KARIM JOHN MOHAMMED HUDANI V. MUNYEMANA N’UNDI

# KARIM JOHN MOHAMMED HUDANI V. MUNYEMANA N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2020-05-21 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00012/2019/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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KARIM JOHN MOHAMMED HUDANI V. MUNYEMANA N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO R’UBUJURIRE – RS/INJUST/RC 00012/2019/CA (MUKANDAMAGE, P.J; KAMERE na NGAGI J.) 21 Gicurasi 2020] Itegeko agenga amasezerano – amasezerano y’ubugure – kwibeshya mu masezerano – iyo habayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe mu masezerano y’ubugure cyangwa ku yindi ngingo y’igenzi igize amasezerano, uwibeshye ashobora gusaba ko amasezerano aseswa, ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano. Incamake y’ikibazo: 1. Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge, KARIM John Mohammed Hudani arega Munyemana na Nyirafashaho asaba ko bava mu mutungo baguze kuko banze kuwuvamo kandi yarabishyuye avuga yabishyuye amafaranga yose bumvikanye. Munyemana na Nyirafashaho bo bireguye bavuga ko Karim John Mohammed Hudani yakoresheje uburiganya, yiyandikishaho ubutaka bwose kandi baramugurishije gusa igice cy’ubutaka buburanwa. Bavuga ko yatwara aho yaguze bitaba ibyo amasezerano y’ubugure agaseswa, bakamusubiza amafaranga ye. Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge, rwasanze amafaranga Karim John Mohammed Hudani yaguze aho hantu ntaho ahuriye n’agaciro kaho ndetse n’ibiri kuri ubwo butaka, rwemeza ko habayeho kwibeshya kw’uwagurishije ku cyo yagurishije, kuko yari azi ko agurishije ikibanza nk’uko bigaragara mu masezerano yo ku wa 23/01/2017 mu gihe uwaguze we avuga ko yaguze ubutaka bwose, maze rwemeza ko ayo masezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro, abaregwa bakamusubiza ikiguzi bahawe naho icyangombwa kibaruye kuri Karim John Mohammed Hudani, kikava ku mazina ye kikandikwa ku mazina ya Munyemana n’umugore we Nyirafashaho. Karim yajuririye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga, narwo rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite. Karim John Mohammed Hudani ntiyishimiye imikirize yurwo rubanza, yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, asaba ko urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, hagasuzumwa ibimenyetso n’amategeko yashingiweho, rukamurenganura. Nyuma yo gusuzuma ubwo busabe, Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko urwo rubanza rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nawe yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo, maze arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo ruruburanishe. Mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire abahagarariye Karim John Mohammed Hudani bavuga ko baguze ubutaka bwose bufite UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, bufite metero 64 kuri metero 34 ndetse nibiburiho byose,Naho abahagarariye Munyemana na Nyirafashaho bavuga ko bagurisjije igice cy’ubutaka buburanwa (ikibanza).Urukiko rwemeje ko habayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe, rwemeza ko

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ikirego cyatanzwe na KARIM John Mohammed Hudani cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro gifite, rukaba rugomba kugumana agaciro karwo. Incamake y’icyemezo: iyo habayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe mu masezerano y’ubugure cyangwa ku yindi ngingo y’igenzi igize amasezerano, ibintu bishobora gusubira uko byari bimeze mbere yuko amasezerano akorwa, kuba uwaguze yasubiza icyaguzwe naho uwagurishije agasubiza amafaranga nta kosa riba ryakozwe. Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane nta shingiro bifite. Amategeko yashingiweho. Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 47 Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 111 Nta manza zifashishijwe. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: François Terré, Philippe Simler, Yves Lequette, Droit civil, Les Obligations, 11 ème édition, 2013, Paris, Dalloz, p. 233 Alain Bénabent, Droit civil, Les Obligations, 11 ème édition, 2011, Paris, Montchrestien, pp.62 et 69. I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge, Karim John Mohammed Hudani arega Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata avuga ko ku wa 08/10/2016 bagiranye amasezerano y’agateganyo y’ubugure bw’ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, bufite metero 64 kuri metero 34, buherereye mu Mudugudu wa Kibaya, Akagari ka Ruyenzi, Umurenge wa Runda, Akarere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, ku kiguzi cya 5.000.000 Frw, abishyura 1.000.000 Frw ako kanya, amafaranga asigaye bumvikana ko azayabaha ari uko hamaze gukorwa ihererekanya ry’ubutaka, agenda yishyura make make ageza ku wa 23/01/2017 arangije kubishyura amafaranga yose bumvikanye, ko nyuma y’uko ihererekanya ry’ubutaka rirangiye, Karim John Mohammed Hudani yabasabye kuva mu mutungo bamugurishije barabyanga, yiyambaza inzego z’ubuyobozi kugira ngo zibumvikanishe, ariko birananirana. [2] Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bo bireguye bavuga ko Karim John Mohammed Hudani yakoresheje uburiganya, yiyandikishaho ubutaka bwose bubaruye kuri nº UPI:

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2/08/12/05/5473 kandi baramugurishije gusa ikibanza bari barashyize ku isoko, ko kandi yakiguze bakimweretse, akaba ashaka ubutaka yaguze n’ubwo ataguze yitwaje ko yabwiyandikshijeho bwose, basaba ko yatwara aho yaguze bitaba ibyo amasezerano y’ubugure agaseswa, bakamusubiza amafaranga ye. [3] Mu rubanza nº RC 00174/2017/TB/GAC rwaciwe ku wa 05/06/2018, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge, rwasanze amasezerano y’ubugure y’agateganyo yo ku wa 08/10/2016 yarakozwe mu rurimi rw’icyongereza abaregwa batumva, kandi ayo bagiranye nyuma ku wa 23/01/2017 yo kwishyurwa ikiguzi ari mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, akaba agaragaza ko baguze ikibanza, ko n’amafaranga Karim John Mohammed Hudani yaguze aho hantu ntaho ahuriye naho, ndetse n’agaciro k’ibiri kuri ubwo butaka, kuko hubatseho amazu abaregwa batuyemo, rwemeza ko habayeho kwibeshya kw’uwagurishije ku cyo yagurishije, kuko yari azi ko agurishije ikibanza (parcelle) nk’uko bigaragara mu masezerano yo ku wa 23/01/2017 mu gihe uwaguze we avuga ko yaguze ubutaka bwose, maze rwemeza ko ayo masezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro, abaregwa bakamusubiza 5.000.000 Frw yabahaye bagura, n’icyangombwa kibaruye kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 cyanditse kuri Karim John Mohammed Hudani, kikava ku mazina ye kikandikwa ku mazina ya Munyemana Juvénal n’umugore we Nyirafashaho Illuminata. [4] KARIM John Mohammed Hudani yajuririye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga, urwo Rukiko ruca urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG ku wa 10/01/2019, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko imikirize y’urubanza yajuririye idahindutse. [5] Karim John Mohammed Hudani ntiyishimiye iyo mikirize y’urubanza, ku wa 04/02/2019 yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, asaba ko urubanza RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, hagasuzumwa ibimenyetso n’amategeko yashingiweho, rukamurenganura. [6] Nyuma yo gusuzuma ubwo busabe, Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko urwo rubanza rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nawe, mu cyemezo nº 0163/CJ/2019, yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo, maze arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo ruruburanishe. [7] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 07/10/2020, Karim John Mohammed Hudani ahagariwe na Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva, naho Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata, batitabye kandi badahagarariwe, ariko nta mpamvu batanze yatumye batitaba, nyamara barahamagawe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, urubanza ruburanishwa badahari, maze Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva asobanura impamvu Karim John Mohammed Hudani ashingiraho asaba ko urubanza RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarenga, iburanisha rirapfundikirwa. [8] Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi rwaciwe ku wa 13/11/2020, Urukiko rwasanze mbere yo gufata icyemezo cya burundu ari ngombwa kugera aho ikiburanwa kiri hari ababuranyi bose, Nibagwire Régine, Nsengiyumva Louis na Nzayisenga Jean Claude babaye abahamya b’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza kiburanwa, maze iperereza rikorwa ku wa 09/12/2020 saa cyenda z’amanywa, urubanza rwongera kuburanishwa mu ruhame ku byarivuyemo ku wa 20/04/2021, ababuranyi bose bahari, Karim John Mohammed Hudani ahagarariwe na Me

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Niyondora Nsengiyumva, naho Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bahagarariwe na Me Habineza Jean Paul. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO Kumenya niba Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwaremeje ko mu masezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI : 2/08/12/05/5473 KARIM John Mohammed Hudani yagiranye na MUNYEMANA Juvénal n’umugore we NYIRAFASHAHO Illuminata habayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe rwirengagije ibimenyetso yatanze [9] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga ko mu gika cya 13 cy’Urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwemeje ko mu masezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo yo ku wa 08/10/2016, hagurishijwe ubutaka bufite UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, ko ubwo butaka bufite ubuso bugaragara ku byangombwa haba mbere ya “mutation” na nyuma yayo, ko igitangaje ari uko urwo Rukiko rwahindukiye rukavuga ko mu nyandiko yo ku wa 23/01/2017 ntakigaragaza ko haguzwe ubutaka buriho n’amazu, rwirengagije ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese, cyane cyane ibikubiye mu masezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo yo ku wa 08/10/2016, mu ngingo yayo ya 5 ivuga ko abagurishije batemerewe gusenya cyangwa gukuraho inyubako ziri ku butaka, ko baramutse babikoze agaciro kabyo kavanwa mu kiguzi. Avuga ko Urukiko rutigeze rusesengura iyo ngingo, nyamara iyo rubikora rwari kubona ko Karim John Mohammed Hudani yaguze ubutaka bwose bubaruwe kuri UPI: 2/08/12/5473 nk’uko buvugwa mu masezerano (ubuso ndetse n’inyubako zose ziburiho), ariko rwirengagiza kugira icyo ruyivugaho. [10] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwirengagije ko inyandiko yo ku wa 23/01/2017 atari andi masezerano ahubwo ari “décharge” yerekana ko ikiguzi cyose cyishyuwe, ndetse ikaba yarakozwe nyuma ya “mutation”, icyangombwa cyaramaze kwandikwa ku mazina ya KARIM John Mohammed Hudani, ko bitari ngombwa ko kuri iyo nyandiko ya “décharge” handikwaho ko ubutaka bwagurishijwe hamwe n’inyubako ziburiho, kuko byari byaravuzwe mu masezerano y’agateganyo yo ku wa 08/10/2016, kandi ko byari bihagije, cyane cyane ko byashimangirwaga n’uko na “mutation” yari yararangiye. [11] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga ko ikindi cyirengagijwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ari uko ubuso bw’ubutaka buri mu masezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo aribwo buri no ku byangombwa by’abagurishije, ndetse bukaba bunagaragara ko aribwo buri ku cyangombwa cy’ubutaka Karim John Mohammed Hudani waguze yahawe, bikaba rero bitumvikana uburyo abagurishije bavuga ko bagurishije ubutaka, ariko ko batagurishije ibiburiho, kuko iteka ubutaka bujyana n’ibyubatseho (le principal suit l’accessoire), kubera ko ubutaka ari “immeuble par nature”, mu gihe inyubako ari “immeuble par incorporation”, akaba asanga kuvuga ko habayeho kwibeshya, kuko abagurishije bumvaga baragurishije igice cy’ubutaka kitariho inyubako, ari ukwirengagiza ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 5 y’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo. [12] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga na none ko mu gika cya 13 cy’urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MUHG, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwavuze ko ikindi cyerekana ko habayeho kwibeshya ari uko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo yakozwe mu cyongereza abagurishije batumva, iyi mitekerereze y’Urukiko ikaba igaragaza kwirengagiza ko ayo

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masezerano agaragarira buri wese ku bijyanye na nomero y’ubutaka ari yo UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 n’ubuso bw’ubutaka (1.471 sqm), kandi kuri ubwo butaka hakaba hari inyubako, kandi ko icyongereza ari ururimi rwemewe n’Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga ko uretse n’ibyo, hakwibazwa niba no kwa Noteri inyandiko y’ihererekanya ry’uburenganzira ku butaka bujuje nayo yari mu cyongereza, kuko iba iteguye mu kinyarwanda, kandi ikaba igaragaza ko ubuso bw’ubutaka bugurishijwe buhura n’uburi ku cyangombwa cy’ubutaka, ko hakwibazwa kandi uburyo MUNYEMANA Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bemeye kugurisha ubutaka bugaragazwa n’ibyangombwa by’ubutaka ndetse na nomero zabwo, bagasigarana inyubako zibwubatseho, uretse ko n’izo nyubako zivugwa mu ngingo ya 5 y’amasezerano y’ubugure kandi ku buryo busobanutse. [13] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga na none ko mu gika cya 14 cy’urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MUHG, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwashingiye ku igenagaciro (expertise), ruvuga ko agaciro k’ubutaka ari kanini kurusha 5.000.000 Frw zumvikanyweho n’abagiranye amasezerano, ko kuri iyo ngingo, Urukiko rwirengagije ihame rya “autonomie de la volonté”, riteganywa n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n˚45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, kuko iyo ngingo iha abagiranye amasezerano ubwisanzure bwo gushyiraho igiciro uko babyumva. [14] Avuga ko “expertise” atari yo ishingirwaho mu kugena igiciro ry’ubugure, ahubwo ko ubwumvikane bw’ugura n’ugurisha ari bwo bw’ibanze, kandi ko ugurisha ashyiraho igiciro akurikije uko abishaka n’icyo akeneye gukoresha amafaranga y’ikiguzi, ko abagurishije bamaze kwanga gutanga icyaguzwe kandi gisobanutse ari bwo bagiye gukoresha iyo “expertise” kugira ngo bumvikanishe ko ibyo bavuga ari ukuri, ndetse bashyiraho ibyo bongeyeho nyuma y’ubugure birimo igipangu bubatse hakoreshejwe amafaranga yishyuwe na Karim John Mohammed Hudani, ko iyo biza kuba ari ikibazo cy’igiciro, abagurishije bari kurega bashingiye ku bijyanye n’ingingo z’amasezerano zirimo akarengane nk’uko biteganywa mu ngingo ya 73 y’Itegeko nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 ryavuzwe haruguru. [15] Mu mwanzuro wakozwe na Me Habineza Jean Paul mu izina rya Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata avuga ko ubugure bwabayeho ari ubw'ikibanza kiri haruguru y'urugo, kandi ko icyo kibanza kigihari nta wigeze abuza uwakiguze kugikoresha icyo ashaka, ahubwo ko ikibazo ari uburyo Karim John Mohammed Hudani yakoresheje uburiganya, akibaruzaho umutungo wose uri kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 akawugira uwe kandi atari wo wagurishijwe, none ubu akaba ashaka ko Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bawuvamo akawujyana yitwaje icyo cyangombwa yabonye ku buryo bw'uburiganya, nyamara yaragombaga kwibaruzaho ikibanza yaguze aho kwiyandikishaho umutungo wose uri kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, kuko amazu bari batuyemo kuva kera batigeze bayagurisha, kandi ko n’iyo bayagurisha atari kugura 5.000.000 Frw. [16] Akomeza avuga ko mu Rukiko rw'Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge Karim John Mohammed Hudani yavugaga ko ari utuzu twubatswe nyuma yo kugurisha, biba ngombwa ko Urukiko rujya kureba ikiburanwa, ruhageze rusanga ikibanza koko gihari nk'uko Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata babisobanuraga, ndetse rusanga inzu zihari atari izubatswe mu mafaranga ya Karim John Mohammed Hudani nk'uko yabivugaga, ahubwo ari inzu abaregwa batuyemo kuva kera zihamaze igihe kandi zifite agaciro karenga kure ikiguzi cya 5.000.000 Frw cyatanzwe,

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ko ahubwo icyo kiguzi gishobora kuba cyaratanzwe kuri icyo kibanza kiri aho kirimo urutoki, kuko nacyo ari kinini cyane gishobora no kurenza agaciro izo 5.000.000 Frw zishyuwe. Avuga ko aho ari ho Urukiko rwahereye rwemeza ko habayeho kwibeshya mu masezerano, kuko ababuranyi batigeze bumva kimwe icyagurishijwe, kubera ko Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bagurishije ikibanza bari bashyize ku isoko cyagombaga gukatwa ku butaka bwabo, naho Karim John Mohammed Hudani we agahita akora amasezerano mu rurimi batumva akiha ubutaka bwose kandi atabuguze bwose ahubwo yaguze igice cyabwo. [17] Me Habineza Jean Paul avuga kandi ko Karim John Mohammed Hudani arimo kwitwaza ko icyangombwa atunze ubu cyanditseho ubutaka bwose, ariko ko atabuguze bwose, ahubwo yaguze ikibanza cya 5.000.000Frw kiri kuri UPI 2/08/12/05/5473, arangije yiyandikishaho ubwo butaka bwose harimo n'amazu ataguze afite agaciro karengeje kure 5.000.0000Frw, kuko icyo kiguzi cyari icy’ikibanza gusa bari barashyize ku isoko. [18] Asoza avuga ko mu masezerano yakozwe na Karim John Mohammed Hudani abaye yarujujemo ko haguzwe UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 yose, Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bo batabyemera, kuko batemera ko ari uko bari bumvikanye, cyane cyane ko yanditse mu rurimi batumva rw’icyongereza, bakaba babona ko ibyo basobanura bifite aho bihuriye n'ukuri, kuko bagaragaza ikibanza cyagurishwaga kandi bakemera ko bakigurishije 5.000.000Frw koko zijya kungana n'icyo kibanza, ko kuba KARIM John Mohammed Hudani nawe yemera ko yishyuye 5.000.000Frw ziri munsi kure y'umutungo yifuza, basanga muri ayo masezerano harabayemo kwibeshya, KARIM John Mohammed Hudani akaba yarabonye icyangombwa cy'umutungo ataguze, kuko atagombaga kwiyandikishaho ubutaka bwose, ahubwo yagombaga kwandikwaho ikibanza yaguze kigakatwa kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473. Uko Urukiko rubibona [19] Ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ibikurikira: “Iyo ukwibeshya k’uruhande rumwe mu gihe cy’ikorwa ry’amasezerano ku buryo icyo amasezerano yagombye kuba ashingiyeho cy’ingenzi mu gihe yakorwaga, bifite inkurikizi zimubangamiye, ku bijyanye n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibyumvikanyweho, uruhande rubangamiwe rushobora gusaba gutesha agaciro amasezerano iyo inkurikizi zo kwibeshya zituma gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano byamubera umutwaro uremereye”. [20] Abahanga mu mategeko basobanura ko habaho kwibeshya iyo umuntu atabona neza uko ibintu biteye, agafata ibiri ukuri ko atari ko, cyangwa se ibitari ukuri ko ari ukuri, ko mu byerekeye ikorwa ry’amasezerano kwibeshya biba bisobanuye ko ugirana n’undi ayo masezerano hari ibyo aba atamenye ko atari ukuri bishingiye ku kintu cy’ingenzi ashingiyeho11. [21] Bavuga kandi ko kwibeshya k’ugirana amasezerano n’undi bigira ingaruka ku byo yiyemeje muri ayo masezerano, bikumvikana ko iyo amenya ukuri kw’ibintu uko biteye, aba nta bushake 1 L’erreur : (…) On entend par là la situation d’une personne qui se représente inexactement la réalité, soit qu’elle considère comme vrai ce qui est faux, soit qu’elle considère comme faux ce qui est vrai. L’erreur n’acquiert un caractère juridique que part l’objet auquel elle s’applique. Ainsi commise à l’accasion de la conclusion d’un contrat, elle consiste dans l’idée fausse que se fait un contractant de tel ou tel élément de celui-ci. François Terré, Philippe Simler, Yves Lequette, Droit civil, Les Obligations, 11 ème édition, 2013, Paris, Dalloz, p. 233.

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yagize bwo gukora amasezerano cyangwa se aba ataremeye gukora ayo masezerano mu buryo ateye, ko rero iyo habayeho uko kwibeshya, uwo byagizeho ingaruka ashobora gusaba ko amasezerano aseswa kuko nyine nta bushake bwo gukora amasezerano buba bwarabayeho2. [22] Mu rubanza RCA00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ku wa 10/01/2019, Karim John Mohammed Hudani yasabye ko rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, urwo Rukiko rwasesenguye amasezerano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo yabaye ku wa 08/10/2016 rusanga yarakozwe mu rurimi rw’icyongereza, abayagiranye bumvikana ko hagurishijwe ubutaka bubaruye kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 bufite metero 64 kuri metero 34 buherereye mu Mudugudu wa Kibaya, Akagari ka Ruyenzi, Umurenge wa Runda, Akarere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo, ko ubwo butaka babuguze kuri 5.000.000 Frw, Karim John Mohammed Hudani yishyura ako kanya 1.000.000 Frw bumvikana ko andi azayabaha ari uko bamaze gukora ihererekanya ry’ubutaka. [23] Urukiko rwasanze kandi hari inyandiko yakozwe ku wa 23/01/2017 igaragaza ko Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bakiriye amafaranga yose 5.000.000Frw ku kibanza bagurishije Karim John Mohammed Hudani gifite UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, ko bazakimumurikira mu gihe kitarenze ukwezi kumwe nk’uko bakimweretse aza kukigura. [24] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwasanze muri izo nyandiko zombi ibyaguzwe bitandukanye, kandi abaregwa bavuga ko amasezerano ya mbere yakozwe mu rurimi rw’icyongereza batumva, kuko bari bahujwe n’abakomisiyoneri bakaza gusinya bazi ko basinyiye amafaranga bahawe, rusanga rero harabayeho kwibeshya. [25] Urukiko rwasanze kandi ikindi kigaragaza ko habayeho kwibeshya ari uko agaciro k’ubutaka bwose bufite UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 n’amazu aburiho bifite agaciro ka 31.166.649Frw kagaragajwe n’igenagaciro, kadafita aho gahuriye na 5.000.000Frw KARIM John Mohammed Hudani yabahaye. [26] Urukiko rwasanze na none abatangabuhamya babajijwe ubwo umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gacurabwenge yageraga aho ikiburanwa giherereye, bose baragaragaje ko ubwo butaka butagura 5.000.000 Frw, ndetse na Mukayiranga Françoise uhagarariye urega yaravuze ko karim John Mohammed Hudani ashaka gutwara aho hantu hose yabaha amafaranga angana n’agaciro k’ayo mazu batuyemo. [27] Urukiko rero rwanzuye ruvuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati y’ugura n’abagurishije agomba guteshwa agaciro, Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bagasubiza Karim John Mohammed Hudani 5.000.000 Frw, maze icyangombwa cy’ubutaka kikava mu mazina ye kigasubira mu mazina ya Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata. [28] Ubwo Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwakoraga iperereza aho ikiburanwa kiri rwabonye ko ubutaka bwose bufite UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473 burimo igice kirimo amazu 3, n’ikindi kitubatse giherereye haruguru y’ayo mazu, Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illumanata bavuga ko ari cyo bashyize 2 L’erreur commise par un contractant a évidemment pour effet de dénaturer son consentement : ”s’il avait su” il n’aurait pas contracté. Il n’y a donc pas eu de sa part une réelle volonté de comclure le contrat, du moins ce contrat aux mêmes conditions.” (…) La sanction est donc la nullité du contrat, que seule peut demander la victime de l’erreur. Alain Bénabent, Droit civil, Les Obligations, 11 ème édition, 2011, Paris, Montchrestien, pp.62 et 69.

## Page 8

kw’isoko bakakigurisha Karim John Mohammed Hudani, ko mu mwaka wa 2017 bari ku Murenge basinyiye ikibanza batasinyiye ko urugo rwabo rwose rugenda, ko bari bazi ko Notaire azaza kugabanya ikibanza, ko ibyo bemera ari ibikubiye mu masezerano yakozwe mu Kinyarwanda ku wa 23/01/2017. Karim John Mohammed Hudani we yerekanye aho yaguze hose harimo n’amazu hangana na metero 66 kuri metero 25,20. [29] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga harabayeho amaseserano y’ubugure bw’agateganyo ku wa 08/10/2016, hishyurwa igice cy’ikiguzi, ayo masezerano aza kuzuzwa n’andi yabaye ku wa 23/01/2017, amafaranga yose amaze kwishyurwa, icyo gihe abagurishije bemerera uwaguze ko ahawe ikibanza yaguze kandi ko bazakimumurikira mu gihe kitarenze ukwezi kumwe ku wa 23/02/2017, bamuha n’ibyangombwa by’ubutaka by’umwimerere, bikaba rero byumvikana ko icyo gihe ari bwo bakoze amasezerano ya burundu, nk’uko byari biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 3, igika cya 2, y’amasezerano y’agateganyo3, bityo na mutation ikaba yaragombaga gukorwa ari uko bamaze kwishyura hagakorwa amasezerano ya burundu akorewe kwa Notaire ushinzwe iby’ubutaka mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [30] Urukiko rurasanga rero ibyo Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva, uhagarariye Karim John Mohammed Hudani, avuga ko inyandiko yo ku wa 23/01/2017 atari andi masezerano ahubwo ari décharge yerekana ko ikiguzi cyose cyishyuwe, nta shingiro bifite, cyane cyane ko iyo nyandiko ari nayo Karim John Mohammed Hudani yashingiyeho arega ku rwego rwa mbere. [31] Urukiko rurasanga kandi Karim John Mohammed Hudani na Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata barahujwe n’abakomisiyoneri baranga imitungo igurishwa, amasezerano y’agateganyo babafashije gukora akaba ari mu cyongereza cyumvwa n’ugura, ariko abagurishije batumva, bavuga ko hagurishijwe ubutaka bwose buri kuri UPI: 2/08/12/05/5473, mu ngingo ya 5 yayo bashyiramo n’amazu, nyamara mu masezerano ya burundu ari mu Kinyarwanda havugwa ko hagurishijwe ikibanza, ariko nta nzu zigaragaramo, bamaze guhinduza ibyangombwa imbere ya Notaire haba ikibazo cyo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano, kuko abagurishije bumvaga ko ikibanza bagurishije kizavanwa ku butaka bwabo kigahabwa uwaguze akabona icyangombwa cye, nabo bakagumana icyabo, bakaba bumva ko batavanwa mu mutungo wabo wose wanditswe k’uwaguze. [32] Urukiko rurasanga harabayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe, kubera ko Karim John Mohammed Hudani yumva ko yaguze ubutaka bwose burimo n’amazu, naho Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata bakumva ko bagurishije ikibanza gitandukanye n’ubutaka buriho amazu batuyemo, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza neza ko batigeze bemera kugurisha ubutaka bwabo bwose burimo n’amazu batuyemo ku giciro cya 5.000.000Frw, kuko iyo hatabaho kwibeshya, bari gusaba igiciro gihwanye n’ubwo butaka bwose n’ibiriho, kubera ko umugenagaciro yagaragaje ko byose bifite agaciro ka 31.166.649Frw. Byongeye kandi, Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illumanata bumva ko ubwo butaka bwose n’ibiriho byeguriwe Karim John Mohammed Hudani nk’uko yabiregeye, byabagiraho ingaruka batigeze bateganya zo kwimuka kuri ubwo butaka bamaze igihe kinini batuyeho. [33] Urukiko rurasanga rero nta kosa Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwakoze rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure yavuzwe haruguru agomba guteshwa agaciro nk’uko Munyemana Juvénal 3 Iyo ngingo igira iti: “I pay advance frw 1.000.000.(…) Balance frw 4.000.000, after getting all Original documents”.

## Page 9

na Nyirafashaho Illuminata barezwe babisabye biregura, maze rugategeka ko ibintu bigomba gusubira uko byari bimeze mbere y’uko ayo masezerano abaho, bagasubiza Karim John Mohammed Hudani 5.000.000 Frw y’ikiguzi yabahaye, nabo bakagumana ubutaka bwabo. [34] Urukiko, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 47 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku bimaze gusobanurwa, rurasanga ikirego cyatanzwe na KARIM John Mohammed Hudani cyo gusubirishamo urubanza nº RCA 00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwaciwe

n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ku wa 10/01/2019 nta shingiro gifite, rukaba rugomba kugumana agaciro karwo. Ku byerekeye indishyi zisabwa [35] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva, uhagarariye Karim John Mohammed Hudani, avuga ko hashize imyaka 5 uwo aburanira yarabujijwe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha umutungo we kandi yarishyuye ikiguzi cya 5.000.000Frw, ibyo ubwabyo bikaba byaramuteye akababaro, avuga kandi ko yasiragijwe mu manza bitari ngombwa, nyamara Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata babizi neza ko bamugurishije ubutaka n’inyubako ziburiho kandi bisobanutse, ibyo nabyo bikaba byaramuteye akababaro, bityo akaba asaba Urukiko kubategeka kumwishyura 2.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro. [36] Mu mwanzuro wakozwe na Me Habineza Jean Paul ku bwa Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata, avuga ko nta ndishyi Karim John Mohammed Hudani akwiye kuko atigeze avutswa uburenganzira ku kibanza yaguze kuko gihari, ahubwo ko yanze kugifata ngo agitware atagitwaranye n' ibindi ataguze, kuko yari yarangije kubyiyandikishaho byose, bityo rero ko atakwitwaza icyangombwa cyabonetse mu buryo bw'uburiganya ngo yumve ko akwiriye guhita ahabwa uburenganzira kumutungo ataguze. Uko Urukiko rubibona [37] Urukiko rurasanga 2.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro Karim John Mohammed Hudani asaba Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata atazigenerwa, kubera ko nta kosa bamukoreye, ahubwo, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, habayeho kwibeshya ku cyagurishijwe. Ishingiro ry’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza. [38] Me Niyondora Nsengiyumva avuga ko ku rwego rwa mbere Karim John Mohammed Hudani yishyuye abanyamategeko babiri bamuburaniye, ku rwego rw’ubujurire yishyura umunyamategko umwe wamuburaniye, akaba asaba Urukiko gutegeka Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata kwumwishyura bafatanyije 1.200.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka ku rwego rwa mbere, 700.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka ku rwego rw’ubujurire na 600.000 Frw kuri uru rwego. [39] Mu mwanzuro wakozwe na Me Habineza Jean Paul ku bwa Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata avuga ko bahereye kera basaba Karim John Mohammed Hudani ko yafata ikibanza cye yaguze yanga kucyemera yitwaje icyangombwa afite yabonye ariko atagikwiriye kuko

## Page 10

kimuha umutungo ataguze, abashora mu manza bituma basohora amafaranga yo gukurikirana urubanza bishyura na Avoka ubaburanira, bakaba basaba Urukiko rw'Ubujurire kumutegeka kwishyura indishyi zose zasabwe mu nkiko zabanje kandi akabaha indishyi zingana na 1.200.000Frw yo kubasiragiza mu manza hiyongereyeho igihembo cya Avoka kingana na 1.000.000Frw. Uko Urukiko rubibona [40] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ibikurikira: "Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikiye ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo, gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe". [41] Urukiko rurasanga, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Karim John Mohammed Hudani asaba Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho atayagenerwa, kubera ko ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite. [42] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata basaba Karim John Mohammed Hudani bayagenerwa, kuko bashatse Avoka wo kubaburanira kuri uru rwego, ariko ayo basaba ni menshi kandi ntibagaragaza ko ariyo koko bakoresheje, mu bushishozi bwarwo akaba agomba kubishyura 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego. [43] Ku birebana n’indishyi zingana na 1.200.000Frw Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata basaba Karim John Mohammed Hudani, kubera gusiragizwa mu manza, Urukiko rurasanga batayagenerwa, kubera ko kuba yariyambaje inzira y’akarengane ari uburenganzira ahabwa n’itegeko mu gihe yumvaga ko yarenganye, kandi ntibagaragaza ko yabikoze agamije gusa kugira ibyo abavutsa. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [44] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Karim John Mohammed Hudani asaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane urubanza RCA00029/2018/TGI/MHG, rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ku wa 10/01/2019 nta shingiro gifite. [45] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCA00029/2018/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ku wa 10/01/2019 igumanye agaciro mu ngingo zarwo zose; [46] Rutegetse Karim John Mohammed Hudani kwishyura Munyemana Juvénal na Nyirafashaho Illuminata 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego; [47] Ruvuze ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta.