonaventure afatanyije na Mutangana Jean Bosco, bombi bakaba ari abashinjacyaha ku rwego rw‟Igihugu.

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II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N‟ISESENGURWA RYABYO. A. Kumenya niba ubujurire bwa Uwinkindi Jean bwaratanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko. [9] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 162 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/6/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi, ubujurire ku manza zibanziriza izindi busuzumirwa hamwe n‟urubanza mu mizi. Bavuga kandi ko icyo gitekerezo ari na cyo gikubiye mu ngingo ya 34,10° y‟Itegeko Ngenga N° 03/2012/OL ryo ku wa 13/06/2012 rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, ibuza Umwanditsi Mukuru kwakira ubujurire bw‟imanza zibanziriza izindi budakorewe hamwe n‟urubanza mu mizi. Barangiza basaba Urukiko gufata icyemezo hashingiwe ku bisanzwe biteganyijwe n‟amategeko asanzwe y‟u Rwanda, kubera ko ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda itagennye uburyo ubujurire bugomba gukorwa. [10] Uwinkindi Jean avuga ko iyi nzitizi ititaye ku ngingo yashingiyeho ajurira harimo ingingo ya 18 n‟iya 27 z‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ivuga ko iyo hagonganye amategeko abiri, iri ari ryo rigomba gukurikizwa. Avuga kandi ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 180 y‟Itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, urubanza rwari kuba ruhagaze kugeza ubujurire burangije gusuzumwa, kubera ko mu bintu yajuririye harimo ikintu gikomeye cyabangamira urubanza mu mizi kuko rutakomeza adafite abamwunganira, ko icyo gihe nta n‟urubanza yaba afite. [11] Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste avuga ko uruhande rw‟ubwunganizi rubona ko inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire nta shingiro yahabwa kubera ko UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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Uwinkindi Jean yajuriye ashingiye ku ngingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda iha uburenganzira ababuranyi bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo aricyo cyose gifashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, ngo kandi ibyo Uwinkindi Jean yarabikoze. Akomeza avuga ko ibyo abigaragaje kubera ko Uwinkindi Jean yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa nk‟uko biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ivuga ko kunganirwa ari uburenganzira ntayegayezwa ahantu hose no mu bihe byose. [12] Avuga kandi ko abona ingingo ya 162 y‟Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi itashingirwaho kuko itareba imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ko byongeye kandi, kuba uru rubanza ari urwoherejwe mu Rwanda n‟Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha, hari Itegeko ridasanzwe riteganya uburyo izi manza zigomba kuburanishwamo, iri akaba ariryo rigomba gukurikizwa mbere y‟Itegeko risanzwe mu gihe harimo kuvuguruzanya. Akavuga ko ari muri urwo rwego, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n‟ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, Uwinkindi Jean afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo abamwunganira, ko kandi nta kibuza ko yari kujuririra icyemezo cyamwimye ubwo burenganzira. [13] Asoza avuga ko ingingo ya 34,10° y‟Itegeko Ngenga rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga yubahirizwa n‟Umwanditsi Mukuru mu

Rukiko rw‟Ikirenga, uyu akaba yarakiriye ubu bujurire abuha numero, anafata icyemezo ko bwakiriwe. [14] Me Gatera Gashabana nawe avuga ko inzitizi y‟Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro yahabwa kuko icyemezo kijuririrwa atari icy‟agateganyo (provisoire), ko ahubwo hakurikijwe ingingo ya 14 y‟Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte International relatif aux droits civils et politiques)

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yashyizweho umukono na Repubulika y‟u Rwanda mu 1975, ari icyemezo ntakuka cyarangije kuba itegeko ku nzitizi yari yatanzwe yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira Uwinkindi Jean atahawe bwo kunganirwa, kandi ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda n‟iya 14 y‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda zimwemerera uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira. [15] Asoza avuga ko ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ari Itegeko ryihariye riha Uwinkindi Jean n‟undi muburanyi wese uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo aricyo cyose, ubwo bujurire bugahita buhagarika urubanza rw‟iremezo mu gihe hagitegerejwe icyemezo cy‟Urukiko rwo hejuru, ko rero ibyo kuvuga ngo azategereze igihe urubanza mu mizi ruzacibwa nta shingiro bifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] (16) Ingingo ya 3, igika cya mbere, y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ivuga ko “Iri tegeko rireba imanza zoherezwa muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda n‟Urwego n‟izivuye mu bindi bihugu zerekeranye n‟icyaha cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi n‟ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu”. [17] Ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rimaze kuvugwa, ivuga ko “Umushinjacyaha n‟uregwa bafite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru mu gihe hari imwe cyangwa zose mu mpamvu zikurikira: 1° ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y‟itegeko gutuma icyo cyemezo gita agaciro; UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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2° ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rushobora kwemeza ibyemezo byose by‟Urukiko Rukuru cyangwa bimwe muri byo cyangwa kutabyemeza byose. Iyo bibaye ngombwa, rushobora gutegeka Urukiko Rukuru ko urubanza rusubirwamo”. [18] Ingingo ya 27 y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rimaze kuvugwa, iteganya ko “Iri tegeko ari ryo rikurikizwa, igihe hari aho rinyuranyije n‟andi mategeko asanzwe”. [19] Ingingo ya 34, 10° y‟Itegeko Ngenga n° 03/2012/OL rigena imiterere, imikorere n‟ububasha by‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga, iteganya ko “mbere y‟uko ibirego by‟ubujurire byandikwa mu bitabo by‟Urukiko, Umwanditsi Mukuru w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga abanza gusuzuma ko bikwiye kwakirwa ngo biburanishwe n‟urwo Rukiko. Ntashobora kwakira ikirego ngo acyandike mu gihe […] hatanzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko ubujurire ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi budakorewe hamwe n‟urubanza rwose” […]. [20] Ingingo ya 162, igika cya kabiri, y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟imbonezamubano, iz‟ubucuruzi, iz‟umurimo n‟iz‟ubutegetsi ivuga ko “kujuririra imanza zibanziriza izindi bikorwa gusa iyo urubanza rw‟iremezo rwaciwe kandi bigakorerwa rimwe. Muri icyo gihe, igihe cyo kujuririra urubanza rubanziriza urundi gitangira kubarwa kuva ku munsi urubanza rw‟iremezo rwamenyesherejweho umuburanyi”. [21] Ku birebana n‟uru rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga, kuba iki kirego cyarakiriwe binyuze mu nzira zisanzwe zinyuzwamo ibirego, Umwanditsi Mukuru akaba yaracyakiriye akagiha nimero, Perezida w‟Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga akagena umunsi w‟iburanisha, icyemezo

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cy‟Umwanditsi Mukuru cyarabaye ndakuka, bityo akaba nta mpamvu yo kukigarukaho. [22] Urukiko rurasanga kandi, kuba ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru yaravuze ko icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru gishobora kujuririrwa, iri tegeko kandi akaba ari ryo rigomba gukurikizwa hatitawe ku bivugwa mu yandi mategeko mu gihe yaba anyuranya na ryo, Uwinkindi Jean yari afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo mu rwego mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi (HCCI), ku birebana n‟iyunganirwa. [23] Urukiko rurasanga kandi, uretse n‟ibimaze gusobanurwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, icyemezo cyajuririwe cyiswe urubanza rubanziriza urundi, iyo ugisesenguye neza usanga kitari mu rwego rw‟imanza zibanziriza izindi zivugwa mu ngingo ya 162 y‟Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, kubera ko iki cyemezo cyafashwe mu buryo budasubirwaho mu rwego rwo kurangiza impaka zari zavutse ku kibazo kijyanye no kunganirwa kwa Uwinkindi Jean mu Rukiko Rukuru, mu gihe imanza zibanziriza izindi ari izikemura ibibazo biba bishamikiye ku rubanza nyirizina ruba ruburanishwa. [24] Mu gusobanura itandukaniro ry‟izo manza, abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko imanza z‟iremezo zirangiza impaka ku buryo bitazaba ngombwa kubigarukaho, mu gihe imanza zibanziriza izindi zo zitarangiza

ikibazo ahubwo ari ibyemezo bifatwa hagati mu rubanza hagamijwe kugira inyungu zirengerwa urubanza rutararangira cyangwa se hagamijwe gushakisha ibyafasha mu guca urubanza (les jugements définitifs mettent fin à une contestation, de telle sorte qu‟il n‟y aura pas lieu d‟y revenir tandisque les jugements avant dire droit ne règlent pas le litige, mais, rendus au cours de l‟instance, ils assurent la protection de certains intérêts durant le procès (jugements provisoires) ou permettent UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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de réunir des éléments utiles pour parvenir à une solution (jugements relatifs à l‟instruction)1. [25] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rurasanga inzitizi yabyukijwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha irebana no kutakira ubujurire bwatanzwe na Uwinkindi Jean nta shingiro ifite, ubujurire bwe bukaba bugomba kwakirwa bugasuzumwa. B. Kumenya niba Uwinkindi Jean afite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira. [26] Uwinkindi Jean avuga ko impamvu ye y‟ubujurire ishingiye ahanini ku burenganzira bwo kunganirwa mu mategeko n‟abo yihitiyemo kandi akaba abuhabwa n‟amategeko, ko ku itariki ya 5/2/2015 yahatiwe kuburana atunganiwe, anahatirwa kwemera abavoka atazi uko baje muri dosiye ye kuko ntabo yahisemo nyuma yo kwamburwa abo yari asanganwe ; akavuga ko ibyo byakozwe binyuranye n‟ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, Itegeko n° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 14 y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda. [27] Avuga kandi ko Me Hishamunda Isacaar na Me Ngabonziza Joseph, yagenewe n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka, n‟ubwo nta ruhare yagize mu kubashyiraho, ibyo akaba abinenga, nta n‟ubushobozi bwo kuburana urubanza nk‟urwe bafite ngo kuko Me Ngabonziza Joseph nta burambe buhagije afite, naho Me Hishamunda Isacaar Urukiko rw‟Ibanze rwa Nyarugunga rukaba rwarafashe icyemezo ko nta bushobozi bwo kuburana imanza nk‟izi afite.

1 Jacques Ghestin, Gilles Goubeaux avec le councours de Muriel Fabre-Magnan, Traité de Droit Civil, Introduction Générale, 4ème Edition, P. 588, Para. 617 in fine.

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[28] Avuga ko urubanza rwe rwari rugeze kure ndetse rwenda kurangira kubera ko rwari rugeze igihe cyo kumva abatangabuhamya, ko icyo gihe aribwo abunganizi be bahagaritswe bikozwe n‟Urukiko, mu gihe yaje avuye Arusha yizeye guhabwa ubutabera buboneye nk‟uko u Rwanda rwari rwarabyiyemeje. [29] Uwinkindi Jean avuga kandi ko hakozwe amakosa atatu, ayo akaba ari ukuba Urukiko rwarakiriye ibyemezo by‟izindi nkiko (jurisprudence) kandi iburanisha ryari ryarangiye, akaba atarahawe umwanya wo kubyireguraho; kuba atarigeze yanga abunganizi ahubwo Urukiko rwarirukanye abunganizi be, bitandukanye n‟ibya Akayesu uvugwa muri “jurisprudence” kuko we yabanze; no kuba Urukiko rwarirengagije ingingo ya 16 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda aho ivuga ko Itegeko rirengera abantu bose kimwe, nta vangura iryo ariryo ryose ribayeho, akavuga ko atahawe urutonde ngo yihitiremo abamwunganira mu gihe amategeko abiteganya ndetse hakaba hariho n‟abandi babikorewe, harimo Munyagishari na Mbarushimana, uyu ibye bikaba byarabaye ku itariki ya 25/03/2015. [30] Uwinkindi Jean asaba ko yakwemererwa kugumana abunganizi asanganywe kuko urubanza rwe rwenda kurangira kandi akaba nta kosa bakoze, bityo urubanza rugakomereza aho bari baragereje, ngo bitabaye ibyo agahabwa urutonde akihitiramo abandi bamwunganira, ariko bagahabwa umwanya uhagije wo kwiga urubanza, mbese bikaba nk‟aho ari ugutangira bushyashya

kuko aregwa ibyaha bikomeye. [31] Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste ashimangira imvugo za Uwinkindi Jean avuga ko uwo yunganira yimwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa mu mategeko n‟uwo yihitiyemo nyuma y‟aho hafatiwe icyemezo ko nta bamwunganira afite, ko ibyo kwihitiramo aribyo bisanzwe bikurikizwa, ko ndetse afite ibaruwa imushyira mu rubanza rwa Munyagishari nyuma y‟aho uyu ari we umuhisemo, ngo kandi ibi akaba ari nabyo bikurikizwa mu nkiko mpuzamahanga harimo n‟urwa Arusha. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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[32] Avuga ko “jurisprudence” yatanzwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha idahuye n‟urubanza rwa Uwinkindi Jean, kuko we adashaka guhindura abunganizi nka Akayesu wanabyangiwe mu rwego rwo kugira ngo habeho ubutabera bunoze, ahubwo we ashaka kubagumana muri rwa rwego nyine rwo kugirango abone ubutabera buboneye. [33] Avuga kandi ko n‟iyo jurisprudence Urukiko rwakoresheje mu gufata icyemezo rutari kuyishingiraho kandi rwarayishyikirijwe nyuma y‟ipfundikirwa ry‟urubanza hatabayeho gusubukura ngo na Uwinkindi Jean agire icyo ayivugaho, ngo ibyo bikaba binyuranye n‟ingingo ya 18 y‟Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y‟u Rwanda. [34] Ku birebana na “jurisprudence” yavuzwe haruguru, avuga ko impamvu Urukiko mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda rukorera Arusha rwangiye Akayesu guhindura abunganizi, rwavuze ko ari ukugira ngo habeho imigendekere myiza y‟urubanza, we rero akibaza impamvu Uwinkindi Jean yahindurirwa abunganizi bamaze imyaka ibiri n‟igice mu rubanza, bakaba barakoze imyanzuro iri ku mpapuro 120, agasanga abunganizi bashya bashyirwaho batashobora kuyisobanura mu rukiko, ko n‟iyo bayiga bwa butabera buboneye butaba bukigezweho. [35] Arangiza asaba ko Urukiko rwareka Uwinkindi Jean agakomezanya n‟abunganizi yari afite, kuko abo yagenewe n‟Urukiko, uretse no kuba ntabo yahisemo, ntibanafite n‟uburambe bw‟imyaka icumi (10) busabwa kugira ngo umuntu aburane bene izi manza. [36] Me Gatera Gashabana na

we avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ikosa, rusobanura nabi ingingo ya 14,6° rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, rwemeza ko ufite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi ari ufite ubushobozi, ko iyo atabufite amugenerwa n‟Urukiko. Avuga ko ibi atariko bimeze ashingiye ku ihame rikubiye mu ngingo ya 14 (d) y‟amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte

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International relatif aux droits civils et politiques) rivuga ko abantu bose bangana imbere y‟inkiko, ko kandi bagomba kunganirwa n‟abo bihitiyemo, baba bafite ubushobozi bwo kubishyura cyangwa se baba batabufite, ko kandi ayo masezerano aza mbere y‟amategeko y‟u Rwanda. [37] Me Gatera Gashabana avuga ko ihame Urugaga rw‟abavoka rugenderaho ari uguha umuburanyi umwunganira yihitiyemo, ko ubuyobozi bugomba gukora ibishoboka byose iryo hame rikubahirizwa. Akomeza avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo kinyuranyije n‟iryo hame, ko kandi abunganizi Uwinkindi Jean yari yarihitiyemo birukanwe n‟Urukiko biturutse ku mategeko yari akubiye mu ibaruwa yanditswe na Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera, ko imikorere nk‟iyo inyuranye n‟Itegeko Nshinga kuko ubutegetsi bw‟ubutabera (pouvoir judiciaire) bwigenga, bagasaba ko ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko (pouvoir exécutif) butazongera kwivanga mu butabera. Arangiza asaba ko Uwinkindi Jean yakunganirwa n‟abunganizi yihitiyemo kubera ko abyemererwa n‟amategeko. [38] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi mu rukiko atari ndakuka, cyane cyane ku muntu udafite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira, ko kugira ngo bene uwo muntu abone ubufasha bwo kunganirwa mu nkiko bigira uko bikorwa, ko Urugaga rw‟abavoka rutanga abunganizi, Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera igatanga amafaranga yo kubishyura. [39] Ku birebana na Uwinkindi Jean kimwe

n‟abandi bose boherejwe n‟Urukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda ruri Arusha ndetse n‟ibindi bihugu, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha basobanura ko Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera ubu yashyizeho gahunda yo kwishyura miliyoni cumi n‟eshanu (15.000.000) kuri buri rubanza kugeza rurangiye, ko ariko iyo gahunda yaje isanga Me Gatera Gashabana na Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste bunganiraga Uwinkindi Jean bafite amasezerano yo kwishyurwa UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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miliyoni imwe (1.000.000) buri kwezi kugeza urubanza rurangiye, bagejejweho iyo gahunda nshya barayanga amasezerano araseswa, akaba ari byo bita kwivanga kwa Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera. Bagasanga abo bavoka batarirukanywe n‟ubucamanza, ahubwo ari amasezerano bagiranye n‟urugaga rw‟abavoka yasheshwe kubera kutumvikana. [40] Bavuga ko nyuma y‟aho abunganizi Uwinkindi yari afite baviriye mu rubanza, mu kumugenera abandi byakurikije amategeko kuko ingingo ya 14, 6° y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda iteganya ko mu gihe uregwa adafite ubushobozi bwo kwiyishyurira abamwunganira abahabwa, ko icyo gihe aba atagishoboye kwihitiramo, ko rero ibyo ari nako byagenze. [41] Basobanura ko ibibazo nk‟ibi byagiye bivuka no mu nkiko mpuzamahanga bigafatwaho icyemezo, ko icyo bita uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa (right to counsel) izo nkiko zasobanuye ko uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo umwunganira yishakiye, ko ariko ubwo burenganzira atari ndakuka, ko kandi bushobora kwangwa iyo uko guhitamo gukozwe urubanza rugeze hagati kandi bigaragara ko iryo hitamo rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku migendekere y‟Urubanza (An accused has a right to elect self-representation but that right is not unlimited and may be denied where for instance the election is made mid trial and has the potential to seriously disrupt the proceedings).

Ibyo babishingira ku rubanza rw‟Ubujurire rwa Krajisnic, igika cya 118. [42] Bavuga ko izo nkiko zasobanuye kandi ko iyo uregwa yihitiyemo umwunganira yishakiye, atakaza uburenganzira bwo guhabwa ubufasha bw‟abamwunganira n‟iyo yaba ari uregwa utishoboye (If an accused elects self-representation, he forfeits the right to legal assistance, even if he is indigent). Ibyo bakabishingira ku rubanza rwa Vojslav Seselj ku bijyanye no gusuzugura Urukiko (Contempt), Case number IT-03-67- RR77.4-A Paragraph ya 39.

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[43] Urundi rugero rutangwa n‟abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha, ni urw‟Urukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR) rwafashe icyemezo ko kuba uregwa utishoboye afite uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa neza bitavuze ko agomba kwihitiramo umwunganizi yishakiye, ko kandi uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi bureba gusa abaregwa bafite ubushobozi bwo kwiyishyurira ababunganira. (The right of an indigent defendant to effective representation does not entitle him to choose his own counsel. The right to choose counsel applies only to those accused who can financially bear the costs of counsel). Ibi bakabishingira ku rubanza rwa Nahimana na bagenzi be mu bujurire, urwa Kambanda mu bujurire, no ku rwa Akayesu mu bujurire. [44] Mu gushimangira ko atari buri gihe uregwa yihitiramo abunganizi, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bashingiye nanone ku cyemezo cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR), aho mu rubanza rwa Akayesu umucamanza yavuze ko n‟ubwo uregwa utishoboye ashobora guhitamo abamwunganira ku rutonde ruba rwatanzwe n‟ubwanditsi, mu kumugenera umwunganizi umwanditsi w‟Urukiko adategetswe kugendera ku byifuzo by‟uregwa, ko n‟ubwo amahitamo y‟uregwa agomba kubahwa, ko ariko umwanditsi ashobora kutagena umwunganizi uregwa yatoranyije, iyo bigaragaye ko hari inyungu zindi uregwa afite, ko uregwa yari guhitamo undi atari impanvu ihagije ikwiye no gutuma urugereko

rw‟Ubujurire rusuzuma icyo kibazo kubera ko Umwanditsi afite ububasha busesuye akoresha mu nyungu z‟Ubutabera (Although an indigent accused may choose from among a list of counsel generated by the registrar, the registrar is not necessarily bound by the indigent accused‟s wishes. The accused‟s choice regarding counsel “should be respected” but the registrar may decide not to appoint the accused first choice of counsel, if there are sufficient grounds overriding the accused‟s preference”. That an accused would have preferred another counsel is not a sufficient basis to warrant UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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intervention by the Appeals Chamber. The registrar has wide discretion, which he exercises in the interest of justice”). [45] Bongeraho ko, kuba Urugaga rwarashyizeho abavoka bunganira Uwinkindi Jean, ndetse na Minisiteri y‟Ubutabera ikemera kwishyura abo yari yarahisemo, ariko hagati aho amasezerano agaseswa biturutse ku kutumvikana kw‟impande zombi, basanga agomba kwemera abavoka Urugaga rwamugeneye ari bo Me Hishamunda Isacaar na Me Ngabonziza Joseph kuko rwabikoze rwitaye ku nyungu z‟ubutabera kubera ko abari basanzwe bamwunganira bari bivanye mu rubanza, atabemera agahitamo abo yashobora kwiyishyurira ku giti cye. Bagasobanura ko ibyo ari na ko byafashweho icyemezo mu rubanza rwa Nahimana n‟Ubushinjacyaha muri TPIR, aho Urukiko rwavuze ko gushyiraho abandi bunganira uregwa, bidashobora kuba uretse iyo abari basanzwe bamwunganira bamaze kwikura mu rubanza (The appointment of new counsel cannot take place until existing counsel withdraws his or representation). [46] Basoza bavuga ko Uwinkindi Jean atakwitwaza ingingo ya 39 y‟Itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y‟imanza z‟inshinjabyaha iteganya ko umuntu ufunzwe n‟Ubugenzacyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kugira umwunganira no kuvugana na we, ko iyo adashoboye kumwishakira amushakirwa, kandi akaba afite uburenganzira bwo kwemera cyangwa kutemera umwunganira ahawe, bakavuga ko Uwinkindi Jean adafite uburenganzira bwo kwanga abunganizi yagenewe n‟Urugaga rw‟Abavoka ashingiye kuri iyo ngingo kubera ko ubungubu adafunzwe n‟Ubugenzacyaha.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [47] Ingingo ya 14.3 (d) y‟Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte

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International relatif aux droits civils et politiques), ivuga ko umuntu wese uregwa icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kuba mu rubanza no kwiburanira ubwe cyangwa akaburanirwa n‟uwo yihitiyemo ; yaba atamufite akamenyeshwa uburenganzira afite bwo kumushaka, kandi mu gihe cyose biri mu nyungu z‟ubutabera, akamushyirirwaho n‟inzego zibishinzwe mu gihe adafite uburyo bwo kumwishyura (Toute personne accusée d‟une infraction pénale a droit, en pleine égalité, au moins aux garanties suivantes: […] d) à être présente au procès et à se défendre elle-même ou à avoir l‟assistance d‟un défenseur de son choix ; si elle n‟a pas de défenseur, à être informé d‟en avoir un, et, chaque fois que l‟intérêt de la justice l‟exige, se voir attribuer d‟office un défenseur, sans frais, si elle n‟a pas les moyens de le rémunérer)2. [48] Ingingo ya 14,6° y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda ivuga ko “uregwa mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye muri TPIR, mu Rwego cyangwa no mu bindi bihugu, afite uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa na Avoka yihitiyemo mu ibazwa iryo ari ryo ryose. Igihe nta bushobozi afite bwo kumuhemba ahabwa umwunganira”. [49] Urukiko rurasanga ikibazo nyamukuru kigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza, ari ukumenya niba abavoka Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isacaar bahawe Uwinkindi Jean kumwunganira barashyizweho mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko ari cyo cyaburanyweho mu rubanza rwajuririwe. [50] Urukiko rurasanga, nyuma y‟uko ku itariki ya 21/1/2015 Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo mu rwego mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi, ruboneye ko Uwinkindi Jean atagifite abamwunganira, rwafashe icyemezo cyo kwandikira

2 Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, ratifié par le Rwanda le 12/2/1975, D.L n° 8/75 du 12/2/1975, J.O n° du 01/03/1975, p.

230. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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Umukuru w‟Urugaga rw‟Abavoka rumusaba kumushakira abazamwunganira ku buntu kuko nta bushobozi afite, maze ku itariki ya 29/1/2015 agena Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isacaar, ariko ku itariki ya 5/2/2015 bageze mu Rukiko gutangira inshingano zabo, Uwinkindi Jean arabanga avuga ko bashyizweho mu buryo bunyuranyije n‟amategeko kuko atigeze abahitamo, Urukiko rufata icyemezo ko bagomba kumwunganira kubera ko uburyo bashyizweho bwubahirije amategeko. [51] Mu miburanire y‟uru rubanza muri uru Rukiko, impande zombi, yaba Ubushinjacyaha, yaba Uwinkindi Jean hamwe n‟abamwunganira, bahuriza ku ngingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe haruguru, impaka zikavukira mu myumvire ya buri ruhande kuri izo ngingo aho Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko iyo uregwa adafite ubushobozi bwo kwiyishyurira umwunganira ataba agifite uburenganzira bwo kumwihitiramo, naho Uwinkindi Jean n‟abamwunganira bo bakavuga ko n‟ubwo nta bushobozi yaba afite, uregwa agumana uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira ababishinzwe bakamwishyura. [52] Urukiko rurasanga isesengura ry‟ingingo ya 14.3 (d) y‟Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politike n‟iya 14,6° y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, ryumvikanisha nta gushidikanya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kuganirwa na avoka yihitiyemo mu gihe gusa afite ubushobozi bwo

kumuhemba, ariko mu gihe atabufite, akamuhabwa. Ni ukuvuga ko ashyirirwaho n‟inzego zibishinzwe (Urugaga rw‟abavoka), bitabaye ngombwa ko we abigiramo uruhare. [53] Urukiko rurasanga nubwo mu mikorere y‟izo nzego, hari igihe usanga mu kugenera ukurikiranyweho icyaha udafite ubushobozi uzamwunganira, ahabwa umwanya wo kwihitiramo umwunganira, ariko ihame, hakurikijwe ingingo z‟amategeko zavuzwe haruguru, rikaba ari

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uko, n‟ubwo ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa umwunganizi, ibyo ntibimuhesha uburenganzira bwo kumwihitiramo. [54] Uretse n‟ibimaze kuvugwa mu ngingo zimaze kugaragazwa, hari n‟andi masezerano mpuzamahanga agaruka kuri iki kibazo. Aha twavuga nk‟Amasezerano y‟ibihugu by‟i Burayi yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira bwa muntu (la Convention européenne des droits de l‟homme), aho mu ngingo yayo ya 6.3.c) bemeza ko “uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira mu mategeko mu gihe afite uburyo bwo kumwishyura, ko iyo nta bushobozi afite, yunganirwa na avoka washyizweho n‟inzego zibishinzwe, iyo mu nyungu z‟ubutabera ari ngombwa ko uregwa agomba kuba yunganiwe” (En vertu de l‟article 6.3.c) de la Convention, l‟accusé a le droit de se choisir son avocat librement, dans la mesure où il possède les moyens de le rémunérer. S‟il est indigent, il bénéficie de l‟assistance d‟un avocat commis d‟office, à condition que les intérêts de la justice l‟exigent)3. Ibyo kandi bigarukwaho n‟abandi bahanga na bo bemeza ko uregwa ku ruhande rumwe, afite uburenganzira bwo kwiburanira cyangwa kuburanirwa na avoka yihitiyemo, ku rundi ruhande iyo adafite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura, afite uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa ku buntu na avoka ushyirwaho n‟inzego zibifitiye ububasha iyo biri mu nyungu z‟ubutabera (L‟accusé bénéficie du droit, d‟une part, de se défendre lui-même ou d‟avoir l‟assistance d‟un défenseur de son choix et, d‟autre part, s‟il n‟a pas les moyens de rémunérer un défenseur, du droit d‟être assisté gratuitement par un avocat d‟office lorsque les intérêts de la justice l‟exigent)4.

3 Annick SADZOT, l‟égalité des armes et la contradiction dans le procès pénal, Les droits de la défense, Actes du colloque « Jacques Henri » organisé par la Conférence libre du Jeune Barreau de Liège le 28 mai 1997, éditions du Jeune Barreau de Liège, 1997, P. 153. 4 Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs, Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2ème édition, p.1147 in fine. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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[55] Mu gusobanura iyi ngingo, abahanga mu mategeko Doydas Vitkaus na Grigory Dikov, mu nyandiko yabo bise “La protection du droit à un procès équitable par la convention européenne des droits de l‟homme”, ku rupapuro rwa 105, igika cya nyuma, nabo bemeje ko abantu bafite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo abavoka ari abafite ubushobozi bwo kubiyishyurira, ko abakenera inkunga bo ubwo burenganzira batabufite. Bongeraho ko iyo umwavoka wagenwe bigaragaye ko adakora akazi ke uko bikwiye, inzego zibishinzwe zifite inshingano zo kumusimbuza (Seuls les requérants disposant de moyens financiers leur permettant de s‟assurer les services d‟un avocat ont le droit de sélectionner le praticien de leur choix (Campbell et Fell); un requérant bénéficiant de l‟aide juridictionnelle ne jouit pas de cette faculté (Krempovskij, déc.). Parallèlement, lorsqu‟un avocat commis d‟office ne s‟acquitte manifestement pas de ses devoirs, les autorités ont l‟obligation positive de le remplacer)5. [56] Uretse kandi n‟ibivugwa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga no mu mategeko byavuzwe haruguru, hari n‟ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa mu manza zaciwe n‟izindi nkiko ku kibazo cy‟iyunganirwa ry‟uregwa udafite ubushobozi, aha tukavuga cyane cyane imanza zaciwe n‟Urukiko mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ICTR). Mu rubanza rwa Jean- Paul Akayesu, kuri icyo kibazo, Urukiko rwanzuye ruvuga ko rusanga muri rusange uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa ku buntu butajyanye n‟uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi, ko ubwo bufitwe n‟uregwa ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira (La Chambre d‟appel considère qu‟en principe, le droit à l‟assistance gratuite d‟un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir celui-ci. Le droit de choisir son avocat est uniquement garanti aux accusés qui peuvent assumer financièrement les frais d‟un conseil)6.

5www.coe.int/t/dgi/hr-natimplement/source/documentation/hb12_fairtrial_fr.pdf 6 Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphe 61.

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[57] Icyo cyemezo gikomeza kivuga ko umwunganizi w‟uregwa utishoboye ashyirwaho n‟Umwanditsi w‟Urukiko amutoranyije ku rutonde rw‟abavoka bahari kandi abona ko yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa n‟Urukiko. Cyongeraho ko ubusanzwe uregwa utishoboye yihitiramo umwunganira kuri urwo rutonde noneho Umwanditsi w‟Urukiko mu kumugena akabyitaho. Urugereko rw‟Ubujurire ariko rugasanga Umwanditsi w‟Urukiko adategetswe byanze bikunze kwita ku byifuzo by‟uregwa utishoboye, ahubwo afite ububasha bwo gushyira mu gaciro ashingiye ku nyungu z‟ubutabera (La commission d‟un conseil à un accusé indigent est effectué par le Greffier à partir d‟une liste de conseils disponibles qu‟il considère qualifiés en fonction des critères officiels du Tribunal. Certes, en pratique, l‟accusé indigent à la possibilité de choisir parmi les avocats figurants sur la liste et le Greffier prend généralement en considération le choix de l‟accusé. Il n‟en reste pas moins que, de l‟avis de la Chambre d‟appel, le Greffier n‟est pas forcément lié par les voeux de l‟accusé indigent et a un large pouvoir d‟appréciation, qu‟il exerce dans l‟intérêt de la justice)7. [58] Mu rubanza rwa Kambanda Jean, mu Rugereko rw‟ubujurire ku birebana n‟uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo avoka, uwari wajuriye yemezaga ko aba yarahawe ubwo burenganzira, bitaba ibyo akaba yimwe ubutabera buboneye. Kuri icyo kibazo, Urugereko rw‟ubujurire mu Rukiko

Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) rwashingiye ku buryo Urugereko rwa mbere rwasesenguye ikibazo nk‟icyo mu rubanza rwa Ntakirutimana, rusesenguye n‟amategeko agenga Urukiko ndetse n‟amategeko ngengamikorere yarwo, rukayarebera hamwe n‟ibyemezo byafashwe na Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n‟inzego z‟Amasezerano hagati y‟ibihugu by‟i Burayi arebana n‟uburenganzira bwa muntu, rwafashe umwanzuro ko uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa ku buntu butajyanye n‟uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo

7Idem, Paragraphe 62. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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avoka (En ce qui concerne le droit de choisir un avocat, l‟Appelant soutient qu‟il aurait dû bénéficier de ce droit et que la violation de ce droit constitue une violation de droit à un procès équitable. La Chambre d‟appel se réfère sur ce point au raisonnement suivi par la Chambre de Première Instance I dans l‟affaire Ntakirutimana et conclut, à la lumière d‟une interprétation textuelle et systématique des dispositions du Statut et du Règlement, lues en parallèle avec les décisions pertinentes du Comité des Droits de l‟Homme et des organes de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l‟Homme, que le droit à l‟assistance gratuite d‟un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir son avocat)8. [59] Muri uru rubanza, ku birebana n‟uburyo Me Gatera Gashabana na Me Niyibizi Jean-Baptiste bahoze bunganira Uwinkindi Jean bavuye mu rubanza, Urukiko rurasanga icyo kibazo kitasuzumwa mu rwego rw‟ubujurire kubera ko ntaho bigaragara ko kigeze kigibwaho impaka mu rubanza rwajuririwe ngo gifatweho icyemezo, cyane cyane ko icyo ubujurire buba bugamije ari ukunenga imikirize y‟urubanza ruba rwaciwe mu rwego rubanza. [60] Ku bivugwa na Uwinkindi Jean ko Urukiko rwashingiye ku nyandiko irebana n‟urubanza rwa Jean-Paul Akayesu yatanzwe n‟Ubushinyacyaha iburanisha ryarangiye, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga nta kimenyetso atanga kigaragaza ko iyo nyandiko ari ubushinjacyaha bwayitanze kuko Urukiko rwashoboraga kuyivana n‟ahandi rugamije gusobanura icyemezo cyarwo. [61] Ku kibazo cy‟ubushobozi bwa Me Hishamunda Isacaar na Me Ngabonziza Joseph Uwinkindi Jean avuga ko, uretse ko atanabahisemo, ariko nta n‟ubushobozi bafite bwo kuburana urubanza nk‟urwe, kubera ko ngo Me Hishamunda Isacaar Urukiko rw‟Ibanze rwa Nyarugunga

8Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Paragraphe 33.

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207 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

rwafashe icyemezo cy‟uko nta bushobozi afite bwo kuburana imanza nk‟izi, naho Me Ngabonziza Joseph ngo akaba nta burambe afite, Urukiko rurasanga ntaho yahera akemanga ubwo bushobozi mu gihe bashyizweho n‟Umukuru rw‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka ushinzwe kuruyobora no kurukurikirana umunsi ku wundi, mu gihe we yasanze babishoboye. Ikindi kandi Uwinkindi Jean akaba ataremeye ko batangira akazi ko kumwunganira ngo wenda nibagera hagati abonye uko bakora agire icyo abanenga, cyangwa se ngo n‟Urukiko rubone ko batamwunganira uko bikwiye. Urukiko rurasanga kandi Uwinkindi Jean nta rubanza yigeze yerekana rwafatiwemo icyemezo ko Me Hishamunda Isacaar nta bushobozi afite uretse kubivuga gusa. [62] Ku birebana n‟ibivugwa na Me Niyibizi Jean-Baptiste wunganira Uwinkindi Jean ko ibivugwa mu rubanza rwa Jean-Paul Akayesu rwashingiweho n‟Urukiko bidahuye n‟ibivugwa muri uru rubanza kubera ko Uwinkindi Jean we atanze abamwunganira mu gihe Jean-Paul Akayesu we yari yabanze yifuza guhindurirwa, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga ibi nta shingiro bifite kubera ko igitekerezo kiri muri uru rubanza rwa Jean-Paul Akayesu cyari ukumenya muri rusange niba uregwa udafite ubushobozi afite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi, urwo rukiko rukaba rwaranzuye ko Umwanditsi Mukuru w‟Urukiko mu kugena umwunganizi byanze bikunze adategetswe gukurikiza ibyifuzo by‟uregwa, kuko, uretse kwita ku butabera buboneye uregwa

agomba guhabwa, agomba no kwita ku micungire myiza y‟umutungo w‟Urukiko. [63] Ku bivugwa rero na Me Gatera Gashabana ko Urukiko rwakoresheje nabi ingingo ya 14(6°) y‟Itegeko n° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y‟u Rwanda, akavuga ko hanarebwa ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 14 (d) y‟Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n‟uburenganzira mu by‟imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte International relatif aux droits civils et politiques), UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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208 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

Urukiko rurasanga, hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru iyo izo ngingo ruzisomeye hamwe n‟ibikubiye mu masezerano mpuzamahanga ndetse no ku byemezo byafashwe n‟izindi nkiko byavuzwe haruguru, nta gushidikanya, uregwa ufite uburenganzira ntakuka bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira mu mategeko, ari ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwishyura, ko utabufite, iyo mu nyungu z‟ubutabera bibaye ngombwa ko yunganirwa, inzego zibishinzwe zimushyiraho bitabaye ngomba ko uregwa abigiramo uruhare. [64] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, cyane cyane ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba Me Hishamunda Isacaar na Me Ngabonziza Joseph baragenwe n‟Urugaga rw‟abavoka nk‟abunganizi ba Uwinkindi Jean uvuga ko atishoboye byarakozwe mu buryo no mu nzira bikurikije amategeko, Urukiko rw‟Ikirenga rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo mu rwego mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi (HCCI), rwakoze rwemeza ko byakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko no mu nyungu z‟ubutabera, bityo rero ubujurire bwa Uwinkindi Jean bukaba nta shingiro bufite. III. ICYEMEZO CY‟URUKIKO [65] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Uwinkindi Jean Jean nta shingiro bufite; [66] Rwemeje ko inzitizi yo kutakira ubujurire yatanzwe n‟Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite; [67] Ruvuze ko icyemezo n° RP 0002/12/HCCI cyafashwe n‟Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo mu rwego mpuzamahanga n‟ibyaha byambuka imbibi ku itariki ya 6/2/2015 kigumyeho; ko Me Ngabonziza Joseph na Me Hishamunda Isacaar

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209 ICYEGERANYO CY’IBYEMEZO BY’INKIKO

bagenwe n‟Urugaga rw‟Abavoka nk‟abunganizi ba Uwinkindi Jean mu buryo bukurikije amategeko; [68] Rutegetse ko amagarama y‟urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta. UBUSHINJACYAHA v. UWINKINDI

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AMATEGEKO YASHINGIWEHO 241

RWANDA LAW

REPORTS

ENGLISH VERSION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................... i TEAM OF EDITORS ............................................................................. iii MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE ........................................... iv PREFACE .............................................................................................. vii SCOPE OF THE REPORTS ................................................................... ix CITATION .............................................................................................. ix

LIST

OF

STATUTES

AND

STATUTORY

INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED ........................................................................................ x LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED ........................................................ xiii SUBJECT INDEX ................................................................................ xiv Re INGABIRE (PETITION FOR THE REPEAL OF LEGAL PROVISIONS INCONSISTENT WITH THE CONSTITUTION) ........ 1

RE

NTABWOBA (PETITION

FOR

THE

REPEAL OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL PROVISION) ................................. 19 KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA (MINISANTÉ) .. 31 NSHIZIRUNGU v. RWANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY (RRA) ..... 45 SEBERA v. RWANDA DEVELOPMENT BOARD (RDB) ................ 55 MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd ............................................. 69 ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) ............................................................... 99 i

Page 245

MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE ......................... 109 Re MUNYANEZA (PETITION FOR DISQUALIFICATION OF JUDGE)................................................................................................ 117 RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL ............................ 123 PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE ............................................... 135 PROSECUTION v. GATERA ............................................................. 141 PROSECUTION v. MVUYEKURE ................................................... 155 PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL ................................... 163 PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL ................................. 175 PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI ....................................................... 185

ii

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TEAM OF EDITORS

LAW REPORTING TEAM

BAGABO Faustin

KAGABO U. Stephanie

MUJABI K. Naphtal

MUNYENSANGA Chrysostome

MWIHOREZE Claudine

NTIHEMUKA Emmanuel

UWIMANA Gisèle

iii

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MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE

MUGENZI Louis Marie : President of the Committee Supreme Court Judge

Prof. Dr. NGAGI M. Alphonse : Vice President of the Committee Supreme Court Judge

RUTAZANA Angeline : Secretary of the Committee Inspector of Courts

BWIZA N. Blanche : Inspector of Courts

DUSHIMINAMA Claudine : Prosecutor at National Level

Me GAKUNZI Valery : Advocate at Rwanda Bar Association

GIRANEZA Clémentine : Judge at Primary Court

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre : Prosecutor at National Level

KALIWABO Charles : President of High Court

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Me KAYIHURA Didace : Advocate at Rwanda Bar Association

KIBUKA Jean Luc : Judge at Commercial High Court

MUREREREHE Saouda : Judge at High Court

NYIRINKWAYA Immaculée : Supreme Court Judge

RUBANGO K. Epimaque : State Attorney RUKUNDAKUVUGA F. Regis : Inspector General of Courts

v

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PREFACE Distinguished readers, After the reorganization of publication of Rwanda Law Reports with the purpose to harmonize the decisions rendered by Rwandan courts, the Rwandan Judiciary is pleased to publish the fourth volume of Rwanda Law Reports for the year 2015. We encourage judges, prosecutors, advocates and other legal professionals who do not use the reports to start using them as they will help them to know the position of higher courts on different legal issues and this will further improve the Rwandan justice system. In this volume of Rwanda Law Reports, you will find sixteen cases including two (2) constitutional cases, three (3) civil cases, one (1) commercial case, three (3) administrative cases, one (1) labour case and six (6) criminal cases. We are also pleased to inform you that published cases can also be accessed on the website of the judiciary http://decisia.lexum.com/rlr/en/nav.do. Prof. Sam RUGEGE President of the Supreme Court President of the High Council of Judiciary.

vii

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SCOPE OF THE REPORTS These reports cover cases decided by the Supreme Court and the Commercial High Court listed under the heading of “Citation” below.

CITATION The Reports in this volume are cited thus: [2015] 4 RLR

ix

Page 253

LIST OF STATUTES AND STATUTORY

INSTRUMENTS CONSIDERED Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date, articles 33 and 34……………………………………………………... article 17………………………………………………………………… Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code in Rwanda, article 765……………………………………………………………….. articles 71 and 83…………………………………………………….. Organic Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, articles 53 and 54.……………………………………………………… article 53, paragraph 2……………………...................................... article 81 (1)……………………....................................................... article 34(100)…………………………............................................. Law nº18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, articles 2 and 3…………………………………………………………………. Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 361(3)………………………………........................................ article 171………………………………………………………………. articles 4 and 7……………………................................................... article 162, paragraph 2…………………........................................ article 102....................................................................................... x 4 20 4 4 136 20 110 186 4 4 87 75 186 118

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xi

LIST OF STATUTES CONSIDERED

Organic Law No 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction, sub-paragraph 2 of article 10…………………………………. Law No 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the Code of Criminal Procedure, article 268.…………………………………………………………. Decree of 30/07/1888 regulating contracts or contractual obligations, articles 258 and 260……………………..……………………………. article 258………………………………………………………………. Law nᵒ 13/2009 of 27/5/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 32………………………………………………………………… articles 21, 27(2), 29, 33(3), 34, 35, 38, 55 and 77………………... Organic Law nᵒ 51/2008 of 9/9/2008 governing Organization, Functioning and Jurisdiction of Courts, articles 93 and 94………………………………………………………. article 164……………………………………………………………….. Law n° 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to the Civil, Commercial, Labour and Administrative Procedure, articles 33……………............................... Law of 20/07/1920 relating to properties, article 32……..…..................... Decree-Law nº 21/77 of 18/08/1977 instituting the penal code, article 312............................................................................................................... Law n° 15/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 119……. Law nº30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 165....................................................................................... articles 9, 12 and 187………………………………………................ 20 20 33 55 57 75 57 57 124 136 142 142 20 165

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RWANDA LAW REPORTS

Law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, article 14(6o)…………………………………………..

186

Page 256

LIST OF CASES CONSIDERED Re Mugesera, RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 28/09/2012……………………………………………………... Re Ntawuburintimba, RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 27/04/2012………………………………………….... Nyetera v. CORAR, RCAA 0202/07/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 09/4/2009……………………………………………………………... Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphes 61 and 62………………………………………………….... Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Paragraphe 33…………………………………………………... Prosecution v. Musabyimana, RPA 0244/08/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 30/09/2012………………………................................ Prosecution v. Nyirakamana, RPA 0262/09/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 26/04/2013……………………………………………………...

xiii 4 4 186 33 186 176 176

Page 257

SUBJECT INDEX Administrative law – Dismissal due to the job suppression – It is unlawful dismissal where an employer does not demonstrate the way reached the decision to provisionally suspend an employee and to dismiss him/her automatically on the position he occupied – Instructions n003/19.21 of 10/ 07/ 2009 relating to procedure of doing the performance for an employee, articles 4 and 11. SEBERA v. RDB………………………....................................... Temporally suspension due to job suppression – It is unlawful dismissal when temporally suspension stretching to six month – Law nº 22/2002 of 09/07/2002 of general statute for Rwanda public service, articles 68 -3 and 121. SEBERA v. RDB …………………………………….................. Damages – The damages resulting from unlawful dismissal – Any act of man which causes damage to another obliges the person by whose fault it happened to repair it – Law of 30/07/1888 relating to contracts or obligations, article 258. SEBERA v. RDB……………………………............................... Administrative procedure – Appeal – Overruling the appealed decision – The Court with the jurisdiction to hear the case on merits – When the appeal court overrules the appealed judgment the court shall hear the case in substance unless the overruling was done because there were irregularities in lodging the appeal or for lack of jurisdiction – Law nᵒ 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 171. NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA……………………………………….. xiv 55 55 55 45

Page 258

xv

SUBJECT INDEX

Unfair dismissal – The claim requesting for the trial on merits of the case concerning the unfair dismissal and the related damages – A public employee is not required to make an administrative appeal before lodging a claim for unlawful dismissal and the related damages – Law n° 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 339. NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA ………………………………………. Civil liability – Employer‟s vicarious liability – Employers‟ liability for wrongdoing of the employee – The employer is liable for the negligent acts or omissions by his employee committed in the course of his employment. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA................. Civil procedure – Summary procedure – Provisional execution of the judgment – Suspension of provisional execution of the judgment – Provisional execution order shall be issued by the court on its own motion, even without a security if the evidence of litigation is an authentic deed or the matter of litigation is the debt acknowledged by the debtor in the case – The provisional execution is not necessarily conducted on the entire judgment – The grounds submitted by the plaintiff for suspension of provisional execution of judgment that its execution is likely to result into damage should be examined while considering also the damage and loss the respondent has indicated he is also likely to suffer in case of suspension of the execution of the judgment he/she won – Law N° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, articles 212(2), 213 and 214. ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI……………………………………... 45 31 99

Page 259

xvi

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

Objection – Disqualification of a judge – Application for disqualification of a judge should be done in the course of hearing but before the closing of hearings – Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, article 102. RE MUNYANEZA……………………………………………… Petition aiming to repeal the provisions of law – Respect of procedures for the admissibility of these petitions – Deposition of the court fees – When applicant is under detention he/she must not pay the court fees and required formalities for the action for repeal the provisions of the law are abided by when the applicant instituted the petition in writing, bearing the date and her signature, showing the subject matter of the action as well as submissions claiming the repeal of articles of laws and he/she must have the interest in the subject matter as well – Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 361(3) – Organic Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, articles 53(3) and 54. RE INGABIRE……………………………………..………….... Constitution Law – Unconstitutional legal provisions – Petition aiming to repeal the provisions of law – The effect of the loss of binding force of the law or its provision while the petition for its repeal for unconstitutionality was

filed and is pending before court – Fate of the provisions that may not be clear enough or require further interpretation – For the unconstitutionality of the law or an article to be examined that law or article has to be still in force; therefore the fact that the law or its provision have been already abrogated renders the petition objectless and cannot thus be admitted – These articles of the law should not be taken as if 117 1

Page 260

they are contrary to the constitution because they are not clear enough or require further interpretation since the article cannot be considered unconstitutional because of the mere fact that it needs further interpretation or complement; rather this can be done by the legislator in case they may deem it necessary – Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code in Rwanda, article 765. RE INGABIRE……………………………………..………….... The freedom of opinion – Limitation to the freedom of opinion – The freedom of opinion does not allow every person to express whatever he/she wants, rather that freedom can be limited by the laws of each country especially to safeguard the security and sovereignty of the State, public order or good morals – Law nº18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, articles 2 and 3. RE INGABIRE………………………………………………….. Unconstitutional legal provisions – Petition seeking repeal of sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of Organic Law n0 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction – Sub- paragraph 2 of article 10 contains a phrasing mistake which can be corrected instead of being contrary to the Constitution. RE NTABWOBA ………………………………………………. Contracts or obligations law – Loan contract – Power of attorney over the property – Conveyance of a property which is co-owned by coheirs to a creditor as security on a loan without authorization of some of them – The holder of power of attorney over the property cannot furnish it as a guarantee when all rightful owners did not authorize it – Law of 20/07/1920 relating to properties, article 32. RWASIBO v. I& M BANK…...……………………………………… xvii

SUBJECT INDEX 1 2 19 123

Page 261

xviii

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

Criminal Law – Penalty determination – The judge shall determine a penalty according to the gravity of the offence taking into account offender‟s motives, history and background, circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and individual circumstances – In the event of combination of aggravating, excusable, recidivism and mitigating circumstances, Courts shall apply the penalty taking into account these factors in the order set out under this article – Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, article 71. PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE….…………………….. Penalty reduction – It could not be granted, when its grounds were considered by the previous court – It could not be granted because of the gravity of the offence committed. PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE ……………………….. Criminal Procedure Law – Doubt – the benefit of doubt shall be given in favour of the accused. If the proceedings conducted as completely as possible do not enable judges to find reliable evidence proving beyond reasonable doubt that the accused committed the offence, the judges shall order his/her acquittal – Law nº30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 165. PROSECUTION v. GATERA…………………………………. Appeal for damages resulting from an offence – In case of acquittal of the accused followed by the appeal of civil party, the case at stake is re-heard in its entirety on its merit – Organic Law n° 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts, articles 164 – Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 187. PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA………………………... 135 135 141 163

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xix

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

The appearance of the Prosecution in the civil action cases when the accused was acquitted at the first instance – Appeal against awarded damages resulting from an offence does not turn a criminal case into a civil case. Hence, the Prosecution should appear to give its opinion though it is not a requirement – Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 Relating to the code of criminal procedure, articles 9 and 187 and Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 Determining organization, functioning and competence of courts 164. PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA……............................... Daily minimum wage – Two thousand five hundred Rwanda francs (2,500) is the daily minimum wage for an ordinary worker taken into account the market prices and the general level of wages in the Country. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA…………. Damages – Damages awarded ex aequo et bono – Computation of pecuniary compensation – Where the aggrieved person does not produce evidence proving the amount of money he spent because of an action that has caused him prejudice but it is evident that such action lead to some expenses, he is awarded damages ex aequo et bono – Pecuniary compensation are computed basing on the salary of twelve months and considering also the degree of disability and the remaining lucrative years to reach 65 years – Decree of 30/07/1888 relating to contracts or contractual obligations, articles 258 and 260. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA................. Human Rights Law – Right to defense and legal counsel – Choice of legal counsel for an indigent person – The accused who has absolute right to choose his legal counsel is the one who has financial capacity to pay his counsel while for the one who xix

SUBJECT INDEX 163 31 31

Page 263

xx

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

doesn‟t, in case of interests of the court it is realized that he must be assisted, the competent organs appoint him without the participation of the accused – Law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, article 14(6o). PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI……………………………... Labour law – Termination of employment contract – Unfair dismissal – To dismisses one or more employees due to economic and technological reasons, without ranking the employees in accordance with the performance, professional qualification, time spent in the enterprise and social charges of each worker and that ranking is done without informing the labour inspector in writing, It is considered as unfair dismissal – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 1(21), 34. MITIMITUJE v. BK…………………………………………………. The average salary – Computation of monthly average salary – The average monthly salary shall be obtained by dividing by twelve the total salary the worker has received for the last twelve months exclusive of allowances allocated to the worker to enable him/her to discharge his/her duties, therefore the balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, payments for leave are not included in the average salary since he/she gets them once a year; moreover, the contributions to the social security fund and those of supplementary pension are not computed while determining the average salary because these are savings made for the benefit of the employee – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 35 and 77. MITIMITUJE v BK…………………………………………... Damages resulting from unfair dismissal – Computation of those damages – Any unfair termination of the contract may result in 185 69 69

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xxi

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

damages; where the worker has worked for the employer for a period which is longer than 10 years, damages shall not go beyond the salary of nine months (9) – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 33(3). MITIMITUJE v. BK……………………………………………. Notice – Computation of compensation – In case of termination of an employment contract with prior notice, the notice period must be one month for a worker who has worked for one year or more and the employer must pay employment contract termination or dismissal benefits to an employee who has completed a period of at least twelve consecutive months of work – Employment contract termination accompanying allowance shall not go in any case below three times the average monthly salary for the worker with working experience of between ten and fifteen years in the same institution – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 27(2). MITIMITUJE v. BK………,……………………….................... Employment leave – Leave allocation – The employer must pay the retiring worker an allocation equal to the average of salaries the worker received for the last twelve months and other benefits he/she is entitled to as provided for by the employment contract – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 55. MITIMITUJE v. BK……………………………………………. Work certificate – When the contract of employment expires, the employer must establish and put at the disposal of other worker together with his /her final due – A certificate of employment, showing exclusively the date of entry and exit and the nature of the employment or occupied post. The employer, who refuses to xxi

SUBJECT INDEX 69 70 70

Page 265

xxii

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

deliver this certificate of employment or omits one of the elements or delays to deliver this certificate, may be required to pay the damages determined by the competent Court – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 38. MITIMITUJE v. BK………………………………………….. Limit of the subject – Procedural costs and lawyer‟s fees – The subject matter of the claim shall be determined by the claims made by the respective parties and these claims shall be indicated in the plaintiff‟s and defendant‟s submissions – The judge shall rule only and on all that which is referred to the court – A party who win the case in some of his claims is awarded the procedural and counsel fees at the Court‟s discretion – Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article, 4 and 7. MITIMITUJE v. BK……………………………………………. Law determining jurisdiction of courts – Supreme Court jurisdiction – Application for review of the judgment due to injustice – Objection for inadmissibility of claim – Inspection report – The effect of absence of the report of inspection of the Court in the file of the case – The absence of the report of the inspection of courts in the case file cannot be the motif to not admit the claim because generally it is used in the preparation of the hearing of the case – Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 81 (1). MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE................ Petition aiming at repealing the provisions of laws – The competent court – The Supreme Court hears all petitions relating to the partial or complete repeal of an organic law, ordinary law, decree law due to their unconstitutionality – Organic Law Nº 70 109 70

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xxiii

RWANDA LAW REPORTS

03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 53 RE INGABIRE…………………………………………………..

xxiii

SUBJECT INDEX 1

Page 268

PETITIONS REQUESTING THE

REPEAL OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL

LAWS

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Re INGABIRE (PETITION FOR THE REPEAL

OF LEGAL PROVISIONS INCONSISTENT WITH THE CONSTITUTION) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RS/INCONST/0002/12/CS (Kayitesi, P.J., Mutashya, Mukamurisa, Nyirinkwaya, Mukandamage, Kayitesi, Rugabirwa, Hatangimbabazi and Munyangeri, J.) October 18, 2012] Law determining the jurisdiction of courts – Petition aiming at repealing the provisions of laws – The competent court – The Supreme Court hears all petitions relating to the partial or complete repeal of an organic law, ordinary law, decree law due to their unconstitutionality – Organicl Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 53. Civil procedure – Petition aiming to repeal the provisions of law – Respect of procedures for the admissibility of these petitions – Deposition of the court fees – When applicant is under detention he/she must not pay the court fees and required formalities for the action for repeal the provisions of the law are abided by when the applicant instituted the petition in writing, bearing the date and her signature, showing the subject matter of the action as well as submissions claiming the repeal of articles of laws and he/she must have the interest in the subject matter as well – Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure, article 361(3) – Organic Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 53(3), 54. Constitution Law – Unconstitutional legal provisions – Petition aiming to repeal the provisions of law – The effect of the loss of binding force of the law or its provision while the petition for its repeal for unconstitutionality was filed and is pending before court – Fate of the 1

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provisions that may not be clear enough or require further interpretation – For the unconstitutionality of the law or an article to be examined that law or article has to be still in force; therefore the fact that the law or its provision have been already abrogated renders the petition objectless and cannot thus be admitted – These articles of the law should not be taken as if they are contrary to the constitution because they are not clear enough or require further interpretation since the article cannot be considered unconstitutional because of the mere fact that it needs further interpretation or complement; rather this can be done by the legislator in case they may deem it necessary – Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code in Rwanda, article 765. Constitutional Law – The freedom of opinion – Limitation to the freedom of opinion – The freedom of opinion does not allow every person to express whatever he/she wants, rather that freedom can be limited by the laws of each country especially to safeguard the security and sovereignty of the State, public order or good morals – Law nº18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, article 2, 3. Facts: Ingabire filed a petition to the Supreme Court arising from the pending case no RP 0110/10/HC instituted by the prosecution against her before the High Court where she is prosecuted for the

crime of minimization of genocide and genocide ideology, therefore she prays that article 2 to article 9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology and article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes should declared void because they are contrary to article 20, 33, and 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date because they are uncertain and confusing to the extent that they prejudice individual rights provided under the

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constitution to express one‟s opinion especially when talking about the genocide, and these may be subject to different individual interpretations. Held: 1. The Supreme hears all petitions seeking the partial or total repeal of an organic law, ordinary law, and decree law due to their unconstitutionality.

2. When the applicant is under detention he/she must not pay the court fees and also all required formalities of the petition for the repeal of the provisions of the law are abided by when the applicant instituted an action in writing, bearing the date and her signature, showing the subject matter of the action as well as submissions claiming the repeal of articles of laws and he/she has an interest in the subject matter as well.

3. A law or its article must be still in force for their unconstitutionality to be examined. Therefore, the fact that the law or its provision has been arleady abrogated renders the petition objectless.

4. These articles should not be taken as contrary to the constitution because they are not clear enough or require further interpretation since an article should not considered unconstitutional because of the mere fact it needs further interpretation or complement, but rather this can be done by the legislator in case they may deem it necessary.

5. The freedom of thought does not allow every person to express whatever he/she wants; rather the right to express one‟s opinion can be limited by the laws of each country especially to safeguard the security and sovereignty of the State, public order or good morls. Therefore, the articles for which repeal is sought are not intended to prevent people from exercising their freedom of opinion; but rather they intend to limit whoever can abuse that right granted by the law and incite to perpetration of genocide or minimize the committed one, therefore those articles are not contrary to the constitution. 3 Re INGABIRE

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The petition aiming at the repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes is inadmissible, The action aiming at the repeal of article 4-9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology has no merit, With the Court fees to public treasury. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date, articles 33 and 34. Law nº18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, articles 2 and 3. Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 361(3). Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code in Rwanda, article 765. Organic Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, articles 53 and 54. Cases referred to: Re Mugesera Léon, RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rendered on 28/09/2012. Re Ntawuburintimba Alivera, RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rendered on 27/04/2012.

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Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] The action of Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire arises from case no RP 0110/10/HC instituted against her by the prosecution pending before the High Court, where she is prosecuted for the crime of minimization of genocide and genocide ideology. [2] Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire instituted the action before the Supreme Court on 16/05/2012 requesting to declare void articles 2 to 9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology and article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes because they are contrary to articles 20, 33, and 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date. She asserts that they are uncertain and confusing to the extent that they prejudice individual rights enshrined in the Constitution to freely express one‟s opinion especially when talking about the genocide that happened in Rwanda, and they may be subject to different individual interpretations. [3] The hearing for this case was fixed on 19/07/2012 but it was not heard because Counsel Gatera Gashabana assisting Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire requested the time to respond to the court submission of the State attorney in writing because he alleged that he belatedly received it. The hearing was postponed on 03/09/2012and on that day it was held in public where Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire was assisted by Counsel Gatera Gashabana and also appeared the State Attorney Counsel Mbonera Théophile.

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II. JURISICTION OF THE COURT AND

ADMISSIBILITY OF THE CLAIM The Jurisdiction [4] Article 53, paragraph 2 of Organic Law Nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court provides that “the Supreme Court shall hear petitions regarding the partial or complete repealing of an organic law, an ordinary law, or a decree-law on account of non-conformity with the Constitution”. [5] Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire brought her petition before the Supreme Court requesting the repeal of articles 2 to 9 of Law n° 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide minimization and genocide ideology and article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes because they are contrary to articles 20,33 and 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date. [6] Pursuant to the foregoing arguments, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to examine the merits of this case. With regard to admissibility of the petition. [7] Pursuant to article 361, 3º of Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure, Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire has not to pay the court fees because she in detention. The petition was submitted in writing, bearing the date and her signature, showing the subject matter of the action as well as submissions claiming the repeal of articles of laws. She has attached in annex to her petition copies of articles of laws of which she requests

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repeal. It is clear that article 54 of Organic Law nº 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 relating to the organization, functioning and the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court relating to requirements for admissibility of the petition was complied with. [8] Moreover, pursuant to article 53, paragraph 3 of Organic Law cited above, Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire has the interest to file the petition seeking repeal of the articles of laws cited above because she has a criminal case against her before the High Court where she is prosecuted for the crime of genocide minimization and genocide ideology. III. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES [9] The issues to be examined in this case are those relating to the repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and the issue to know whether articles 2 to 9 of Law n°18 /2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide minimization and genocide ideology are unconstitutional. A. The repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. [10] Gatera Gashabana, Counsel for Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire asserts they request repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes because they realize that it was reproduced in the new penal code in its article 116 which has the same provisions as the one for which they request repeal as they are only different with regard to the emprisonment. He asserts that according to their additional submissions filed after the enactment of the new penal code, the article of which they Re INGABIRE

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request repeal is article 116 of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code. [11] Counsel Mbonera Theophile, the State Attorney argues that article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes has already been abrogated; therefore there is no single reason to request the repeal of this article because one cannot repeal the article of the law that has already been abrogated. [12] With regard to the argument that the provisions of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are the same provisions under article 116 of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code in Rwanda, Counsel Mbonera Theophile asserts that there exist proper ways of instituting and hearing different judicial actions, therefore the action seeking the repeal of article 116 should not be examined because it was never instituted. [13] With regard to this action relating to article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 which was punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, it obvious that by the time Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire instituted the action that law was still in force, but after the enactment of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 cited above, Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing

the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes which includes this article 4 of which Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire requested repeal was no longer in force basing on article 765 of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 cited above. Therefore, the fact that Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire instituted the action requesting the repeal an article of the law that is already abrogated renders her action without object, hence the action relating to the repeal of article of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of

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06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes is not admitted. [14] This was the opinion of this Court in case nº RS/INCONST/PEN 0004/12/CS where it held that in order for the law or an article to be examined for unconstitutionality that law or article has to be still in force and enforced1. [15] With regard to the repeal of article 116 of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, article 53 of Organic Law nº 03/2012 OL of 13/06/2012 relating to organization, functioning and the jurisdiction of the Supreme Sourt provides that “...the case shall be referred to the Supreme Court by a petition in writing...” whereas article 54 of that Organic Law provides that “The petition .shall also indicate the subject-matter of the petition as well as the grounds for petition for the repealing of the organic law, ordinary or decree law”. [16] Articles stated in the previous paragraph shows how the petition is instituted. Since Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire instituted the petition requesting the repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes for unconstitutionality, the Court cannot, contrary to this, examine the unconstitutionality of article 116 of Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code because this is not

1 Judgment RS/INCONST/PEN 0002/12/CS rendered on 28/09/2012 in which Mugesera Léon prayed the Supreme Court to confirm that the second paragraph of article 162 of the Law Nº 18/2004 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure is inconsistent with the Constitution.

Re INGABIRE

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the petition submitted to the Court in accordance with the procedures provided for under articles stated in the previous paragraph. B. Whether articles 2 to 9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide minimization and genocide ideology are contrary to the constitution. [17] In the applicant‟s court submission before this Court and during the hearing of this case, Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire and Gatera Gashabana her Counsel assert that articles 2 to 9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology are contrary to the Constitution in its articles 20, 33 and 34. Counsel Gatera Gashabana explains that a criminal law must certainly show the elements of the crime and he backed his argument by the scholarly legal writing and foreign decided cases. [18] They further asserts that being prosecuted uncertainly for an offense contravenes the principle enshrined in 20 of the Constitution that no one shall be punished for acts or omissions that were not criminalized by the law at the time of commission or omission; and no one shall be subject to heavier punishment than the one that was applicable under the law at the time that the crime was committed because they find that article 2 and 3 do not indicate the elements of the crime. [19] They further argue that articles 2 and 3 focus on words uttered or acts performed in the public (expressions orales et écrites) and do not give any explanation to the extent that the person who is going to express their opinion about genocide cannot know the limits in order to express their opinion freely without any fear of being prosecuted. They, therefore, find that these articles prejudice individual right to expression granted by the Constitution and have to be repealed.

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[20] Counsel Mbonera Theophile, the State Attorney, asserts that articles 2 and 3 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology for which the repeal is requested are certain, they do not contain unclear or confusing terms that can be subject to various individual interpretations. He further argues that should it be the issue of interpretation, the law is written in three languages, which means that one may use one language or another; but this should not be confused with unconstitutionality. [21] With regard to articles relating to freedom of opinion and expression, the State attorney finds that article 2 and 3 of Law n° 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology are not contrary to articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution since the freedoms provided under these should be exercised notwithstanding others‟ rights. He adds that the law sets limits but does not prevent any person from saying what they know about genocide. What the legislator prevented are the expressions aiming at inciting genocide or minimizing the genocide that was committed. [22] In examining the petition of Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire with regard to articles 2 to 9 of Law n° 18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, the Court finds that articles 2 and 3 of the Law stated above are still in force, therefore the action based on them can be admitted

and examined on its merits. However, the petition based on articles 4 to 9 of that Law has no object because those articles relating to penalties provided under the new penal were repealed. Therefore, it cannot be admitted and examined on its merit. [23] Article 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda provides that “the freedom of thought, opinion, conscience, religion, worship and the public manifestation thereof is guaranteed by the State in accordance with conditions determined by law. Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or discrimination or any other form of division is Re INGABIRE

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punishable by law” whereas its article 34 provides that “Freedom of the press and freedom of information are recognized and guaranteed by the State. Freedom of speech and freedom of information shall not prejudice public order and good morals, the right of every citizen to honour, good reputation and the privacy of personal and family life. It is also guaranteed so long as it does not prejudice the protection of the youth and minors. The conditions for exercising such freedoms are determined by law”. [24] Article 2 of Law nº18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology defines the genocide ideology as follows: “The genocide ideology is an aggregate of thoughts characterized by conduct, speeches, documents and other acts aiming at exterminating or inciting others to exterminate people basing on ethnic group, origin, nationality, region, color, physical appearance, sex, language, religion or political opinion, committed in the normal periods or during or war”. As for article 3 of that same law states that “The crime of genocide ideology is characterized in any behavior manifested by facts aimed at dehumanizing a person or a group of persons with the same characteristics in the following way: 1° threatening, intimidating, degrading through defamatory speeches, documents or actions which aim at propounding wickedness or inciting hatred; 2° marginalizing, laughing at one‟s misfortune, boasting, defaming, mocking, , despising, creating confusion with the intent to negate the genocide that was committed, stirring up ill feelings, taking revenge, distort testimony or evidence for the genocide committed; 3° Killing, planning to kill or attempting to kill of someone for purposes of furthering genocide ideology”.

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[25] The Supreme Court finds that these articles 2 and 3 are by no means contrary to the Constitution especially its article 20, since they have provided for the constitutive elements of an offense which are based on while taking the decision. These articles provide for the example of circumstances in which the crime of genocide ideology is committed and it is up to the judge to examine the acts the accused is prosecuted for and applies the law to them. [26] The fact that these articles are not clear enough or require a further interpretation should not be taken as if they contrary to the Constitution as ruled upon by the Supreme Court where it held that the fact that an article needs further interpretation or complement should not be considered to be unconstitutional, but rather this can be done by the legislator in case they may deem it necessary.2 [27] With regard to the argument that these articles are contrary to the provisions of articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution because they prejudice the right to freedom of thought and may prevent a person who may need to express his/her opinion about genocide to do so without any fear of being prosecuted, this is not founded too, because the freedom of opinion does not allow every person to say whatever pleases them, especially that even international law and the Constitution of Rwanda allow some limitations as provided under 34 of that Constitution and article 19 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in its point 3 b, that the freedom to express one‟s opinion can be limited by the laws of each country when it is necessary to safeguard the security and

2 Judgment Nº RS/INCONST/0002/10/CS rendered on 27/04/2012, where Ntawuburintimba Alivera filed a petition requesting to delcared unconsitutional articles 138 and 141 of Law n 18/2004 of 20/06/2004 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure. Re INGABIRE

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sovereignty of the State, public order or good morals.3 It is also provided under article 10 of European Convention of Human Rights which provides for the freedom of expression but under its article 17 it prohibits the abuse of that right. [28] The fact an individual can prosecuted for speech that contain hatred and discrimination is not to the specialty of Rwanda. For instance in Canada, in its penal code, article 319 of that code punishes whoever disseminates hatred or divisionism.4 [29] Moreover in the case R. v. Keegstra rendered by the Supreme of Canada on 13/12/1990, where James Keegstra, the teacher in secondary school in the province of Alberta was accused of spreading hatred among Jews when he was teaching. By the time the final judgment of the case instituted against him by the prosecution was not yet rendered, James Keegstra brought a case before the Supreme Court arguing that the offense he is accused of is provided for under article stated in the previous paragraph in point 2 is contrary to the Constitution of that country. The court ruled that it is necessary to protect a given group of people and ensuring the coexistence of individuals with the feeling of equality even if they may have different cultures. The Court stated it in the following words: “……… There is obviously a rational connection

3 This UN Convention of 16/12/1966 entered into force in Rwanda on 23/03/1976, and was ratified in Rwanda by the decree-law n° 08/75 of 12/02/1975. 4 (1) Everyone who, by communicating statements in any public place, incites hatred against any identifiable group where such incitement is likely to lead to a breach of the peace is guilty of (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction. (2) Everyone who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, willfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group is guilty of (a) an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years; or (b) an offence punishable on summary conviction”.

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between the criminal prohibition of hate propaganda and the objective of protecting target group members and of fostering harmonious social relations in a community dedicated to equality and multiculturalism”. [30] Moreover; other countries, predominantly European countries criminalize the minimization of holocaust. For instance in France, the “Cour de Cassation‟ and Court of Appeal of Paris held in judgments they rendered that, on justifiable grounds, the freedom of opinion can be subjected to limitations for the protection of public interests of Nazism victims.5 Other examples showing that this crime is punishable are for instance judgments rendered by European Courts that convicted and punished persons who were accused of this crime6.

5 En Europe, l‟article 10 de la Convention européenne des droits de l‟homme garantit la liberté d‟expression, alors que l‟article 17 interdit d‟abuser du droit. La Cour européenne des Droits de l‟homme, s‟appuyant sur ces deux articles, a conforté l‟utilisation de la loi française du 13 juillet 1990 dite «Loi Gayssot» pour poursuivre et condamner des auteurs de publications négationistes. En France, la Cour de Cassation et la Cour d‟Appel de Paris ont jugé que la liberté d‟expression pouvait légitimement être restreinte pour des motifs de protection de l‟ordre public, de la morale et des intérêts des victimes du nazisme). 6 - Lehideux and Isorni v. France, 1998-VII, n . 92; application number 24662/94, case number 55/1997/839/1045 (European Court of Human Rights 23 September 1998). Faurisson v. France, 2 BHRC UN Doc. CCPR/C/58/D/550/1993, Constitutional Court of Spain. November 7, 2007. -Jean-Marie Le Pen, France, Germany fines Feb. 27, 1998. En 1987, il a qualifié à plusieurs reprises les chambres à gaz de « point de détail de l‟histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ». -Roger Garaudy, France, imprisonment (suspended), ₣240,000 fine Jul. 21, 1998 (Writer fined for Holocaust writings). Jürgen Graf, Switzerland, 15 months imprisonment (fled Switzerland to avoid sentence). Gerhard Förster, Switzerland, 12 months imprisonment, disgorgement, May 27, 1999. Re INGABIRE

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[31] The Court finds that articles 2 and 3 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide do not intended to to

Jean Plantin, France, 6 months imprisonment (suspended), fine, damages Apr. 11, 2000 (Francillon, Claude. "A Lyon, l'éditeur chômeur Jean Plantin jugé pour contestation de crimes contre l'humanité", Disciple de Faurisson, il a été à deux reprises condamné pour contestation de crimes contre l‟humanité par le Tribunal de grande instance de Lyon, à 6 mois de prison avec sursis ainsi qu‟à des peines d‟amende. Gaston-Armand Amaudruz, Switzerland, 1 year imprisonment, damages Feb. 20, 2006 ("Holocaust revisionist sentenced". David Irving, Austria, 1 year imprisonment Mar. 15, 2006 (Traynor, Ian. "Irving jailed for denying Holocaust". Germar Rudolf, Germany, 2½ years imprisonment, Oct. 3, 2006 ("German Holocaust Denier Imprisoned for Inciting Racial Hatred". Robert Faurisson, France, €7,500 fine, 3 months probation, Feb. 15, 2007. Les thèses revisionnistes héritées de Paul Rassinier, ancien résistant déporté qui contestait la véracité des témoignages d‟anciens déportés, a été condamné en 1981 par la 17ème Chambre du Tribunal de grande instance de Paris pour diffamation publique, condamnation confirmée par la Cour d‟Appel. Ernst Zündel, Germany, 5 years imprisonment, Jan. 14, 2008 ("Holocaust denier in Germany sentenced to five years in prison. Wolfgang Fröhlich, Austria, 6½ years imprisonment, Jan. 15, 2008 ("Austrian Holocaust denier gets six-and-a-half years in prison" Sylvia Stolz,

Germany, 3½ years imprisonment , Mar. 11, 2009 ("German Neo-Nazi Lawyer Sentenced for Denying Holocaust". Horst Mahler, Germany, 5 years imprisonment, Oct. 23, 2009. Dirk Zimmerman, Germany, 9 months imprisonment, Oct. 27, 2009. Richard Williamson, Germany, €12,000 fine. Condamnation pour des déclarations négationnistes d‟un évêque britannique qui avait déclaré en 2008 qu‟il n‟y a pas eu de chambres à gaz, que 200000 à 300000 Juifs ont péri dans les camps de concentration, mais un seul dans les chambres à gaz.

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prevent people from exercising their freedom of thought or their expression while talking about genocide perpetrated against Tutsis in 1994; but rather they intend to limit whoever can abuse that freedom granted by the law and incite to perpetration of genocide or minimize the one committed. Therefore, those articles are not contrary to the Constitution. IV. DECISION OF THE COURT [32] It decides to dismiss the petition filed by Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire requesting the repeal of article 4 of Law nº 33 bis/2003 of 06/09/2003 punishing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes because it lacks the object; [33] It decides to dismiss the petition of Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire seeking the repeal of articles 4 to 9 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genoicide ideology because it lacks the object; [34] It decided to admit the petition of Ingabire Umuhoza Victoire seeking the repeal of articles 2 and 3 of Law n°18/2008 of 23/07/2008 punishing the crime of genocide ideology, because it was instituted in accordance with the law; [35] It, however, decides that it has no merit; [36] It orders that court fees equal to 11,600Frw be borne by the public treasury.

Re INGABIRE

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RE NTABWOBA (PETITION FOR THE

REPEAL OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL LEGAL PROVISION) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RS/INCONST/GEN 0001/14/CS (Rugege, P.J., Mugenzi, Nyirinkwaya, Hatangimbabazi, Kanyange, Mukamulisa M. Mukandamage M., Rugabirwa, Munyangeri N., J) March 27, 2015] Constitutional law – Unconstitutional legal provisions – Petition seeking repeal of sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of Organic Law n0 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction – Sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 contains a phrasing mistake which can be corrected instead of being contrary to the Constitution, and should be perceived as not contravening the principle of personal criminal liability. Facts: Gacaca Court of Kinyinya Sector convicted Ntabwoba Amiru alias Cyuma of the offense of genocide where it ruled that he killed Uwimbabazi Therese and sentenced him to 15 years imprisonment. Ntabwoba applied for review of that case before Primary Court of Nyamirambo stating that he has got other judgments which convicted Nshimiyimana Thomas, Harerimana Joseph alias Ngayi and Rwabuhungu Augustin of the offence of killing Uwimana Therese and those judgments do not demonstrate any complicity between them and him. After filing this claim, Ntabwoba filed a petition with the Supreme Court requesting to repeal sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of Law n0 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving 19

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issues which were under their jurisdiction arguing that it is contrary to the Constitution. Held: On one side, the legislator could not have accepted that judgments rendered by Gacaca Courts can be reviewed and provide for obstacles prevention the convict of the offence of murder by Gacaca Courts from applying for review where the offence was committed by others. The phrase “the only” found in article 10, sub-paragraph 2 is a phrasing mistake which can be corrected instead of being an issue of an unconstitutional legal provision. The fact that is a mistake is also proven by the fact that the English version is different from other languages versions. Therefore, this part of this article should be construed in way that does not contravene to the principle according to which criminal liability is personal as provided by article 17 of the Constitution The part of the article at issue is not contrary to the constitution. With court fees to the Public treasury. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law No 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction, sub-paragraph 2 of article 10. Law No 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the Code of Criminal Procedure, article 268. Organic Law no 03/2012/OL regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court article 53, paragraph 2. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04/06/2003 as amended to date, article 17.

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No Case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] This case originates for the judgment rendered by Gacaca Court of Appeal of Kinyanya Sector which convicted Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma of the offense of genocide. The Court ruled that he has killed Uwimbabazi Therese and sentenced him to 15 years of imprisonment. Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma filed an application for review of that case in the Primary Court of Nyamirambo stating that he found other judgments convicting Nshimiyimana Thomas, Harerimana Joseph also known as Ngayi and Rwabuhungu Augustin of killing Uwimbabazi Therese while these judgments do not prove that there is complicity between them and him. [2] While the application for review was pending before the court, Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma filed a petition with the Supreme Court requesting to repeal sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of Organic Law n004/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction which he submits is inconsistent with the Constitution. [3] The case was publicly heard on 23/02/2015 where Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma was assisted by Counsel Muhikira Jean Claude and Counsel Rubango Epimaque representing the Ministry of Justice gave his opinion on this petition.

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II. CONCERNING THE COMPETENCE OF

THE COURT AND PROCEDURE FOR ADMISSIBILITY OF THE PETITION. [4] Concerning the competence of the Supreme Court, article 53 paragraph 2 of Organic Law no 03/2012/OL regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court provides that “The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction [...] over petitions seeking to declare unconstitutional a treaty or an international agreement. The Supreme Court shall also hear petitions regarding the partial or complete repealing of an organic law, an ordinary law, or a decree law on account of non-conformity with the Constitution”. [5] Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma wrote to the Supreme Court requesting the repeal of article 10, sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law no 04/2012/OL of 15/06/2012 mentioned above arguing that it is contrary to the Constitution of 4/6/2003 as amended to date. Therefore, this claim is within the competence of the Supreme Court. [6] Concerning the formalities for admissibility of the petition, the file of the case contains the letter of Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma wrote to the Supreme Court on 20 November 2014 requesting the repeal of the sub-paragraph of the above mentioned article on account of non-conformity to the Constitution of 4/6/2003 as amended to date. [7] Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma has the interest to file the petition with the Supreme Court since the sub-paragraph 2 of article of the Organic Law for which he is requesting the repeal is the one that would be considered to examine the admissibility of his application for review.

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[8] Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma has also submitted in annex to his letter court submissions explaining his petition sent to the Supreme Court. He also submitted a copy of the organic law part of which he is requesting the repeal since it is purportedly contrary to the constitution. [9] Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma who is jailed in Nyarugenge Prison has not deposited the court fees since he is exonerated pursuant to article 268 of Law No 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the Code of Criminal Procedure1 [10] With regard to the requirements for admissibility of the petition, the Supreme Court finds that Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma respected the requirements of article 54 of the Organic Law no 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 mentioned above. III. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUE Whether sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of Organic Law no 04/2012 of 15/06/2012 is contrary to the Constitution. [11] The letter and the court submissions that Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma submitted to the Supreme Court on 21 November 2014 prove that he requests for the repeal of article 10 sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law no 04/2012 of 15/06/2012 terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction since he finds that sub-paragraph 2 of that article is contrary to the Constitution of 4/6/2013 as amended to date. Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma states that the unconstitutionality of the Organic Law no 04/2012/OL of 15/06/2012 mentioned above consists in the fact

1 Article 268 of Law No 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that a person in prison is exempted from depositing court fees. Re NTABWOBA

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that this law prohibits him to apply for review basing on another judgment which convicted another person for the same offence he is charged with. [12] He explains that his application for review of the judgment rendered by Gacaca Court basing on the judgment that convicted another person of the same offence requires that that person must have been convicted of that offence of murder only. In case that other person was convicted of the offence of murder and other offences, it prohibits the person who wishes to refer to that judgment while there has been no complicity between the person who applies for review and the person who has been convicted by that judgment to do so. [13] Muhikira Jean Claude, Counsel for Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma states that sub-paragraph 2 of article 10 of the abovementioned law is the one that raises issues since Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma was convicted to have killed Uwimbabazi Therese; but he later found that there are other people who were tried and convicted to have killed Uwimbabazi Therese. Therefore, because of this, his client cannot use this judgment to apply for review since those people have committed other crimes while Ntabwoba was not their accomplice. Therefore, he finds that as long as this article remains into force this would amount to being punished for the offense that one has not committed which is contrary to the

Constitution in its article 17 which provides that the criminal liability is personal. [14] The State Attorney Rubango Epimaque states that the petitioner has been mistaken since the phrase “the only” which appears in the second paragraph of the challenged article means crimes other than the offence of murder of which the applicant for review was also convicted instead of crimes that another person was convicted of by the judgment that the applicant wants to use. Counsel Rubango Epimaque adds that the phrasing of this article which is criticized by Ntabwoba Amiru also

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known as Cyuma is problematic, but it is not contrary to the Constitution and that this can be corrected through other ways than using the procedure used in repealing a law or an article of the law which is not in conformity with the constitution.

OPINION OF THE COURT [15] Article 53, paragraph 2 of Organic Law no 03/2012/OL OF 13/06/2012 determining the Organization, Functioning and Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court provides that the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction over petitions seeking to declare unconstitutional a treaty or an international agreement. The Supreme Court shall also hear petitions regarding the partial or complete repealing of an organic law, an ordinary law, or a decree law on account of non-conformity with the Constitution”. Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma filed a petition requesting the repeal of article 10, paragraph 2 of the of Organic Law n004/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction. [16] Article 10, sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law n004/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction provides that “A judgment rendered by a Gacaca Court may be reviewed by a competent court due to one (1) of the following reasons […] if a person is definitively convicted of homicide by a Gacaca Court and it is the only crime to which he/she is convicted, and later another person is convicted of the same crime where there is no complicity between the two” The phrase of this article which is “the only” is the one which Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma argues is contrary to the Constitution in its article 17, paragraph one where it provides that “criminal liability is personal[…]”. Re NTABWOBA

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[17] The phrasing of article 10 sub-paragraph 2 mentioned in the previous paragraph, especially the phrase “the only” which appear in fine of this paragraph can imply that for the person convicted of the offense of murder by Gacaca Court to apply for review basing on another judgment which convicted another person of that offense, it requires that the convict of the crime of murder in that judgment that he/she bases on in applying for review, must not have been convicted of any other offenses. This means that, considering the phrasing of the second paragraph of article 10, the phrase “the only” would be an obstacle to the person who was convicted of the offence of murder by Gacaca Court in case he would wish to apply for review of the judgment that convicted him/her on the ground that there are other people who have been convicted of the same offense in another judgment while there is no complicity between them. [18] Considering this phrasing, the fact that another person was convicted of the crime of murder and another offence or other offences, is understood as if it forfeits the right of the person who was convicted of that offense of murder to apply for review on the grounds that there is another person who was convicted of the same offence while there is no complicity between them. As it is provided for in article 17, paragraph 1 of the Constitution, criminal liability is

personal. This means that the offender is the one to be punished and that no one can be punished for the offence or offences committed by others. [19] Even though the phrasing of article 10 sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law no 04/2012/OL of 15/06/2012, is problematic as explained above, the Court finds that it is necessary to determine whether the legislator intended to limit people who would like to apply for the review of judgments rendered by Gacaca Courts because of offences committed by others or if it is the phrasing of that article which is

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problematic in a way that it can be corrected through other procedures provided for by the law. [20] Normally, the application for review is a general principle of Rwandan procedure law2. The aim of application for review is to request vacation of a final judgment for the case to be re-tried on the grounds provided for by the law. Regarding the judgments rendered by Gacaca Courts, Organic Law no 04/2012/OL of 15/06/2012 terminating those courts also provides that those judgments can be reviewed and has listed in its article 10 grounds for review of a judgment rendered by Gacaca Court. It is clear from this that the legislator has accepted that judgments rendered by Gacaca Court can be reviewed basing on the grounds provided for by that organic law. [21] The legislator could not have accepted the possibility of review of judgments rendered by Gacaca Courts, on one side, and, on the other side, provide for obstacles preventing the person who was convicted of the offence of murder from applying for review on the ground that the offences were committed by other people. The Court finds that the phrase “the only” found in article 10 sub-paragraph 2 is a phrasing mistake which can be corrected instead of being an issue of the unconstitutionality of the law. The fact that it is a phrasing mistake which can be corrected is also proven by the fact that the English version is different from other languages versions.

2 See Law N°21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure from articles 184 to 193. See also Law Nº 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the criminal procedure from article 192 to 197.3 “[……] if a person is definitively convicted of homicide by a Gacaca Court and it is the only crime to which he/she is convicted, and later another person is convicted of the same crime where there is no complicity between the two”;

Re NTABWOBA

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[22] The Supreme Court finds that article 10 sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law n0 04/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction must be construed in way which is not contrary to the principle according to which criminal liability is personal as provided for by article 17 of the Constitution IV. DECISISON OF THE COURT [23] The Court rules that the petition submitted to it by Ntabwoba Amiru also known as Cyuma requesting to declare unconstitutional article 10, sub-paragraph 2 of Organic Law n004/2012/OL terminating Gacaca Courts and determining mechanisms for solving issues which were under their jurisdiction is admitted. [24] The Court rules that this article is not contrary to the Constitution. [25] The Court orders that the court fees are to be charged to the Public treasury.

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KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA (MINISANTÉ) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RADA 0054/12/CS (Mukanyundo, P.J., Rugabirwa and Gakwaya, J.) December 19, 2014] Civil liability – Employer’s vicarious liability – Employers’ liability for wrongdoing of the employee – The employer is liable for the negligent acts or omissions by his employee committed in the course of his employment. Damages – Damages awarded ex aequo et bono – Computation of pecuniary compensation – Where the aggrieved person does not produce evidence proving the amount of money he spent because of an action that has caused him prejudice but it is evident that such action lead to some expenses, he is awarded damages ex aequo et bono – Pecuniary compensation are computed basing on the salary of twelve months and considering also the degree of disability and the remaining lucrative years to reach 65 years – Decree of 30/07/1888 relating to contracts or contractual obligations, articles 258 and 260. Daily minimum wage – Two thousand five hundred Rwanda francs (2,500) is the daily minimum wage for an ordinary worker taken into account the market prices and the general level of wages in the Country. Facts: Kabayijuka went for the medical treatment at the Health Centre of Nyarubuye and he was injected on the thigh by a person who seemed to be a doctor called Hakizimana and later on he felt excessive pain. The Health Centre transferred him to Kibungo Hospital but in vain and he instead got seriously disabled. On that ground he sued the Ministry of Health before the High Court, Chamber of Rwamagana claiming for the damages for the disability caused by that injection which was 31

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administered by their employee. The Court ruled that his claim has no merit. Kabayijuka appealed to the Supreme Court on the ground that the Court disregarded the evidence and held that the Ministry is not vicariously reliable because there is no evidence showing that it is that injection he was given which caused his disability moreover Hakizimana was an employee who pretended to be a nurse supported by his superiors; and more over the administration at the Health Centre allowing a person without the capacity and competence to carry out the duties of a nurse, his employer should be vicariously reliable for his gross negligence. The Ministry of Health submits that it should not be held liable because there is no evidence demonstrates that his disability was caused by its employee; and on top of that he himself affirmed before the court that he was injected by a person who is not a doctor but who had put on the doctor‟s attire. This means that he was not an employee of Ministry of Health who may have done so in the course of the duties assigned to him by the latter. Held: 1. An employer is liable for the faults of the employee in case they were committed within his or her responsibility, during working hours, the Ministry of Health should be liable because it is the faults of its employee that caused the disability of Kabayijuka who was admitted in that hospital.

2. In case the aggrieved person does not produce evidence to prove the amount of money spent because of the prejudicing act yet it is clear that act lead him or her to use some money to remedy that damage he or she must be awarded the adequate amount of money in the discretion of the court (ex aequo et bono). 3. 2,500Frw constitute the adequate daily wage for at least an ordinary employee basing on the prices on the market and the general level of

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current wages in the country. Thus, 60,000Frw is the adequate minimum inter-professional guaranteed wage (SMIG).

4. Compensatory damages are calculated basing on the 12 months‟ salary and the degree of his/her incapacity as well as his/ her remaining lucrative period for him or her to reach 65 years.

5. The Court awards him moral damages, financial damages as well as damages for medical and transport expenses. The appeal has merit; The Ministry of Health is liable for the faults committed by Hakizimana Sylvestre, its employee; It orders the Ministry of Health to pay Kabayijuka moral damages, pecuniary compesation, damages for medical and transport expenses. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Decree of 30/07/1888 regulating contracts or contractual obligations, articles 258 and 260. Cases referred to: Nyetera v. CORAR, RCAA 0202/07/CS, rendered by the Supreme Court on 09/4/2009. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Kabayijuka Gaspard sued the Ministry of Health (Minisanté) before the High Court, Chamber of Rwamagana asserting that he went to KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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seek medical care at the Health Center of Nyarubuye on 12/12/2000; while he was waiting for the nurse, a person resembling a nurse called Hakizimana Sylvestre came and injected him on the thigh and from then he felt extreme pain. The Health Center transferred him to Kibungo Hospital and no improvement was made but instead he became seriously incapacitated. Due to that reason he requested the High Court to order the Ministry of Health to pay him damages on the ground that his incapacity was caused by that injection and the person who injected him was its employee. On 28/09/2012, that Court rendered the judgment RAD 0003/12/HC/Rwg holding that his claim has no merit and the Government of Rwanda (Ministry of Health) is not liable for any damages. [2] Kabayijuka Gaspard was not contended with the ruling and appealed before the Supreme Court on 25/10/2012 asserting that the High Court did not consider the testimonies of the witnesses who all affirmed that he was injected by Hakizimana Sylvestre, the employee of the Health Center of Nyarubuye and that his incapacity was a result of that injection. He explains that the High Court did not consider the admission of the State Attorney that he has to be awarded damages. [3] The public hearing was held on 23/9/2014 and on 12/11/2014; Kabayijuka Gaspard was represented by Counsel Karangwa Vincent and the Ministry of Health represented by Counsel Umwali Claire, the State Attorney. II. THE ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES a. Whether the Ministry of Health should be held liable for the faults committed by Hakizimana Sylvestre. [4] Counsel Karangwa Vincent representing Kabayijuka Gaspard asserts that as indicated on page six of the appealed judgment , the High

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Court ruled that the Ministry of Health should not be held liable since there is no evidence proving that the syringe Kabayijuka Gaspard was injected is the cause of his incapacity; therefore he finds that it did not take into consideration the statements of witnesses who confirmed that Hakizimana Sylvestre who injected Kabayijuka Gaspard was the employee of the Health Center of Nyarubuye. [5] He explains that Hakizimana Sylvestre was an employee who impersonated himself as a nurse and this was endorsed by his superiors and he therefore finds that as long as the administrators of the health centre accepted that the person without capacity and competence to carry out nursing duties, his employer has to be held liable for his faults since they constitute gross negligence. [6] Furthermore, he explains that though the medical doctor Ngabonziza Adélard affirmed in his report of 4/9/2003 that it is not easy to know the exact cause of Kabayijuka Gaspard‟s incapacity, but in his written statement of 20/1/2003 when he was transferring him to CHUK hospital, he indicated the cause of his incapacity as the injection he was given on the thigh two years ago. He further asserts that the medical doctor Marc, a specialist in physiotherapy, also stated that the incapacity of Kabayijuka Gaspard was due to the injection he was given and there is a medical doctor who diagnosed him on 12/12/2000 who

affirmed in French language that there has been “paralysie suspecte suite à une injection intramusculaire injectée par Sylvestre dans le nerf sciatique” suspected paralysis resulting from intramuscular injection given in the sciatic nerve by Sylvestre. [7] He concludes by asserting that in her submissions at the first instance, the State Attorney also acknowledged that the State has to pay damages to Kabayijuka Gaspard but that they should be reduced as those he claimed were excessive and he therefore finds that the High Court KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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should not have hesitated to rule that the Health Center‟s employee committed the faults. [8] Kabayijuka Gaspard explains that he went to the health center suffering from malaria, feeling stomach-ache but able to walk by himself, and on arrival he was admitted and they brought serum mixed with drugs and injected him in muscles. He asserts that the person who injected him that serum instructed the nurses who were present not to remove it from him as he would remove it from him the next morning, and when it reached 1:00 AM he removed it from him and gave him an injection at 9:00 AM, in the morning Hakizimana Sylvestre who was their nurse gave him another injection and he fell down. He also asserts that the chief nurse knew that Hakizimana Sylvestre had to give that injection since he was the one who injected even other patients and it was not the first time he injected him and it is also indicated in his former medical booklet. [9] With respect to the pay roll indicating the employees of Nyarubuye Health Center produced by Counsel Umwali Claire, Counsel Karangwa Vincent asserts that there is no doubt that Hakizimana Sylvestre was the employee of the Ministry of Health, since he was an auxiliary health worker which means that he was an employee of the health center with capacity to give injection. The fact that they gave Counsel Umwali Claire the pay roll of November 2001, which

should be considered as a sample because if she had enquired about the time Hakizimana Sylvestre started his duties they would have told him. [10] Counsel Umwali Claire representing the Ministry of Health asserts that there should be no liability of the Ministry of Health since there is no evidence proving that the incapacity Kabayijuka Gaspard purports to have, was caused by its employee; and Kabayijuka Gaspard himself stated before the Court that the injection was given by the person who was not a nurse who had put on nurses‟ attires. This means

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that even if that person has ever existed as he asserts, he was not the employee of the Ministry of Health who may have done that within the duties it has assigned to him. [11] He explains that with regard to Hakizimana Sylvestre who is mentioned several times in this case, Kabayijuka Gaspard stated before the High Court that he was a cleaner at the Nyarubuye Health Center and it was the reason why he requested the Court to summon him to provide information since the employer is liable for the actions of the employee when he has mandated him. [12] He also explains that the report of the medical doctor of 4/9/2003 which indicates the cause of the incapacity of Kabayijuka Gaspard is not clear where it states in its conclusion as follows “steppage of the right foot is the cause of which is difficult to determine at this time of diagnosis”. [13] In regards to the payroll of employees requested by the Court, Counsel Umwali Claire explains that it indicates that Hakizimana Sylvestre was an auxiliary health worker. She further explains that since Kabayijuka Gaspard was given an injection in 2000 and yet that list was drawn in 2001 therefore there is no evidence proving that it is Hakizimana Sylvestre who injected him and there is no evidence to prove that it is that injection that caused his limp so that it could be imputed to the Ministry of Health.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [14] Article 258 of Civil Code Book III provides that any act of the person that causes prejudice to another obliges the one whose fault caused prejudice to repair the damage. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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[15] Article 260 paragraph 3 of the Civil Code Book III provides that “the masters and employers are liable for the damage caused by their employees while discharging their duties [......]”. [16] The Supreme Court finds that as its apparent in his medical booklet Kabayijuka Gaspard went to the Health Center of Nyarubuye on August 8, 2000 to seek medical treatment of malaria, nausea, diarrhoea and gastritis but on December 12, 2000 he was paralysed as affirmed by the written statements of Medical Doctor Gafurama Claude in that booklet where he states “suspected paralysis resulting from intramuscular injection given in the sciatic nerve by Sylvestre”. [17] The Supreme Court finds that since then Kabayijuka Gaspard continued to seek medical treatment for that paralysis from different hospitals including the Kibungo Hospital, Rwamagana Hospital and “Centre Hospitalier de Kigali” (CHUK). [18] The Supreme Court finds that even though in some instances Kabayijuka Gaspard asserted that Hakizimana Sylvestre was a cleaner at the Health Center of Nyarubuye and again assert that he was a nurse; as shown on the payroll produced by Counsel Umwali Claire, Hakizimana Sylvestre was the auxiliary health worker at the Health Center of Nyarubuye by the time Kabayijuka Gaspard was paralysed he is the one who gave him the injection that caused that problem as affirmed by the medical doctor Gafurama Claude. [19] Basing on the explanations above, the Supreme Court finds that Hakizimana Sylvestre was one of the employees of the Health Center in charge of treating patients (medical corps) which is also the reason why he injected Kabayijuka Gaspard for the purpose of treating him using the instruments of the Health Center of Nyarubuye.

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[20] With respect to the arguments of the Ministry of Health that according to the medical report (medico-legal expertise report) of Ngabonziza Adélard of 4/9/2003, there is no proof that the paralysis of Kabayijuka Gaspard was caused by the injection as he purports, because that report states in its conclusion: “steppage of the right foot the cause of which is difficult to determine at this time of diagnosis” the Supreme Court finds that it cannot rely on that report established three years after the being paralysed, yet the medical doctor Gafurama Claude after diagnosing Kabayijuka Gaspard on December 12, 2000, on that fateful day he affirmed that the injection he was given by Hakizimana Sylvestre is the root cause of the paralysis as explained under paragraph 16 of this judgment. [21] In regards to the vicarious liability of the Ministry of Health due to the faults of Hakizimana Sylvestre who was its employee by that time, the Supreme Court finds that according to the provisions of article 260, paragraph 3 of the Civil Code Book III referred to above, the employer is liable for the faults of his employee in case they were committed within his or her duties and during working hours; therefore, since the acts of Hakizimana Sylvestre while discharging his duties, during working hours and using the instruments of the Health Center of Nyarubuye and also its interests prejudiced Kabayijuka Gaspard. The Ministry of Health must be liable for those acts, since the faults of its employee are the cause of the paralysis of Kabayijuka Gaspard who was admitted therein1.

1“La jurisprudence décide que la responsabilité du commettant existe dès que l‟acte dommageable a été accompli pendant la durée du service, et en relation avec ce service” in Henri De Page Traité élémentaire de droit civil Belge, tome deuxième, Les incapables-Les obligations Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1964, p.1019. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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[22] The Supreme Court finds that the explanations in the previous paragraph are emphasised by the legal scholars where they explain that the employer is liable for the damage caused by his employee when among the acts he or she committed, at least one of those acts is related to his or her duties2. [23] In light of the legal provisions and explanations given above, the Supreme Court finds that the ground of Kabayijuka Gaspard‟s appeal has merit. b. Whether Kabayijuka should be awarded damages he claims. [24] Counsel Karangwa Vincent asserts that Kabayijuka Gaspard requests the Court to award him moral damages equal to 5,000,000Frw, pecuniary compensation of 60,000Frw per month equivalent to the salary he allocate himself in his daily business that have to be computed from December 12, 2000 until June 2012, and also 200,000Frw for medical expenses and transportation attending the court proceedings, which is in total 13,480,000Frw. [25] Counsel Umwali Claire asserts that Kabayijuka Gaspard should not be awarded all the damages he claims since it is not the Ministry of Health that has to be held liable for what happened to him.

2 “On peut se contenter d‟un simple lien de connexité entre l‟acte dommageable du préposé et ses fonctions, pour pouvoir engager la responsabilité du commettant”. L‟auteur continue en disant que lorsque l‟acte du préposé consiste en un exercice défectueux de ses fonctions, le rattachement est manifeste: tel est le cas d‟un chauffeur livreur qui commet un accident de la circulation du fait d‟une vitesse excessive… CH. Larroumet, note sous cass. Com.12 oct. 1993, Dalloz.1994.124, séc.p. cité par Françoise BENAC-SCHMIDT. This is also the position held in RPA 0210/10/CS rendered by this Court on 18/7/2014, the Prosecutor v. Munyankumburwa Valens, Manirarora Rosette, its four children and Burera District.

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VIEW OF THE COURT [26] Article 258 of the Civil Code Book III provides that “any act of a person that causes prejudice to another person obliges the author of the fault to repair.” [27] According to the provisions of article 258 of the Civil Code Book III stated above, the compensation of the loss (damage) has to be integral or complete, but for that to be possible that loss has to be proven. [28] The Supreme Court finds that in case the aggrieved party does not produce evidence proving the amount of money spent due to the prejudicing act yet it is clear that the act lead him or her to incur some expenses for redressing that prejudice and, as indicated in this case, it is obvious that Kabayijuka Gaspard had to spend his money for medical treatment, payment of medicines, transport as well as meals and thus he has to be awarded he amount of money he actually deserves at the discretion of the Court(ex aequo et bono)3. [29] Though Kabayijuka produced no evidence to prove the salary of 60,000Frw that he claims that he allocates himself per month and the law establishing the minimum inter-professional guaranteed wage (SMIG)is not yet in place, the Supreme Court finds that 60,000Frw is adequate, as held by this Court in the judgment RCAA 0202/07/CS rendered on 9/4/2009 that 2,500Frw is the adequate salary for an

3 “L‟évaluation du dommage ex aequo et bono ne peut être adoptée ;par le juge comme mode d‟évaluation que si, d‟une part, il donne la raison pour laquelle une autre base d‟évaluation, proposée par une des parties, ne peut être admise en l‟espèce, et si, d‟autre part, l‟évaluation ne peut, à défaut d‟éléments plus sûrs, se faire qu‟ex aequo et bono”, in Henri De Page, Traité élémentaire de droit civil Belge, tome deuxième, Les incapables-Les obligations Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1964, p.1070. KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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ordinary worker per day basing on the market price structure and the general level of wages in the Country; therefore 60,000Frw should be the basis in calculating pecuniary damages to be awarded to Kabayijuka Gaspard, taking into consideration the degree of his incapacity and the remaining lucrative time for him to reach 65 years. [30] With regard to moral damages of 5,000,000Frw requested by Kabayijuka Gaspard, the Supreme Court finds that he should be awarded it due to the pain he suffered after the injury of thigh nerve caused by the injection as explained above and the entire period he was ill, but the amount he claims is excessive and it awards him 1, 500,000Frw in its discretion. [31] With regard to pecuniary compensation awarded to Kabayijuka Gaspard, the Supreme Court finds that they should be calculated as follow: 60,000Frw x 12 (months) x 15 (degree of disability) x 5 (lucrative years) ---------------------------------------------= 540,000Frw. 100 [32] With regard to 200,000Frw for medical expenses and transportation attending court proceedings, the Court finds that he should be awarded this amount since it is reasonable. [33] The Court awards Kabayijuka Gaspard 1,500,000Frw for moral damages, 540,000Frw pecuniary compensation and 200,000Frw of medical and transport expenses, which amount to 2,240,000Frw. III. COURT DECISION [34] It holds that the appeal of Kabayijuka Gaspard has merit.

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[35] It holds that the Ministry of Health is vicariously liable for the faults committed by Hakizimana Sylvestre, its employee who caused prejudice to Kabayijuka Gaspard. [36] It orders the Ministry of Health to pay Kabayijuka Gaspard 1,500,000Frw for moral damages, 540,000Frw in pecuniary compensation 200,000Frw of medical and transport costs all amounting to 2,240,000Frw.

KABAYIJUKA v. GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA

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NSHIZIRUNGU v. RWANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY (RRA) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RADA 0027/12/CS (Kanyange, P.J., Gakwaya and Hitiyaremye, J.) January 23, 2015] Administrative procedure – Appeal – Overruling the appealed decision – The Court with the jurisdiction to hear the case on merits – When the appeal court overrules the appealed judgment the court shall hear the case in substance unless the overruling was done because there were irregularities in lodging the appeal or for lack of jurisdiction – Law nᵒ 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 171. Administrative procedure – Unfair dismissal – The claim requesting for the trial on merits of the case concerning the unfair dismissal and the related damages – A public employee is not required to make an administrative appeal before lodging a claim for unlawful dismissal and the related damages – Law n° 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, article 339. Facts: The Commissioner General of Rwanda Revenue Authority (R.R.A) dismissed Nshizirungu without notice due to the gross misconduct of poor performance, disrespecting his superior in the Eastern Province and delaying to reply to the letters he sent to him. After making an administrative appeal to the Commissioner General, the Labour Inspector, to the Executive Secretary of Public Service Commission and to the Minister of Public Service and Labour, he filed a claim with the High Court claiming damages for unfair dismissal, notice and moral damages but that Court rejected his claim. 45

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Nshizirungu appealed to the Supreme Court claiming that the previous Court misinterpreted the law when it ruled that the claim is inadmissible because he delayed to lodge it after the administrative appeal and on top of that he informed the Labour Inspector about his problem in the way that it interrupted the prescription of five years. In its defence, R.R.A argues that Nshizirungu first made a complaint to the Labour Inspector while he had to lodge an administrative appeal to administrative authority who took the decision to dismiss him and since, as for him, he did not want its nullification, the High Court therefore did not have the jurisdiction to hear that case. RRA also requested that in case the Supreme Court is of the view that the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard should have been admitted pursuant to article 171 and 172 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure the case should be referred to the High Court. Held: 1. when the appeal court overrules the appealed judgment the court shall hear the case in substance unless the overruling was done because there were irregularities in lodging the appeal or for lack of jurisdiction.

2. A public servant is not required to make an administrative appeal before lodging a claim for unlawful dismissal and the related damages. Appeal has merit; The claim should have been admitted by the High Court; The hearing of the case on merits shall resume later; Payment of court fees is suspended.

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Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law ᵒ 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the Civil, Commercial, Labour and Administrative Procedure, article171. Law nᵒ 13/2009 of 27/5/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 32. Organic Law nᵒ 51/2008 of 9/9/2008 governing Organization, Functioning and Jurisdiction of Courts, articles 93 and 94. Law n° 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to the Civil, Commercial, Labour and Administrative Procedure, articles 33. No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF CASE [1] This case started before the High Court, where on 1/12/2010 Nshizirungu Bernard brought the claim against Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA) alleging that it dismissed him unfairly and claiming damages arising from that dismissal notice damages and moral damages. He explains that on 04/01/2007, the Commissioner General basing on the resolution of the Senior Management Team addressed a dismissal letter to Nshizirungu Bernard without notice due the gravity of his faults relating to poor productivity and insubordination to his superior in the Eastern Province and delayed reply to the letters the latter addressed to him. [2] He explains that he lodged an administrative appeal with the Commissioner General, Labour Inspector, the Executive Secretary of the Public Service Commission and the Minister in Charge of Labour and NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA

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after realizing that there is no response for annulling his dismissal, he seized the High Court. On 26/04/2012 that Court rendered the judgment RAD 0174/10/HC/KIG which decided to dismiss the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard. [3] Nshizirungu Bernard was not contended with the ruling and appealed before the Supreme Court on 24/05/2012 asserting that the Court erroneously applied article 339 of Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure, since it ruled that he delayed to seize the court after the administrative appeal. [4] The public hearing was held on 9/12/2014, where Nshizirungu Bernard was represented by Counsel Mutembe Protais and RRA represented by Counsel Kabibi Spéciose. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES A. Whether the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard should have been admitted before the High Court and whether this case can be referred to that Court to try it on merits. [5] Counsel Mutembe Protais asserts that the High Court erroneously applied article 339 of Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 mentioned above since it held that the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard had expired because he instituted it after six months provided for under that article. [6] Counsel Mutembe Protais explains that in efforts to reach an amicable settlement with his employer, Nshizirungu Bernard had instituted the claim for annulment of the administrative decision dismissing him and after realizing that the administrative authority refused to reverse its decision he seized the court.

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[7] Counsel Mutembe Protais also explains that according to the law regulating labor in Rwanda, Nshizirungu Bernard notified that dispute to the labor inspector in August 2007 and that notification interrupted the prescription of 5 years. Therefore, he finds that since Nshizirungu Bernard instituted his claim in October 2010, the High Court should have admitted it as it had not yet legally expired. [8] Counsel Kabibi Spéciose asserts that Nshizirungu Bernard made an administrative appeal before the Minister in Charge of Labour who replied him on 10/10/2009 but he instituted the claim on 1/12/2010, after two months provided for under article 339 of Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 stated above. [9] Counsel Kabibi Spéciose explains that Nshizirungu Bernard first took that dispute to the Labor Inspector and indicated that he is a civil servant who had to first make an administrative appeal against the decision to dismiss him. She further explains that the High Court based on article 339 of Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 mentioned above since he himself lodged an administrative appeal before the authority that took the decision he challenges. [10] With regard to the arguments of Nshizirungu Bernard that he did not sue for the annulment of the decision dismissing him but he only instituted a claim regarding the damages, Counsel KABIBI Spéciose asserts that it is obvious that his claim is

regards unfair dismissal based on Law No 13/2009 of 27/5/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda and article 258 of the civil code book III. Therefore, she finds that since he is not claiming for the annulment of that decision which was took against him, the High Court did not have the jurisdiction over his claim. [11] Counsel Kabibi Spéciose further adduces that basing on article 94 of Organic Law No 51/2008 determining organization, functioning and jurisdiction of courts, that was in force by the time Nshizirungu NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA

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Bernard instituted the claim, since the High Court can annul the dismissal of an employee and it can order for its squash , she finds that the civil servant has to abide by all procedures provided under article 339 of Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 stated above as long as he finds that the decision dismissing him/her is contrary to the law. [12] Counsel Kabibi Spéciose concludes asserting that in case the Supreme Court finds that the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard should have been admitted, she requests that pursuant to article 171 and 172 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure the case should be transferred to the High Court.

VIEW OF THE COURT [13] Article 1, paragraph 32 of Law No 13/2009 of 27/5/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda provides that “an employee is any person who undertakes to work for another person in return for payment of the salary and accepts to work under his subordination or a group of people, he/she can be employed by the State or a private person. [14] Article 93, 4ᵒ of Organic Law No 51/2008 of 9/9/2008 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of courts provides that the High Court shall have powers to hear administrative cases from the Provincial and Kigali City level to that of the President of the Republic relating to labour disputes between private individuals and the State or its institutions. [15] Article 94 of Organic Law No 51/2008 of 9/9/2008 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of courts provides that “the High Court shall examine whether the decisions, contracts or administrative acts within its jurisdiction issued by an administrative

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authority complied with the law. In case it finds that they were issued contrary to the law, it may annul them and award damages for the prejudiced caused. [16] Article 339 paragraph 1 Law No 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 relating to civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure provides that “the action for annulment shall be accepted only if it relates to an explicit or implicit decision of an administrative authority. and its second paragraph provides that “Before filing a claim, the aggrieved party who is against the administrative decision shall be required to first lodge an informal appeal with the immediate superior authority vis-à-vis the one who took the concerned decision”. [17] Article 171 of Law nᵒ 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that „„when the appeal court overrules the appealed judgment, the court shall hear the case in substance unless the overruling was done because there were irregularities in lodging the appeal or for lack of jurisdiction”. [18] The Supreme Court finds that it is obvious from the employment contract between Nshizirungu Bernard and RRA that that contract is governed by Law of 28/2/1967 relating to labor and other laws relating to its implementation that was in force at the time of the conclusion of the contract. [19] With regard to the provisions of article 339 of Law No

18/2004 of 20/6/2004 mentioned above, the Supreme Court finds that, at the first glance, this article cannot be applied in this case because the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard at the first instance was not intended to request the court to annul the decision taken by the administration of RRA; but it aimed at the examination on merit of the issue of his unfair dismissal and claim of related damages. NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA

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[20] In addition, as mentioned above, the employment contract between RRA and Nshizirungu Bernard stipulates that it is governed by the law of 28/2/1967 relating to labor and other laws relating to its implementation and in the sense that the procedures relating to the law regulating labor in Rwanda should be applied in the settlement of individual labor disputes between the employee and the employer. [21] With regard to the provisions of article 94 of Organic Law No 51/2008 of 9/9/2008 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of courts, the Supreme Court finds that this article does not emphasize that the civil servant has to follow the procedures provided under article 339 of Law no 18/2004 of 20/6/2004 mentioned above, but instead it demonstrate that in its duties to examine the legality of administrative decisions, contract and any other administrative acts, the High Court can annul them in case the litigant request the annulment of the administrative decision or the award of damages arising thereof or award of damages for the prejudice caused by the administrative decision. [22] Pursuant to the foregoing legal provisions and explanations put forward, the Supreme Court finds that the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard should have been admitted by the High Court. [23] With regard to the request of RRA to refer the case to the High Court in case it is held that

the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard should have been admitted, the Supreme Court finds that pursuant to article 171 and 172 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labor and administrative procedure this case has to be heard on its merits by this Court since the appealed decision is not overruled on the ground that there was irregularity in seizing the High Court or it lacked jurisdiction to hear that matter and it was not annulled by this Court.

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III. COURT DECISION [24] It holds that the appeal of Nshizirungu Bernard has merit. [25] It holds that the claim of Nshizirungu Bernard before the High Court should have been admitted. [26] It holds that the hearing of this case on its merit shall be resumed on 17/3/2015. [27] It holds that the court fees are suspended.

NSHIZIRUNGU v. RRA

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SEBERA v. RWANDA DEVELOPMENT BOARD (RDB) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RADA 0024/13/CS (Mukamulisa, P.J., Mukandamage and Gatete, J.) November 14, 2014] Administrative law – Dismissal due to the job suppression – It is unlawful dismissal where an employer does not demonstrate the way reached the decision to provisionally suspend an employee and to dismiss him/her automatically on the position he occupied – Instructions no 03/19.21 of 10/07/2009 relating to procedure of doing the performance for an employee, articles 4 and 11. Administrative law – Temporally suspension due to job suppression – It is unlawful dismissal when temporally suspension stretching to six month – Law nº 22/2002 of 09/07/2002 of general statute for Rwanda public service, articles 68 -3 and 121. Damages – The damages resulting from unlawful dismissal – Any act of man which causes damage to another obliges the person by whose fault it happened to repair it – Law of 30/07/1888 relating to contracts or obligations, article 258. Facts: Sebera filed a case against RDB in the High Court claiming that he was unlawfully dismissed, hence prayed for diverse damages including salary of six months; moral damages, for being deprived of the opportunity to get to retirement, general damages for loss of employment, for being defamed and counsel‟s fees. The Court held that he was not unlawfully dismissed, to the contrary of law because he was interdicted due to the reform RDB underwent, and also it established job profile summary for various offices and the requirements for a person who had to occupy the office in charge of Human Resources, to which 55

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the plaintiff was attached. RDB found out that Sebera did not qualify for that post which led to his dismissal. This Court also noted that he was dismissed after the expiration of the six months of temporally suspension, and at the expiry of that period then he was informed that his employment contract is terminated based on article 121 of the law instituting the General Statutes for Rwanda public service relating to dismissal due to working post suppression, and also the damages which Sebera prayed for failure to be issued with work certificate, cannot be awarded to him because he did not demonstrate the legal basis for his request. Sebera was not satisfied with the rulings of the case and he appealed to the Supreme Court claiming that the Judge made contradictions when declaring that RDB made job profile summaries for various offices and the requirements for being appointed on the post of director for human Resources but the judge relied on article 121 of the General Statutes for Rwanda public service which provides for suppressing the post he occupied he finds that he was unlawfully dismissed because RDB did not evaluate him as provided for by Instruction established by MIFOTRA relating to the performance evaluation of employees. RDB states that it dismissed Sebera lawfully after informing him that he did not fulfil the requirements and he was given all what the law provides

for; concerning the performance evaluation, carried out in conformity performance which done, was comply with the Instruction of MIFOTRA because if such were not complied with the Law the cabinet meeting would have rejected it. Held: 1. Given that RDB did not evaluate the employee in order to determine the marks he/she got which prove he/she has high performance or poor performance, because those would determine whether he would temporally be dismissed or should be terminated

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immediately as the ministerial instructions provides for and the fact he went beyond suspension period; it is considered as unlawful dismissal.

2. Any act of man which causes damage to another obliges the person by whose fault it happened to repair it. Appeal has merit in part; With the court fees to RDB. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law of 30/07/1888 relating to contracts or obligations, article 258. Lawnº 22/2002 of 09/07/2002 of general statute for Rwanda public service, article 68 -3, 121. Instructions no 03/19.21 of 10/ 07/ 2009 relating to procedure of doing the performance for an employee, articles 4 and 11. No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Sebera Jean Damascène filed a case against RDB in the High Court claiming that he was unlawfully dismissed, he prayed for various damages including salary for six months amounting to 5,823,144Frw which is calculated from the day of temporary suspension up to the day he received the dismissal letter, 58,231,400Frw of the moral damages for RDB‟s failure to comply with the law governing civil servant which is equivalent to the salary of five years that remained in order to reach the retirement period; 2,693,052Frw of being deprived the opportunity to SEBERA v. RDB

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get the retirement benefits, 12,258,347Frw of being unemployed, 10,000,000Frw for defamation, 2,000,000Frw of the procedural and Counsel‟s fees. [2] The Court held that the claim of Sebera had no merit, court further it motivated that he was not unlawfully dismissed because, in restructuring, RDB made job profile summary and the requirements for a person to occupy the post of a director of Human Resources, the required diploma for that post was a masters degree in human resources management or bachelor degree in it but with the experience on job, then RDB noted that Sebera did not fulfil them. [3] The Court further found that he was dismissed after the expiration of the six months of temporary suspension because he received a letter that he had been temporally suspended effective on 05 April, 2010 and terminated since 15 October, 2010 citing among other provisions of law, including article 121 of the law instituting the General Statutes for Rwanda public service which stipulates in relation to dismissal of an employee due to working post suppression, therefore that was sufficient and it did not prevent him from seeking further explanations which may not have been contained in the letter. [4] The Court motivated that the damages which Sebera prays for failure to be granted the work certificate for having worked with RDB would not be awarded because he does not demonstrate the

provision on which he relies in requesting for them, as this would be the ground for the Court to determine whether RDB was late in issuing that certificate. [5] Sebera was not satisfied with the rulings of the Case and he appealed to the Supreme Court stating that the Judge made contradictions when declaring that RDB made job profile summaries for various offices and the requirements for being appointed to the post of the director for human Resources but the judge relied on article 121 of

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the General Statutes for Rwanda public service which provides for suppressing the post he occupied. The appellant also finds although the letter does not mention the requirements he did not fulfil, he fulfilled all the requirements for that post, as he holds a master‟s degree in social sciences and administration coupled with the required experience. [6] Sebera further argues that he was unlawfully dismissed because RDB applied the procedure which is contrary to the Ministerial instruction n0 03/19.21 of 10/07/2009 on performance evaluation of the public servant established by MIFOTRA. [7] The hearing was conducted in public on 30 September, 2014, Sebera Jean Damascène represented by Counsel Nyiringabo Théoneste, RDB assisted by Counsel Zawadi Geofrey. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUES Determine whether Sebera was unlawfully dismissed. [8] Counsel Nyiringabo, states that the judge made contradictions in paragraph 28 and 30 of the judgment copy, he explained that in paragraph 28 he found that during the reform of professional categories in RDB, they made a job profile summary and the requirements for being appointed to the post of the Director for Human Resources, that job profile summary, indicating the professional categories and the requirements for a person who must be appointed to the post of a director for Human Resources management and it indicated also that the competent

person must possess a master‟s degree in public or business administration, or human resources management or a related field or a bachelor‟s degree, but in paragraph 30 the judge actually declared that the letter dismissing Sebera did not provide any motive but also added that it is not enough to be termed as unlawful dismissal since he was informed of the reason for being suspended which was to reform RDB. SEBERA v. RDB

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[9] Counsel Nyiringabo argues in addition that the judge based on article121 of the general statute for Rwanda public service which stipulates about post suppression which he occupied, therefore to not possess the requested degree and the post suppression it cannot be applied at the same time as the reason for dismissing Sebera, to the contrary, it can be one of them. [10] Counsel Nyiringabo, added that the Judge stated that according to what is provided for in paragraph 28 of the judgment on the issue of the qualification, what is evident this matter was farfetched as Sebera holds a bachelor‟s degree in economics and administrative science since 1981, particularly as the judge indicated (see paragraph 10 and 11 of the judgment) that there was no evidences relating to the performance evaluation mentioned by the counsel for RDB that were demonstrated except mere arguments that were raised, before ombudsman office and to the Court. He continued to argue how surprising it was for the Judge to base on the evidence which he earlier had disqualified, hence affirming that Sebera does not meet the requirement, that is to say in relation to qualifications and work experience, and concluding that he was lawfully dismissed, while on the other hand the letter of dismissal does not state that he lack either qualifications or experience. [11] Sebera and his counsel state that he was

unlawfully dismissed because in the restructuring of public institutions, there are established rules which apparently were not complied with as demonstrated by the office of ombudsman in his letter dated 14 December, 2010, clearly indicating that the procedure which RDB employed in this exercise were contrary to the MIFOTRA Instructions No 03/19.21 of 10/07/2009 relating to procedure of carrying outperformance appraisal for employees. [12] Zawadi, Counsel for RDB indicated that after merging of eight (8) various public institutions into one institution of RDB in 2010 there

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was internal restructuring and reform of services and departments, and as a result of various employees merging at RDB, it happened that employees had same job descriptions and they could not all be maintained at RDB, some of them had to inevitably move. [13] Counsel for RDB continued to argue that there was need to identify which employees would be maintained in employment and the criteria was in accordance with the performance evaluation, the qualification required for various posts, and the availability positions that were available on new RDB structure. It was in that context, that some employees lost their jobs, for either insufficient capacity, or their position were missing on the new structure, lack of the required qualifications and many others. Hence Sebera was dismissed because he lacked the required qualifications for the office he earlier occupied, as he did not have the master‟s degree, as for experience would be an added advantage. [14] The counsel for RDB noted that Sebera was lawfully dismissed contrary to the harassment which he alleges, he was temporally suspended during the reform process continued to be remunerated at 2/3 of his salary with right to all other benefits provided for by the law. He was later informed that he did not fulfil the requirement for the post he had earlier occupied and hence dismissed and be granted benefits provided for by the law, including the “work certificate”. [15] Counsel Zawadi further states that the performance evaluation was done in accordance with the instruction of MIFOTRA, besides, Sebera was issued with the results which were also confirmed by the Cabinet meeting, and said that if this had not conformed to the law, the Cabinet would have rejected it.

SEBERA v. RDB

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THE VIEW OF THE COURT [16] Regarding the performance evaluation and the placement of public servants after public service‟s institution restructuring approved by the cabinet meeting on 26 June,2009, article 4 of Instructions N003/19.21 of 10/ 07/ 2009 of the Minister of the public Service and Labour provides for that the performance evaluation calculated out of 100 marks, based on:

Performance assessment of 2006, 2007 and 2008 (50%);

The overall conduct of an employee manifested since January 2009 up to June 2009 (50%) Whereas article 11 of the Ministerial instructions provides that after the performance evaluation, each institution shall submit to MIFOTRA: List of the employees‟ names who exhibited the high performance and the posts which they are requesting to occupy in the new structure;

List the employee‟s names who have the high performance but who did not get the posts on the structure due the mis-match between their profile and the new job profile or due to the suppression of the work; List the employee‟s names who exhibited the low performance and should be temporally suspended from the public institutions;

List the employee‟s names who exhibited the poor performance and should be automatically dismissed and not be granted the dismissal compensation;

.

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The amount of terminal benefits and such other benefits granted to the employees who should be temporally dismissed. [17] The document which is in the file on page 36 demonstrates that for a person to occupy the post of Head of Human Resource at RDB, had to have a Master‟s degree or equivalent in public or business administration, human resource management or related area, or a first class university degree with a combination of relevant academic qualifications and experience may be accepted in lieu of advanced university. The document indicated that Sebera had a bachelor degree in economics and administrative science, had had various training, relating to human resource management, he had one year of experience on that post and had other 11 years as the director of administration and finance but took a decision that he lacks qualification and experience required. [18] A dismissal letter written to Sebera dated 25 January 2011, RDB based on articles 68-3 and 121 of Law nº 22/2002 of 09/07/2002 of general statute for Rwanda public service concerning suppression of the work and the automatic dismissal, and however it is not the case because that position was still available. Besides, it could not have been feasible that Sebera be dismissed at the same basing on the ground that he lacks qualification and experience required as demonstrated above, and on the fact that there had

been suppression of the post he occupied as the counsel for RDB alleged. To this effect, he ought to have been given clear explanations underlying his dismissal. [19] Court finds therefore, that RDB does not demonstrate how it reached the decision to provisionally suspend Sebera and the subsequent automatic dismissal from the post he occupied, because he was not evaluated as to determine whether he had high performance, low performance or he had poor performance, which would have been the basis to assess whether he should be temporally dismissed or should be SEBERA v. RDB

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automatically dismissed as the ministerial instructions mentioned above provides. [20] Court finds that Sebera was suspended from job on 09 April, 2010 for a period of six months, but dismissed on 25 January 2011, and be informed that his dismissal began to run on 15 October,2010, he received the dismissal letter on 15 April, 2011, this shows that he spent some time in total dilemma, which did not comply with article 65 of the law no22/2002 of 09/07/2002 mentioned above, which provides that the period of provisional suspension must not exceed six months. [21] Given the preceding statements, Court finds that Sebera‟s dismissal was unlawful. b. The damages requested by Sebera. [22] Nyiringabo, the counsel for the appellant prays that the Court should change the decision made by the High Court, and then it confirms that he was unlawful dismissed, and be given the damages as he filed against them. [23] Zawadi, the counsel for RDB states that the appeal of Sebera has no merit, that the Court could not award him the damages and the other requested money because they have no basis.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [24] Court finds that as demonstrated above, Sebera was unlawfully dismissed which led him to be unstable in both employment and in his private life, he deserves to be awarded damages for this. [25] However, Court finds that law no 22/2002 of 09/07/2002 establishing the general statute for Rwanda public service which was in

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force during Sebera‟s dismissal, like Law 86/2013 of 11/09/2013 which is in force now and which replaced the previous one, they did not provide the procedure to award damages on the issue of an employee who is unlawfully dismissed, to that effect, article 258 of the CCB.III which stipulates that any act of a person which causes damage to another obliges the person by whose fault it happened to fix it, would apply in this case, and in the opinion of court, he is awarded damages amounting to six months of his last salary which is remunerated by RDB, it means 970,524Frw x 6 =5,823,144Frw. [26] Concerning the general damages, the Court finds that the damages for the period he spent in provisional suspension, Sebera cannot file against them because he was remunerated 2/3 of the salary as the law provides, so he could not be remunerated the whole salary, whereas the damages regarding with the remaining period to be retired and the fact that he was deprived of the opportunity to be retired, to be unemployed, and for defamation, the Court finds that he should not be awarded them because what he effectively lost, was compensated, as a result of unlawful dismissal, regarding defamation, he did not adduce the evidences to the effect. [27] Regarding damages resulting from the procedural and counsel fees, the Court finds that he must be awarded them, but since he has not demonstrated how he computed the 2,000,000Frw which he has prayed for, he is awarded 1,000,000Frw in Court discretion on both level they pleaded in. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [28] Decides that the appeal of Sebera Jean Damascène has the merit in part; SEBERA v. RDB

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[29] Orders RDB to pay Sebera Jean Damascène the damages amounting to 5,823,144Frw and 1,000,000Frw of the procedural and the counsel fees, all together is 6,823,144Frw; [30] Orders RDB to pay the Court fees.

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LABOUR CASE

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MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RSOCAA 0010/12/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Rugabirwa and Gakwaya, J.) June 13, 2014] Labour law – Termination of employment contract – Unfair dismissal – To dismisses one or more employees due to economic and technological reasons, without ranking the employees in accordance with the performance, professional qualification, time spent in the enterprise and social charges of each worker and that ranking is done without informing the labour inspector in writing, It is considered as unfair dismissal – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, articles 1(21) and 34. Labour law – The average salary – Computation of monthly average salary – The average monthly salary shall be obtained by dividing by twelve the total salary the worker has received for the last twelve months exclusive of allowances allocated to the worker to enable him/her to discharge his/her duties, therefore the balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, payments for leave are not included in the average salary since he/she gets them once a year; moreover, the contributions to the social security fund and those of supplementary pension are not computed while determining the average salary because these are savings made for the benefit of the employee – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, articles 35 and 77. Labour law – Damages resulting from unfair dismissal – Computation of those damages – Any unfair termination of the contract may result in damages; where the worker has worked for the employer for a period which is longer than 10 years, damages shall not go beyond the salary of nine months (9) – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 33(3). 69

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Labour law – Notice – Computation of compensation – In case of termination of an employment contract with prior notice, the notice period must be one month for a worker who has worked for one year or more and the employer must pay employment contract termination or dismissal benefits to an employee who has completed a period of at least twelve consecutive months of work – Employment contract termination accompanying allowance shall not go in any case below three times the average monthly salary for the worker with working experience of between ten and fifteen years in the same institution – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 27(2). Labour law – Employment leave – Leave allocation – The employer must pay the retiring worker an allocation equal to the average of salaries the worker received for the last twelve months and other benefits he/she is entitled to as provided for by the employment contract – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 55. Labour law – Work certificate – When the contract of employment expires, the employer must establish and put at the disposal of other worker together with his /her final due – A certificate of employment, showing exclusively the date of entry and exit and the nature of the employment or occupied post. The employer, who refuses to deliver this certificate of employment or omits one of

the elements or delays to deliver this certificate, may be required to pay the damages determined by the competent Court – Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, article 38. Labour procedure – Limit of the subject – Procedural costs and lawyer’s fees – The subject matter of the claim shall be determined by the claims made by the respective parties and these claims shall be indicated in the plaintiff’s and defendant’s submissions – The judge shall rule only and on all that which is referred to the court – A party who win the case in some of his claims is awarded the procedural and counsel fees at the

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Court’s discretion – Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, articles 4 and 7. Fact: Mitimituje concluded the open-ended employment contract with Bank of Kigali Ltd since 26 September 1995 and later on 23 October 2009 that Bank terminated the contract because Mitimituje does not have the professional qualification and competence required for the new posts which were established in its restructuring. Mitimituje sued Bank of Kigali Ltd in the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge after the failure of both parties to reach an amicable settlement before the labour inspectorate requesting to be paid various damages composed of those resulting from unlawful dismissal, dismissal compensation, dismissal notice, performance bonus of 2009, balance sheet bonus of 2009, leave allowance of 2009 together with its balance for 2008, employment certificate which is incomplete, procedural costs and counsel fees. The Court ruled that Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed unlawfully Mitimituje Gaëtan because it dismissed him without demonstrating the required diploma at the time of its restructuring and the new structure which was based on to dismiss him appeared on 27 October 2009 while it had already dismissed him from work on 23 October 2009. Moreover, it dismissed him without first ranking its employees according to their performance, professional

qualification, experience within the same institution and social charges; therefore Bank of Kigali Ltd should pay him the damages by deducting what it paid him at the time of his dismissal and those damages must be computed on the average salary which comprises the basic salary plus housing allowances, transport allowances, family allocation, cash allowance, social security fund contribution fees, supplementary pension fees, as well as leave allowance; but it should pay him after deducting the employment income tax. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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Bank of Kigali Ltd appealed in the High Court which ruled that it did not unlawfully dismiss Mitimituje because it could not include him on the list of the employees while he did not possess the requested diploma at the time of its restructuring; It also dismissed the damages he was awarded before except the damages resulting from incomplete employment certificate plus the amount which is not appealed for; namely leave allowance, procedural and counsel fees. The same Court motivated that the average salary which must be considered comprises the basic salary, housing allowances, transport allowances, cash allowance, and family dependants‟ allowance. It added that the transport allowances should not normally be included in that salary but it must be included therein because his employer has so wanted while the social security fund contribution fees, supplementary pension fees as well as leave allowance should not be considered in computing the average salary because those are to help the employee in his/her work. Mitimituje appealed in the Supreme Court stating that the High Court should have held that Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed him unlawfully and ordered it to pay to him various damages which are calculated on the average salary which includes the balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, leave allowance, social security fund contribution fees, supplementary pension fees but, in

the alternative, in case those fees may not be included in that salary, he should be paid them apart as fees he has right on. Bank of Kigali states that it did not unlawfully dismiss Mitimituje; therefore it should not pay him any damages since it paid him money for the dismissal compensation at the time of his dismissal, but in case the Court may find it otherwise, it should award him damages basing on the salary which was confirmed by the High Court.

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Held: 1. It is considered as unfair dismissal when an employer dismisses one or more employees because of restricting the organization of the institution due to economic and technological reasons, without ranking the employees in accordance with the performance, professional qualification, time spent in the enterprise and social charges of each worker or without informing the labour inspector in writing.

2. The average monthly salary shall be obtained by dividing by twelve the total salary the worker has received for the last twelve months exclusive of allowances allocated to the worker to enable him/her to discharge his/her duties Therefore the balance sheet bonus , performance bonus, payments for leave are not included in the average salary since s/he gets them once a year when s/he has got the grades indicating that s/he performed well an when Bank of Kigali has made profits; moreover, the contributions for the social security fund and those for supplementary pension are not included in the average salary because these are savings made for the benefit of the employee.

3. Any unlawful termination of the contract may result in damages. Where the worker has worked for the employer for a period which is longer than 10 years, damages shall not go beyond the salary of nine months (9) and this is why Mitimituje is awarded six (6).

4. In case of termination of employment contract with prior notice, the notice period must be one month for a worker who has worked for one year or more and the employer must pay employment contract termination or dismissal benefits to an employee who has completed a period of at least twelve (12) consecutive months of work. Employment contract termination accompanying allowance shall not go in any case below three (3) times the average monthly salary for the worker with working experience of between ten (10) and fifteen (15) years in the same institution. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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5. The employer must pay the retiring worker an allocation equal to the average of salaries the worker received for the last twelve months and other benefits he/she is entitled to as provided for by the employment contract; therefore Bank of Kigali should pay that amount to Mitimituje but after deducting the amount it gave him at the time it dismissed him, concerning the leave allocation of 2009 Mitimituje should not get the payment because he was dismissed before the end of that year.

6. The money for performance bonus can be given to the employee once a year, but the employer is not obliged to pay it and the balance sheet bonus can be given out at least in the third month of the following year depending on the profit made by Bank of Kigali in the previous year.

7. When the contract of employment expires, the employer must establish and put at the disposal of other worker together with his /her final due a certificate of employment, showing exclusively the date of entry and exit and the nature of the employment or occupied post. The employer, who refuses to deliver this certificate of employment or omits one of the elements or delays to deliver this certificate, may be required to pay the damages determined by the Court.

8. The subject matter of the claim shall be determined by the claims made by the respective parties and these claims shall be indicated in the plaintiff‟s and defendant‟s submissions and the judge shall rule only and on all that which is referred to the court; the decision of deducting the income tax on the damages which awarded to Mitimituje by the Court must be overruled since that amount are not salary but it is the damages awarded by the court.

9. A party who win the case in some of his claims is awarded the procedural and counsel fees at the Court‟s discretion. Appeal has merit in parts. Court fees to the defendant.

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Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law N° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda, articles 21, 27(2), 29, 33(3), 34, 35, 38, 55 and 77. Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, articles 4 and 7. No case referred to. Authors cited: Jean-Claude Javilier, Droit du Travail, 6ème édition, 1998, Paris, LDGJ, p.303. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] On 26 September 1995, Mitimituje Gaëtan concluded the open- ended contract with Bank of Kigali Ltd. On 223/10/2009 that Bank terminated the contract because Mitimituje Gaëtan does not have the professional qualification and competence required for the new posts which were established by in its restructuring. [2] After both parties failed to reach an amicable settlement before the labour inspector, Mitimituje Gaëtan sued Bank of Kigali Ltd in the Intermediate Court of Nyarungenge requesting that it should pay him various damages which are mentioned above in the claim and It ordered Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay 3,043,458Frw in damages for unfair dismissal, 2,028,972Frw of dismissal compensation, but after deducting 1,840,572Frw which it paid him at the time of his dismissal and he should be paid thus 188,400Frw and it should pay him also 338,162Frw MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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of the notice allowance minus 306,762Frw which it paid him and should thus be paid 31,400Frw; moreover it should pay him also 511,270Frw for performance bonus of 2009; 511,270Frw for balance sheet bonus of 2009; 533,585Frw for leave allowance of 2009 and the difference of the leave allowance of 2008; 2,028,972Frw for being given incomplete employment certificate; 200,000Frw of the procedural costs and 500,000Frw of the counsel‟s fees, all making the total of 7,548,355Frw; but Bank of Kigali Ltd should pay this money after deducting the employment income tax therefrom (TPR). [3] That Court motivated that Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed unlawfully Mitimituje Gaëtan because it dismissed him without showing the required diploma at the time of its restructuring and that the new structure which was based on to dismiss him appeared on 27October 2009 while it had already dismissed him on 23 October 2009 and it has done so without first raking its employees according to their performance, professional qualification, experience within the same institution and social charges as provided for by article 34 of Law no13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda and article 58 of the Statute of 30/12/2003 regulating the employees of that Bank. [4] In addition, the same Court explained that Bank of Kigali Ltd should pay to Mitimituje Gaëtan damages calculated on the average salary comprising

142,739Frw of the basic salary + 94,578Frw of housing allowance + 30,845Frw of transportation allowance + 3,500Frw of wife and children allowance + 35,100Frw of cash allowance + 8,173Frw equals to 3% of social security fund contributions + 11,332Frw of supplementary pension equal to 3% of 226,647Frw and on top of that 11,895Frw of leave allowance must be added to that salary leave allowance and all totaling 338,162Frw. [5] Bank of Kigali Ltd appealed in the High Court which held that Bank of Kigali Ltd did not dismiss Mitimituje Gaëtan unlawfully,

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dismissed the following damages he was awarded before: 3,043,458Frw for unfair dismissal; 511,270FRw of performance bonus; 511,270Frw of balance sheet bonus; 31,400Frw of the notice allowance and 188,400Frw of the dismissal compensation and ordered Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay 1,227,048Frw of the damages for giving him an incomplete employment certificate which is with also the fees which were not appealed for which are: 533,585Frw of leave allowance, 200,000Frw of the procedural costs and 500,000Frw of the counsel fees. [6] The High Court motivated that Bank of Kigali Ltd did not unlawfully dismiss Mitimituje Gaëtan because it could not include him on the list of employees in case he did not possess the required diploma at the time of its restructuring; but that the damages he is entitled to must be calculated on the average salary of 306,762Frw indicated on payment slip drafted for him by his employer instead of 338,162Frw he was awarded by the previous judge. [7] That Court motivated that the average salary which must be based on is 306,762Frw comprising the basic salary, housing allowance, transport allowance, cash allowance, wife and children allowance and that the transport allowance should not normally be included in that salary but it must be included therein because his employer has so wanted; but for the social security fund contributions fees; supplementary pension fees

and leave allowance should not be included in the average salary because those allowances are meant to help the employee in his work duties according to provisions of article 35 of Law no13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda. [8] Mitimituje Gaëtan appealed to the Supreme Court stating that the High Court should have ruled that Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed him unlawfully and ordered it to pay to him various damages calculated on average salary which includes the balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, leave allowance, social security fund contributions, MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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supplementary pension fess, but, in the alternative, in case those fees may not be included in that salary, he should be paid them apart as fees he has right on. [9] Bank of Kigali Ltd states that it did not dismiss Mitimituje Gaëtan unlawfully and it cannot therefore pay to him any damages and on top of that it paid to him the dismissal compensation which is calculated on the average salary of 307,762Frw, but in case the Court may find it otherwise, It should calculate damages basing on that salary. [10] The case was heard in public on 13 May 2014 where Mitimituje Gaëtan was represented by Counsel Karongozi André Martin whereas Bank of Kigali Ltd was represented by Counsel Rutembesa Phocas. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUES 1. Whether Bank of Kigali Ltd unlawfully dismissed Mitimituje Gaëtan. [11] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court decided that Bank of Kigali Ltd did not dismiss him unlawfully because it could not include him on the list of their employees before dismissing him from the post of cashier he occupied allegedly because he did not possess the required diploma at the time of its restructuring to continue working disregarding that it did not demonstrate the basis of its ruling whereby it held that Mitimituje Gaëtan did not fulfill the requirements because the new structure and the communication informing all its staff of its restructuring that was planned in the two following months were published on 27 October 2009 while he had already been dismissed on 23 October 2009. Moreover, he was not dismissed because he did not hold the bachelor degree because the dismissing letter states that he is dismissed because he does not have the performances, qualifications and competencies for work notwithstanding that Bank always gave him the

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good performance marks, performance bonus and promoted him due to his good performance. [12] In addition, he submitted that even if Mitimituje Gaëtan did not fulfill all requirements for continuing his work as that Court ruled, it should have decided that he was unlawfully dismissed because Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed him without establishing the list ranking its employees according to their performance, professional qualification, time spent in the enterprise and social charges of each worker before dismissing him as that Bank was obliged by article 34 of Law no13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda and article 58 of the Statutes of 30/12/2003 regulating its staff. [13] He explains that if Bank of Kigali Ltd established that list, it could not dismiss Mitimituje Gaëtan because it would have found that he fulfilled requirements spelled out in the law to continue working for the former because he has not yet reached the retirement age since he was born in 1966 and was dismissed in 2009 while he was not in probation but rather he had spent 14 years working for it and he never received any professional disciplinary sanction and he was rather being promoted in grade and given the performance bonus each year because of good performance. H finds that the fact that Bank of Kigali disregarded all this and dismissed him, it unlawfully dismissed him and should therefore pay

him the various damages including those resulting from unfair dismissal. [14] The counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that it did not unlawfully dismiss Mitimituje Gaëtan as the High Court ruled but it dismissed him from work on 23 October 2009 because he did not hold the bachelor degree which was required for the post of cashier because he rather possesses a diploma in carpentry which was no longer befitting for that post according to new structure approved by the Board of Directors of that Bank on 30 September 2009. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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[15] He states, in addition, that the fact that Mitimituje Gaëtan did not possess the bachelor degree required at the time of the restructuring of Bank of Kigali Ltd was enough for the latter to dismiss him from work without including him on the list of its employees who would keep the positions and communicating the that list to the labour inspector because the criteria for establishing that list like the professional performance, level of education and the experience provided for by article 34 of Law no 13/2009 mentioned above are not considered as cumulative conditions to be assessed to determine whether the employee should remain or be dismissed; but rather failure to fulfill one of those conditions is enough for an employee to be dismissed. [16] Furthermore, he argues that the fact Bank of Kigali Ltd did not inform the labor inspector of that list before dismissing Mitimituje Gaëtan from work cannot be considered as it unlawfully dismissed him from work because the purpose of communicating that list to the labor inspector is solely to inform him/her of the changes within the restructured institution.

VIEW OF THE COURT [17] Article one, paragraph 21 of Law no13/2009 of 27 May 2009 regulating labor in Rwanda provides that “unfair dismissal is a termination of an employment contract by the employer without justifiable reason or observance of the procedure established by the law”. Article 29 of that Law provides that “an open-ended contract may always be terminated by the will of either of the parties but for legitimate motives. This termination is subject to prior notice given by the party that takes initiative of termination.” Whereas article 34 of the aforementioned Law provides that “the employer may proceed to dismiss individual or collective worker(s) due to economic reason, internal reorganization or consecutive restructuring for economic

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difficulties or technological transfers with the aim of protecting the competitiveness of the enterprise. In such case the dismissal ranking shall be done in accordance with performance, professional qualification, time spent in the enterprise and social charges of each worker. The employer informs the competent labor inspector in written form”. [18] The legal scholar named Jean-Claude Javilier, in his book titled Droit du Travail says that the employer may dismiss an employee from work when there exists a real and serious cause justifying the dismissal. He explains that a cause is real if it is significant and is objectively assessed while it is serious if it has a certain gravity that makes it impossible for the employee to continue working, and makes the dismissal a must without damage to the company1. [19] For the purpose of this case, the file indicates that Mitimituje Gaëtan concluded an open-ended employment contract with Bank of Kigali Ltd on 26 September 1995. On 23 October 2009, that Bank terminated that contract because Mitimituje Gaëtan does not possess the professional performance and qualification required for the for the new posts in the new structure adopted during its restructuring (This is to inform you that your performance, your qualifications and competencies did not match the requirements of the job profiles given in the new structure. Therefore, you are hereby informed that Banque de Kigali Ltd would like to terminate you services with effect from Friday, 23rd October, 2009).

1 “The existence of a real and serious cause justifying dismissal, a cause is real if it presents a character of objectivity, which excludes the prejudices and personal convenience. The cause is serious as it has a certain gravity that makes it impossible, without damage to the company, the continuation of work and necessitates dismissal” by Jean-Claude Javilier, Droit du Travail, 6ème édition, 1998, Paris, LDGJ, p.303. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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[20] There is also, in case file, a Communication which Bank of Kigali addressed to all its staff on 27 October 2009 informing them that the Board of Directors meeting held on 30 September 2009adopteded the new job structure to improve service to their customers and that, apart from its Heads of Departments (Chefs des Départements) and their Managers (Gérants) who were already placed in the new posts by the same Board, other employees will be progressively placed in the new positions in period of the two following months and that those who will be placed in those new posts will start receiving the new salary effective from 01 January 2010. [21] Moreover, there are, in the case file, the Statute regulating the employees of Bank of Kigali Ltd of January 2004 which stipulates that at the end of each year, its employees will be appraised basing on the following criteria: disciplinary sanctions imposed on the employee in that year, his/her behaviour in general, professional performance and skills (aptitudes professionnelles: sens d‟organisation et connaissances techniques) and the his/her concern for its improvement (souci de perfectionnement). [22] In light of the above legal provisions and the explanations, the Court finds that Bank of Kigali Ltd unlawfully dismissed Mitimituje Gaëtan because it dismissed him without showing that he doesn‟t possess the required diploma for the new

post of cashier he used to occupy in order to make it clear that he does not have the professional skills and competencies to continue working for it in the same position. Moreover, the new structure and the Communication to all staff were published on 27 October 2009 while Bank of Kigali Ltd had already dismissed Mitimituje Gaëtan on 23 October 2009. [23] In addition, the Court finds that another evidence demonstrating that Mitimituje Gaëtan was unfairly dismissed is that Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed him without proving that it has ever written to him

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reprimanding his performance and dismissed him without drawing up the list of its employees and communicating it to the labor inspector, as provided for by article 34 of the Law mentioned above, in order to determine whether he was really to one to be dismissed at that time due to failure to fulfill the requirements. Therefore, Bank of Kigali Ltd must pay damages to him for this; but the Court has to first examine the issue of the average salary which must be based on to compute those.

2. Determining elements of the average salary which should be based on for calculating damages for Mitimituje. [24] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court ruled that he is entitled to damages calculated basing on the average salary of 306,762Frw and it disregarded that balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, leave allowance, social security fund and supplementary pension contribution fees which his employer was paying for him should have been added on that salary. [25] He explains that the balance sheet bonus and the performance bonus must be included in the average salary because since these are benefits provided for by article 76 and 77 of the Statute regulating the employees of Bank of Kigali Ltd that the employer paid its employees every year when Bank of Kigali Ltd had made profits (balance sheet bonus) and also paid them performance bonus for their good performance. [26] He continues to argue that another thing showing that the balance sheet bonus fees and performance bonus he was paid must be included in the average salary is that the legal scholar named Nsengiyumva Métusera wrote in his book Droit Social, Manuels de Droit Rwandais, pp.81-82, that the performance bonus is considered as a part of the salary when the employer decides that it will be paid in general, with consistency and on permanent basis (généralité, constance et fixité) and MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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Raymond Guillien and Jean Vincent explained in their book titled Lexique des termes juridiques, Dalloz, 12ème édition, 1999, p.476, that supplements such as performance bonuses and gratuities are often added on the basic salary performance bonus. [27] In addition, he requests to include leave allowance in the average salary by considering 142,739Frw for 2008 he was paid in 2009. He, furthermore, requests that the salary should include 5% of the money for social security fund as well as supplementary pension fees monthly paid by his employer instead of 3% considered by the previous judge [28] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that it should not pay to Mitimituje Gaëtan any other damages because it paid him the dismissal compensation calculated on the average salary of 307,762Frw when it dismissed him as held by the High Court. [29] He explains that the balance sheet bonus and the performance bonus should not be included in the average salary because according to the provisions of article 76 and 77 of the Statute regulating the employees of Bank of Kigali Ltd, Mitimituje Gaëtan has no absolute right on them because he could get them or not at the end of the year depending on whether he performed well or not and whether Bank of Kigali Ltd made profits or not. [30] Regarding leave allowance, he states that they cannot be included in the average salary because it is not the

salary he got every month; but rather it is money which he received when he took leave. [31] He submits, in addition, that Mitimituje Gaëtan was paying himself 3% of 272,417Frw for contributions to social security fund whereas his employer was paying for him 5% of in the same amount as contribution to the social security fund and in SONARWA which should not be included in the average salary because it is money saved for the .

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employee which he gets when appropriate time comes; he should not therefore be paid them as damages and it cannot pay him supplementary pension fees because he was already paid them.

VIEW OF THE COURT [32] The last paragraph of Article 35 of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda provides that “the average monthly salary shall be obtained by dividing by twelve the total salary the worker has received for the last twelve months exclusive of allowances allocated to the worker to enable him/her to discharge his/her duties” whereas article 77 of that Law provides that “the salary on the basis of which the leave payment, the notice period payment and damages shall be obtained by making the average for the last twelve months the worker worked for”. [33] In this case, Mitimituje Gaëtan requests that the balance sheet bonus, the performance bonus, leave allowance, 5% of social security fund contributions and supplementary pension contributions which his employer paid for him should be included in the average salary which must be based on for calculating the damages he is entitled to. [34] Basing on the laws mentioned above, the Court finds that the balance sheet bonus and the performance bonus could not be included on the average salary because they do not constitute the salary he was paid monthly; but he was rather paid them once per year when Mitimituje Gaëtan got good performance appraisal results and when Bank of Kigali Ltd had made profits. [35] The Court finds that leave allowances cannot be included in the average salary since they are paid to the employee once per year when he/she takes leave. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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[36] The Court finds that the money paid for Mitimituje Gaëtan as contributions to social security fund and supplementary pension cannot be included in the average salary because they are among elements of the salary, but rather money saved for the employee. [37] According to those explanations, the Court finds, therefore, that that the average salary which must be based on for calculating the leave allowance, notice allowance and damages is composed of money computed in the following way: basic salary of 142,739Frw + 94,578Frw of housing allowance + 35,100Frw of cash allowance + 3,500Frw of wife and children allowance whereas 30,845Frw of transport allowances should not normally be included in that salary but shall be included since his employer has so wished, all make the total of 306,762Frw as ruled by the High Court and agreed by Bank of Kigali Ltd itself.

3. Regarding damages requested in this case. 3.1. Regarding unlawful dismissal damages. [38] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that Bank of Kigali Ltd must pay him 3,859,398Frw for unlawful dismissal damages as explained above and which are computed on the average salary comprising balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, leave allowance, 5% of social security fund contributions and supplementary pension fees paid for him by his employer because the High Court did not demonstrate the laws it based on in dismissing 3,043,458Frw of unlawful dismissal damages he was awarded at the first instance even if it was calculated on the basis of the wrong average salary. [39] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that Mitimituje Gaëtan should not be awarded those damages because Bank of Kigali Ltd did not commit any fault by dismissing him and he cannot be awarded those damages since he calculated on the wrong average salary.

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VIEW OF THE COURT [40] Regarding the unlawful dismissal damages, article 33 paragraphs one and three of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda provides that “any unlawful termination of the contract may result in damages. Where the worker has worked for the employer for a period which is longer than 10 years, damages shall not go beyond the salary of nine months”. [41] For the purpose of this case, the documents available in the case file indicate that Mitimituje Gaëtan worked for Bank of Kigali Ltd for 14 years, which is from 26 September 1995 up to 23 October 2009 when it unlawfully dismissed him as explained above. [42] Basing on those explanations, the Court finds that since Bank of Kigali Ltd dismissed Mitimituje Gaëtan unlawfully, it must pay moral damages to him equal to the average salary of six months which is calculated in the following way: 306,762Frw x 6 = 1,840,572Frw. 3.2. Concerning the notice allowance and dismissal compensation. [43] Regarding the notice, the Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states the High Court dismissed 31,400Frw of the notice allowance he was awarded by the previous Court without any reasonable ground ignoring that he must be paid notice allowance is calculated on the average salary which includes the balance sheet bonus, performance bonus, leave allowance and 5% of contributions to the social security fund deposited by his employer, and he should be paid the notice allowance calculated in the following way: 31,400Frw he was awarded at the first instance + 90,660Frw he requested in the High Court which make the total of 122,060Frw. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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[44] Regarding the dismissal compensation, the Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court dismissed 188,572Frw of dismissal compensation he was awarded by the previous judge without providing any ground, ignoring that he had to be paid the dismissal compensation calculated on the average salary which he claims as explained above. He requests to be paid the dismissal compensation calculated in the following way: 188,572Frw of the dismissal compensation he was awarded at the first instance + 543,960Frw he requested in the High Court which make together the total of 732,523Frw. [45] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali argues that Mitimituje Gaëtan should not be awarded the notice allowances and dismissal compensation he is requesting in this case because it is based on the wrong average salary; but rather Bank of Kigali Ltd paid him 1,542,176Frw of notice allowance and dismissal compensation calculated on the average salary of 307,762Frw when it dismissed him as confirmed by the High Court.

VIEW OF THE COURT [46] Regarding the notice allowance, article 27 (2) of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda provides that“ if it is necessary to terminate a contract of employment with prior notice, duration of this notice must be at least equal to one month, if the worker has worked for a period of one year or more”. [47] For the purpose of this case, the case file demonstrates that Mitimituje Gaëtan worked for Bank of Kigali Ltd for 14 years. Therefore, the Court finds that Bank of Kigali Ltd shouled have paid him 306,762Frw of the notice allowance which is equivalent to his average salary of one month; but Mitimituje Gaëtan cannot be awarded

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that money because he was paid it at the time of his dismissal as proved by the document named “severance pay” as well as the bank statement of his account nº 0031593-01 in Bank of Kigali Ltd, Cyangugu branch. [48] Concerning the dismissal compensation, article 35 paragraph one and two of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda, provides for that “the dismissal or an employment contract termination for a worker who has completed a period of at least twelve consecutive months of works entails the payment to the latter by the employer or dismissal benefits. The accompanying allowance shall not go below three times the monthly salary for the worker with working experience of between ten and fifteen years in the same institution”. [49] For the purpose of this case, the Court finds that the that Mitimituje Gaëtan has the work experience of 14 years as explained above and it obvious that Bank of Kigali Ltd should have paid him the dismissal compensation equal to six (6) times the monthly average salary computed in the following way: 306,762Frw x 6 = 1,840,572Frw of the accompanying compensation but Mitimituje Gaëtan cannot be awarded that money because he was paid it at the time he was paid employment termination benefits as proved by the document named “severance pay” as well as the bank statement of his account nº 0031593-01 in Bank of Kigali Ltd. 3.3. Concerning leave allowance. [50] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court ruled that he must be paid 533,585Frw of leave allowance he was awarded by the previous judge, but disregarded that it should have been added on this the amount 181,320Frw calculated on the requested average salary mentioned above which make together the total of 714,905Frw. MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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[51] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that Mitimituje Gaëtan cannot be awarded that money because it miscalculated basing on the wrong average salary and he must rather be paid 533,585Frw he was awarded at the first instance.

VIEW OF THE COURT [52] Article 55 of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda, provides that “the employer must pay the worker an allocation equal to the average of salaries the worker received for the last twelve months and other benefits he/she is entitled to as provided for by the employment contract.” [53] For the purpose of this case, the payroll and the document named severance pay available in the case file demonstrate that Bank of Kigali Ltd paid to Mitimituje Gaëtan leave allowance equal to 142,739Frw for 2008 but he was paid them in January 2009 and 55,775Frw of leave allowance it paid when it dismissed him which make all together the total of 198,514Frw. [54] Basing on provisions of article 55 of the Law mentioned above, the Court finds that Bank of Kigali Ltd would pay to Mitimituje Gaëtan 306,762Frw equal to his average salary of one month as leave allowance of 2008; but he must be paid 533,585Frw which he was promised by his employer minus 198,514Frw which it paid to him as explained above, thus it has to pay him 335,071Frw. [55] The Court finds that Bank of Kigali should not pay Mitimituje Gaëtan the leave allowance of 2009 because it dismissed him completing that year.

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3.4. Concerning the balance sheet bonus and the performance bonus of 2009. [56] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court dismissed 511,270Frw of balance sheet bonus of 2009 and 511,270Frw of performance bonus for 2009 which were awarded by the previous judge without any reasonable ground, and disregarded that he would have been paid them because he was dismissed at the end of 2009 and Bank of Kigali made profits to the extent it got exclusively 82% of the profits made by all banks in Rwanda as it declared it itself in Umuvugizi newspaper, Vol. 65 of 28/11-12/2009 and be demonstrated also by the fact that it paid to Uwamariya Sekaziga Vestine the balance sheet bonus of 2009. [57] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd argues that it cannot pay to Mitimituje Gaëtan that amount of money because he has not proved to this Court that Bank of Kigali made profits at the end of 2009 or he would get good performance appraisal results to be paid performance bonus because he was dismissed before the end that year.

VIEW OF THE COURT [58] Concerning the balance sheet bonus and the performance bonus, article 76 and 77 of the Statute regulating the employees of Bank of Kigali Ltd provide that the performance bonus can be awarded once per year, but the employer is not obliged to pay them and the balance sheet bonus can be awarded at least in March of the following year and are calculated by basing on profits made by Bank of Kigali Ltd previous year but the employer is not also obliged to pay that money. [59] Basing on article 76 and 77 of the aforementioned Statute, the Court finds that Mitimituje Gaëtan could not be awarded performance MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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bonus and those of balance sheet bonus money of 2009 because he did not have absolute right on them because he was paid them when Bank of Kigali had got profits and when Mitimituje Gaëtan has got good performance appraisal resuls for the whole year. Therefore, as Mitimituje Gaëtan was dismissed from work in before thr end of year 2009it obvious that he did not fulfill the requirements already mentioned in this paragraph to be awarded them as ruled by the High Court. 3.5. Concerning the damages for incomplete employment certificate. [60] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that the High Court awarded him 1,227,048Frw in damages at its discretion since Bank of Kigali Ltd gave him incomplete employment certificate because it does not indicate the work which he performed for it during 14 years. He requests to be awarded 2,572,572Frw in damages because they were calculated on the average salary he claims mentioned above. [61] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that it should not pay to Mitimituje the damages he requests because they were calculated basing on wrong average salary he must be paid instead 1,227,048Frw which he was awarded by the High Court at its discretion.

VIEW OF THE COURT [62] Article 38 of Law nº 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labor in Rwanda, provides that “when the contract of employment expires, the employer must establish and put at the disposal of the worker together with his /her final due a certificate of employment, showing exclusively the date of entry and exit and the nature of the employment or occupied post. The employer, who refuses to deliver this certificate of employment or omits one of the elements (…), may be required to pay the damages determined by the competent Court”.

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[63] For the purpose of this case, the case file shows that Bank of Kigali Ltd gave the employment certificate to Mitimituje Gaëtan which is not show the nature of the employment or post he occupied. Therefore, the Court finds that Bank of Kigali committed a fault for which it must pay moral damages to him basing on article 38 of the Law mentioned above; those damages should be calculated on 306,762Frw of his monthly average salary, but he must be paid 1, 227,048Frw of the damages he was awarded by the High Court at its discretion because he was given incomplete employment certificate which is as also accepted by Bank of Kigali itself.

4. Whether the employment income tax (TPR) should be deducted from the damages awarded to Mitimituje Gaëtan in this judgment. [64] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan argues that the previous judge ordered Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay him the damages he is awarded in this judgment after deducting the amount of employment income tax (TPR); but the High Court did not overrule that decision because no tax related claim was submitted to it disregarding that that decision had to be overturned because it was unlawfully taken since no litigant applied for it was not, moreover, heard and examined at the first instance. He requests this Court to overrule those two decisions so that the damages he will be awarded in this judgment are not subject to employment income tax deductions. [65] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states the High Court examined that ground and found it with merit as seen under paragraph 20 of the judgment appealed against in this Court and that this ground of appeal is therefore groundless.

MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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VIEW OF THE COURT [66] Article 4 of Law nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that “the subject matter of the claim shall be determined by the claims made by the respective parties. These claims shall be indicated in the plaintiff‟s and defendant‟s submissions”. Whereas article 7 of that Law provides that “the judge shall rule only and on all that which is referred to the court”. [67] For the purpose of this case, the case file shows that the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge ordered Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay 7,548,355Frw to Mitimituje Gaëtan in damages he won in that Court but it must first decuct employment income tax therefrom (TPR). That decision led Bank of Kigali Ltd to deduct 660,933Frw of TPR from 2,203,109Frw of the dismissal compensation which it had granted Mitimituje Gaëtan when it dismissed him from work and it paid him 1,542,176Frw of the dismissal compensation as proved by the document called severance pay as well as bank Statement of his account nº 0031593-01 opened with the same Bank. [68] Moreover, the case file indicates that either in the document of 30 July 2010 or that of 19 August 2010 whereby Mitimituje Gaëtan filed the claim with the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge or even in the defence submissions of Bank of Kigali Ltd in that Court, no party claimed that the amount of money which Mitimituje Gaëtan would awarded in that judgment would be subject to employment income tax deduction; but that issue was submitted to the High Court which ruled that it cannot take any decision on that issue because no tax claim was filed with it. Therefore, the Supreme Court should consider that issue.

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[69] The Court finds that the decision taken by the Intermediate Court of Nyarugenge to deduct employment income tax from damages Mitimituje Gaëtan was awarded by the Court should be overruled because it was made in contradiction with article 4 and 7 of the Law mentioned above because no party filed for it as motivated above. [70] The Court finds that another ground why the amount Mitimituje Gaëtan is awarded in this case should not be subject to employment income tax deduction is because that amount is not the salary but rather damages he is awarded by this Court.

5. Concerning the procedural cost and counsel Fees. [71] The Counsel for Mitimituje Gaëtan states that Bank of Kigali Ltd must pay 2,707,199Frw of the counsel and procedural fees. [72] The Counsel for Bank of Kigali Ltd states that it should not pay to Mitimituje that amount because he is the one who continue involving it into unnecessary lawsuits.

VIEW OF THE COURT [73] The Court finds that Bank of Kigali Ltd must pay 300,000Frw to Mitimituje Gaëtan of the procedural fees and 400,000Frw of the Counsel fees which are awarded at its discretion because what he is requesting is excessive, this will be added on 200,000Frw of the procedural costs and 500,000Frw of the counsel fees he was awarded at the first instance, which make all together the total of 1,400,000Frw because he sought the assistance of the lawyer and also he wins partly this judgment. [74] Therefore the Court finds the total of the money which Bank of Kigali should pay to Mitimituje Gaëtan is 1,840,572Frw in damages for unlawful dismissal, 335,071Frw of leave allowance of 2008; MITIMITUJE v. BANK OF KIGALI Ltd

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1,227,048Frw in damages for incomplete employment certificate, 660,933Frw which it has withheld as deductible employment income tax from the dismissal compensation money, 1,400,000Frw of the procedural and lawyer‟s fees which make the total of 5,463,624Frw. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [75] Decides that the appeal of Mitimituje Gaëtan has merit in part; [76] Orders Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay 5,463,624Frw to Mitimituje Gaëtan; [77] Declares that the ruling of the judgment

RSOCA 0001/12/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court on 09 April 2011 is overturned in part; [78] Orders Bank of Kigali Ltd to pay the Court fees of 24,800Frw, if it fails to do so in eight days, that amount will be deducted from its asset by government coercion.

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CIVIL CASES

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ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RC 0004/13/CS (Kayitesi Z., P.J., Mugenzi and Hitiyaremye, J.) January 10, 2014] Civil procedure – Summary procedure – Provisional execution of the judgment – Suspension of provisional execution of the judgment – Provisional execution order shall be issued by the court on its own motion, even without a security if the evidence of litigation is an authentic deed or the matter of litigation is the debt acknowledged by the debtor in the case – The provisional execution is not necessarily conducted on the entire judgment – The grounds submitted by the plaintiff for suspension of provisional execution of judgment that its execution is likely to result into damage should be examined while considering also the damage and loss the respondent has indicated he is also likely to suffer in case of suspension of the execution of the judgment he/she won – Law N° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, articles 212(2), 213 and 214. Facts: After the plaint of Segatabazi against ARPEQ before the Intermediate Court of Gasabo requesting payment of 150,000,000Frw which includes 48,693,694Frw of loan, 44,352,822Frw of contributions in ARPEQ and 56,953,484Frw of bonuses promised by ARPEQ plus related interests, procedural and advocate fees which the Court found with merit in part and ordered ARPEQ to pay him 105,648,178Frw which equals to the sum of 48,693,694Frw of loan and 56,953,484Frw of bonuses, both parties appealed against this decision to the High Court which awarded 150,000,000Frw to Segatabazi and ordered the provisional execution of the judgment concerning the amount of 48,693,484Frw. 99

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ARPEQ appealed against this decision to the Supreme Court arguing that the High Court did not give due consideration to the case and that it confused ARPEQ with companies while it is a non-profit Organization. Meanwhile, on 14 November 2013, the professional bailiff initiated the judgment‟s execution procedure concerning the High Court decision which ordered its provisional execution and warned ARPEQ to execute the judgment within 3 days, failure to do so; its assets shall be seized. Before the hearing of the case by the Supreme Court, ARPEQ initiated a summary procedure claim incidental to its appeal claim praying the suspension of the execution of the judgment which was ordered by the High Court until the trial of the appeal claim. It argues that the judge ordered the provisional execution of the judgment on his/her own motion and that the Court ruled beyond the matter referred to it by subdividing the debt while the plaintiff claimed payment of the entire debt amounting to 150,000,000Frw. For him, this is in contradiction with the provisions of articles 4, 7 and 19 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure. Segatabazi and his Counsels state that the decision of the High Court is flawless because the loan of 48,693,694Frw was acknowledged by ARPEQ; therefore this ground should not be considered especially that it does not even have any relationship with grounds for suspension of judgment execution provided for by article 214 of the aforementioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012. Held: 1. Provisional execution order shall be issued by the Court on its own motion, even without a security if the evidence of litigation is an authentic deed or the matter of litigation is the debt acknowledged by the debtor in the case.

2. The High Court did not rule beyond the matter referred to it by ordering the provisional execution in respect to the sum of

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48,693,694Frw because the provisional execution was conducted on part of the debt acknowledged by the appellant; and on top of that it is not prohibited to execute the judgment on the part of the debt.

3. Even if ARPEQ may have a single bank account through which it expects to get a loan this cannot be considered as the ground for the suspension of the provisional execution of the judgment especially that those grounds submitted by ARPEQ should be examined hand in hand with the statements of Segatabazi that he was granted bank loans he failed to pay to the extent that his assets are likely to be auctioned at any time. In addition, if ARPEQ is likely to suffer the damage and loss, its creditor would also face the same fate; therefore the grounds of ARPEQ should not be considered. The claim is without merit. Court fees to the plaintiff. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law N° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, articles 212(2), 213 and 214. No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] This case commenced at the Intermediate Court of Gasabo whereby Segatabazi Protais sued ARPEQ over the debt amounting to 150,000,000Frw (composed of 48,693,694Frw lent to ARPEQ, ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2)

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44,352,822Frw of his contributions in ARPEQ and 56,953,484Frw of bonuses promised by ARPEQ) plus 18% of interests due on the total amount until its full payment, procedural fees amounting to 5,000,000Frw and counsel fee amounting to 7,500,000Frw. The Court found Gatabazi„s claim with merit in part and ordered ARPEQ to pay him 48,693,694Frw of loan and 56,953,484Frw of bonuses, the total amount being 105,648,178Frw. [2] Both parties appealed against the decision to the High Court and in the judgment RCA 041/13/HC/KIG and RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG rendered on 8 November 2013, this Court ruled that Segatabazi is awarded 150,000,000Frw, ordered the provisional execution of the judgment for the amount of 48,693,484Frw and ordered ARPEQ to pay procedural fees amounting to 1,000,000Frw to Segatabazi and bear the court fees. [3] ARPEQ appealed against the judgment to the Supreme Court arguing that the case was not given due consideration by the High Court and that the Judge confused ARPEQ with commercial companies while it is a nonprofit organization. The case was registered under No RCAA 0025/13/CS. [4] On 14 November 2013, the professional baillif notified ARPEQ of his order to provisionally execute the judgment within three (3) days as decided by the High Court, failure to do so, its assets will be seized. [5] Before the hearing of the case in the Supreme Court, ARPEQ initiated a summary procedure claim incidental to the case Nº RCA 0025/13/CS requesting suspension of provisional execution of the judgment ordered by the High Court untilthe hearing of appeal claim by the Supreme Court.

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[6] The public hearing on the summary procedure claim was conducted on 7 January 2014, in presence of Segatabazi who was assisted by Counsel Niyomugabo Christophe and Counsel Dukeshinema Beatha while ARPEQ was represented by counsel Bikotwa Bruce and Nduwamungu Jean Marie Vianney. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES a) Whether the decision of the judge ordering the provisional execution of the judgment is unlawful. [7] Counsels for ARPEQ state that their claim relies on the fact that the judge of the High Court ordered the execution of the judgment on his own motion for the sum of 48,693,484Frw while Segatabazi has never partitioned the amount of his claim since it was relating to the recovery of 150,000,000Frw. They state in addition that even if Segatabazi demanded the provisional execution for the sum of 48,693,484Frw in the High Court, he based his prayer on the grounds submitted by ARPEQ concerning the origin of the debt which was the subject of the claim; therefore the provisional execution should not have been ordered while ARPEQ did not yet agree with Gatabazi about the amount of the loan since there is still a problem of evidence of how he spent these 48,693,484Frw and that the decision of the court went beyond the matter referred to it and subdivided the debt, and therefore it contravenes the provisions of articles 4, 7 and 19 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the

civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure. [8] Segatabazi and his advocates state that the decision of the High Court is flawless because in the copy of the judgment rendered by the Intermediate Court on page 2, paragraph 3, in the copy of the judgment delivered by the High Court on page 5 paragraph 3 and in appeal court submissions, ARPEQ admitted the debt of 48,693,694Frw; therefore this ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2)

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ground should not be considered since it does not even relate to grounds for suspension of judgment execution provided for by article 214 of the aforementioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012.

OPINION OF THE COURT [9] Article 212 of the above mentioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 provides that “Provisional execution order shall be issued by the court on its own motion, even without a security if: 1) the evidence of litigation is an authentic deed, 2) the matter of litigation is the debt acknowledged by the debtor in the case”. [10] Article 214 of Law Nº 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 mentioned above, states that “A debtor may request suspension of provisional execution before an appeal court in the following ways: 1) to request the suspension of the provisional execution because it has been ordered in a manner that is inconsistent with the law; 2) a security deposit of valuable sufficient to cover the principal amount of the penalty, interest and costs awarded; 3) only part of the total damages awarded by the provisional execution to be paid if the execution on the whole amount is unjustified. [11] The Court finds that, concerning the debt of 48,693,484Frw which Counsels for ARPEQ state it is not agreed on by both sides, there is a correspondence from the Legal Representative of ARPEQ, Rwabigwi Cyprien, in which he states that Segatabazi has invested the said amount of money in the construction of one of the school buildings and continues stating that they requested him to be patient until his payment (identification code 8); therefore these statements indicate that this Legal Representative acknowledges that debt. It is also shown in the file that Counsel Bikotwa for ARPEQ stated before the Intermediate

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Court that1“they accept to pay him 48,693,694Frw acknowledged by the Association” while before the High Court, Counsels for ARPEQ state that “ in respect to the amount of 48,693,694Frw it admits, ARPEQ...prays to pay Segatabazi in installements of 5,000,000Frw per trimester in order to avoid interruption of its activities”2. In addition, Counsel Nduwamungu states in paragraph 5 of the submissions submitted on behalf of ARPEQ in this case before the Supreme Court that “the said amount known as a loan which the Association has accepted to pay back, is a loan he granted to the latter which amounts to 48,693,694Frw”. Therefore, all these statements indicate that the loan of 48,693,694Frw is acknowledged by ARPEQ and thus the ruling of the court is not in contradiction with article 212(2) of the aforementioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012. [12] Concerning the fact that the judge issued an order of provisional execution for the sum of 48,693,694Frw by partioning the debt and upon his own motion since none prayed for it, the Court finds that, though it was not even necessary to be requested because the respondent admitted the existence of the loan, Counsels for ARPEQ stated before this Court that Segatabazi prayed for provisional execution concerning the sum of 48,693,694Frw; thus it is clear that this amount of money is part of an identified and admitted debt different from the entire debt as explained in the previous paragraph. Therefore, the statements of Counsels for ARPEQ should be disregarded.

1 The judgment RC 0280/12/TGI/GSBO delivered by the Intermediate Court of Gasabo, between Segatabazi Protais and Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ), on 19/09/2012, Paragraph 3. 2 Judgment No RCA 421/13/HC/KIG; RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG rendered by the High Court at its headquarters in Kigali, between Segatabazi Protais and Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) on 08/11/2013, Paragraph 17. ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2)

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[13] Pursuant to the above explanations, the Court finds that the decision of the High Court on the provisional execution of the judgment is not illegal and does not violate the provisions of article 214 of the aforementioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012. [14] As for the ground that the decision ordering the provisional execution of the judgment is in contradiction with the provisions of articles 4, 7 and 19 of Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to the civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure and that the judge ruled beyond the the matter referred to the court, the Court finds that this is not the case because this provisional execution was conducted on the part of the debt acknowledged by ARPEQ. In addition to that, nothing prevents the provisional execution from being conducted on part of the debt as provided for by article 213 of Law No 21/2012 mentioned above and supported by legal scholars whereby they state that provisional execution does not necessarily cover the execution of the entire judgment3. [15] Moreover, the Court finds that the provisions of articles 4, 7 and 19 of the above mentioned Law No 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 concern the determination of the subject matter of the case, immutability of the claim, judgment on the subject matter and the content of a claim and these have no relationship with the provisional execution of judgment claim because it is not beyond what was referred to the court; therefore the statements of ARPEQ‟s Counsels are groundless.

3 L‟exécution provisoire n‟a pas obligatoirement pour effet de permettre l‟exécution du jugement dans sa totalité. See Jean Vincent, Procédure Civile, Paris, Dalloz, 1976, p.748.

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b) Whether other grounds submitted by ARPEQ are enough to suspend the provisional execution of the judgment. [16] Other grounds presented by ARPEQ on which it relies its request to suspend the provisional execution of the judgment consist of the fact that it applied for a loan in Bank of Kigali and therefore it realises that in case the execution of the judgment may continue its bank account in Bank of Kigali would be frozen and this would prevent the award of the requested loan. On top of that, even students would fail to get food since it is the sole account held by ARPEQ on which schoool fees are paid. [17] Segatabazi states that in his capacity of a contructor and trader he had an idea of establishing a school and later, he decided to look for other members who specialize in education so that they may partner and they formed ARPEQ and established a school. In the course of its expansion, it fell short of money and Segatabazi authorized ARPEQ to use his own funds amounting to 48,693,694Frw while waiting for the bank laon and it is over this very amount of money that the provisional execution is being conducted. He further argues that the suspension of provisional execution should be rejected because ARPEQ is being selfish and disregards that he is also indebted to the extent that the collateral he pledged may be auctioned at any time. [18] In addition, Counsels for

Segatabazi argue that the statements of ARPEQ that it has a single account are groundless because, aside the account it opened in Bank of Kigali titled Regional Positive Choice (RPC) with the purpose of avoiding payment of the debt it owes to Segatabazi, it usually has another bank account open in Banque Rwandaise du Développement (BRD). [19] Concerning the grounds of ARPEQ against the freezing of its bank account open in Bank of Kigali, the Court finds that ARPEQ owns ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2)

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other bank accounts as proven by the correspendence of its Legal Representative addressed to Bank of Kigali on 27 November 2013. Therefore, it is clear that it is not the only bank account on which tuition fees for ARPEQ School are deposited; except that even if it were the only account owned by ARPEQ, this would not be the only reason to sustain this ground. In addition, the Court finds that the grounds submitted by ARPEQ should be examined considering that Segatabazi also argues he has applied for loans from the bank which he has failed to pay to the extent that his assets are likely to be auctioned at any time and that if ARPEQ may incur damage or loss, even its creditor would face the same fate; therefore the statements of ARPEQ are groundless. III. DECISION OF THE COURT [20] The Court decides that the summary procedure claim initiated by Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) requesting suspension of provisional execution of the judgment decided in judgment RCA 0421/13/HC/KIG and RCA 0550/13/HC/KIG delivered by the High Court at its headquarters in Kigali is without merit. [21] The Court orders Association pour la Promotion de l‟Education de Qualité (ARPEQ) to pay court fees amounting to 11,400Frw.

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MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION

BWANAKEYE [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0007/14/CS (Mukanyundo, P.J., Rugabirwa and Hitiyaremye, J.) October 10, 2014] law determining jurisdiction of courts – Supreme Court jurisdiction – Application for review of the judgment due to injustice – Objection for inadmissibility of claim – Inspection report – The effect of absence of the report of inspection of the Court in the file of the case – The absence of the report of the inspection of courts in the case file cannot be the motif to not admit the claim because generally it is used in the preparation of the hearing of the case – Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 81(1). Facts: In 1995, Mukagatare built a house in the plot which she argues she was given by Ngoma Municipality. In 2000, Bwanakeye François began to sue Mukagatare alleging that she has erected a building in his garden then in 2006 she sued him at the Intermediate Court of Huye requesting to stop construction activities which Mukagatare carried out on his plot of land. That Court ruled that Mukagatare should demolish a bungalow and the houses built on the land of Bwanakeye. Mukagatare was not satisfied with the ruling of the judgment and appealed to the High Court, Nyanza Chamber which held that the ruling of the judgment rendered by the Intermediate Court is totally sustained. Mukagatare was not satisfied with the ruling of the judgment and she appealed to the Supreme Court. After the objection of lack of 109

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jurisdiction raised the Counsels for Bwanakeye, the Supreme Court held that her appeal does not fall into the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. After Mukagatare saw that decision, she proceeded to the Office of Ombudsman requesting review of judgment RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA on grounds of injustice and the Ombudsman Office addressed a letter to the President of the Supreme Court requesting review her judgment due to injustice grounds submitted to it by Mukagatare. Succession Bwanakeye raised the objection of inadmissibility of the claim of Mukagatare within the framework of injustice arguing that he has not seen the report of Inspectorate of Courts and it is not included in the case file. Mukagatare presents her defence arguing that this objection should not be considered because, in respect to the report of inspection, she was not the one who should submit it but that ground of the disregarded evidence shall be examined during the hearing of the case on merits. Held: 1. The absence of the report of the inspection in the case file does not affect the parties because generally it is used to prepare the hearing of the case and not to examine injustice. The objection has no merit; The claim is admitted; Suspends the court fees. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, article 81(1). No case referred to.

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Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Mukagatare Grâce is a Rwandese who fled in 1960 due to political reasons which were in the country during that period; in 1994 she returned in Rwanda and settled in former Butare Province. In 1995, she built on the plot which she argues that she was given by Ngoma Municipality, where she resides. In 2000, Bwanakeye François began to sue Mukagatare because she built on his garden; the issue was submitted to the administrative authorities. [2] In 2006, Bwanakeye François sued Mukagatare Grâce at the Intermediate Court of Huye claiming to stop illegal construction activities carried out on his plot of land. In the judgment 0069/06/TGI/HYE/RC0002/06/TP/BUT rendered by the Intermediate Court of Huye on 29 December 2006 it held that Mukagatare Grâce should demolish a bungalow and the houses which are built on the plot of land of Bwanakeye François within the period not exceeding 30 days. [3] Mukagatare was not satisfied with the ruling of the judgment and appealed at the High Court, Nyanza chamber which rendered the judgment RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA on 03 November 2008 whereby it held that Mukagatare loses the case and that the ruling of the judgment RC 0069/06/TP/BUT rendered by the Intermediate Court of 29 September 2006 is sustained in its all grounds. [4] Mukagatare Grâce was not satisfied with the ruling of the judgment and she appealed to the Supreme Court. After the objection of lack of the jurisdiction raised by the Counsel for Bwanakeye, the Supreme Court held that the appeal against the judgment RCA MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE

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1633/06/HC/NYA rendered by the High Court, Nyanza chamber on 3 November 2006 does not fall into the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. [5] After seeing that decision Mukagatare proceeded to the Office of Ombudsman requesting review of judgment RCA 1633/06/HC/NYA due to grounds of injustice, and on 27 March 2013, the Ombudsman Office wrote to the President of the Supreme Court requesting review of the mentioned judgment due to injustice reasons which was submitted by Mukagatare. [6] The Office of Ombudsman argues that the ground of evident injustice in that judgment is justified by the official documents which Mukagatare demonstrated at the High Court, Nyanza Chamber proving that the plot in litigation belongs to her, but that Court disregarded them. Those are the same included in the submission submitted by Mukagatare to the Supreme Court demonstrating injustice she suffered from. [7] The hearing in public was conducted on 16 September 2014, Mukagatare represented by Counsel Hakizimana John whereas Succession Bwanacyeye was represented by Counsel Ngirabakunzi Evariste who raised immediately the objection for inadmissibility of the claim whereby he states that it is not in conformity with article 79 and 81 of Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUE Whether the objection raised by Succession Bwanakeye François for inadmissibility of Mukagatare’s claim has merit. [8] Counsel Ngirabakunzi Evariste raised the objection of inadmissibility of Mukagatare‟s claim for injustice reasons arguing that he did not see the report of Inspectorate of the Courts and it is not

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included in the file and he also argues that Mukagatare Grâce filed a claim on the basis of article 81(2) of Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organisation, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court submitting that the Courts disregarded the laws and the evidences obvious to everyone while in the judgment rendered by the Intermediate Court of Huye Mukagatare was requested the evidences and she produced the act of notoriety of 30 March 2000 and the construction permit document and the Court found that the act of notoriety confirms that she possesses Bar Isangano and did not grant her the plot, therefore she built on it without the consent of the owner. He concludes arguing that there is no injustice because those evidences which she states they were disregarded were examined by the Court but it did not give them the merit. [9] Hakizimana John, Counsel for Mukagatare Grâce, argues that the objection should not be sustained because, in respect to the report of Inspection of Courts, Mukagatare was not the one who should submit it and concerning the disregarded evidence, that ground shall be examined during the hearing of the case on merits. He concludes praying the Court not to consider both grounds and to reject the objection for not admitting the claim submitted by Succession Bwanacyeye.

VIEW OF THE COURT [10] Article 81 paragraph 1 of Organic Law n° 03/2012/OL of 13/6/2012 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court provides that “The review of a final decision due to injustice shall only be applied for on any of the following grounds: 1° when there is unquestionable evidences of corruption, favoritism or nepotism that were relied upon in the judgment and that were unknown to the losing party during the course of the proceedings; 2°when there are provisions and irrefutable evidence that the judge ignored in ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE

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rendering the judgment; 3°when the judgment cannot be executed due to the drafting of its content”. [11] Concerning this judgment, in her letter of 27 March 2013, the Ombudsman sent to the President of Supreme Court requesting review of judgment RCA 1633/11/HC/NYA rendered by the High Court, Nyanza Chamber on 3 November 2008 on grounds of injustice she demonstrates that that judgment was rendered while disregarding the evidences which are obvious to everyone. [12] In addition, the file demonstrates that Mukagatare Grâce who prayed that the judgment should be reviewed due to injustice reasons, in the submission which she submitted, states that the previous Courts disregarded the evidences which are evident to everyone, including the document which gave her the power to build a kiosk in that plot, act of notoriety, cadastre of the plot in litigation and the lease contract which she concluded with the administration of Huye District on 28 August 2006. [13] Concerning the report of Inspection of the Courts, which the Counsel for Succession Bwanakeye states that it is not in the file, the Court finds that the report does not have the relationship with the judgment and that even though it is used in preparation of the case hearing, it is not used in examining injustice; therefore, its absence in the file does not prejudice the defence of the parties. [14] Therefore, the Supreme Court

finds that article 81 paragraph 1 section 2 of the Organic Law mentioned above provides for the evidences and laws which were disregarded; this implies that the requirements of that provision in respect to admissibility of the claim were complied with and their validity will be examined in the hearing of the case on merits. Therefore, the objection raised by the Counsel for Succession Bwanacyeye has no merit.

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III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [15] The Court decides that the objection raised by Succession Bwanacyeye François has no merit; [16] The Court declares that the claim of Mukagatare Grâce is admitted to be examined on merits; [17] The Court decides that the hearing of the judgment RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0007/14/CS will continue on 13 January 2015; [18] The Court suspends payment of the court fees.

ARPEQ v. SEGATABAZI (2) MUKAGATARE v. SUCCESSION BWANAKEYE

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Re MUNYANEZA (PETITION FOR DISQUALIFICATION OF JUDGE) [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RS/RECUS/Civ 0001/13/CS (Mugenzi, P.J., Hatangimbabazi and Munyangeri N., J.) April 18, 2013]. Civil procedure – Objection – Disqualification of a judge – Application for disqualification of a judge should be done in the course of hearing but before the closing of hearings – Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, article 102. Facts: When it was pending delivery of the judgment RCAA 0028/12/CS of which hearings were closed on 2 April 2013, through which Munyaneza filed a case against SONARWA and Special Guarantee Fund to the High Court for the payment of indemnities relating to the accident he committed, he thereafter notified the President of the Supreme Court about the disqualification request of one of the members of the bench which heard his case called Mukandamage Marie Josée because she had been one of the members of the panel which heard his case in the High Court. He based his request on litera 7° of article 99 of the Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, and explains that even after the closure of the hearings but before the judgement is pronounced, the disqualification request should be admitted. He adds that though the law is silent; the judge can adjudicate as permitted by the provision of article 6 of the aforementioned Law n° 21/2012. 117 Munyangeri N.,

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Held: Application for disqualification of a judge should be done in the course of the hearing but before the hearing is closed. Disqualification request not admitted. The trial bench remains unchanged. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, article 102. No case law referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Through the correspondence addressed to the Court on 4 April 2013, Munyaneza Aaron informed the President of the Supreme Court about the disqualification of Justice Mukandamage Marie Josée one of the members of the bench which heard the case RCAA 0028/12/CS closed on 2 April 2013 but pending the judgement. [2] Munyaneza explains the ground for his request relying on the fact that the said Justice to disqualify was one of Judges in the High Court that heard and tried his case RPA 0024/05/HC/KIG on 5 October 2005, in which he was requesting for the payment of accident related damages from SONARWA and Special Guaranty Fund. He further argues that the disqualification relies on litera 7 of article 99 of the Law relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure stating that “Any judge may be disqualified if he/she has already intervened in

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the case as a judge, mediator, prosecutor, judicial police officer, party, witness, arbitrator, interpreter, expert or public servant”. [3] The public hearing on the disqualification was conducted on 17 April 2013, where Munyaneza was represented by Counsel Uwimana Gisèle. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUE [4] Pursuant to article 103 of the Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, which stipulates that the court to which the disqualified judge belongs shall immediately examine the admissibility of the application; therefore, the Court shall examine the admissibility of the disqualification request of Justice Mukandamage Marie Josée before the examination of its merit. [5] Article 102, paragraph 1 of the aforementioned law n° 21/2012 provides that a person who wants to disqualify a judge at any stage of the proceedings shall raise it in the course of the hearing. [6] Asked why the disqualification request was submitted after the closure of the hearing; Munyaneza and his counsel replied that even after the closing of the hearing but before the pronouncement of the judgment, the disqualification request should be admitted based on the fact that, the law is silent about that. Therefore, the judge is not forbidden to fill such a lacuna which is manifested in the law, as permitted by article 6 of the above mentioned Law n° 21/2012. [7] Pursuant to article 102 the Law n° 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, social and administrative procedure, the Court finds that the disqualification request initiated by Munyaneza was not done in the course of the hearing as provided for by this article Re MUNYANEZA

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because he submitted it on 4 April 2013 while the the hearing was closed on 2 April 2013 pending pronouncement. Consequently, his request should not be admitted because it was submitted beyond the specified time limit. [8] Concerning the admissibility of the disqualification request in the context of filling the lacuna in the law, the court finds that there exists no lacuna in the aforementioned article 102, therefore, the default to apply it as it reads is perceived as infringement of the Law. III. DECISION OF THE COURT [9] Court rejects the disqualification request raised by Munyaneza because it was applied for beyond the time limit specified by the law. [10] Court decides that the trial bench which heard the case RCAA 0028/12/CS should continue its deliberation.

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COMMERCIAL CASE

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RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL [Rwanda COMMERCIAL HIGH COURT – RCOMA 0104/14/HCC (Mukamurera, P.J.) April 28, 2014] Contracts or obligations law – Loan contract – Power of attorney over the property – Conveyance of a property which is co-owned by coheirs to a creditor as security on a loan without authorization of some of them – The holder of power of attorney over the property cannot furnish it as a guarantee when all rightful owners did not authorize it – Law of 20/07/1920 relating to properties, article 32. Facts: In 1984, BCR concluded two different loan contracts with Rwasibo. One of 18 million and another one of 10 million but he was only given the loan of 18 million. The later died without having fully paid the debt and this led BCR to sue his heirs so as to be paid but it lost the case due to the fact that it has not respected its obligations of granting the loan which was as agreed upon. Some of the heirs of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste including Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Joseph requested to Kigali First instance Court the order on the management of the properties left by the deceased and this was granted. In 1997, those heirs concluded the loan contract with BCR. Rwasibo Bernard, one of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste‟s children lodged a claim before Nyarugenge Commercial Court requesting that the loan contract concluded between BCR and his three siblings be nullified. The court decided that the contract remains valid since it was signed by the people who have the quality; it condemned Rwasibo Bernard to pay to BCR the 123

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damages amounting to 3,000,000Frw together with 300,000Frw for the advocate‟s fees. Rwasibo Bernard appealed to the Commercial High Court arguing that the first court misconceived the order for the management of the property and that it did not consider the letter of 16/12/1997 that BCR has written to Rwasibo. The representative of BCR stated that the appeal is baseless since the ones who signed on the contract had the quality, they were granted the order no 694/I.J.B/97 which authorised them to manage the properties of the deceased, and that the loan was granted in the interest of the family. With regard to the letter written to the Succession Rwasibo, BCR said that it is not valid since the first instance court has taken a decision thereon it and stated that the loan contract was signed by the people authorised by the court. Held: 1. The power of attorney for managing inheritance assets of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste does not confer to its holder the right to furnish them as a guarantee when all coheirs did not authorize it. Thus the loan contract and the security furnished by the holder of power of attorney to manage the property of the deceased are void. Appeal has no merit. Security is void. Appealed judgment is reversed. Court fees will be paid back to the appellant by the respondents. Statutes or statutory instruments referred to: Law of 20/07/1920 relating to properties, article 32.

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No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACkGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Rwasibo Jean Baptiste concluded a loan contract with BCR on 21/03/1984, they agreed upon that he has to be granted two loans, but BCR gave to him only one loan of 18,000,000Frw while another of 10,000,000Frw was not granted. Then after Rwasibo Jean Baptiste has deceased, and BCR sued his heirs claiming to be paid the debt originating from the loan it has granted him. The case was finally decided by the Supreme Court where BCR has lost the case due to the fact that it could not claim to be paid back the debt while it did not perform its obligations of giving all the loans which were agreed upon. [2] Some of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste‟s heirs who are Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Joseph requested Kigali First instance court an order for the management of the property left by their father and this was granted to them on 30/09/1997. On 16/12/1997 they concluded with BCR a loan contract amounting to 26,303,692Frw which is as follows: 1) 12,303,692Frw: consolidation of your engagements stopped on 12/08/1987 and resulting from your previous mortgaged loan. 2) 14,000,000Frw: additional mortgaged loan reserved for reparation of your house located in Kicukiro whose 1,100,000Frw has been paid in advance to you on your current account. [3] One of Rwasibo Jean Bosco‟s children who is called Rwasibo Bernard lodged a claim before Nyarugenge Commercial Court RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL

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requesting for the nullification of the contract signed between BCR and his three siblings so that BCR should give back the guaranty it was given made of the house located in the plot N° 2087 in Kicukiro and also requested for damages. BCR argued that contract cannot be nullified since it was signed by the heirs who have been authorized by the court and they aimed at executing their father‟s obligations he had with the bank and repairing the house he has left. The court has stated that the claim is baseless; it decided that the contract remains valid since it has been signed by rightful people; Rwasibo Bernard was condemned to pay to BCR the damages amounting to 3,000,000Frw and 300,000Frw for the advocate‟s fees. [4] Rwasibo Bernard was not satisfied with the decision and appealed to this court saying that the court which rendered this judgment on the first instance, misconceived the order N° 694/I.J.B/97 and that it ignored the letter dated on 16/12/1997 which BCR wrote to Rwasibo Succession, and he does not admit the damages he was ordered to pay. The representative of BCR argues that that appeal is baseless, and he claims for being involved in court proceedings and the lawyer‟s fees. [5] Within the first hearing which was held on 16/12/1997, the representative of BCR first requested the court to order the forced intervention of the heirs of Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Joseph

since these ones are among those who signed the contract at issue as it was requested in the first instance level but they were not satisfied with the decision taken thereon. After examining the request, the court decided to go on with the hearing with the ordinary parties in the case (see the detailed statements in the order of 14/03/2014). [6] On the date of the hearing in merits only the representative of BCR and Rwasibo Bernard attended but Rwasibo Bosco defaulted to appear without even notifying the court the ground of his absence, while lawfully knew the date of the hearing , and upon the request of other

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parties the court decided to go on with the hearing in his absence as provided for by the article 59 of CCLAP. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES The court will analyse the issue related to the order n° 694/I.J.B/97 for management, it analyses what is related to the loan that BCR has granted within the letter of 16/12/1997, and it will also analyse the issue of damages which were ordered in the first instance and those which are claimed in appeal level.

1. With regard to the order of management n° 694/I.J.B/97. [7] Rwasibo Bernard and his counsel, Rwagatare Janvier, state that the order for the management n° 694/I.J.B/97 that the court gave to Rwasibo Joseph (+), Rwasibo Louis (+) and Rwasibo Jean Bosco was for managing the property of the heirs of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste but that they were not authorized to guarantee it or to sell it (disposition act) without the knowledge of other members of the family. According to them, this is error committed by the judge by deciding that they were authorized to what they did, while to have the power to manage the property does not imply that you have full ownership. The problem is that the judge did not deny that what was done is the act of disposition, but he adds that they should not only look at the guaranty but also what it aimed at; while he had to analyze whether they had the quality to do what they did. [8] Rusanganwa Jean Bosco, the counsel for BCR which became I&M Bank, states that this ground is baseless since those who signed on the contract had the power granted by the order n° 694/I.J.B/97 which gave to them the right of managing the property left by Rwasibo Jean Baptiste including repairing them and covering unexecuted obligations that the deceased owed to for BCR and it was done within the interests RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL

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of the family. Except that, the law provides for the management of another parson‟s property (art. 247 to 251 CCBIII).Moreover, the plaintiff does not prove what he did as the heir from 1997 for protecting the property and the debt left by his father. Therefore, what has been done by those having the order may not be nullified since they had right to do that and it was in the interests of the family. [9] The court realizes that the order which given to Rwasibo Joseph, Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Jean Bosco was for managing the property left by Rwasibo Jean Baptiste as it is even mentioned in its title that it is clear that it is an order for management n° 694/I.J.B/97. The person with the right of managing the property cannot give it as security without the authorization of the rightful owners. This is underlined by the article 32 of CCB II which provides for that “none of the co-owners can, without the consent of the others, change the destination of the co-owned property, nor encumber it of real rights above of his indivisible share. Thus, both the loan and mortgage contract concluded by those above mentioned who had the order for managing the property, they have no effect on other Rwasibo‟s heirs since they did what they were not authorized to, and they were not mandated by all the concerned. Arguing that it was in the interests of the family, this also may not be considered since it is that family which could know its interests and provide how to protect them, it cannot allow a person to vest himself with the right he has not while that family is present.

2. Analyzing the issue related to the loan granted BCR has in the letter of 16/12/1997. [10] Rwasibo Bernard and his counsel state that the court disregarded the letter that BCR wrote to Rwasibo Succession on 16/12/1997, since its analysis indicates that it was written to Rwasibo Joseph, Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Jean Bosco. Another thing is that that others heirs were not notified of it and they did not authorize for the loan and

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mortgage contract. They further explained that the way that loan was granted is a fraud since the bank did not prove whether it has given the loan after being revealed with or making the expertise of what has been damaged for it to see whether the loan for repairing that house may really be granted or make a follow up to see really if that loan was used on that house. They went on stating that BCR has granted that loan basing on the contract of 21/03/1984 and on the rendered judgment which are RCA 10.263/Kig and RA 2022/13/03/93 and on the application for the loan of 26/08/1997, however if you see the granted loan, it has no relation with the above mentioned contract and the mentioned judgments. The fact that there has been the grant of the loans which have no relation with what has been said and be granted to non- authorized people, it is another ground which makes him to claim that that contract concluded in the name of Rwasibo‟s heirs, him also included may be terminated. [11] The Counsel for BCR (I&M Bank) states that this ground may not be considered since the court has decided on that and stated that the loan contract was signed by the people who were authorized by the court. When asked whether heal so finds that what has been performed by those who signed the contract is the act of management or act of disposition , he responded that it is disposition act but Rwasibo‟s

heirs should not say that they are not concerned with the loan especially that it was based on the loan left by their father plus the loan for the reparation of the house belonging to the heirs .Thus, the plaintiff could not say that the loan does not concern him while he does not prove what he has done on the debt left by his father regarding the reparation of that house, rather he could thank those who did it. He kept stating that those who were granted the loan were given an order for managing the properties, which is that circumstance that they have taken the loan for repairing, and they issued the house to be repaired as a security. He thus concluded that this should not be disregarded. RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL

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[12] Regarding the loan granted by BCR on 16/12/1997, the court finds that its representative states that it was performed in the way of executing Rwasibo Jean Baptiste‟s obligations on the contract he has concluded with BCR, and in the context of executing the court decision in the judgments RCA 10.263/Kig and RA 2022/13/03/93. In examining that contract and those judgments, the court exactly realizes that it has been written that it is was based on another contract of 21/03/1984 and on those judgments but also based on another loan requested on 26/08/1997. The representative of BCR does not prove whether that loan has been requested by all heirs of Rwasibo. The fact that it has been requested by some of them while they do not prove whether others have mandated them or have personally authorized them, this may not be considered for all heirs. Furthermore, the requested loan has no relation with the contract entered into between BCR and Rwasibo Jean Baptiste, and the amount of money granted as in the loan contract is different from the one which was within the old contract, and even they do not have the same cause. All these, therefore, demonstrate that the loan granted on 16/12/1997 is different from the one which was within the contract entered into between BCR and Rwasibo Jean Baptise. Therefore, it should not be considered as a loan which was granted in the context

execution of the judgments referred to since the later also ordered the execution of the contract concluded between BCR and Rwasibo though, as it has been explained, it is not the that contract which was executed. Thus it is not those judgments which were executed. Moreover, apart from that, the parties to the loan and security contracts had no powers to do so as explained above. Therefore, all that had been performed based on those contracts are invalid.

3. With regard to the damages awarded at the first instance and those claimed in appeal. [13] Both Rwasibo Bernard and his counsel claim no damages would have been awarded to BCR rather the latter should have been charged

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the damages for fraudulently granting those loans in the name of Rwasibo‟s succession, thus he requests for 50,000,000Frw in damages, 5,000,000Frw for procedural fees and 10,000,000Frw for the counsel fees. [14] The counsel for BCR (I&M Bank) adduces that those damages are baseless since the bank did not act fraudulently; rather it has to be paid the damages amounting to 1,000,000Frw for being dragged into law suits and 1,000,000Frw for the counsel fees at appeal level. [15] The court realises that the damages which were awarded to BCR the first instance must be set aside since it lost the judgment on which they are based on. Consequently, the claim of the damages on appeal is inadmissible. With regard to the procedural and advocate fees claimed by Rwasibo Bernard, the court views that they must be granted based on article 258 CCBIII which states, “any act of an individual which prejudices another person, obliges the one whose act caused damage to repair it”. The fact that he resorted to the courts to settle the issue necessitated the hiring of a lawyer who must be remunerated and there are expenses incurred for the follow-up of the case. Therefore, the despondences have to be held liable since they are root cause. However, the Court views that those damages may be awarded within the discretion of the court basing expenses to the case and its duration, since those claimed are

excessive and there is no proof it is the exact amount. Thus, it awards 500,000Frw for the procedural fees and 1,000,000Frw for the counsel fees. Other claimed damages amounting to 50,000,000Frw for fraudulent use of the name of Rwasibo Succession must not be awarded because he did not prove the prejudice cause by the illegal acts for him to be awarded the damages especially he has been reimbursed with what he spent following up on his issue in court.

RWASIBO v. I&M BANK RWANDA Ltd ET AL

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III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [16] Decides that Rwasibo Bernard‟s appeal has merit. [17] Decides that the loan contract concluded between BCR and Rwasibo Jean Bosco, Rwasibo Louis and Rwasibo Joseph on 16/12/1997 does not concern other heirs of Rwasibo Jean Baptiste who did not sign it. [18] Decides that the mortgage of the house on plot n° 2087as an auxiliary to that contract is set aside. [19] Decides that the damages awarded to BCR in first instance are set aside. [20] Orders BCR which became I&M Bank together with Rwasibo Jean Bosco to pay to Rwasibo Bernard the procedural and counsel damages. [21] Overturns the appealed judgment. [22] Orders both BCR which became I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd and Rwasibo Jean Bosco to pay to Rwasibo Bernard the procedural damages amounting to 500,000Frw and the counsel fees amounting to 1,000,000Frw, which equal to 1,500,000Frw, each one must pay 750,000Frw. [23] Orders both BCR which became I&M Bank Rwanda Ltd and Rwasibo Jean Bosco to pay back to Rwasibo Bernard 75,000Frw for the court fees deposited at appeal level, each one must pay 37,500Frw.

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CRIMINAL CASES

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PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPA 0283/10/CS (Nyirinkwaya, P.J., Mukanyundo and Rugabirwa, J.) December 19, 2014] Criminal Law – Penalty determination – The judge shall determine a penalty according to the gravity of the offence taking into account offender’s motives, history and background, circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and individual circumstances – In the event of combination of aggravating, excusable, recidivism and mitigating circumstances, Courts shall apply the penalty taking into account these factors in the order set out under this article – Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, article 71. Criminal Law – Penalty reduction – It could not be granted, when its grounds were considered by the previous court – It could not be granted because of the gravity of the offence committed. Facts: The accused was prosecuted for infanticide, committed when she threw the new-born into the toilet. The High Court convicted her of the offence, basing on the fact that she admitted to have thrown the new- born into the toilet, the fact that she kept secret of her pregnancy till she gets in labour. She was sentenced to ten (10) years of imprisonment. She appealed before the Supreme Court, stating that her appeal intends to request another penalty reduction because she gave birth without taking note of situation and she thought she was about to die. With regards to the way she committed offence, she explains that she hide the pregnancy to her grandmother with whom they lived together, and when in labor, she went in banana plantation and after giving birth, she became weak and went back to sleep leaving the newborn behind. She added that the next day when she came back, the baby had already died 135

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and she decided to throw him into the toilet as none was aware of the situation. The prosecutor states that her penalty could not be reduced, considering how severe the offence she committed was. Held: In penalty reduction, the High Court considered the mitigating circumstances, basing on the fact that the accused admitted on some acts even though her admission was not sincere, and sentenced her to ten years of imprisonment while the offence she committed is punishable of life imprisonment. Therefore, she could not get another penalty reduction considering how heavy the offence she committed was. Appeal without merit. Appealed judgment is sustained. Court fees are to be charged to the public treasury. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code, articles 71 and 83. Decree-Law nº 21/77 of 18/08/1977 instituting the penal code, article 312. No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] The case started in the High Court, the Prosecutor accusing Gahongayire Jeanne for infanticide, committed when she threw the new-

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born into the toilet in the night of 23 March 2009. On 20 August 2010, the Court delivered verdict of the case RP 0049/09/HC/KIG and convicted her of the offence, basing on the fact that she admitted to have thrown the newborn into the toilet, the fact that she kept secret of her pregnancy till she gets in labour and sentenced her to ten (10) years of imprisonment. [2] Gahongayire Jeanne appealed before the Supreme Court on 20 September 2010. The public hearing took place on 24 November 2014, the accused represented by Batware Jean Claude, the counsel, while the prosecution was represented by Bunyoye Grâce, the National Prosecutor. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES a) Whether there is evidence convicting Gahongayire Jeanne of infanticide. [3] Gahongayire Jeanne states that her appeal intends to request penalty reduction because she gave birth without taking note of situation and she thought she was about to die. With regards to the way she committed offence, she explains that she hide the pregnancy to her grandmother with whom they lived together, and when in labor, she went in banana plantation and after giving birth around 3:00 AM, she became weak and went back to sleep leaving the newborn behind. She added that the next day when she came back, the baby had already died and she decided to throw him into the toilet as none was aware of the situation. [4] Batware Jean Claude, the counsel, argues that considering explanations of Gagongayire Jeanne, he finds that she could not be convicted of murder, as the baby died due to lack of care, when she was sleeping. PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE

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[5] The prosecutor contends that Gahongayire Jeanne does not explain well the way she committed the offence, as she states that she gave birth in toilet and left the baby there.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [6] The court finds without merit explanations of Gahongayire Jeanne that she was not intending to kill the new-born because she left her in banana plantation around 3:00 AM and when she came back next day, she found that he was died, because if she had no intent to kill her, she would have not given birth in banana plantation during night without informing her grandmother, and after she would have not returned to sleep as nothing had happened leaving the new-born out. [7] The court finds also that exposing a hungry new-born to the coldness, when being aware that it could cost its life, while you are the one supposed to take care of it, it is infanticide at the same level as throwing it into the toilet, the offence punishable by article 312 of Decree Law n° 21/77 of 18 August 1977 instituting the penal code that was into force at the time the offence was committed. b) Whether Gahongayire Jeanne could get another penalty reduction. [8] Gahongayire Jeanne states that the sentence of 10 years of imprisonment inflicted to her is too heavy, requesting the penalty reduction. As for Batware, the counsel, the accused committed the offence as she was abandoned by the parents till she took refuge to her grandmother, where she gave birth. He requested that her social life could be a mitigating circumstance. [9] The prosecutor states that her penalty could not be reduced considering the severity of the offence she committed.

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THE VIEW OF THE COURT: [10] Article 71 of the Organic Law nº 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2012 instituting the penal code provides that “The judge shall determine a penalty according to the gravity of the offence taking into account offender‟s motives, history and background, circumstances surrounding the commission of the offence and individual circumstances”, as for article 82 of the same law provides that “in the event of combination of aggravating, excusable, recidivism and mitigating circumstances, Courts shall apply the penalty taking into account these factors in the order set out under this article”. [11] In determining the penalty by the High Court, the court finds that it considered the mitigating circumstances based on the fact that Gahongayire Jeanne had admitted on some accounts though it was not sincere and the fact that she committed the offence due to negligence from the one who made her pregnant while she normally had no means. [12] The court finds therefore, that the request made by Gahongayire Jeanne was already granted to her, as she was sentenced to ten years of imprisonment while the offence she committed is punishable of life imprisonment. Therefore, she could not get another penalty reduction considering how severe is the offence she committed. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT: [13] Finds Gahongayire‟s appeal without merit. [14] Decides that the judgment RP 0049/09/HC/KIG sentencing her to ten (10) years of imprisonment remains into force. [15] The court fees are to be charged to the public treasury. PROSECUTION v. GAHONGAYIRE

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PROSECUTION v. GATERA [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPA0084/10/CS (Mutashya, PJ, Gakwaya and Hitiyaremye, J.) May 9, 2014] Criminal Procedure Law – Doubt – The benefit of doubt shall be given in favour of the accused. If the proceedings conducted as completely as possible do not enable judges to find reliable evidence proving beyond reasonable doubt that the accused committed the offence, the judges shall order his/her acquittal – Law nº30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 165. Facts: Gatera was prosecuted for murder committed on 6 August 1998 against Mpagazahayo aged 12, The Court decided that Gatera Célestin was guilty of an offence herein, sentenced him to death penalty. appealed before the Court of Appeal of Kigali, after the judicial reform in 2004, this case was transferred into the High Court, which found it incompetent to hear the case on murder on appeal level, and then it transferred it to the Supreme Court, the one competent to try such case on the appeal level, pursuant to new laws determining the jurisdiction of the Courts. The accused appealed stating that the Court of the first instance of Byumba did not give him an opportunity to defend himself, and ignored the investigation he requested to be conducted as it was provided for by the Law.The prosecution stated that the grounds for the appeal of Gatera Célestin are without merit since he was not denied an opportunity to defend himself, but he was given enough time to defend himself, yet the fact that the Court of the first instance of Byumba did not conduct a deep investigation, the prosecution explained that it was not necessary in case the evidences it provided were enough. Furthermore, he added, the Court does not consider the number of the witnesses to find the truth. 141

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Held: there is no clear evidence proving that the accused killed Mpagazahayo, rather the interviewees contradicted on both committing an offence and the used weapon in killing him. Therefore, as doubt favours the accused, he is acquitted. Appeal has merit. Accused is to be acquitted and immediately released. Court fees charged to the public treasury. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law n° 15/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 119. Law nº30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 165. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKROUND OF THE CASE: [1] This case was heard on merit by the Court of the first instance of Byumba, where Gatera was prosecuted for murder committed on 6 August 1998 against Mpagazahayo aged 12, by hitting him with a blow of machete on head, between 2h: 00pm and 3h: 00pm. The Court decided that Gatera Célestin was guilty of an offence herein, sentenced him to death penalty and ordered him to pay the court fees amounting to 7,300Frw. [2] Not pleased with the judgment, Gatera Célestin appealed before the Court of Appeal of Kigali, after the judicial reform in 2004, this case was transferred into the High Court, which found it incompetent to hear the case on murder on appeal level, and then it transferred it to the

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Supreme Court, the one competent to try such case on the appeal level, pursuant to new laws determining the jurisdiction of the Courts. [3] Gatera Célestin appealed stating that the Court of the first instance of Byumba did not give him an opportunity to defend himself, and ignored the investigation he requested to be conducted as it was provided for by the Law. [4] The case was heard on 17 March 2014, Gatera Célestin being assisted by Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis, the counsel, and the Prosecution being represented by Mutayoba Alphonse, the Prosecutor at the National Level. The Supreme Court reminds that on 10 February 2014 it postponed the hearing so as to give time to prosecution to conduct an investigation on people presented by Gatera Célestin who may know where he was at the time when the offence was committed. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES Whether there are tangible evidences incriminating Gatera Célestin. [5] Gatera Célestin and his counsel stated that the grounds for the appeal is that he was not given an opportunity to defend himself, the reason why he was sentenced to death penalty, disregarding the defence statements he had prepared and the fact that the Court of the first instance of Byumba did not conduct a deep investigation, so as to find the circumstances in which the late died since he had witnesses to discharge him, who know that he was not around the time the child was killed, yet they were not interviewed, and the Court only considered the statements of the prosecution witnesses. [6] Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis, the counsel for Gatera Célestin, states that witnesses stated that Gatera Célestin used a machette to hit PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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the child, but none stated s/he had seen him, reason why he requested for a deep investigation. With regards to the fact that there was someone accusing him to have seen him hitting the victim with the blow of machete and another one affirming to have seen him with a blooded machette, Gatera Célestin stated that these are lies since none of them caught him red handed, rather a plot to exclude based on the fact that they want to exclude him so as to find a golden opportunity to share his mother‟s property since as well as the mother of the victim were defeated by him before the courts. [7] The prosecution disputed that the grounds for the appeal of Gatera Célestin are without merit since he was not denied an opportunity to defend himself, but he was given enough time to defend himself, yet the fact that the Court of the first instance of Byumba did not conduct a deep investigation, the prosecution explained that it was not necessary in case the evidences it provided were enough. Furthermore, he added, the Court does not consider the number of the witnesses to find the truth. [8] Following the findings from the investigation, the Prosecution states that Uzabakiriho, Nkubiri Cyprien and Mutabaruka Jean stated that they heard that it was Gatera Célestin who killed the child, and that he killed him with “iron bar”, and that maches with what proved by the medical practitioner. Rather

Bitangishaka Célestin, stated that Gatera Célestin had bad behaviour and had conflicts with Ntawuruhunga Evariste, the father of the late. Kayijuka François stated that it was Gatera Célestin who killed the child, in any case, his statements are based on what he heard from those who saw him coming from the bush where the child was killed. As Nyirabega Julie accused him that the day on which the child was killed, passed at her house, left her a hoe, and told her that he went to drink beer to neigbour and that he had a certain plan, and shortly after he left she heard a bell alarm that the child was killed, in any way her testimony differs from the last one she provided in

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the Prosecution on 11 August 1998 for she stated that Gatera Célestin passed on her with a machette towards Nyagasozi cell where the child was found dead. [9] The Prosecution concludes the findings from the investigation by stating that there are other witnesses who were not interviewed, namely; Karasira since he died, Mutaboba since he was at hospital, and Ntawuruhanga Evariste, the father of the child who is in prison, others moved out, and no longer live in that sector. [10] Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis, the counsel for Gatera Célestin, states that during investigation none of interrogated witnesses testified to have saw Gatera Célestin killing the child, all of them stated they heard it, rather what is new is that during btheir initial interrogation they they stated that the child was killed with a machete they are now stating that he was killed with “iron bar”,whereas the medical practitioner proved that it was “a heavy object, not a cutting object”. He states that Nyirabega Julie stated she was temporary left with his machette and later on she pointed on Gatera Célestin‟s behaviour, yet person‟s social behaviours do not prove someone guilty, furthermore she failed to clarify the plan she stated he told her about. [11] Relating to the testimony of Nkubiri Cyprien, Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis questioned the who wasthe child that the latter said was positioned under the body,

and on Mutabaruka Jean stating that he heard that the child was killed with “Iron bar”, he stated that the source is not clear “Iron bar” is brought as one of statements that he was killed in the back, thus that investigation is not worth since it is incomplete, for the one requested previously be it the one accusing or defending those who were together with Gatera Célestin when the offence took place yet they were not interviewed. PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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[12] Nsengumuremyi Senglo Louis continues stating that the fact that the conducted investigation showed that he was killed with “Iron bar” and later on, they stated he was killed with a machette which result in controversy, and the fact that Nyirabega Julie stated that she saw him passing on only, and later on stated that he left his machete at her‟s, and the fact that they said the child was aged 12; and later on stated that he was killed in the back when he was carried on back, all these testimonies are doubtful which favours the accused, the reason why he requests that Gatera Célestin should be released pursuant to article 118 and 165 of the Law n° 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedures since he spent a lot of time serving provision detention. [13] Gatera Célestin stated that all accusations against him are based on conflicts that he cannot explain, and those who were interviewed accusing him are doubtful, especially that none of them affirmed to have seen him, they are against him due to the fact that they attempted to kill a woman aiming to ke him away so as he could move out from where he resided, and he deafeted them before the court due to which they were sentenced to imprisonment, the time they were free from the prison they pledged that they will end by making him move out. People against whom he had conflict are Uzabakiriho, Mutabaruka Jean,

Kayijuka François and Nkubiri Cyprien. [14] Gatera Célestin keeps stating that the one they accuse him to have killed died when he was not around, since he had been going to participate in community work, Nyirabega Julie lies by stating that he left his hoe at her‟s, rather she stated so as she was beaten seriously following that the child died near her house. Yet, basing on conflicts between him and Ntawuruhunga Evariste being rose from the fact that he poisoned his chickens, he stated that it should not lead to that evil act., his chickens trully died, and when he was ready to eat them people told him that Ntawuruhunga Evariste poisoned them.

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[15] The prosecutor states that Gatera Célestin failed to provide evidences proving those conflicts, and that it is impossible that he could be hated by the entire village, and the fact that those discharging him were not interviewed, he explained that those who were available were interviewed. The Prosecutor adds that the Court of the first instance of Byumba convicted him basing on the testimony of Mukamazimpaka Eugénie and Mukabugingo Chantal who all of them proved one thing in common that the child was killed with a machette and that Mukamazimpaka Eugénie in particular stated that she saw him hitting him with a blow of machette, yet Kaberuka Jean stated he saw him with fear holding a bloody machette.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [16] Article 119 of the Law n° 15/2004 relating to evidence and its production provides that “In criminal cases, evidence is based on all grounds, factual or legal provided that parties have been given a chance to be present for cross-examination. The courts rule on the validity of the prosecution or defence evidence. [17] The Supreme Court finds that Ntawuruhunga Evariste (the father of the victim), stated on 12 August 1998 that it was Gatera Célestin who killed his child by using a machete and a stone he hit him in head when he was interviewed in the Prosecution, he further states that the wife of Nsanzineza Etienne whose name is Mukabugingo Chantal and other one called Mukamazimpaka Eugénie saw him killing a child and ran away with a machete afterwards. At the Prosecution level, he stated that those who saw Gatera Célestin hiding in the bush included and limited to Nkubiri Cyprien, Nsanzineza Etienne and his wife Mukabugingo Chantal and Nyirabega Julie. He went on stating that Nkubiri Cyprien is not linked to the death of his son since he is the one who cried for help and that they were altogether the whole day sharing a drink and that as PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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he knew what happened, he called upon him even before he reached his home. [18] The Supreme Court finds Mukamazimpaka Eugénie (resident in near the crime scene), when she was asked in the Prosecution, she stated that the child of Ntawuruhunga Evariste was killed when he was bringing a baby to her mother to be breast-fed, and that the child passed on his house at about 2pm, reaching in 100m ahead from his house, he saw Gatera Célestin following him with a machete, reaching him he hit him with a blow of machete and then ran away. He stated that Gatera Célestin arrived where the child was killed after others and he was normally wicked and used to reveal that he planned to kill someone and attribute the death to Nyagasozi cell. [19] The Supreme Court finds Mukabugingo Chantal, when she was interviewed in the Prosecution on 11 August 1998, she stated that after hearing a bell alarm, she went towards where she heard it, she met Gatera Célestin who hit him with a machete while he showed fear in his face and then told her that no woman should rush, he continued towards his home. She continued stating that Gatera Célestin used to reveal that Ntawuruhunga Evariste ate his chickens and that he will pay for them. [20] The Supreme Court finds Kaberuka Jean, when he was interviewed in the Prosecution on 12 August 1998 stated that when he was coming on the crime scene among the first comers

shortly after hearing a bell alarm, he met Gatera Célestin seemingly coming from the bush and looking feared, holding a blooded machete, the later ran away towards his mother‟s home, later on he came to the crime scene shortly after others already reached the place, arriving there he stated that that child was killed with a blow of a metal of which he was hit on head since the head was crushed and he [Gatera Celestin] added that the killer was determined.

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[21] The Supreme Court finds that on 11 August 1998 when she was interviewed in the prosecution, Nyirabega Julie stated that the day on which the child was killed, Gatera Célestin passed by her with a machete around 1:00 pm, and after 30 minutes she heard a bell alarm from Nyamyatano that the child was killed near Mukamazimpaka‟s home in the bush close to the path. He went on stating that Gatera Célestin was chased by local authorities of sector since he tried to kill his mother with a sword prior to the war period, the people decided to send him to Bibare where he lives, and he used to come to Nyagasozi as a thief. She said she knew nothing about the conflict between Gatera Célestin and Ntawuruhunga Evariste since she was not her neighbour. Following the investigation conducted by the Prosecution on 11 March 2014, Nyirabega Julie stated that on the day the child was killed, Gatera Célestin passed on hers and left his machete there when he was going to drink beer to neighbour but he planned to do something, and later on she heard that the child was killed shortly after he left, arriving there different people were being beaten and he [Gatera Célestin] said: “innocent people are being beaten yet the criminal is free”. She further added that Gatera Célestin normally had bad social behaviour, every time he used to say that he will kill her mother and Remera‟s people will pay the

price. [22] The Supreme Court finds that Nkubiri Cyprien, when he was interviewed in the Prosecution on 29 October 1998 he stated that the child was killed when he was sharing beer with the father of deceased Ntawuruhunga Evariste. He stated that when he was coming from drinking beer he got back home with Nsanzineza Etienne and Ngwabije, reaching home he washed himself, when he was ready to go to look for a person to buy him beers, he heard a bell alarm and rushed to see what was happening, arriving there he found the village chief (Nyumbakumi) there. He stated that he did not come back home with Ntawuruhunga Evariste since him and his wife stayed there for a while and later on PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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joined them. He continued stating that he was captured with his 11 fellows all alleged to commit the same offence, yet later on all others were released. He stated that there was no conflict between him and Gatera Célestin as there was no blood relationship between them. Following the investigation conducted by the Prosecution on 11 March 2014, Nkubiri Cyprien stated that Gatera Célestin had conflicts with Ntawuruhunga Evariste (the father of the killed child) which rose from the fact that Ntawuruhunga Evariste poisoned his chickens by using coffee tree insecticide, and that was what led to killing his child as revenge. He stated that Gatera Célestin normally had bad social behaviour and abused drugs. He stated that they rushed and found a body on the other child who was bringing him to her mother. [23] The Supreme Court finds that Nsanzineza Etienne, when he was interviewed in the Prosecution on 29 October 1998, he stated that the child was killed when he was sharing drink with others, Ntawuruhunga Evariste later on joined them, when they were told that the drink was over, him, Nkubiri Cyprien and Ngwabije went back home, reaching home they heard Ntawuruhunga Evariste out crying, saying that he came after them since they were in different ways, reaching there they found only Ntawuruhunga Evariste and his wife were crying out. He continued stating that that child was killed

near Ndaberetse‟s, and that time she was inside the house for she is hard of hearing. [24] The Supreme Court finds that the Court of the first instance of Byumba confirmed Gatera Célestin guilty, basing on the statements of Mukamazimpaka Eugénie, Mukabugingo Chantal, Kaberuka Jean and Nyirabega Julie, however Mukamazimpaka Eugénie is the only one stating that she saw Gatera Célestin hitting the child of Ntawuruhunga Evariste with a machete on head and that the child was carried on back by the other child, yet it is not grounded why that child was not interviewed. It is shown again in the minutes of the interview with

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Nsanzineza Etienne dated 29 October 2008 which was held before the Prosecutor that the witness stated that the time of the offence, Mukamazimpaka Eugénie was inside her house and that she did not hear anything of what happened, since she is hard of hearing, the Court finds groundless how she saw Gatera Célestin hitting the killed child with a machete, especially that, the medical report after autopsy proved that he was killed with a heavy object,” the child called Mpagazahayo died of a cranial traumatism with fracture of the parietal bones and frontal caused by a blow of a heavy object which he would have received on the level of the head”, thus, it is clear that the object used in killing him was not a machete as Mukamazimpaka Eugénie stated since a machete is a cutting edge weapon which is used to cut and not to crush. [25] Irrespective of what is indicated by the case file that Mukamazimpaka Eugénie who also was captured and imprisoned shortly after the child was killed on 06 August 1998, together with Gatera Célestin, both are accused of murder of the child of Ntawuruhunga Evariste, yet what is questionable is the reason why did she wait for three days, meaning on 11 August 1998, to reveal to the Prosecution that she saw Gatera Célestin killing the child. [26] Relating to committing the offence, the Supreme Court finds Kaberuka Jean, Mukabugingo Chantal and Nyirabega Julie

stated to have seen Gatera Célestin after killing the child while he was trying to hide aiming to escape, and he had a blooded machete in his hands, this also is proved to be wrong by the medical report cited in the previous paragraphs which proved that the child was killed with a heavy object, that the machete that witnesses stated to have seen Gatera Célestin with was not used, rather there is a serious contradictory on the weapon used to kill the child since witnesses who were interviewed before by the investigation authorities stated that it was the machete which was used, while those who were interviewed by the Prosecution following the PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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request of this Court confirmed that the child was killed with “iron bar”, though none of both of these weapons is heavy as it was proved by the medical report. The Court finds furthermore that the fact that the witnesses were interviewed in the middle of the case should be considered, they all stated that all of what they stated were the “hearsay”, and some of them stated that Gatera Célestin is the one who killed the child since he had bad social behaviour, many consider him a maverick and he had some conflicts with Ntawuruhunga Evariste, the father of the killed child. [27] Following analysis of the findings of interview conducted in the judicial police, prosecution, and the findings of the investigation conducted by the prosecution following the order of the Court which was conducted on 11 March 2014, the Supreme Court finds that the role of Gatera Célestin in the killing of the child of Ntawuruhunga Evariste is doubtful, there is no clear evidence proving that Gatera Célestin killed Mpagazahayo, rather the interviewees contradicted on both committing an offence and the used weapon in killing him, therefore, pursuant to article 165 of the Law n° 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to criminal procedures providing that: the benefit of doubt shall be given in favour of the accused. If the proceedings conducted as completely as possible do not enable judges to find reliable evidence proving beyond reasonable doubt that the accused committed the offence, the judges shall order his/her acquittal. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [28] Decides that the appeal of Gatera Célestin has merit; [29] Decides that the judgementn° RP 516/XXI/99/BY-R.M.P 13508/S3/CT/RRP rendered by the Court of the first instance of Byumba on 14 June 2001 on appeal level , changes in full;

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[30] Decides that Gatera Célestin is to be acquitted and immediately released; [31] Orders that the court fees are charged to the public treasury.

PROSECUTION v. GATERA

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PROSECUTION v. MVUYEKURE [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPAA 0133/10/CS (Nyirinkwaya, P.J. Kayitesi and Hitiyaremye, J.) November 7, 2014]. Law on Evidence – Statement of a child under 14 years old – Statement made by a child under 14 years old has to be supported by other evidences – Law n°15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 63. Criminal Law – Right to defence – Right to defence, a core principle in criminal procedure – Law nº 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the criminal procedure, article 150. Facts: The accused was prosecuted for child defilement. In the Intermediate Court of Rubavu, where the case started, he denied the crime and requested that the child should be tested of HIV/AIDS so as to find if she was transmitted, since he is HIV positive and that he would have transmitted it in case he raped her, only medical report proving that the child was hurt and bore blood on her sex is not enough. The court convicted the accused of child defilement committed against U.D aged 3, arguing that the fact that this child was not tested to find out if she was transmitted HIV/AIDS cannot cancel other evidences produced against him, therefore, he was sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment and fined him with 100.000Frw. The court reduced his penalties due to the fact that he was HIV/AIDS positive. The accused appealed to the High Court, the Chamber of Musanze, where he kept on denying the charges and requesting that the victim should be tested to confirm if she was transmitted HIV/AIDS. The Court rendered verdict, deciding that it was not necessary to test the victim since the subject matter was not about HIV/AIDS transmission rather the 155

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rape and that it is not mandatory that engaging in sexual intercourse with a HIV/AIDS positive results in HIV transmission, which means that though the victim would not be HIV positive it does not entail that she was not raped. The accused appealed the case once again to the Supreme Court, stating that he was convicted not basing on tangible evidence and by ignoring the proof supporting his defence. The Prosecutor states that the ground for appeal is only based on the fact that the denial to let the child be tested HIV/AIDS is baseless since as it was declared by the High Court, the charge against Mvuyekure Faustin is not about the HIV/AIDS transmission rather the child defilement and there are evidences to prove that he committed it and that it is not mandatory that engaging in sexual intercourse with an HIV/AIDS positive results in HIV transmission. Held: 1. The fact that the convicting evidence is only based on the statement of U.D who was aged 3 when she was raped, since there is no any other fact which the Prosecution based on while prosecuting the accused apart from her statement and even the previous court‟s decision, based only on that in convicting him since all witnesses repeated what the victim told them, is inconsistent with the provisions of the Law which provides that a statement of a child under 14 years old has to be supported by other evidences.

2. The accused was convicted without tangible evidence, and violating the principle of the right to defence, which is a core principle in criminal procedure. Therefore he is acquitted. Appeal has merit. Accused is acquitted, and must be immediately released. Court fees are to be charged to the public treasury.

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Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law nº 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 150. Law n°15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production, article 63. No case referred to. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] On 10/12/2006, Nyirabageni Vestine filed a complaint with the Judicial Police stating that Mvuyekure Faustin sexually abused her daughter of three (3) years; named U.D. [2] In the Intermediate Court of Rubavu where this case commenced, Mvuyekure Faustin pleaded not guilty, and requested that the child should be tested HIV in order to know if she was infected since he is HIV positive therefore, he would have transmitted it to her once he sexually abused her, considering the medical report which indicates that the child was hurt and bore blood on her sex. [3] This Court ruled on the case on 6 August 2008 and convicted Mvuyekure Faustin of child defilement committed against U.D of three (3) years, motivating that even if the child was not medically tested so as to find out if she was infected with HIV this cannot annul other evidence produced against him. The court sentenced him to twenty five (25) years of imprisonment and a fine of One hundred thousand (100.000) Rwandan francs; the penalty was reduced because he is HIV positive. PROSECUTION v. MVUYEKURE

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[4] Mvuyekure Faustin appealed the case to the High Court, Chamber of Musanze. In that court he also pleaded not guilty and prayed that the child should be medically tested so as to know if she was infected with HIV. The Court ruled on the case on 8 April 2010, and decided that medical test was not necessary since the subject matter was not about HIV transmission rather child defilement. It is not mandatory that engaging in sexual intercourse with a HIV positive results in HIV transmission, which means that though the child would not be HIV positive, it does not entail that she was not sexually abused. [5] The Court decided that the judgement of the first instance is not reversed basing on the statements of the witnesses interrogated when it was conducting investigation on the scene of the offence. Witnesses stated that they were called for by the mother of the child at the sunset of the day on which the offence was committed, they checked the child and she had blood on her sex, asking her about what happened she replied that it was Mvuyekure Faustin who entered something in her sex. [6] Mvuyekure Faustin again appealed to the Supreme Court stating that he was convicted with no tangible evidence and by ignoring his defence evidence. [7] The hearing was held in public on 24 February 2014, Mvuyekure Faustin assisted by Counsel Ndaruhutse, the Prosecution represented

by Ntawangundi Beatrice, the parents of the child namely Nyirabageni and Rwajekare were absent as they were not found at the address provided when Nyirabageni filed a complaint with the Judicial Police. [8] The healing was once again held in public on 29 September 2014, Mvuyekure Faustin assisted by Counsel Janvier Ndaruhutse, the Prosecution represented by Ntawangundi Beatrice, the parents of the child namely Nyirabageni and Rwajekare were absent due to their

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absence at the address provided when Nyirabageni filed a complaint with the Judicial Police. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUES To determine whether Mvuyekure Faustin was convicted by ignoring unequivocal evidence. [9] Mvuyekure Faustin states that he was convicted without tangible evidences since he presents the medical papers certifying that he is HIV positive and he requested that the child be tested to confirm if she was infected with HIV, as he could not have failed to transmit it to her in case he sexually abused her considering the medial report which proves that the child was hurt and had blood on her sex. [10] Mvuyekure Faustin also states that the witnesses he suggested in the High Court namely Ziragora, Sebahinzi, Mama Mukayisenga and Nsigayehe to exculpate him were not interviewed. [11] Counsel Ndaruhutse Janvier, who assists Mvuyekure, states that they do not deny that the child, was sexually abused but the Prosecution failed to prove the link with Mvuyekure Faustin. The Prosecution only determines the scene of the offence and time on which the offence was committed. Giving „‟biscuits‟‟ to the victim is not enough evidence to prove that he committed the offence he is alleged to, based on the fact that he even gave biscuits to all children who were present including his own children. [12] The Prosecution states that the ground for the appeal is only that the child was not tested HIV and this has no merit as it was cleared by the High Court that the charge against Mvuyekure Faustin is not about the HIV transmission rather the child defilement, and there is evidence PROSECUTION v. MVUYEKURE

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that incriminate him. Furthermore, it is not mandatory that engaging in sexual intercourse with an HIV positive results in HIV transmission. [13] The Prosecution states that the ground for the appeal basing on witnesses who were not summoned has no merit since the Court does not consider the number of witnesses. The Prosecution conducted thorough investigation on the request of Mvuyekure Faustin and interrogated necessary persons residing at the scene of the offence and they all charged him instead of exculpating him. Regarding the witnesses he mentioned, the Court found them unnecessary to ascertain the truth. III. THE OPINION OF THE COURT [14] The medical doctor who conducted medical test of Uwimana Dina proved through the report, that she had traumatic lesions (lésions traumatiques) and her hymen was completely destroyed (déchirure totale de l‟hymen), the medical report confirms that she was sexually abused, but the matter is to know if there are unequivocal evidences proving that the offence was committed by Mvuyekure Faustin. [15] Regarding the offender, when Nyirabageni Vestine mother of the child filed a complaint with the Judicial Police, she stated that the child told her that it was Mvuyekure Faustin who sexually abused her. When her neighbours were interrogated during the investigation conducted by the High Court, they confirmed that they were called for by the child‟s mother, arriving there they asked the child what happened and she replied that it was Mvuyekure Faustin who entered something into her sex. [16] The court finds that the case file prepared by competent authorities and the investigation carried out by the Court both failed to

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indicate anyone who has seen the child entering the house of Mvuyekure Faustin or anywhere else he would have seen him sexually abused her or where were other children at that time, since right from the Judicial Police Nyirabageni stated that Dina was together with his brother named Niyobuhungiro. Mvuyekure Faustin stated that he saw the victim with other children including his own children, therefore she requested to know, circumstances by which the child left Mvuyekure Faustin‟s house if it is where she was sexually abused, witness of anyone having seen or heard her crying and other facts which could help to ascertain the truth. [17] The court finds that the evidence incriminating Mvuyekure Faustin is only based on the statement of U.D who was three (3) years old when she was sexually abused and there is no other evidence that the Prosecution considered in prosecuting Mvuyekure Faustin and even the previous courts only based on her statements and convicted Mvuyekure of child defilement since all witnesses repeated what the victim told them. This is violating the Article 63 of the Law n°15/2004 of 12/06/2004 relating to evidence and its production which stipulates that a statement of a child under 14 years old has to be supported by other corroborative evidence. [18] The case file also proves that from the Judicial Police it was stated that Mvuyekure Faustin is HIV positive,

and this was supported by evidence. The Court finds incomprehensible the reason why Uwimana Dina has not been tested HIV even if it is not mandatory that engaging in sexual intercourse with a HIV positive results in HIV transmission, she was at high risk to be infected considering the way she was hurt by the one who sexually abused her. Therefore, it is not enough to decide that the offence of voluntary HIV transmissionis not the one prosecuted though the child being sexually abused has to be supported to find justice by punishing the offences committed against her. Furthermore, once the medical test would come proving that she was not PROSECUTION v. MVUYEKURE

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infected with HIV it could have helped Mvuyekure Faustin in his defence. [19] The Court finds that convicting Mvuyekure Faustin without considering the HIV test (which is now impossible to be carried out as the victim and her parents disappeared) violated his right to defence whereas it is a core principle in criminal procedure as it is defined in Article 150 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 relating to code of criminal procedure. [20] Based on the above statements, this Court finds that Mvuyekure Faustin was convicted ignoring unequivocal evidence and violating the principles governing criminal procedure, therefore he must be acquitted. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT: [21] Decides that the appeal of Mvuyekure Faustin has merit; [22] Decides that the case ruled by the High Court, Chamber of Musanze is overturned; [23] Decides that Mvuyekure Faustin is acquitted and orders his immediate release; [24] Orders that the court fees are charged to the public treasury.

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PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPAA 0024/09/ (Mutashya, P.J., Kanyange and Hitiyaremye, J.) December 13, 2013] Criminal procedure – Appeal for damages resulting from an offence – In case of acquittal of the accused followed by the appeal of civil party, the case at stake is re-heard in its entirety on its merit – Organic Law n° 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining the organization, functioning and jurisdiction of Courts, articles 164 – Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, article 187. Criminal procedure – The appearance of the Prosecution in the civil action cases when the accused was acquitted at the first instance – Appeal against awarded damages resulting from an offence does not turn a criminal case into a civil case. Hence, the Prosecution should appear to give its opinion though it is not a requirement – Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 Relating to the code of criminal procedure, articles 9 and 187 and Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 Determining organization, functioning and competence of courts, article 164. Facts: Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva and Munyaneza were prosecuted in Intermediate Court of Ngoma accused of breach of trust with intent to rob the money of the Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Gahororo Branch. Both Nsengiyumva and Nabahire were found guilty of forgery. They were sentenced to two years of imprisonment and a fine of 50,000Frw for forgery and 6 months of imprisonment while both Nyaguhirwa Munyaneza were found to be accomplices in breach of trust which Nsengiyumva is guilty of. They were sentenced to six months. The Court further held that breach of trust committed by Nsengiyumva, Nabahire Nyaguhirwana and Munyaneza caused the loss 163

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of the bank totalling 80,107,800Frw. The Court in consequence ordered them to restitute in solidum that money and ordered Nabahire to personally restitute 9,400,000Frw and further ordered all the accused to pay procedural fees. All the accused appealed to the High Court, the Chamber of Rwamagana and were all acquitted. The Bank appealed to the Supreme Court lamenting that the Court had disregarded all evidence as submitted as well as the statements of the accused acknowledging and clearly explaining the way they proceed in all their trickeries. In limine litis, the Prosecution raised an objection disputing that there is no reason as to why it should be present in the case as it is not appellant but Banque Populaire du Rwanda appealed against damages only. It ended pleading that it should not be party in the case. Held: 1.The acquittal of the accused does not hinder the civil party from filing an appeal against awarded damages and the case is heard on its merit and the onus of proof goes to the civil party using evidence in the case file or the new one. In this case, the court examines whether the civil party can be awarded the damages equivalent to the loss caused by the crime the accused was acquitted of.

2. In no case, a criminal trial can be conducted without the Prosecution being represented. Therefore, the fact that the accused was acquitted while the civil party had appealed against the awarded damages, it does not infer that the criminal case loses its nature to become civil case. Rather, the damages may be requested and the judge of criminal cases awards them at appeal level based on evidence submitted by the appellant of the damages after the examination and consideration of that evidence. Objection lacks merit.

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The hearing is re-open. Court fees suspended. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 Governing Organization, functioning and competence of courts, article 164. Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/Relating to the code of criminal procedure, articles 9, 12 and 187. No cases referred to. Authors cited: Henri-D. Bosly and Damien Vandermeersch, Droit de la Procédure Pénale, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] Intermediate Court of Ngoma was seized of the juridiction by the Prosecution against Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva and Munyaneza accused of forgery and breach of trust with intention of robbing the money of the Banque Poulaire du Rwanda, Gahororo Branch, through various maneuvers and use the money for the ends differing from those of the bank. [2] The Court found Nsengiyumva and Nabahire guilty of forgery and breach of trust and sentences them to 2 years of imprisonment and a fine of 50,000Frw for forgery and six months‟ imprisonment for breach of trust while Nyaguhirwa and Munyaneza were found guilty of PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL

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accomplice in breach of trust which Nsengiyumva is found guilty and sentenced them to (6) six months‟ imprisonment each. [3] The Court further decided that breach of trust committed by Nsengiyumva, Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa and Munyaneza caused the Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Gahororo Branch the loss amounting to 80,107,800Frw and ordered them to pay in solidum that amount. In addition, it decided that Nabahire had personally caused it the loss of 9,400,000Frw and had accordingly ordered her to pay the money back. The Court furthermore ordered Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa and Munyaneza to pay Banque Populaire du Rwanda 200,000Frw for procedural fees. [4] Nabahire, Nyaguhirwa, Nsengiyumva and Munyaneza appealed to the High Court, Rwamagana Chamber. The Chamber declared that their appeal has merit and acquits them. [5] Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Gahororo Branch appealed to the Supreme Court lamenting that the Court had disregarded all evidence submitted and even overlooked the statements of the accused who admits and explains the way through which they committed all these offences and acquitted them. [6] The hearing of the case was fixed on November 2, 2013. However at that very day the case was not tried since the court realized that there are some of litigants were not lawfully summoned. The hearing of the case was postponed to November 13, 2013 and on this date all parties appeared. Both Nyaguhirwa Naurat and Munyaneza Robert were assisted by Rumenge Nkundimana Victor, the counsel, Nsengiyumva Prosper assisted by Gasasira Jean Claude, the counsel, while Nabahire Théophile was assisted by Adolphe Habimana. [7] In limine litis, the Prosecutor contended that there is no ground as to why the Prosecution would be present in the case since it did not

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file appeal. Rather, the Prosecutor added, appeal was filed by Banque Populaire du Rwanda as civil party with regard to damages only. The Prosecutor then pleaded that it would not be summoned to appear in the case. II. ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUE Whether the Prosecution should be summoned to intervene in appeal filed by the civil party in case the accused was acquitted in the previous court. [8] As embodied in his submissions and as he explained it during the hearing, the Prosecutor laments that this case started in Intermediate Court of Ngoma which convicted the accused for the alleged crimes. He articulated that when dissatisfied with the decision of the judgment, the accused appealed to the High Court, Rwamagana Chamber and the latter found that they were not guilty of the alleged crimes due to lack of evidence, which is the ground of appeal of Banque Populaire du Rwanda. The Prosecutor stated that they did not appeal. [9] He submited that the object of litigation then was only damages. He disputed that, as evidence, the case screening judge received appeal of the bank because the damages at stake were over 20,000,000Frw. He went on lamenting that articles 175 and 187 of Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure clearly demonstrate that the civil party appeals against the decided judgment with regard to the awarded damages only and that the court of appeal only rules on the case only with regard to the grounds of appeal as provided for by article 189 of the same law. [10] The representative of the Prosecution submits that in article 187 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL

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procedure as well as articles 164 of Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 governing Organization, Functioning and competence of Courts both invoke the same thing that the acquittal of the accused does not hinder the civil party to lodge an appeal. Those articles also provide that in case the civil party appeals, the objects of litigation only concern damages. [11] He pleads further that, per provisions of article 187 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, if the the civil party appeals, the whole judgment is re-heard in merit. He argues that, the examination on merit for the whole judgment means examination of the whole judgment with regard to the damages only. Therefore, he realizes, there is no ground to summon the prosecution to appear in the cases of this nature especially that during the judicial reform, the Prosecution was removed from civil cases while the case at hand is of civil cases nature. [12] He ended contending that all he had already stated is the same view as various legal scholars like Henry –D. Bosly and Damien Vandermeersch in their book “Droit de la Procédure Pénale, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005, page 1419-1420” where they state that in case the civil party files an appeal, his/her appeal should only concern damages since the criminal side of the case had already had the force of res judicata because the decision

thereon had not been appealed against. [13] Ngabire Solange, counsel for Banque Populaire du Rwanda states that they had appealed against criminal judgment which is also the basis of their appeal. Then, according to her, there is no ground as to why the Prosecution should be removed from in the case. She added that Banque Populaire du Rwanda had appealed against the points of its dissatisfaction in the judgment which acquitted the civil party of the crime which would have served as a basis of the award of the damages. She added that if Banque Populaire du Rwanda had appealed against

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damages only, it would have been changing the object of litigation while it is unlawful. [14] Rumenge Nkundimana Victor, the counsel for Munyaneza and Nyiraguhirwa states that the objection raised by the Prosecution is founded that on the fact that there is no ground to be summoned in the trial since the object of litigation is only damages. [15] Gasasira Jean Claude, counsel for Nsengiyumva Prosper states that there is no ground for summoning the Prosecution in such cases as there were two litigations but taking into account the progress of the case, only one case remains; damages. He adduced that based on article 12 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure which states that the civil action is heard in accordance with laws governing civil procedure; the Prosecution should be present in the case. [16] Habimana Adolphe, counsel for Nabahire Théophile also states he does not understand the reason of the presence of the Prosecution in the case since the object of appeal is all about damages. He added that on invoked articles, should be added article 9(2º) of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure the action of the civil party should solely be aiming damages. He insisted that the Prosecution should not be present since it requests nothing in the case especially that even the appeal of Banque Populaire du

Rwanda could only target some of the accused and leave some others. Hence, the Prosecution was not needed in the case because the litigation is of civil case. [17] With regard to article 187(2º) of the Law 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, Habimana Adolphe, the counsel, submits that it is not quite clear. He adds that the whole judgment as referred to in this article means that the civil party must PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL

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start where the court ended and submits evidence justifying the role of the acquitted and once he/ she is successful, he/she is awarded the requested damages. He added that though article states that the case is re-heard on merit, the onus of proof falls on the civil party so as to be awarded with damages. Therefore, there is no need for the Prosecution to be present in the case.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [18] Article 9 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure provides that a civil action is an action filed to seek compensation for damages caused by the offence. It is solely aimed at seeking damages. Analysis of this article infers that the requested damages depend on the committed crime and should be the compensation of the incurred damages caused by the crime at issue. Additionally, the judge views, this action is filed before the criminal court but with intention of seeking damages and not the sentence imposed for the committed crime. [19] Article 164 of Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining Organization, functioning and competence of the court as well as article 187 of the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure provide that the civil party appeals only for the awarded damages. However, they also provide that the acquittal of the accused does not hinder the civil party from appealing against the awarded damages and that in this case, the judgment at hand is re-heard on merit. [20] The court notes that the acquittal of the accused does not stop the victim of the crime to file an appeal and the judgment in whole, be re- heard on merit. In this case, the court notes, the onus of proof falls on the civil party either through evidence contained in the case file or other

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new evidence he had got after, and the court examine that evidence with intention to assess whether the victim of the crime can be compensated with damages caused by the crime the accused was acquitted of. [21] Regarding whether the Prosecution should be present in in the case of appeal of the civil party seeking damages while the accused was acquitted by the previous court, the court finds that the fundamental principle is that the no criminal case can be tried without the prosecution being represented. [22] The court notes that the fact that the accused was acquitted but followed by the sole appeal of civil party, it cannot make the case lose its criminal nature to become civil case, since application for civil damages, is addressed to the judge of criminal cases and should award them based on evidence submitted to him by the civil party after examination and consideration of that evidence. In addition, though the case is heard following the rules of civil procedure, as provided for by article 12 of the Law nº 30/2013 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure, it does not make lose its criminal nature because, as it has been highlighted above, its nature at the beginning is criminal till the appeal level, the judge is supposed to examine the role of the accused based on inculpating evidence submitted to him/her by the appellant to constitute the basis for the

award of the damages. [23] The court finds that based on the principles invoked above, no criminal case can be tried without the Prosecution being represented and that the case at appeal level keeps its criminal nature; the presence of the Prosecution as a party is necessary because it is a rule in other criminal cases. This must be done so that in case it is deemed necessary it gives its opinion to the court during the submission of evidence by the civil party. PROSECUTION v. NSENGIYUMVA ET AL

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[24] The Court finds further that both Organic Law nº 51/2008 of 09/09/2008 determining organization, functioning and jurisdiction of courts in its article 164 and the Law nº 30/2013 of 24/05/2013 relating to the code of criminal procedure in its article 187 stress that in case of the accused‟s acquittal followed by the appeal of the civil party, the whole judgment is re-heard on merit. [25] The court finds that the provisions of these articles infer the representation of the Prosecution in such cases since they are re-heard in their entirety either with regard to the commission of the crime or the award of damages. The court in this case examines the role of the acquitted so as to constitute the basis of the award of the damages when such a role is established. [26] The Court therefore finds that based on these holdings, the judgments that the civil part appealed against while the accused has been acquitted at the previous instance, the Prosecution should be present to give its opinion if need be. [27] On this issue, legal scholars including Henri-D. Bosly and Damien Vandermeersch in their book “Droit de la Procédure Pénale, la charte, 4ème édition, 2005, page 1425” had a comment. They state that in criminal cases, when appeal concerns civil action only, the Prosecution is not required to give its opinion vis-a-vis the case. (Lorsque l’appel ne porte que sur l’action civile, le ministère public n’est pas tenu de donner un avis sur cette action). [28] The Court finds out that these scholars teach that, in the case originating from appeal of the civil party while the accused had been acquitted in the previous instances, the Prosecution is straightly present even though it is not a requirement to give its opinion; however, doing so is not unlawful.

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[29] Based on the above mentioned holdings, the Court finds that that there is no ground as to why the Prosecution would not be present in the cases examining appeal of the civil party in case the accused was acquitted at the first instance. III. THE DECISION OF THE COURT [30] Holds that objection raised by the Prosecution lacks merit. [31] The hearing of the case on merit is adjourned to February 10, 2014. [32] Orders the court fees to be charged to public fund.

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PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPA 0372/10/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Gakwaya and Hitiyaremye, J.) April 24, 2015] Criminal Law – Poisoning – In case there is no incriminating evidence, the accused are declared innocent – Law no 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 regulating the Criminal procedure, article 165. Facts: The appellants were accused of the offense of poisoning members of the family of Nyirarukundo and the offense of denial of genocide. The Prosecution explained that they conspired to commit this offence when they were back from Gacaca Court hearing session and were not happy with testimony of Nyiramugisha charging them of having killed her husband in genocide. It was explained that they added poison in the food and after eating the entire family of Nyiramugisha got sick and one child among them died. The High Court, Rusizi Chamber ruled that the appellants are guilty of the offense of poisoning but declared them innocent of the offense of genocide denial and sentenced Sindikubwabo Antoine to life imprisonment with special provisions while Nyiramihanda was sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused appealed to the Supreme Court, Sindikubwabo Antoine stating that the High Court combined the offense of genocide and other offences of which he was accused and punished him for them. He adds that he was convicted of the offense of poisoning without medical certificate and that the Court disregarded the statements of witnesses. Nyiramihanda Florence states that the Court ruled the case basing on testimony of the adverse party and other unreliable witnesses. 175

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Held: In the absence of medical certificate proving that the family whose members allege they were poisoned had actually eaten poisoned food and given that statements of the witnesses are doubtful, there are no convincing evidences to convict the accused of the offense. Therefore, the accused must be acquitted. Appeal has merit. The appellant are not guilty of poisoning They must be released immediately after the verdict delivery. With court fees to the public treasury. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Organic Law no 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2015 instituting the Penal Code, article 144. Law no 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 regulating the Criminal procedure, article 165. Cases referred to: Prosecution v. Musabyimana, RPA 0244/08/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 30 September 2012 Prosecution v. Nyirakamana, RPA 0262/09/CS rendered by the Supreme Court on 26 April 2013. Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] This case commenced in the High Court, Rusizi Chamber where Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence were charged of the

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attempt to poison members of the family of Nyirarukundo Godelive and the offense of genocide denial. The Prosecution stated that when they were back from Gacaca Court hearing unhappy with the testimony given by Nyirarukundo that they killed her husband in genocide, they planned to exterminate her entire family using the poison that they added in the food. The Prosecution added that after eating that poisoned food, Nyirarukundo and her family members felt bad and allegedly one child in that family died. [2] This Court rendered the judgment RP 0121/08/HC/RSZ on 18 August 2010 and confirmed that Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence are guilty of the offence of poisoning but not guilty of genocide denial. The Court sentenced Sindikubwabo Antoine to life imprisonment with special provisions while Nyiramihanda Florence was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Court also ordered them to pay jointly the court fees equal to 67,050Frw. [3] Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence were not satisfied with that decision and appealed to the Supreme Court where Sindikubwabo Antoine stated that the High Court combined the offences of genocide and other offences he was charged with and sentenced him for them; that he was convicted of the offence of poisoning while there was no medical certificate and that the Court ignored the testimonies of witnesses. Nyiramihanda Florence

stated that the Court delivered the ruling and convicted her of the offence basing on the testimonies of the adverse party and other unreliable witnesses. [4] The case was publicly heard on 9 March 2015, Sindikubwabo Antoine appeared being assisted by Counsel Akimanizanye Beatrice, Nyiramihanda Florence was assisted by Counsel Mutabaruka Jean while the Prosecution was represented by National Public Prosecutor Bunyoye Grace. PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL

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II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUE Whether there is evidence incriminating Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda for the offence of poisoning. [5] Sindikubwabo Antoine states that he has never conspired with Nyiramihanda Florence to exterminate the family of Nyirarukundo Godelive using poison. He stated that his ground of appeal is injustice inflicted on him by the High Court, Rusizi Chamber that combined the offence of genocide and the offence of poisoning and sentenced him for it. He added that the Court took the decision without carrying out the investigations and based on the testimonies of Sebahire and Turikumwe with whom he has conflicts. [6] He added that it is not understandable how he was convicted of the offence of poisoning while the file doesn‟t contain the medical certificate proving that Nyirarukundo Godelive family members ate the poisoned food and that the bottle of acid that was mentioned was not found in the case file. He finally stated that he initially admitted the charges before the Judicial Police only because he was beaten. [7] His Counsel Akimanizanye Beatrice states that Sindikubwabo Antoine was convicted of the offence by the Court without evidence since he was suspected to have poisoned the family of Nyirarukundo allegedly because the latter had incriminated him before Gacaca Court. However, no clarifications is given about the commission of that offense and there was no other evidence to corroborate the statements, but rather the Court took its decision without production of medical certificate basing on the doubtful statements of witnesses especially that it was said that those people were taken to hospital while no medical report was produced to prove what happened.

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[8] She also states that the fact that Sindibwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence met on the public way does not constitute evidence that they went to poison Nyirarukundo family members especially that he only admitted it before the Judicial Police while he pleaded not guilty at all other levels and provided reasons thereof. [9] She concludes by stating that, as it can be seen on page 8 of the copy of the appealed judgement where the Prosecution brought Sebahire as a witness who allegedly said that he saw Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence conspiring to poison the family of Nyirarukundo, during investigations carried out by the Court, Sebahire denied all that and said that he cannot confirm that they are the ones who poisoned members of that family and added that he never saw them together in the banana plantation. In addition to that another interrogated witness who was looking after them in hospital called Mukantembera explained that they were not sick due to traditional poison since the latter cannot be healed at the ordinary hospital. [10] Nyiramihanda Florence states that the Court falsely convicted her of the offence of poison and took a decision without any tangible evidence since it did not prove any conflict that she had with that family especially that, contrary to what is said, she did not appear as defendant before Gacaca Court; but it rather based on

the evidences provided by her co-accused. She states that the fact that she met Sindikubwabo in the banana plantation is not enough to convict her since they met and she asked him where the president of Gacaca Courts was and he told her that he was in the tontine meeting and they immediately separated. [11] He stated that the testimonies of the witnesses that have been interrogated including Haguma and Nyirabuhoro should not be considered since they have had family conflicts. PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL

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[12] His Counsel Mutabaruka states that the Court convicted him of the offense basing on the contradictory statements since there is no tangible evidence which has been considered in convicting him. Since the family of Nyirarukundo went to hospital and one child died, the physician should have proved the cause of death of that child and what those people were suffering from. Therefore, he stated that failure to do that proves those people have not been poisoned as it is said, especially that the person who was caring for them stated, in his testimony, that they had diarrhea and took them to hospital and that the materials they used in that night were thrown since they were dirty. He added that when he was asked whether they looked as if they were poisoned, he replied that they were not given traditional poison. Therefore, he requested that his client should be declared innocent since there is no evidence. [13] The representative of the Prosecution states that Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence conspired to kill the family of Nyirarukundo using the poison since she is the one who accused both of them before Gacaca Court and Sindikubwabo Antoine has admitted this during his interrogations by the Judicial Police. [14] Concerning the ground of appeal of Sindikubwabo Antoine, he states that the fact that he was initially jailed for genocide and other explanations he has

given are not valid since the Court did not base on them to convict him, but it examined his statements before the Judicial Police and related them with those of the witnesses and the evidences from the investigations it carried out. [15] He also stated that, though there is no medical certificate proving that those people were poisoned it is not the only incriminating evidence especially that there are his personal statements given after his arrest where he admitted this offence and explained how he committed it and how he conspired with Nyiramihanda Florence to commit the same and

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he also explained that the reason behind is that she incriminated them before Gacaca Court. He added that it is not understandable how all the people who ate the food got sick immediately and there is a person who admitted having poisoned them. [16] Concerning the argument that the Court did not consider statements of the witnesses, the representative of the Prosecution states that it is not true because their statements were considered especially that they supported his admission before the Judicial Police and that there is no witness who discharged him but rather all of them incriminated him that he poisoned that family because Nyirarukundo incriminated him before Gacaca Court and from the investigations carried out by the Court, none of people interrogated discharged him. Regarding the allegation that he was beaten during his interrogation before the Judicial Police, this is not true since he does not prove it. [17] As for Nyiramihanda Florence, the representative of the Prosecution states that her allegations have not merit since Sindikubwabo Antoine explained how they committed that offence and he could not, therefore, omit to name her while they conspired to commit the offence. The representative of the Prosecution adds that, as for the testimony of Nyirabuhoro Daphrose she claims it cannot be considered this can‟t help her since she did not testify that she saw her poisoning anyone.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [18] Concerning the offence of poisoning, article 144 of Organic Law no 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2015 instituting the Penal Code, provides that “Poisoning is defined as administering a substance to another person which can cause death more or less promptly regardless of the substance used or its mode of administration and consequences (…)”. PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL

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[19] This article clearly implies that the offense of poisoning exists in case the poison was administered. [20] The legal scholar called Robert Kint1 who analyzed this article finds that for the offense of poisoning to exist, there must be “attempt on the life of someone and the use the substances which can kill more or less quickly”. In addition, for this offense to exist, the administration of poison is necessary regardless of the effects it has produced on the person. Another legal scholar called General Likulia Bolongo explained that to know whether the substance used is the poison, it is necessary to resort to medical expertise or experts in medicines and chemistry2. [21] After the analysis of documents available in the case file, the Court finds that there is no proof that members of the family of Nyirarukundo Godelive were tested by a medical expert or expert in medicines and chemistry so that it can be ascertained if they truly ate poisoned food basing on the explanations of the legal experts mentioned above. [22] The Court finds that, even if members of that family were taken to hospital as it is said, the Court has no basis to confirm that they ate poisoned food given to them by Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence in the absence of a medical report proving what actually happened and on top of that the bottle which contained the acid that was put in the food was not availed. This is the decision that was

1 Droit pénal spécial, 1993, p.76-77. 2 Il a été jugé que nonobstant l‟absence d‟une preuve rapportée d‟une manière spéciale par un rapport toxicologique établi par un homme de l‟art ayant une connaissance approfondie de la nature et des effets du poison et affirmant que les matières administrés à la victime étaient de nature à donner la mort, par Général Likulia Bolongo, Droit Pénal Spécial Zairois, L.G.D.J, T1, 1985, p.80.

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taken in the case RPA0244/08/CS of 30/09/2011, MP c/ Musabyiman Marie and the case RPA 0262/09/CS rendered by this Court on 26/04/2013, MP c/ Nyirakamana Florence. In these cases, the decision was that it is necessary to resort to medical expertise or experts in medicines and chemistry so as to know if the substance used is the poison. [23] Concerning the statements of the witnesses interrogated by the Judicial police including Sebahire Isidore who stated that when Sindikubwabo Antoine came to see him, he met Nyiramihanda Florence and they conspired to poison Nyirarukundo, the statement of Turikumwe Johnatan (brother of Nyirarukundo ) who said that when they were back from Gacaca court session, Sindikubwabo Antoine met Nyiramihanda Florence in the Cell of Twarizo in the banana plantation located next to the house of Nyirarukundo and that Nyiramihanda is the one who put the poison in the food of Nyirarukundo Florence and it was well known by all citizens that she is a sorceress; as for Uwiragiye Malachie, during his interrogation before the Prosecution, he stated that what he wished to change on his statements before the Judicial Police is that he has nothing to do with matters related to the poison. Therefore, the Court finds that all these statements cannot be considered because, apart from the absence of any medical expert who has approved that members of the family of

Nyirarukundo ate poisoned food, no one of them saw them administering the poison and no one asserts that they were given substances which cause death more or less promptly as provided by article 144 of Organic law no 01/2012/OL of 02/05/2015 instituting the Penal Code mentioned above ; but rather what they affirm is that Sindikubwabo Antoine met with Nyiramihanda Florence. [24] Concerning the fact that Sindikubwabo Antoine pleaded guilty before the Judicial Police while he pleaded not guilty before other organs, the Court finds that this cannot be considered since the poison is PROSECUTION v. SINDIKUBWABO ET AL

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only proven by an expert in order to know if the substance used can cause death more or less promptly. [25] Basing on the abovementioned explanations, the Court finds that the appeal of Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence must be considered and they should be declared not guilty of that offense of poisoning since the evidence relied on by the previous Court in convicting them are not enough basing on article 165 of Law no 30/2013 of 24/5/2013 regulating the Code of Criminal Procedure which provides that “The benefit of doubt shall be given in favor of the accused. If the proceedings conducted as completely as possible do not enable judges to find reliable evidence proving beyond reasonable doubt that the accused committed the offence, the judges shall order his/her acquittal”. III. DECISION OF THE COURT [26] The Court rules that the appeal of Sindikubwabo Antoine and Nyiramihanda Florence has merit; [27] The Court rules that they are not guilty of the offence of poisoning; [28] The Court orders that they must be released immediately after the verdict delivery; [29] The Court orders that the court fees must be charged to the public treasury.

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PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI [Rwanda SUPREME COURT – RPA 0011/15/CS (Mutashya, P.J., Gakwaya na Hitiyaremye, J.) April 24, 2015] Criminal Law – Right to defence and legal counsel – Choice of legal counsel for an indigent person – The accused who has absolute right to choose his legal counsel is the one who has financial capacity to pay his counsel while for the one who doesn’t, in case of interests of the court it is realized that he must be assisted, the competent organs appoint him without the participation of the accused – Law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, article 14(6o). Facts: The case of Uwinkindi Jean started in the High Court, Chamber of International Crimes and trans border crimes(HCCI) assisted by Counsel, Gatera Gashabana and Niyibizi Jean Baptiste who withdrew from the case. The Court requested the competent organs to help Uwinkindi Jean to find other legal counsels. Rwanda Bar Association appointed two legal counsels named Ngabonziza Joseph and Hishamunda Isaacar to assist Uwinkindi Jean. In the next hearing, Uwinkindi Jean raised an incident that these lawyers have been unlawfully appointed since he had not participated in their appointment. In the preliminary hearing, the court ruled that these lawyers have been lawfully appointed basing on that the accused who have absolute right to choose his legal counsel is the one who has financial capacity to pay his counsel while the one who doesn‟t, in case of interests of the court it is realized that he must be assisted, the competent organs appoint him without the participation of the accused. 185

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Held: The accused who has absolute right to choose his legal counsel is the one who has financial capacity to pay his counsel while for the one who doesn‟t, in case of interests of the court it is realized that he must be assisted; the competent organs appoint him without the participation of the accused. Appeal has merit. The incident raised by the prosecution is not valid. The appealed decision is upheld, with costs to the public purse. Statutes and statutory instruments referred to: Law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, article 14(6o). Organic Law no 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court, article 34(100). Law no 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure, Article 162 paragraph 2. Cases referred to: Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphes 61 and 62. Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Paragraphe 33.

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Judgment I. BRIEF BACKGROUND OF THE CASE [1] On 21 January, 2015, the High Court, High Court Chamber of International Crimes and transborder crimes decided that the competent organs should help Uwinkindi Jean to have a legal counsel after realizing that his legal counsels Gatera Gashabana and Niyibizi Jean Baptiste have withdrawn from the case. [2] On 5 February, 2015 Uwinkindi Jean appeared in the High Court with Counsel Ngabonziza Joseph and Hishamunda Isacaar who were appointed by the Rwanda Bar Association as his legal counsels. At this time, Uwinkindi Jean raised an incident that he was unlawfully given legal counsels since he has not made his choice. [3] In the preliminary hearing no RP 000/12/HCCI of 6 February 2015, the High Court Chamber of International Crimes ruled that Counsel Ngabonziza Joseph and Hishamunda Isacaar have been lawfully appointed by Rwanda Bar Association. [4] In taking the decision, that court based o article 14, paragraph 6 of the Law no 47/2013 of 16/6/2013 concerning the transfer of cases to the Republic of Rwanda from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and other states, finds that the right to choose a legal counsel is reserved to someone who has the capacity to pay himself while for indigent person, the Bar choses the advocate for him for free. [5] This court also based on the case law of Akayesu Jean Paul rendered by International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) found that, even though Uwinkindi Jean was given the list of advocates and PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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chose; it was not the law to the extent that he should consider that as absolute right. [6] Uwinkindi Jean appealed to the Supreme Court on 3 March 2015 stating that he denied the right to defense and legal counsel that is ought to him in accordance to article 18, par three (3) of the Constitution of Rwanda, article 150(3o) of the law no 30/2013 of 24/05/2015 regulating to criminal procedure and article 14(6o) of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda. [7] The prosecution lodged an incident of non-admissibility of the appeal lodged by Uwinkindi Jean since it was unlawfully filed. However, the prosecution added that once the court finds it otherwise, it should rule that it is invalid. [8] The hearing was ordered on 9 March 2015 but on that day the case was not heard since Counsel Gatera Gashabana and Niyibizi Jean Baptiste who assisted Uwinkindi Jean had no right to assist him since they had not paid the fine that has been ordered by the court and the hearing was postponed on 6 April 2015. On that date, after realizing that the advocates of Uwinkindi had fulfilled their obligations, the hearing was rendered publicly and Uwinkindi appeared assisted by Counsel Gatera Gashabana with Counsel Niyibizi Jean Baptiste while the prosecution was represented by Ruberwa Bonaventure with Mutangana Jean Bosco, national public prosecutors. II. ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL ISSUES To know whether the appeal of Uwinkindi Jean was lawfully lodged. [9] The representative of the prosecution stated that basing on article 162 of the Law no21/2012 of 14/6/2012 relating to the Civil, Commercial, Labour and Administrative Procedure the appeal on

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preliminary hearing is analyzed with the case in substance. They also added that this idea is the one encountered in article 34,100 of the Organic Law n003/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court prohibits the chief registrar to receive the appeal of preliminary hearings in case they are separate from the case in merit. They concluded requesting the court to take a decision basing on the provisions of the Rwandan law since article 18 of the law regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda providing how the appeal is conducted. [10] Uwinkindi Jean states that this incident does not consider the article he based on while appealing including article 18 and 27 of the law regulating the transfer of cases to the Republic of Rwanda which provides that in case of two contradictory laws, that the latter takes precedent. He also stated that basing on article 180 relating to the code of criminal procedure, the case should stop until the final ruling on the appeal since his appeal contained a very sensitive issue which constitutes a major hindrance on the case in merit since it cannot continue without legal counsels, that in that case it would be considered as if there is no case. [11] Counsel Niyibizi Jean Baptiste states that the side of defense finds that the incident of non-admissibility of this appeal cannot be

valid since Uwinkindi Jean appealed basing on article 18 of the regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda gives to parties the right to appeal against any decision of the High Court and this has been done by Uwinkindi Jean. He kept stating that he proves this since Uwinkindi Jean was denied the right to legal counsel as provided by article 18 of the Rwandan Constitution, which states that he right to defense is an absolute right in all organs and in any circumstance. [12] He also stated that he finds that article 162 of the Law relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure cannot be PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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considered since it doesn‟t relate to criminal cases and that considering that this case was transferred to Rwanda from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda whereby there is a special law providing these cases will be tried and the latter is the one to be considered in case there is contradiction. He states that, it is in that context that basing on article 18 of the law regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, Uwinki0ndi Jean has the right to choose his legal counsels and that there is no prohibition to appeal against the decision denying him this right. [13] He concluded stating that article 34(10o) of the Organic Law regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court is respected by the Chief registrar of the Supreme Court, the latter received the appeal and gave it the number and ruled that the appeal is admissible. [14] Counsel Gatera Gashabana also stated that the incident of the prosecution is not valid since the appealed decision is not provisional but rather it has been based on article 14 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which was ratified by the Republic of Rwanda in 1975 is a final decision which has been res judicata on the incident that was raised for the rights of Uwinkindi Jean to be assisted by a legal counsel while article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda and article

14 of the law regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda give him rights to choose his legal counsel. [15] He concludes stating that article 18 of the law regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda is the special law which gives Uwinkindi Jean and any other party the right to appeal against any decision and that appeal suspends the principal case waiting for the decision of the higher court and that stating that he would wait for the hearing of the case in merit is not valid.

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THE VIEW OF THE COURT [16] Article 3, par.1 of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda states that “This law regulates the cases transferred to the Republic of Rwanda by the ICTR and other cases from other countries relating to the offence of genocide committed against Tutsis and crime against humanity. [17] Article 18 of the Law no of the law no 47/2013 of 16//6/2013 above mentioned states that “the prosecutor and the defendant have rights to appeal against any decision rendered by the High Court in case of the following grounds: 1o an error on a question of law invalidating the Decision; 2o an error of fact which has occasioned a miscarriage of justice; The Supreme Court can confirm al decisions of the High Court or some of them or not to confirm all of them. If necessary, the court orders the High Court to review the judgment”. [18] Article 27 of the Law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 abovementioned provides that “This law takes precedence in case it is contradictory to another ordinary law”. [19] Article 34(10o) of the Organic Law no 03/2012/OL of 13/06/2012 regulating the organization, functioning and competence of the Supreme Court provides that “The Chief Registrar of the Supreme Court shall check whether the appeal is admissible before it is recorded in court registers. He/she shall not register a lodged appeal in the event of […] appeal on interlocutory judgment which is not ruled together with the final judgment”[...]. PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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[20] Article 162, paragraph 2 of the law no 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 relating to civil, commercial, labour and administrative procedure provides that “The appeal against an interlocutory judgment shall be made only jointly with the final judgment. In this case, the time limit for appealing against the interlocutory judgment starts running from the date on which the final judgment was notified to the party”. [21] Concerning this case, the court finds that the fact the case was received basing ordinary ways of claims, the chief registrar had received it and gave it a number and the president of the Supreme Court ordered the date of hearing, this proves that the decision has been res judicata and therefore, there is no need to come back on that issue. [22] The court finds that, the fact that article 18 of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 abovementioned which provides that any decision of the High Court can be appealable. In addition to this, this law is the one which has to take precedence without considering other laws in case they are contradictory to it. Therefore, Uwinkindi Jean had rights to appeal against the decision against taken by the High Court Chamber of international Crimes and transborder crimes, concerning the right to legal counsel. [23] Apart from what has been explained in the previous paragraph, the Court also finds that, the appellate decision was considered as

the preliminary hearing but when analyzed very well, it is realized that it is not among the preliminary hearings mentioned in article 162 of the Law no 21/2012 of 14/06/2012 abovementioned since this decision was taken in an absolute way with intention to end the debate which was raised on the issue regarding the right to legal counsel of Uwinkindi Jean in the High Court, while the preliminary hearings intend to solve the issues which are attached to the principal case in process.

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[24] For the difference between these cases, the legal scholars state that the case in merit end the issues to the extent that i twill not be necessary to come back on them while the preliminary hearings do not end issues but rather are decisions taken within the hearing intending to save some interests before the end of the hearing or intending to find what can help in rendering the judgment(les jugements définitifs mettent fin à une contestation, de telle sorte qu‟il n‟y aura pas lieu d‟y revenir tandis que les jugements avant dire droit ne règlent pas le litige, mais, rendus au cours de l‟instance, ils assurent la protection de certains intérêts durant le procès (jugements provisoires) ou permettent de réunir des éléments utiles pour parvenir à une solution (jugements relatifs a l‟instruction)1. [25] Basing on the abovementioned explanations, the court finds that the incident raised by the prosecution regarding the non-admissibility of the appeal lodged by Uwinkindi Jean is not valid and therefore, his appeal is admissible. B. To know whether Uwinkindi Jean has the right to choose his legal counsels. [26] Uwinkindi Jean states that his ground of appeal is especially based on his right to defense and legal counsel which he derives from the law, that on article 5 February, 2015 he was forced to plead without legal counsel and he was forced to accept advocates that came in his case without his knowledge since he did not have chance to choose them after taking his legal counsels from the case. He therefore holds that what has been done is contrary to article 18 of the article 18, paragraph three (3) of the Constitution of Rwanda, article 150(3o) of the law no 30/2013 of 24/05/2015 regulating to criminal procedure and article

1Jacques Ghestin, Gilles Goubeaux avec le councours de Muriel Fabre-Magnan, Traité de Droit Civil, Introduction Générale, 4ème Edition, p.588, Para. 617 in fine. PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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14(6o) of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda. [27] He also stated that, apart from that he did not take part in the appointment of Counsel Hishamunda Isacaar and Counsel Ngabonziza Joseph, who were appointed by Rwanda Bar Association, he criticizes that stating that the don‟t have the capacity to plead in his case especially that Counsel Ngabonziza Joseph does not have enough experience while the Primary Court of Nyarugunga ruled that counsel Hishamunda Isaccaar does not have the capacity to plead in such cases. [28] He also stated that he case was far at the extent that it was at the end since it was at the stage of listening to the witnesses. He kept stating that it is in that time when they were suspended by the Court while he came from Arusha with hope that he will have fair trial as the state of Rwanda had promised. [29] Uwinkindi Jean also states that there have been three mistakes which are: the fact that the court accepted the case laws of other courts while the hearing was closed and he had not have time to defend himself on them; the fact that he did not disown his attorneys but rather it is the court that dismissed them which is different from the case of Akayesu who is said in the case law since he disowned them; and that the court has disregarded article 16 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda which

provides that the law protects all persons in a general way without any discrimination and thus he states that he was given list so as to make his own choice while it is provided by the law and it has been done to others including Munyagishari and Mbarushimana who was given this right on 25/03/2015. [30] Uwinkindi Jean requests that he can retain the advocates that he had since his case is at the end and that they had no fault so that the case may continue where it was. He added that this request is impossible he

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can be given the list so that he can his own choice of legal counsels and that they can be given enough time to study the case which will be to start the case he accused of serious crimes. [31] Counsel Niyibizi Jean Baptiste emphasized on the statement of Uwinkindi Jean stating that his client has been denied the right to be assisted by his chosen advocate which was normally done and that he has a letter which gives him the right to be part in the case of Munyagishari after that he was chosen by him and that this is what is done in in international courts such as International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. [32] He also stated that the case law that was brought by the prosecution is not similar to the case of Uwinkindi since he doesn‟t intend to change the advocates as Akayesu who was denied that for the purpose of fair trial but rather that he want to keep them in the context of getting the fair trial. [33] He also stated that even though the case law used by the court in taking the decision would not have been based on while it was brought after the closing of the hearing without re-opening the hearing so that Uwinkindi should say something on that. He then states that this contrary to article 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda. [34] Concerning the “case law” above mentioned, he states that the reason that the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has

rejected the request of Akayesu to change advocates, it stated that it was for the good process of the case and thus he asks himself why advocates of Uwinkindi Jean can be changed while they spent two years and a half in this case, having prepared court submissions of 120 pages and thus finds that these new advocates cannot be able to explain them in court and if they can study them, it would not be the needed fair trial. PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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[35] He concludes stating that the court may order that Uwinkindi can continue with his former advocates since apart from that he did take part in choosing the advocates appointed to him by the court; they don‟t even have experience of 10 years required so that someone can assist in these cases. [36] Counsel Gatera Gashabana also states that the High Court made a mistake by incorrectly explaining article 14(6o) of the law regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda ruling that the person who has right to choose the legal counsel is the one who have the financial capacity and once he doesn‟t, the legal counsel is appointed by the Court. He states that this is incorrect basing the principle provided by article 14(d) of International Covenant on Civil and Political rights which states that all people are equal before the courts and that they have right to be assisted by advocates whom the choose themselves, either being able to pay them or no and that treaty takes precedence to Rwandan laws. [37] Counsel Gatera Gashabana states that that the principle of the Bar Association is to give the party an advocate of his/her own choice and that the administration should do its utmost so that this principle should be respected. He kept stating that the High Court took a decision which is contrary to the principle and that the advocates that Uwinkindi Jean had chosen were

dismissed in the case basing on the laws that are found in the letter written by the Ministry of Justice, and that this is contrary to the Constitution since the Judiciary is independent and thus requests that the Executive Power should not intervene in the Judicial power. He finally requested that Uwinkindi Jean can be assisted the advocates of his own choice it is the right that is provided to him by the law. [38] The representatives of the prosecution state that right to choose an advocate is not absolute especially when he does not have the

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financial capacity and thus to have a legal counsel requires a certain procedure that the Rwanda Bar Association provide advocates and the Ministry of Justice provides the advocates fees. [39] Concerning Uwinkind Jean and all other people who were transferred by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda located in Arusha and other countries, the representatives of the prosecution explain that the Ministry of Justice has decided that the advocate who will intervene in these cases will be paid fifteen millions (15,000,000Frw) until the end the case. They added that this program has been adopted when Counsel Gatera Gashabana and Niyibizi Jean Baptiste who assisted Uwinkindi Jean had the contract of being paid one million (1,000,000Frw) per month until the end of the case and when these advocates had been told this new decision, they refused and the contract was cancelled, and this is what they call interference in of the Ministry justice. Therefore, they find that these advocates have not been dismissed by the court but rather it is the contract which they had with the Rwanda Bar Association which has been cancelled because of misunderstanding. [40] They state that after the withdrawal of the advocates of Uwinkindi Jean from the case, in appointing other, it was lawful since article 14, 60 of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of

Rwanda provides that in case the defendant does not have the financial capacity to pay advocates, they must be appointed to him/her and in that case he has not the right to choose and that what has been done. [41] They further explained that issues like these ones are raised in international courts and decided that what is called Right to counsel whereby these courts explained that the accused has a right to elect self- representation but that right is not unlimited and may be denied where for instance the election is made mid trial and has the potential to PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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seriously disrupt the proceedings. This is based on the case of appeal of Krajisnic, paragraph 118. [42] They also stated that those courts explained when the accused elects self-representation; he forfeits the right to legal assistance even if he is indigent. They base this on the case of Vojslav Seselj concerning the court contempt, case number IT-03-67-RR77.4-A Paragraph 39. [43] Another example provided by the prosecution is that of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) which decided that the right of an indigent defendant to effective representation does not entitle him to choose his own counsel. The right to choose counsel applies only to those accused who can financially bear the costs of counsel. They base this on the case of Nahimana and others in appeal, the case of Kambanda in appeal and the case of Akayesu in appeal. [44] In supporting the idea that it is not every time that the defendant chooses his counsels, the representatives of the prosecution also based on the decision taken by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda whereby in the case of Akayesu the judge stated that “Although an indigent accused may choose from among a list of counsel generated by the registrar, the registrar is not necessarily bound by the indigent accused‟s wishes. The accused‟s choice regarding counsel “should be respected” but the registrar may decide not to

appoint the accused first choice of counsel, if there are sufficient grounds overriding the accused‟s preference”. That an accused would have preferred another counsel is not a sufficient basis to warrant intervention by the Appeals Chamber. The registrar has wide discretion, which he exercises in the interest of justice. [45] They added that, the fact that the Bar has appointed counsels to assist Uwinkindi Jean and the Ministry of Justice accepted to pay the legal counsels of his choice but meanwhile the contract got cancelled

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due to misunderstanding of both parties, they find that he must accept the counsels appointed by the Bar called Counsel, Hishamunda Issacaar and Counsel, Ngabonziza Joseph since it did that considering the interests of the justice since his former counsels had withdrawn from the case themselves and once he doesn‟t want them he has right to choose the counsels that he can pay himself. They explained that this what has been decided in the case between Nahimana and the Prosecution in ICTR ,where the court decided that the appointment of new counsel cannot take place until existing counsel withdraws his or representation [46] To conclude, they stated that Ulmkwinkindi Jean cannot base on article 39 of the code of Criminal Procedure providing that if a suspect is unable to find a legal counsel, the Judicial Police Officer or the Prosecutor shall inform the Chairperson of the Bar Association so that he/she assigns a legal counsel for the suspect. The suspect shall have the right to accept or refuse to be represented by such a legal counsel, and state that Uwinkindi Jean has no right to refuse the legal counsels appointed to him by the Bar Association basing on that article since he is not imprisoned by the prosecution.

THE VIEW OF THE COURT [47] Article 14,3(d) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that every person who is accused of an offence has right To be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI .

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without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it2. [48] Article 14(6o) of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda provides that “the defendant in the case transferred to Rwanda from ICTR or in other states has right to choose his own counsel in any interrogation. In case he/she is indigent he is given a legal counsel”. [49] The court finds that the major legal issue to be examined in this case is to know if Counsel, Ngabonziza Joseph and Counsel Hishamunda Isacaar who were appointed to Uwinkindi Jean were lawfully appointed as it is the legal issue that was analysed in appealed judgment. [50] The court finds that after realizing that on 21 January 2015, Uwinkindi Jean had no counsels, the High Court, High Court Chamber on international Crimes and transborder crimes decided that to write a letter to the President of the Rwanda Bar Association requesting him to appoint counsels who will assist him freely since he is indigent and then on 29 January 2015, he appointed Counsel, Ngabonziza Joseph and Counsel, Hishamunda Isacaar. However, on 5 February 2015 arriving in court to start their duties, Uwinkindi Jean refused them stating that they were unlawfully appointed since he did not take part in choosing them and the court decide that they must assist him since they were lawfully appointed. [51] In the pleadings of this case in court, both the prosecution and Uwinkindi Jean with his counsels, have in common stated the provisions

2 Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, ratifié par le Rwanda le 12/2/1975, D.L n° 8/75 du 12/2/1975, J.O. du 01/03/1975, p.230.

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of laws which have been abovementioned but the only difference comes in their interpretation whereby the prosecution finds that when the defendant is indigent has no right to choose his counsel while Uwinkindi Jean and his legal Counsels state that even though he may be indigent, the defendant enjoys his right to choose the legal counsel who is paid by the organs in charge. [52] The court finds that the analysis of article 14.3(d) of the international Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and 14(6o) of the law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, proves without doubt that the defendant has the right to be assisted by the counsel of his own choice only when he has the financial capacity to pay him but he does not he has to be given a legal counsel. This means that the counsel is appointed by the competent organs (Rwanda Bar Association) without necessarily that he takes part in the appointment. [53] The court finds that even though in the functioning of those organs, in some cases, you may that in appointing the counsel to the indigent defendant, he may be given the chance to choose the counsel himself but basing the abovementioned articles, the principle is that even though the defendant has right to counsel, this does not give him the right to choose the counsel. [54] Apart from what is provided by the abovementioned provisions, there are other international conventions which come on this issue. Among them, there are European Convention on Human rights in its article 6,3(c) which provides that the accused has the right “to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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when the interests of justice so require”3. This is also what is stated by legal scholars confirming that the accused on one side has the right the accused has the right to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing, on the other side, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require”4. [55] In explaining this article, legal scholars Doydas Vtkaus and Grigory Dikov, in their document entitled “La protection du droit a un procès equitable par la convention Europeenne des droits de l‟homme”, on page 105, last paragraph, also confirmed that the accused who have right to choose their legal counsel are those who have the capacity to pay them but that those who do not have that capacity do not enjoy that right. They added that when it is realized that the appointed legal counsel does not perform well his attributions, the competent organs can change him/her (Seuls les requérants disposant de moyens financiers leur permettant de s‟assurer les services d‟un avocat ont le droit de sélectionner le praticien de leur choix (Cmpbell et Fell); un requérant bénéficiant de l‟aide juridictionnelle ne jouit pas de cette faculté (Krempovskij, dec,). Parallèlement, Lorsqu‟un avocat commis d‟office ne s‟acquitte manifestement pas de ses devoirs, les autorités ont l‟obligation de le remplacer)5.

3 Annick SADZOT, l‟égalité des armes et la contradiction dans le procès pénal, Les droits de la défense, Actes du colloque «Jacques Henri» organisé par la Conférence libre du Jeune Barreau de Liège le 28 mai 1997, éditions du Jeune Barreau de Liège, 1997, p.153. 4 Michel Franchimont, Ann Jacobs, Adrien Masset, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2ème édition, p.1147 in fine. 5 www.coe.int/t/dgi/hr-natimplement/source/documentation/hb12_fairtrial_fr.pdf

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[56] Apart from what is provided in in the international conventions stated and the laws stated above which have been mentioned above, there are other decisions which have been taken in different cases rendered by other courts on the issue of legal assistance of the accused who does not have the capacity to pay him/herself especially those cases rendered by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In the case of Akayesu, regarding this issue, the court decided that it finds that in general the right to counsel does not relate to the right to choose the legal counsel, since this right is enjoyed by the accused who has the capacity to pay him/herself (La Chambre d‟appel considère qu‟en principe, le droit à l‟assistance gratuite d‟un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir celui-ci. Le droit de choisir son avocat est uniquement garanti aux accusés qui peuvent assumer financièrement les frais d‟un conseil)6. [57] That decision kept providing that the legal counsel of an indigent accused is appointed by the registrar of the court who selects him from the list of advocates available and fulfils the required conditions by the court. It added that, normally, the indigent accused chooses the legal counsel found on that list and then the registrar takes it into consideration. However, the registrar of court is not necessarily bound to appoint the legal counsel basing on the wish

of the indigent accused( La commission d‟un conseil à un accusé indigent est effectué par le Greffier à partir d‟une liste de conseils disponibles qu‟il considère qualifiés en fonction des critères officiels du Tribunal. Certes, en pratique, l‟accusé indigent à la possibilité de choisir parmi les avocats figurants sur la liste et le Greffier prend généralement en considération le choix de l‟accusé. Il n‟en reste pas moins que, de l‟avis de la Chambre d‟appel, le Greffier

6 Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu Paragraphe 61. PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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n‟est pas forcément lié par les voeux de l‟accusé indigent et a un large pouvoir d‟appréciation, qu‟il exerce dans l‟intérêt de la justice)7. [58] In the case of Kambanda Jean, in the Appellate level on the issue regarding the right to choose the legal counsel, the appellant stated that he had that right and if not so, it would be considered as violation of fair trial. On that issue, the appellate level of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda based on how the First Instance level analysed the this issue in the case of Ntakirutimana by also analysing the laws regulating the court and its internal rules and regulations in relation with the decisions taken by the Human rights Committee and organs of the European Convention of Humana Rights, decided that the right to free legal assistance does not confer the right to choose his legal counsel (En ce qui concerne le droit de choisir un avocat, l‟Appelant soutient qu‟il aurait dû bénéficier de ce droit et que la violation de ce droit constitue une violation de droit à un procès équitable. La Chambre d‟appel se réfère sur ce point au raisonnement suivi par la Chambre de Première Instance I dans l‟affaire Ntakirutimana et conclut, à la lumière d‟une interprétation textuelle et systématique des dispositions du Statut et du Règlement, lues en parallèle avec les décisions pertinentes du Comité des Droits de l‟Homme et des organes

de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l‟Homme, que le droit à l‟assistance gratuite d‟un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir son avocat)8. [59] In this case, regarding how Counsel Gatera Gashabana and Counsel Niyibizi Jean Baptiste who had been assisting Uwinkindi Jean withdrew from the case, the court finds that this issue cannot be analysed since it has neither been dealt with in the appealed judgment nor decided

7 Idem, paragraphe 62. 8 Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Paragraphe 33.

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upon especially that the intention of the appeal is to criticize the judgment that was rendered in the previous level. [60] Concerning what is stated by Uwinkindi Jean that the court based on the case of Jean Paul Akayesu that was produced by the prosecution after the closing of the case, the Supreme Court finds that there is no evidence that this document was produced by the prosecution since the Court should have it from anywhere else in motivating its decision. [61] Regarding the issue of the capacity of Counsel, Hisahamunda Isacaar and Counsel, Ngabonziza Joseph, Uwinkindi states that not only that he did not choose them but they are not competent to plead in his case since for Counsel, Hishamunda Isacaar, the Primary Court of Nyarugunga took a decision that he has no capacity to plead in such cases while Counsel, Ngabonziza Joseph has not enough experience, the court finds that he has no basis to criticize their competence since they were appointed by the Batonnier of the Bar Association as he found that they are competent. In addition to this, Uwinkindi Jean had not accepted that they could even begin to plead the case so that at least he could disqualify them during the process after realising that they are incompetent or that the court itself realizes that they are not competent. The court also finds that finds that Uwinkindi Jean had never produced the case in which

Hishamunda Isacaar was declared incompetent apart from stating that only. [62] Concerning what is stated by Counsel, Niyibizi Jean Baptiste who assists Uwinkindi Jean, that what is said in the case of Akayesu that has been considered does not relate to this cases since Uwinkindi Jean did not refuse his legal counsels while Akayesu Jean Paul had refused them wishing to change them, the Supreme Court finds that this is not valid the idea which is in the case of Akayesu Jean Paul was to analyse in general whether an indigent accused can have right to choose his legal counsel whereby that court ruled that the Chief Registrar of the court in PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI

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appointing the legal counsel is not necessarily bound to follow the wish of the accused since apart from considering the fair trial of the accused , it has also to consider the management of the court properties. [63] Therefore, considering what is stated by Counsel Gatera Gashabana, that the court misinterpreted article 14(6o) of law no 47/2013 of 16/06/2013 regulating the transfer of cases in the Republic of Rwanda, the Court finds that and added that the court should also consider what is provided in article 14(6) of the international covenant on civil and political rights, the court finds that basing on the above mentioned explanations when it reads these two articles with what is provided in the international conventions and decisions which have taken by other courts as mentioned above, there is no doubt that the accused who have absolute right to choose his legal counsel is the one who has financial capacity to pay his counsel but the one who doesn‟t, in case of interests of the court it is realized that he must be assisted, the competent organs appoint him without the participation of the accused. [64] Basing on what is stated above, especially on the issue of whether Counsel, Hishamunda Isacaar and Ngabonziza Joseph have been lawfully appointed by the Bar Association as counsels of Uwinkindi Jean, the Supreme Court finds that there is no mistake committed by the High Court, High Court Chamber of International Crimes and trans border crimes and confirmed that it has been lawfully in the interests of court. Therefore, the appeal of Uwinkindi Jean is not valid. III. DECISION OF THE COURT [65] Orders that the appeal of Uwinkindi Jean is not valid.

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[66] Orders that the incident raised by the prosecution of not receiving the appeal is not valid. [67] Orders that the decision RP0002/12/HCCI of the the High Court, High Court Chamber of International Crimes and transborder crimes on 6/2/2015 is upheld; and that Counsel Ngabonziza Joseph and Hishamunda Isacaar who have been lawfully appointed by the Rwanda Bar Association to assist Uwinkindi Jean; [68] Orders that the court fees are to be allocated to the Public purse.

PROSECUTION v. UWINKINDI .