IMIRONGO Y'URUKIKO RUKURU Vol. I - Jan - March 2024

# IMIRONGO Y'URUKIKO RUKURU Vol. I - Jan - March 2024

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Court Precedents - Date: 2024-03-20 - Collection: High Court

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IMIRONGO YATANZWE MURI ZIMWE MU MANZA ZACIWE N’URUKIKO RUKURU MU KWEZI KWA MUTARAMA - WERURWE 2024

Kigali, Ugushyingo, 2024

N˚ 1

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IMIRONGO YATANZWE MURI ZIMWE MU MANZA ZACIWE N’URUKIKO RUKURU MU KWEZI KWA MUTARAMA – GASHYANTARE NA WERURWE 2024

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ISHAKIRO IJAMBO RY’IBANZE .................................................................................. 5 IRIBURIRO ............................................................................................... 6 I. IMANZA ZATANZE IMIRONGO................................................................ 7 1.1. IMANZA Z’INSHINJABYAHA ............................................................ 7 A. Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego cy’ihanagurabusembwa ku wahawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika akagira ibyo ategekwa kubahiriza .......................................................................................... 7 Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Ihanagurabusembwa – Igihe kigomba gushira kugira ngo hasabwe ihanagurabusembwa – Itangwa ry’ihanagurabusembwa ku wahawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida, akagira ibyo ategekwa kubahiriza. ......... B. Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego cy’ihanagurabusembwa ku wahawe igihano ntakirangize kugeza gishaje. ............................................................. 10 Imanza z’inshinjabyaha - Ihanagurabusembwa - Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego gisaba ihanagurabusembwa ku muburanyi wakatiwe n’urukiko igihano cy’igifungo ariko ntagikore kigasaza. ........................................ 1.2. IMANZA Z’IMBONEZAMUBANO ...................................................... 13 A. Ikosa ry’uwatanze ikirego mu manza z’ubutane ............................ 13 Imanza z’imbonezamubano – Amategeko agenga Umuryango – Ubutane – Guta urugo kwakozwe n’uregera urukiko asaba gutandukana burundu. ....................................................................... B. Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane mu manza z’ubutane ............ 16 Amategeko agenga umuryango - Ubutane - Umutungo w’abashyingiranywe - Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane akozwe hagati y’abashyingiranywe ivangamutungo rusange itarashingiweho n’umwe mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’ubutane. ........................................... 1.3. IMANZA Z’UMURIMO..................................................................... 19

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Imanza z’Umurimo – Itegeko rigenga umurimo – Intumwa z’abakozi – Kurangiza manda kw’intumwa z’abakozi – kutongererwa manda cyangwa kudatorwa kw’intumwa z’abakozi – Umukozi ushyikirije ikibazo cye Umugenzuzi w’umurimo kitabanje gushyikirizwa Intumwa z’abakozi. ............................................................................................. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya ububasha bw’Intumwa z’Abakozi mu gihe manda yazo zatorewe yarangiye ntiyongerwe cyangwa ngo hatorwe izindi. ................................................................................................... II. IMANZA ZASHINGIYE KU MIRONGO IMENYEREWE ...................................................... 22 2.1. Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane mu manza z’ubutane ............ 22 Amategeko agenga umuryango - Ubutane - Umutungo w’abashyingiranywe - Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane akozwe hagati y’abashyingiranywe ivangamutungo rusange itarashingiweho n’umwe mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’ubutane. ........................................... 2.2. Impaka ku bimenyetso by’imyaka y’amavuko y’uwasambanyijwe .. 24 ........................................................................................................... 24 Urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha – Kumenya imyaka y’uwasambanyijwe – Inyandiko y’ivuka (Acte de naissance/ Birth record) mu gihe hari impaka ku bindi bimenyetso – Inyandiko y’ivuka (Acte de naissance/Birth record) yatanzwe n’Umwanditsi w’irangamimerere, niyo igomba gushingirwaho habarwa imyaka umwana yari afite igihe yasambanywaga, mu gihe hari impaka ku bindi bimenyetso byatanzwe n’ababuranyi. ........................................................................................ 2.3. Imvugo z’abatangabuhamya uregwa avuga ko bafite icyo bapfa ..... 25 Urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha – Kunyereza umutungo – Ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya - Agaciro k’imvugo z’umutangabuhamya uregwa avuga ko bafitanye amakimbirane. ...................................................................... UMWANZURO ........................................................................................................................................ 28

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IJAMBO RY’IBANZE

Mu rwego rwo gukomeza kubaka ubutabera bushingiye ku mirongo yatanzwe mu manza zaciwe, hagamijwe gufata abantu kimwe, ku buryo abahuje ibibazo babona ibisubizo bisa, no kwirinda imanza zitari ngombwa mu nkiko, Urukiko Rukuru runejejwe no kubagezaho ku nshuro ya mbere, imwe mu mirongo yatanzwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuva mu kwezi kwa Mutarama kugeza mu kwezi kwa Werurwe 2024. Abacamanza n’abanditsi b’Urukiko Rukuru n’ingereko zarwo zose, ab’Inkiko Zisumbuye n’iz’Ibanze, basabwe kujya bayisoma kugira ngo twese hamwe, dufatanye guteza imbere no gushimangira umuco wo gutanga ibisubizo bimwe, ku bibazo bisa. Tuboneyeho kandi gusaba ababuranyi bagana izo nkiko, kuburana bifashishije iyi mirongo, nk’ikimenyetso gihamya ukuri kw’ibyo bavuga, igihe basanze bihuje n’imirongo yatanzwe muri aka gatabo.

Turasaba Abacamanza kwita kuri iyi mirongo mu manza baca, tunabibutsa ko batemerewe kunyuranya nayo, kimwe n’indi yatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire nk’uko biteganywa mu mabwiriza No 0001/2021 yo ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 yerekeye itanganzwa ry’ibyemezo by’inkiko.

Tuboneyeho kandi gusaba ababuranyi ko igihe basanze haratanzwe umurongo batemeranya nawo ku kibazo runaka, kandi bahatirwa kuwukurikiza hashingiwe ku mahame agenga imicire y’imanza zishingiye ku mirongo yatanzwe mu manza (Precedents), bajya bibuka kubiregera Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 n’iya 73 z’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko. Turabashimiye.

HABARUREMA Jean Pierre Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru

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IRIBURIRO Aka ni agatabo ka mbere, gakubiyemo imirongo yatoranyijwe muri zimwe mu manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, mu kwezi kwa Mutarama-Gashyantare na Werurwe 2024. Izi manza zirimo izatanze umurongo n’imanza zashingiye ku mirongo isanzweho. Mu manza zatanze umurongo, harimo imanza ebyiri (2) z’inshinjabyaha, imanza eshatu (3) z’imbonezamubano n’urubanza rumwe (1) rw’umurimo. Imanza zashingiye ku mirongo isanzweho ni imanza enye (4).

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I. IMANZA ZATANZE IMIRONGO

1.1. IMANZA Z’INSHINJABYAHA

A. Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego cy’ihanagurabusembwa ku wahawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika akagira ibyo ategekwa kubahiriza

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza Nº RPA 00101/2023/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 13/03/2024, haburana INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire; hari n’Ubushinjacyaha (igika cya 24-27).

Ingingo z’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho:

 Ingingo ya 231, igika cya mbere y’Itegeko Nº 27/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ibikurikira: “Imbabazi zitangwa na Perezida wa Repubulika zishobora gutangwa nta mabwiriza agomba kubahirizwa cyangwa hari amabwiriza uwagiriwe imbabazi agomba kubahiriza avuzwe mu cyemezo cyazo. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya niba kumara imyaka 5 uhawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika bihagije kugira ngo hatangwe ihanagurabusembwa.

Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Ihanagurabusembwa – Igihe kigomba gushira kugira ngo hasabwe ihanagurabusembwa – Itangwa ry’ihanagurabusembwa ku wahawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida, akagira ibyo ategekwa kubahiriza.

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 Ingingo ya 246 y’iryo tegeko rimaze kuvugwa, iteganya ko: “Ihanagurabusembwa rishobora gutangwa iyo hashize imyaka itanu (5) kandi niba muri icyo gihe uwakatiwe yarakomeje kugaragaraho ibimenyetso nyakuri by’imyifatire myiza. Icyo gihe gitangira kubarwa: 1° (…); 2° kuva ku munsi yafunguriweho burundu cyangwa kuva ku munsi yaboneyeho ifungurwa ry’agateganyo iyo atigeze aryamburwa k’uwakatiwe igihano cy’igifungo. (…)”

Imvano y’ikibazo Mu rubanza RPA 0255/12/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ku wa 13/12/2013, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire yahamwe n’icyaha cy’ubugambanyi bugamije kugirira nabi ubutegetsi buriho, n’ingingo z’imena z’Itegeko Nshinga hakoreshejwe iterabwoba n’intambara cyangwa n’izindi mbaraga zose, icyaha cyo gupfobya jenoside, icyaha cyo kwamamaza nkana ibihuha bigamije kugomesha rubanda urwangisha ubutegetsi buriho. Urwo Rukiko rwamuhanishije igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). Iteka rya Perezida Nº131/01 ryo ku wa 14/09/2018 ryahaye imbabazi, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire. Mu ngingo yaryo ya 2, uwahawe imbabazi yategetswe kubahiriza ibi bikurikira kugeza igihe cy’igifungo cyari gisigaye kirangiriye: 1 º Kwiyereka umushinjacyaha wo ku Rwego rw’Ibanze rw’aho aba, aho ubushinjacyaha bukorera, no kumumenyesha Umudugudu, Akagari, Umurenge n’Akarere by’aho aba, mu gihe cy’iminsi cumi n’itanu (15) kuva iri teka ritangajwe mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda; 2 º kwitaba umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Ibanze rw’aho atuye, aho ubushinjacyaha bukorera, inshuro imwe mu kwezi (1) ku munsi wagenwe n’umushinjacyaha rw’Ibanze. Iyo ku rwego bidashoboka kwitaba ku munsi wagenwe, asaba kutitaba mu nyandiko igenewe umushinjacyaha mbere y’uko uwo munsi ugera.

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Umushinjacyaha asubiza mu minsi itatu (3). Iyo adasubije bifatwa nk’aho ubusabe bwemewe; 3 º gusaba Minisitiri ufite ubutabera mu nshingano ze uruhushya igihe cyose ashatse kujya mu mahanga. Mu rubanza N° RP 00101/2023/HC/KIG, INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru, asaba ihanagurabusembwa, ashingiye ku ngingo ya 245-246, 250-251 z’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ziteganya ko ihanagurabusembwa rishobora gutangwa iyo hashize imyaka itanu (5) kandi muri icyo gihe uwakatiwe yarakomeje kugaragaraho ibimenyetso nyakuri by’imyifatire myiza. Akavuga ko kuva afunguwe ku mbabazi za Perezida wa Repubulika, imyaka itanu (5) iteganywa n’Itegeko yarangiye, ko yubahirije inshingano yashyiriweho n’Iteka rya Perezida ryamuhaye imbabazi, ko ndetse n’aho atuye yitwaye neza, mu gihe Ubushinjacyaha bwo bwagaragazaga ko adakwiye guhabwa ihanagurabusembwa kubera ko yagaragaweho imyitwarire mibi bwasobanuye mu rubanza. Mu kuburana, Ubushinjacyaha kimwe na INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire bemeranywa ko hubahirizwa igihe cy’imyaka itanu (5) kivugwa mu ngingo ya 246 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, aho kubahiriza Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika ngo kuko itegeko riri hejuru y’Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika. Urukiko rwasuzumye ibihe biteganywa n’ingingo ya 246 y’itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru rubihuza n’ibyo INGABIRE UMUHOZA Victoire yategetswe kubahiriza mu iteka ryamuhaye imbabazi, rusanga rwabara ibihe biri mu iteka kuko ariryo tegeko ryihariye (Loi spciale/Special Law).

Umurongo watanzwe: Uwahawe imbabazi n’Iteka rya Perezida ntashobora guhabwa ihanagurabusembwa mu gihe ibyo yasabwe n’iryo teka kubahiriza bikigomba gukurikizwa, kabone n’ubwo imyaka itanu (5) ivugwa mu yandi mategeko yaba yararangiye.

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B. Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego cy’ihanagurabusembwa k’uwahawe igihano ntakirangize kugeza gishaje.

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza Nº RP 00090/2023/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 18/03/2024, haburana INGABIRE Vanessa; hari n’Ubushinjacyaha (ibika bya 11-13).

Ingingo z’amategeko umurongo ushingiyeho.  Ingingo ya 246, igika cya 3 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ibikurikira: “Ku byerekeye abasubiracyaha n’abarengeje igihe cyo gukurikiranwaho ibihano, igihe kibarwa ni icy’imyaka icumi (10) kuva bafunguwe cyangwa kuva ku munsi igihe cyo kudashobora gukurikirana ibihano cyatangiriye”.  Ingingo ya 118 y’Itegeko-Teka N° 21/77 ryo ku wa 18 Kanama 1977 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, yateganyaga ko ibihano by'igifungo cy'imyaka itanu cyangwa kiri hasi, bizima iyo hashize incuro ebyili z'igihe kingana n'igihano cyaciwe, aliko kandi icyo gihe ntigishobora kujya hasi y'imyaka itatu.

Imanza z’inshinjabyaha - Ihanagurabusembwa - Ibihe byo gutanga ikirego gisaba ihanagurabusembwa ku muburanyi wakatiwe n’urukiko igihano cy’igifungo ariko ntagikore kigasaza. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Ibarwa ry’ibihe byo gusaba ihanagurabusemwa ku wahawe ibihano bigasaza atarabikora.

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Imvano y’ikibazo: Mu ica ry’urubanza Nº RP 0275/08/TB/KCY rwaciwe ku wa 02 Mata 2012, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru rwahamije INGABIRE Vanessa icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, rumuhanisha igifungo cy'amezi atanu (5) no gutanga amagarama y'urubanza angana n’ibihumbi bitandatu na magana atanu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda (6.500 FRW). Ku wa 18/10/2023, INGABIRE Vanessa yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru asaba ihanagurabusembwa, ashingira ko kuba ibisabwa n’itegeko byose yabyubahirije. Avuga kandi ko habayeho ubusaze bw’igihano yahanishijwe kuko hashize imyaka cumi n'umwe (11) kuva urubanza rwamuhanishije igifungo cy’amezi atanu (5) ruciwe. Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko INGABIRE Vanessa atujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ahabwe ihanagurabusembwa asaba, kuko n’ubwo habayeho ubusaze bw’igihano cy’igifungo cy’amezi atanu (5) yakatiwe n’inkiko, ataruzuza igihe cy’imyaka icumi (10) kibarwa uhereye igihe kudashobora gukurikiranwa ngo arangize igihano byatangiriye. Mu iburanisha mu mizi, nyuma yo gusesengura ibisobanurwa n’impande zombi no kubihuza n’amategeko yavuzwe, rwasanze uwahamwe n’icyaha, agahanishwa ibihano by’igifungo ariko ntabikore bigasaza, asaba ihanagurabusembwa ari uko hashize imyaka icumi (10), ibarwa uhereye igihe ubusaze bw’igihano yakatiwe bwatangiriye, aho guhera igihe urubanza rwaciriwe.

Umurongo watanzwe: Uwakatiwe n’urukiko igihano cy’igifungo ntagikore kugeza gishaje, ikirego cye gisaba ihanagurabusembwa cyakirwa iyo hashize imyaka icumi (10), itangira kubarwa uhereye igihe ubusaze bw’igihano yakatiwe bwatangiriye.

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Izindi manza zafashwemo uyu umurongo:  Urubanza Nº RP 00068/2023/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 25/03/2024, haburana MUGABO Fidèle, hari n’Ubushinjacyaha (ibika bya 22 - 24).  Urubanza Nº RP 00034/2023/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 25/03/2024, haburana INGABIRE Sarah, hari n’Ubushinjacyaha (Ibika bya 18 - 20).

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1.2. IMANZA Z’IMBONEZAMUBANO

A. Ikosa ry’uwatanze ikirego mu manza z’ubutane

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza rubanziriza urundi Nº RS/INJUST/RC 00005/2022/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 09/02/2024, haburana RUKUNDO Lhin Pierre na MUHONGERWA Anualite (igika cya 10 – 11).

Ingingo y’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho: Ingingo ya 207, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira: «Kugira ngo ikirego cyakirwe, ugoboka ku bushake agomba kugaragaza inyungu yemewe n’amategeko, itaziguye kandi ye bwite».

Imvano y’ikibazo: RUKUNDO na MUHONGERWA bari barashyingiranywe mu mwaka wa 2005, bigeze nyuma y’imyaka 12, RUKUNDO Lhin Pierre yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze gisaba gutandukana burundu ashingiye ku mpamvu y’uko umugore yamuhozaga ku nkeke, ariko akivugira ko izo nkeke zatumye ahunga urugo. Imanza z’imbonezamubano – Amategeko agenga Umuryango – Ubutane – Guta urugo kwakozwe n’uregera urukiko asaba gutandukana burundu. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya niba ubutane bushobora gutangwa hashingiwe ku ikosa rikomoka ku wareze.

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MUHONGERWA Annualite avuga ko nta nkeke yigeze ashyira ku mugabo we, ko ahubwo ariwe utakimushaka kuko ngo asanga ashaje, akaba atarashakaga ko bahabwa ubutane. Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwemeje ko hatangwa ubutane bwa burundu hagati ya RUKUNDO Lhin Pierre na MUHONGERWA Annualite rushingiye ko batakibana, ko abashyingiranywe batubahirije amategeko y’imibanire y’abashyingiranywe, rwemeza ko ubutane butangwa ku makosa ya RUKUNDO wataye urugo. MUHONGERWA Annualite yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwashingiye ku kuba ngo RUKUNDO yarataye urugo nyamara iyi mpamvu nta n’umwe mu baburanyi wayiburanishije, bivuze ko urukiko rwishakiye impamvu rwashingiyeho rutanga ubutane kandi rutari umuburanyi mu rubanza rw’abashakanye, ko kuba Urukiko rw’Ibanze rutarashingiye ubutane ku nkeke RUKUNDO yavugaga mu itangwa ry’ikirego cye, ari uko rwasanze izo nkeke ntazabayeho; bityo, ko rwagombaga kwemeza ko ubutane budatanzwe kuko nta nkeke MUHONGERWA yashyize kuri RUKUNDO nk’uko rwari rwabibonye. RUKUNDO yireguye kuri ubwo bujurire avuga ko hatangwa ubutane ku makosa ya MUHONGERWA Annuarite kuko yayagaragaje no mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze aho rwabajije abatangabuhamya bazi imibanire mibi yabo ko yamuhozaga ku nkeke akaba ari MUHONGERWA wabaye nyirabayazana yo kuba yaravuye mu rugo rwabo. Urukiko rwajuririwe rwasuzumye impamvu z’ubujurire, rwemeza ko impamvu y’itangwa ry’ubutane ishingiye ku kuba umugabo RUKUNDO yaba yarataye urugo bitigeze biburanwaho muri urwo rukiko ndetse ko n’uwagakwiye gutanga iyo mpamvu, we atigeze asaba ubutane cyangwa ngo ayiburanishe, cyane cyane ko we atemeraga n’uko hatangwa ubutane, rwemeza ko nta butane bwa burundu butanzwe; bityo, ruhindura imikirize y’Urukiko rw’Ibanze. RUKUNDO Lhin Pierre yasabye ko urubanza RCA 00086/2019/TGI/GSBO rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ashingiye ko hari ibimenyetso

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byirengagijwe n’Urukiko byemeza ko yahozwaga ku nkeke nk’impamvu y’ubutane. Isubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane ryaremewe, urubanza rwoherezwa mu Rukiko Rukuru. Mu ica ry’urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko habayeho akarengane mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye kuko rwanze kwemeza ubutane n’ubwo impamvu yo guhoza ku nkeke yashingirwagaho na RUKUNDO nta shingiro cyangwa ibimenyetso yagaragaje, ahubwo hatangwa ubutane nk’umuti w’ikibazo (Divorce – remède/Divorce as a remede), rwemeza ko kuba RUKUNDO yarataye urugo, atakwitwaza amakosa ye ngo asabe ubutane kuko nta mpamvu ifite ishingiro yagaragaje yatumye aruta.

Umurongo watanzwe: Uwatanze ikirego cy’ubutane bwa burundu, wiyemerera ko yataye urugo, ntakwiye guhabwa ubwo butane hashingiwe ku makossa ye. Icyakora, Urukiko rushobora gutanga ubutane rushingiye ku zindi mpamvu zirimo izemeranywaho n’ababuranyi ko batagishoboye kubana, ubutane bwa burundu bugatangwa nk’umuti w’ikibazo (Divorce – remède/Divorce as a remedy).

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B. Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane mu manza z’ubutane

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00008/2022/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, ku wa 09/02/2024, haburana INGABIRE Josephine na SAFARI François. (Igika cya 15-18).

Ingingo y’amategeko umurongo ushingiyeho:  Ingingo ya 195 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi ivuga ko “Iyo ababuranyi bombi bemeranyijwe gukemura amakimbirane bafitanye cyangwa bashobora kugirana, bashobora kuregera urukiko mu mwanzuro umwe utanzwe n’impande zombi kandi ugaragaza ikibazo bifuza ko rubakemurira. Si umuburanyi uba urega undi ahubwo ababuranyi bombi baba bifuza ko urukiko rubakiranura.  Ingingo ya 229 y’Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango iteganya ko “Gutana guturutse ku bwumvikane gusabwa n’abashyingiranywe bombi bamaze kumvikana ku gusesa Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya niba ikirego cy’ubutane bwumvikanyweho (divorce par consentement mutuel/Divorce by mutual consent) kigomba gutangwa n’ababuranyi bombi (requête conjointe/Jointly application) cyangwa cyatangwa n’umuburanyi umwe agashingira ku masezerano yagiranye n’uwo b b t Amategeko agenga umuryango - Ubutane - Umutungo w’abashyingiranywe - Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane akozwe hagati y’abashyingiranywe ivangamutungo rusange itarashingiweho n’umwe mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’ubutane.

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ishyingirwa no ku nkurikizi zaryo kandi bagashyikiriza umucamanza amasezerano akemura ingaruka z’ubutane ku bashyingiranywe n’umutungo wabo kimwe n’abana babo. Icyakora, ubutane bwasabwe n’umwe mu bashyingiranywe bushobora guhinduka ubutane bwumvikanyweho mu gihe uregwa yemera ko ikirego gifite ishingiro akemera ubutane”.  Ingingo ya 207 y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru iteganya ko “Ugushyingirwa biha abashyingiranywe uburyo bwo gushinga umuryango ndemyabuzima, kukanabaha itegeko ryo kubana”. Imvano y’ikibazo INGABIRE Josephine yashakanye byemewe n’amategeko na SAFARI François ku wa 28/11/2010 mu Murenge wa Ruhuha, bahitamo ivangamutungo rusange nk'uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo w'abashakanye, baza kubyarana abana babiri. Ku itariki ya 08/12/2017, INGABIRE Josephine na SAFARI Francois bagiranye amasezerano y’ubwumvikane bw’uburyo bazagabana imitungo mu gihe baba batandukanye. Nyuma, buri wese yatanze ikirego cy’ubutane mu Rukiko rw'Ibanze rwa Kicukiro byaje guhurizwa hamwe bihabwa nimero imwe ariyo RC 00419/2019/TB/KICU ariko muri uko gutanga ikirego SAFARI Francois niwe washingiye kuri ya masezerano y’ubwumvikane naho INGABIRE Josephine ashingira ku makosa y’umugabo avuga ko amuhoza ku nkeke. Mu icibwa ry’urubanza, urukiko rwanzuye ko INGABIRE Josephine na SAFARI batandukanye burundu, kandi ko bagabana imitungo hashingiwe ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane bagiranye ku wa 08/12/2017, ruvuga ko INGABIRE Josephine yayasinye imbere ya noteri nta gahato ashyizweho. INGABIRE Josephine yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ruhabwa nimero RCA 00071/2020/TGI/NYGE, urwo rukiko rwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku cyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze. INGABIRE Josephine yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru asaba gusubirishamo urubanza RCA 00071/20/TGI/NYGE ku mpamvu z’akarengane,

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kaje kwemerwa, urubanza rwoherezwa mu Rukiko Rukuru kugira ngo rusubirwemo ku mpamvu z’akarengane; icyo kirego cyanditswe kuri nimero RS/INJUST/RC 00008/2022/HC/KIG. INGABIRE Josephine avuga ko akarengane ke gashingiye ku kuba inkiko zabanje zarashingiye ku bwumvikane aho gushingira ku mategeko, rubagabanya imitungo kandi ayo masezerano y’ubwumvikane atariyo bose bashingiyeho batanga ikirego cy’ubutane. SAFARI Francois avuga ko we na INGABIRE Josephine bagiranye amasezerano y’ubwumvikane akorewe imbere ya Noteri agaragaza uko imitungo yabo izagabanwa mu gihe kubana byaba bitagishobotse ndetse ko ayo masezerano yakozwe nta gahato, ko nta n’amategeko yirengagijwe, akaba asanga nta karengane gashingiye kuri ayo masezerano kabayeho. Mu ica ry’urubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ikirego cya INGABIRE Josephine cyo gusubirishamo urubanza RCA 00071/2020/TGI/NYGE ku mpamvu z’akarengane gifite ishingiro, rukiza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ndetse rwemeza ko ubutane bwa INGABIRE Josephine na SAFARI Francois butagombaga gutangwa hashingiye ku bwumvikane, ahubwo ko butanzwe ku mpamvu z’uko imibanire yabo itagishobotse, rutegeka ko abana barerwa na nyina ndetse rwemeza uburyo imitungo bashakanye ikwiye kugabanwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko aho gushingira ku masezerano y’ubwumvikane kuko atashingiweho na bombi mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’ubutane.

Umurongo watanzwe: Amasezerano y’ubwumvikane bw’abashyingiranywe ntashobora gushingirwaho nk’impamvu yo gutanga ubutane bwumvikanyweho kuko kugira ngo ubutane bwumvikanyweho butangwe ari uko hagomba kuba hari ikirego cyatanzwe mu Rukiko n’ababuranyi bombi (requête conjointe/Jointly application) maze bakomekaho amasezerano bagiranye agaragaza uburyo bakemuye ibibazo byabo harimo imitungo n’ibijyanye n’abana babo.

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1.3. IMANZA Z’UMURIMO

Intumwa z’abakozi mu kigo (Délégués du Personnel/Employees’ Representatives)

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza Nº RSOCA 00042/2023/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 15/02/2024, haburana BIZIMANA Paul na CROIX ROUGE RWANDAISE (Igika cya 15 - 17).

Ingingo y’itegeko umurongo ushingiyeho: Ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko N° 66/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, ivuga ko “Ikigo cyujuje ibisabwa kigira intumwa z’abakozi n’abasimbura bazo batorwa n’abakozi bagenzi babo. Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite umurimo mu nshingano ze rigena uburyo itora ry’intumwa z’abakozi n’abasimbura bazo rikorwa, inshingano zazo n’uburyo zizuzuza”. Imanza z’Umurimo – Itegeko rigenga umurimo – Intumwa z’abakozi – Kurangiza manda kw’intumwa z’abakozi – kutongererwa manda cyangwa kudatorwa kw’intumwa z’abakozi – Umukozi ushyikirije ikibazo cye Umugenzuzi w’umurimo kitabanje gushyikirizwa Intumwa z’abakozi. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya ububasha bw’Intumwa z’Abakozi mu gihe manda yazo zatorewe yarangiye ntiyongerwe cyangwa ngo hatorwe izindi.

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Ingingo ya 5 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 01 ryo ku wa 11/11/2014 rigena uburyo intumwa z’abakozi zitorwa n’uko zuzuza inshingano zazo, iteganya ko: “Intumwa z’abakozi zitorerwa manda y’imyaka itatu (3). Zishobora kongera gutorwa”. Ingingo ya 4 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 003/19.20 ryo ku wa 17/03/2020 ryerekeye intumwa z’abakozi, ivuga ko: “Intumwa z’abakozi n’abasimbura bazo zitorerwa manda y’imyaka itatu (3) ishobora kongerwa”. Imvano y’ikibazo: BIZIMANA Paul wari umukozi wa Croix Rouge y’u Rwanda kuva ku itariki ya 07/01/2000, agengwa n’amasezerano y’akazi y’igihe kitazwi (Contrat indeterminé/Indeterminate employment contract), ku itariki 12/10/2020 yaje kwirukanwa, avuga ko yirukanywe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. BIZIMANA Paul yabanje gutakambira umukoresha we asaba ko hakubahirizwa itegeko rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda, binaniranye yiyambaza Umugenzuzi w’Umurimo, uyu ahuza impande zose; nyuma ubwumvikane bwarananiranye, atanga icyemezo cyemerera BIZIMANA kuregera urukiko rufite ububasha. BIZIMANA Paul yaregeye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo, urugereko ruburanisha imanza z’umurimo, asaba ko rwemeza ko yirukanywe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, akagenerwa indishyi zishingiye ku itegeko rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda. Mu kuburana, Croix Rouge yatanze inzitizi yo kuba BIZIMANA atarabanje kugeza ikibazo cye ku ntumwa z’abakozi. Kuri iyo nzitizi, BIZIMANA yavuze ko intumwa z’abakozi zarangije manda kandi ko nta zindi zatorewe indi manda zari zihari. Mu ica ry’urubanza RSOC 00211/2022/TGI/GSBO, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo rwemeje kutakira ikirego cya BIZIMANA Paul ku mpamvu y’uko atabanje gushyikiriza ikibazo cye intumwa z’abakozi; bityo, ko atubahirije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 102 y’Itegeko N° 66/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 rigenga umurimo mu Rwanda.

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BIZIMANA Paul yajuriye avuga ko manda y’abakozi yari yararangiye mu mwaka wa 2018 kandi ko Iteka rya Minisitiri ryariho icyo gihe ritateganyaga “tacite reconduction”, ko n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ryashyizweho nyuma y’itegeko ry’umurimo rya 2018, nta ntumwa z’abakozi zashyizweho kugeza yirukanywe mu mwaka wa 2020; bityo, ko atagombaga kugeza ikibazo cye ku ntumwa z’abakozi zitabagaho. CROIX Rouge yo ivuga ko intumwa z’abakozi zatowe kandi zariho BIZIMANA Paul asezererwa, akaba atarigeze yandikira izo ntumwa ngo azigezeho ikibazo, ngo nazo zimubwire ko manda yazo yarangiye ku buryo ntacyo zamumarira maze abone kujya ku Mugenzuzi w’Umurimo; bityo, ko ibyo BIZIMANA Paul avuga ko izo ntumwa z’abakozi zarangije manda nta shingiro byahabwa kuko niba itegeko ryarateganyije ko uwo muhango (Procedure) w’ingenzi wo kubanza kugeza ikibazo ku ntumwa z’abakozi ugomba gukorwa, ko na BIZIMANA Paul yagombaga kuwubahiriza mbere yo gutanga ikirego. Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye ikibazo kijyanye no kumenya niba intumwa z’abakozi zari zaratowe cyangwa zari ziriho mu gihe cyo gusezererwa kwa BIZIMANA Paul. Rwasanze manda y’intumwa z’abakozi yararangiye mu mwaka wa 2018 nyuma yo gutorerwa manda y’imyaka itatu mu mwaka wa 2015, ko iyo manda itongeye kongerwa; bityo, ko n’igihe hashyizweho Iteka rya Minisitiri rishya mu mwaka wa 2020, Croix Rouge itigeze itoresha izindi ntumwa z’abakozi ngo BIZIMANA abe arizo yaba yarashyikirije ikibazo cye.

Umurongo watanzwe: Kudatoresha Intumwa z’Abakozi mu kigo, ntibyaba ikosa ry’Umukozi utariyambaje izo ntumwa mu gihe zitabagaho, ahubwo byaba ari ikosa ryUmukoresha; bityo ko uyu atakwitwaza ayo makossa ye ngo atange inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cy’Umukozi waregeye kwirukanwa. Kuba nta Ntumwa z’Abakozi zatowe mu kigo ntabwo bizitira Umukozi kwiyambaza izindi nzego z’Umurimo harimo Ubugenzuzi bw’Umurimo n’Inkiko zibifitiye ububasha.

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II. IMANZA ZASHINGIYE KU MIRONGO IMENYEREWE

2.1. Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane mu manza z’ubutane

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00008/2022/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, ku wa 09/02/2024, haburana INGABIRE Josephine na SAFARI François. (Igika cya 15-18).

Ingingo z’amategeko umurongo ushingiyeho:

 Ingingo ya 229 y’Itegeko Nº 32/2016 ryo ku wa 28/08/2016 rigenga abantu n’umuryango ivuga iti: “Gutana guturutse ku bwumvikane gusabwa n’abashyingiranywe bombi bamaze kumvikana ku gusesa ishyingirwa no ku nkurikizi zaryo kandi bagashyikiriza umucamanza amasezerano akemura ingaruka z’ubutane ku bashyingiranywe n’umutungo wabo kimwe n’abana babo. Icyakora, ubutane bwasabwe n’umwe mu bashyingiranywe bushobora guhinduka ubutane bwumvikanyweho mu gihe uregwa yemera ko ikirego gifite ishingiro, akemera ubutane”.  Ingingo ya 8, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 27/2016 ryo ku wa 08/07/2016 rigenga imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano Amategeko agenga umuryango - Ubutane - Umutungo w’abashyingiranywe - Agaciro k’inyandiko y’ubwumvikane akozwe hagati y’abashyingiranywe ivangamutungo rusange itarashingiweho n’umwe mu itangwa ry’ikirego cy’ubutane. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya agaciro k’amasezerano ku igabana ry’imitungo, yakozwe hagati y’abasezeranye ivangamutungo rusange, hatagamijwe guhindura uburyo bw’imicungire y’umutungo w’abo basezeranye.

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n’izungura, iteganya ko «iyo uburyo bw’ivangamutungo rusange busheshwe ku mpamvu z’ubutane cyangwa guhindura uburyo bw’imicungire y’umutungo, abari barashyingiranywe kuvanga umutungo bagabana ku buryo bungana cyangwa mu bundi buryo bumvikanye imitungo n’imyenda (…).”

Urubanza umurongo ushingiyeho:  Urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/CIV/0012/16/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 01/06/2018, haburana UWAMWEZI Josephine na RANGHELLA Giussepe.

Izindi manza zafashwemo uyu murongo:

 Urubanza Nº RCAA 00012/2019/HC/KIG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 10/09/2020, TWAYIGIRA Joseph aburana na AKIMANA Pélagie (igika cya 9-10, 18-23).

Umurongo uhuriweho n’izindi manza: Kugabana imitungo y’abashyingiranywe mu buryo bw’ivangamutungo, amasezerano y’ubwumvikane nta gaciro aba afite igihe atakozwe hagamijwe guhinduza uburyo bwo gucunga umutungo hagati yabo kuko ivangamutungo riba rigikomeje igihe cyose batari bahabwa ubutane, bityo, ntakwiye gushingirwaho.

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2.2. Impaka ku bimenyetso by’imyaka y’amavuko y’uwasambanyijwe

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza Nº RPA 00958/2022/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 31/01/2024, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na HABIMANA Damien (igika cya 17).

Urubanza umurongo ushingiyeho : Urubanza Nº RPAA 00633/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/09/2023, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na ISHIMWE Wellars (igika cya 17).

Urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha – Kumenya imyaka y’uwasambanyijwe – Inyandiko y’ivuka (Acte de naissance/ Birth record) mu gihe hari impaka ku bindi bimenyetso – Inyandiko y’ivuka (Acte de naissance/Birth record) yatanzwe n’Umwanditsi w’irangamimerere, niyo igomba gushingirwaho habarwa imyaka umwana yari afite igihe yasambanywaga, mu gihe hari impaka ku bindi bimenyetso byatanzwe n’ababuranyi.

Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Ni ikihe kimenyetso cyemewe mu kugaragaza imyaka y’umwana wasambanyijwe, mu gihe nta kimenyetso kimara impaka cyagaragajwe? Umurongo uhuriweho n’izindi manza: Inyandiko y’ivuka (Acte de Naissance/ Birth record) itanzwe n’Umwanditsi w’irangamimerere w’aho umwana yavukiye cyangwa se w’aho ababyeyi be baba cyangwa batuye niyo ishingirwaho habarwa imyaka umwana yari afite igihe yasambanywaga. Mu gihe itabonetse, hatangwa urubanza ruyisimbura (Jugement supplétif/Substituting or replacing Judgment).

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Izindi manza zafashwemo uyu murongo:  Urubanza Nº RPAA 00309/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 16/09/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na IRADUKUNDA Daniel (igika cya 22).  Urubanza Nº RPAA 00662/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/10/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na BANGINEZA Jean Claude (igika cya 22).  Urubanza Nº RPAA 00133/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/05/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NYIRINGABO Emmanuel.  Urubanza Nº RPAA 00405/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 29/11/2022, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NSABIMANA Alphonse (igika cya 20). Urubanza ruyoboye izindi (Leading case): Urubanza ruyoboye izindi ni Urubanza Nº RPAA 00133/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/05/2021, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NYIRINGABO Emmanuel kuko arirwo Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwashingiyeho kandi akaba arirwo rwaciwe mbere y’izindi. I 2.3. Imvugo z’abatangabuhamya uregwa avuga ko bafite icyo bapfa

Urubanza rwasuzumwe: Urubanza Nº RPA/ECON 00085/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 06/03/2024, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na NIZEYIMANA Jean Marie Vianney (igika cya 18). Urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha – Kunyereza umutungo – Ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya - Agaciro k’imvugo z’umutangabuhamya uregwa avuga ko bafitanye amakimbirane.

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Urubanza umurongo ushingiyeho: Urubanza Nº RPAA 00120/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/05/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na GAHIGI Anastase (igika cya 17). Ingingo z’amategeko umurongo ushingiyeho: Ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko: «Urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rupima ko imikirize y’abatangabuhamya ihuye n’ikiburanwa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa guhakanwa. Ntirwitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya. Rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo babivuga uko byagenze ntacyo bihimbira ».

Izindi manza zafashwemo uyu murongo:  Urubanza N° RPAA 0117/07/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/09/2010, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Cpl NGABONZIZA Faustin na Sgt BIZIYAREMYE Jean Baptiste (igika cya 8).  Urubanza N° RPAA 00407/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/04/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NSABIMANA Albert Alias TUYISHIME (igika cya 25).

Ikibazo cyasuzumwe: Kumenya niba imvugo z’abatangabuhamya uregwa avuga ko bafite icyo bapfa zashingirwaho. Umurongo uhuriweho n’izindi manza: N’ubwo abatangabuhamya babajijwe baba bafite icyo bapfa n’abaregwa, ibyo ntibyafatwa nk’umuziro kuribo utuma batabazwa, icy’ingenzi ni uko imvugo zabo zitapfa kwemerwa cyangwa ngo zihakanwe zitabanje gusuzumwa n’Urukiko.

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Urubanza ruyoboye izindi (Leading case): Urubanza N° RPAA 0117/07/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 17/09/2010, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Cpl NGABONZIZA Faustin na Sgt BIZIYAREMYE Jean Baptiste kuko arirwo rwaciwe mbere.

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UMWANZURO

Nk’uko twabivuze mu ijambo ry’ibanze, aka gatabo kagamije korohereza abacamanza, abanditsi n’ababuranyi muri rusange kumenya imirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. Nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko, hari imanza zicibwa ubwa nyuma n’Urukiko Rukuru, haseguriwe ububasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga bwo kwemeza ko urubanza runaka rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane.

Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 9 y’Amabwiriza Nº 0001/2021 yo ku wa 15 Werurwe 2021 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, agenga itangazwa ry’imanza mu cyegeranyo cy’ibyemezo by’Inkiko, buri mucamanza ategetswe gukurikiza imirongo yashyizweho n’Urukiko akoramo ndetse n’imirongo yashyizweho n’inkiko ziri hejuru y’urwo akoramo. Icyakora, mu gihe ikibazo gisuzumwa kidasa n’icyasuzumwe mu murongo usanzweho, umucamanza amaze kubigaragaza ashobora gutanga umurongo ukwiranye n’ikibazo cyasuzumwe (distinguishing).

Ni muri urwo rwego, imirongo yagaragaye muri aka gatabo igomba kumurikira abacamanza b’Urukiko Rukuru ndetse n’ab’inkiko zose ziri munsi yarwo ku bijyanye n’ibyemezo zifata ariko Urukiko Rukuru narwo ndetse n’izo nkiko zose zikitwararika kubahiriza imirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’iyatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. By’umwihariko, turasaba ababuranyi baburanira mu Rukiko Rukuru ko mbere yo gukora umwanzuro ugenewe uru Rukiko, bakwiye kujya bareba niba ikibazo kigibwaho impaka kitarigeze kibonerwa igisubizo mu manza zabanje, bifashishije imirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire cyangwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga.

Twese dufatanyije, mureke duharanire kugera ku ntego yo gutanga ubutabera bunoze kandi mu buryo bumwe.