KAYITSINGA v KANYAMIBWA NUNDI

# KAYITSINGA v KANYAMIBWA NUNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2019-01-18 - Case/document no.: RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0012/15/CS - Collection: Supreme Court

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KAYITSINGA v KANYAMIBWA N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA - RS/REV/INJUST/CIV 0012/15/CS (Rugege, P.J, Kayitesi, Mutashya, J.) Amategeko y’imanza mbonezamubano – Ihame ryo kubona ikintu nta buryarya - Kubona cyangwa kugura ikintu nta buryarya (acquisition de bonne foi) bisobanuye ko ku ruhande rw`ukibonye (acquéreur) ari ukuba mu myemerere ye yumva ko icyemezo cy`icyo abonye kimuha uburenganzira kuri icyo kintu. Ku ruhande rw`ugifite, urugero nk`ukiguze ``bonne foi``ni ukuba yemera nta gushidikanya ko ukimugurishije ari nyiracyo, ko iryo gurisha rimuhinduye nyiracyo. Amategeko y’imanza mbonezamubano – Ihame ryo kubona ikintu nta buryarya - Ingaruka zo kumenya ko ikintu wabonye nta buryarya hari ugikurikirana - Kuba uwabonye ikintu (possesseur) yarigeze kumenya nyuma ko hari ugikurikiranyeho uburenganzira bwe, nta ngaruka byagira ku kuba yarakibonye nta buryarya ( pas d`incidence sur sa bonne foi), mu gihe bibaye nyuma yo kubona uburenganzira kuri icyo kintu cyangwa amaze kukigura (acquisition), kuko icyigenzi ari uko nta buryarya buba bwabayeho mu ikubitiro ry`amasezerano. Amategeko y’imanza mboneza mubano – Ihame ryo kubona ikintu nta buryarya – Ugomba kugaragaza ko habayeho uburyarya - Kuba nta buryarya ni ihame. Uvuga ko habaye uburyarya, agomba kubigaragaza. Abacamanza baca urubanza mu mizi nibo bemeza ko ``nta buryarya buhari`. Amategeko y’imanza mbonezamubano – Kugurisha umutungo utari uwawe - Iyo uwiyitaga nyirumutungo utimukanwa awukuwemo, hashize igihe kinini awukoresha, ku buryo yashyizeho ibikorwa biwongerera agaciro, nyirumutungo awusubiranye gusa ntacyo yishyuye yaba yikungahaje mu buryo budakwiriye, ariyo mpamvu aba agomba kwishyura ibyo bikorwa byongereweho, hatitawe ko yabikoze mu buryo bw’uburiganya cyangwa nta buriganya. Ariko mu gihe atabikeneye cyangwa adashobora kubigura, uwabishyizeho asabwa kubikruraho. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, Kanyamibwa aregera ikibanza Nº 2295, avuga ko umugabo we Tugiremungu yagihawe na Leta mu mwaka wa 1990, maze mu mwaka wa 1993, batangira kucyubakamo inzu, iza guhagarara ituzuye bitewe n’uko umugabo we yishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo mu mwaka wa 1994, nyuma igurwa na Kayitsinga ayigurishijwe n`uwitwa Nsangineza wavugaga ko ari ye yaguze na Tugiremungu. Kayitsinga avuga ko icyo kibanza yakiguze na Nsangineza ku wa 26/11/1999, uyu amaze kumwereka amasezerano y’ubugure bwacyo yo ku wa 08/07/1993 agaragaza ko nawe yakiguze na Tugiremungu, ariko Kanyamibwa we akavuga ko atazi ayo masezerano, kandi ko atayemera kuko umukono uriho atari uwa Tugiremungu (umugabo we), ndetse ko bitari gushoboka ko umugabo we agurisha nawe adasinye. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu rwemeje ko inzu n’ikibanza biburanwa, ari ibya Kayitsinga kuko nta kimenyetso Kanyamibwa yashoboye kwerekana kigaragaza ko ahaburanwa ari ahe. Ubushinjacyaha bwaje gukurikirana kandi burega Nsangineza na Kayitsinga ibyaha byo gukora no gukoresha inyandiko mpimbano (amasezerano y`ubugure bw` ikibanza Kanyamibwa aregera). Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu mu rubanza N° RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV, rwemeje

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ko ibyo byaha bihama Nsangineza wenyine, naho Kayitsinga agirwa umwere, iki cyemezo kikaba ari nacyo Urukiko Rukuru rwa Musanze rwagumishijeho. Kanyamibwa yajuririye mu rukiko rukuru ku rubanza mbonezamubano, rutegeka Kayitsinga gukuraho ibyo yubatse mu kibanza Nº 2295, kuko yabikoranye uburyarya, kigasubizwa Kanyamibwa, rwemeza ko amasezerano yakozwe hagati ya Nsangineza na Kayitsinga bagura iyo pariseli n’inzu yubatsemo, ari imfabusa. Kayitsinga yandikiye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi asaba kurenganurwa, Umuvunyi Mukuru nyuma yo gusanga harabaye akarengane yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga amusaba ko urubanza N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 27/11/2014, rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, hanyuma Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa. Mu iburanisha ryarwo, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasuzumye ingingo zikuriara: Kumenya niba inzu Kayitsinga yaguze na Nsangineza ari iyo yubatse cyangwa yarubatswe na Tugiremungu, kumenya niba Kayitsinga yaraguze inzu iburanwa nta buryarya n’ingaruka byagira ku byo yongeye ku nzu n`ibyo yakoze mu kibanza no kumenya agaciro inzu yari ifite ikigurwa, ibikorwa byongeweho, ibyashyizwe ku butaka n’agaciro kabyo, n`abafite ishingano zo kubisubiza. Kayitsinga avuga ko inzu iburanwa yubatswe n`uwitwa Nsangineza nk’uko byemejwe n’Umutangabuhamya ndetse n’inkiko zabanje, kandi ko nta kimenyetso Kanyamibwa yagaragarije Urukiko cy’uko inzu yubatswe n’umugabo we. Akomeza avuga ko iyo nzu yayiguze ku mugaragaro ayigurishwa na Nsangineza kandi ko n’ubuybozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bwamusinyiye kuko Nsangineza yagaragaje n’inyandiko yaguriyeho icyo kibanza na Tugiremungu. Akomeza asobanura ko Kanyamibwa aramutse ahawe uwo mutungo byaba ari uburyo bwo kwikungahaza (enrichissement sans cause) kuko bagaragaje ko mu gihe yifuza ko yagumana uwo mutungo, yagira ibyo yishyura, hagendewe ko Kayitsinga ari "acquereur de bonne foi’’ dore ko yemeye kugura ari uko amaze kubona ko uwamugurishe yari afite ibyangombwa by’inzu. Ku kijyanye n’ibyongewe kuri iyo nzu, asobanura ko inzu yaguze, atari inzu yari isigaje gukorwaho amasuku gusa, ko ahubwo nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ubugure, iyo nzu yayitanzeho 850,000 Frw, ko ariko nyuma yo kuvugururwa, ubu ifite agaciro ka 32,634,724 Frws. Kanyamibwa, avuga ko ibyo abo baburana bavuga ko Urukiko rwasuzuma niba inzu Kayitsinga yaguze yarubatswe na Nsangineza, nta mpamvu yo kubisuzuma kuko mu ncamake y’ikirego, Kayitsinga ubwe yemera ko yaguze na Nsangineza inzu ituzuye, bikaba bigaragara ko nta nahamwe yerekanye ko ariwe wubatse iyo nzu. Naho ku birebana nuko urega yaguze iyo nzu mu buryarya (avec mauvaise foi), asobanura ko umucamanza atari yemerewe kuyisuzuma no kuyifataho icyemezo mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha, ahubwo ko byari mu nshingano z’umucamanza w’imanza z’imbonezamubano. Ku kijyanye no gusubiza agaciro k’ibyongeweho, asobanura ko igurisha ry’ikintu cy’undi ari imfabusa, Kayitsinga akaba ntacyo akwiye gusaba, ko ahubwo yakurikirana uwamugurishije ibitari ibye. Ku kijyanye n’agaciro, akomeza avuga ko igiciro urega yaguriyeho ahaburanwa kitafatwaho ukuri kuko Nsangineza yagurishaga ibitari ibye, cyane cyane ko nawe yivugiye ko uwo mubare w’amafaranga atari agaciro nyakuri k’ikibanza, dore ko ubuyobozi bwanamwandikiye bumuza gukomeza kubaka ntabyiteho, byongeye kandi nta kimenyetso yagaragarije Urukiko cy’ibyo yashyize ku nzu. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1: Igurisha ry’ikintu cy`undi ni impfabusa, rishobora gutangirwa indishyi iyo umuguzi atigeze amenya ko icyo kintu ari icy`undi bityo Kayitsinga akaba agomba

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gusubiza Kanyamibwa umutungo we nawe agasubizwa na Nsangineza FRW 850.000 y`agaciro k’inzu yamugurishije ku buriganya. 2. Iyo uwiyitaga nyirumutungo utimukanwa awukuwemo, hashize igihe kinini awukoresha, ku buryo yashyizeho ibikorwa biwongerera agaciro, nyirumutungo awusubiranye gusa ntacyo yishyuye yaba yikungahaje mu buryo budakwiriye, ariyo mpamvu aba agomba kwishyura ibyo bikorwa byongereweho, hatitawe ko yabikoze mu buryo bw’uburiganya cyangwa nta buriganya bityo nta cyabuza Kanyamibwa na Kayitsinga kumvikana ku gaciro cy`ibyo bikorwa, mu gihe ashatse kubigumana ariko mu gihe bidashobotse, Kayitsinga yabikuraho, kuko bitagomba kubera umugogoro Kanyamibwa ufite uburenganzira ku butaka bwe, ngo agombe kubigura mu gihe yumva atabishoboye cyangwa atabikeneye. Ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z`akarengane gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe; Urubanza N° RCA/12/HC/MUS rwaciwe 27/11/2014 n`Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ruhindutse; Kanyamibwa ategetswe guha Kayitsinga 10,323,974 Frw y`agaciro k`ibyongerewe ku nzu. Amategeko yifashishijwe atagikoreshwa: Itegeko ryo ku wa 20/07/1920, rishyiraho Igitabo cya kabiri cy’Urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano (CCLII), ingingo ya 24 Igitabo cya 3 cy`Urwunge rw`Amategeko y`imbonezamubano, ingingo ya 276, 312 Amategeko yo mu bindi bihugu yifashishijwe: Itegeko mbonezamubano ry`u Bufaransa, ingingo ya 255, 2274, 2275 Imanza zifashishijwe: N° RS/INJUST/RC 00027/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 07/12/2018 hagati ya Mutaganzwa Christophe na Munyanshongore Gervais baburana na Kanyambilili Prosper n`Abavandimwe be. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: François Terré et Philippe Simler; Droit Civil, Les Biens, Dalloz, 9ème Edition. P. 412; François Terré, Philippe Simler, Droit Civil, Les biens, 9ème édition 2014, page 375, N° 469 Phippe Malinvaud, Dominique Fenouillet na Mustapha, Droit des obligations, 13ème Edition, page 642-43, N° 811: Enrichissement sans cause: Cass req, 16 Juin1892 1, 596; S, 183 1,281; ALAIN BENABENT, Droit Civil, Les Obligations, 11ème Edition. A jour 1er Juillet 2007, p.343, N° 483. Urubanza

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I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, Kanyamibwa Immaculée aregera ikibanza Nº 2295, avuga ko umugabo we Tugiremungu Sasita Théogène yagihawe na Leta (MINITRAPE) mu mwaka wa 1990, maze mu mwaka wa 1993, batangira kucyubakamo inzu, iza guhagarara ituzuye bitewe n’uko umugabo we yishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo mu mwaka wa 1994, nyuma igurwa na Kayitsinga ayigurishijwe n`uwitwa Nsangineza wavugaga ari ye yaguze na Tugiremungu Théogène. [2] Kayitsinga yaburanye avuga ko icyo kibanza yakiguze na Nsangineza Célestin ku wa 26/11/1999, uyu amaze kumwereka amasezerano y’ubugure bwacyo yo ku wa 08/07/1993 agaragaza ko nawe yakiguze na Tugiremungu Sasita Théogène, ariko Kanyamibwa we akavuga ko atazi ayo masezerano, kandi ko atayemera kuko umukono uriho atari uwa Tugiremungu Sasita (umugabo we), ndetse akaba atari kugurisha, nawe adasinye kuri ayo masezerano y`igurisha ry`umutungo w`urugo. [3] Nsangineza yagobokeshejwe muri urwo rubanza ku wa 16/11/2011 na Kanyamibwa kubera ko ariwe wagurishije ikibanza cye Kayitsinga. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, rwaciye urubanza N° RC 0295/011/TGI/RBV ku wa 29/12/2011, rwemeza ko inzu n’ikibanza gifite Nº 2295 ya kera na Nº 834 nshya yo mu iyandikisha ry’ubutaka, ari ibya Kayitsinga kuko nta bimenyetso Kanyamibwa yashoboye kwerekana kigaragaza ko ahaburanwa ari ahe; rutegeka Kanyamibwa guha Kayitsinga Alexis 100.000 Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro na 200.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [4] Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Nsangineza na Kayitsinga bubakurikiranyeho ibyaha byo gukora no gukoresha inyandiko mpimbano yo ku wa 08/07/1993 (amasezerano y`ubugure bw` ikibanza Kanyamibwa aregera). Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ruca urubanza N° RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV, rwemeza ko ibyo byaha bihama Nsangineza wenyine, naho Kayitsinga agirwa umwere, iki cyemezo kikaba ari nacyo Urukiko Rukuru rwa Musanze rwagumishijeho, mu rubanza N° RPA 0106/12/HC/MUS, ku bujurire bwa Nsangineza. [5] Kanyamibwa yajuririye urubanza rw`imbonezamubano mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ruca urubanza N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe bufite ishingiro, rutegeka Kayitsinga gukuraho ibyo yubatse mu kibanza Nº 2295, kuko yabikoranye uburyarya, kigasubizwa Kanyamibwa, rwemeza ko amasezerano yakozwe hagati ya Nsangineza na Kayitsinga bagura iyo pariseli n’inzu yubatsemo, ari imfabusa, rwemeza ko Kayitsinga nta ndishyi agomba guhabwa na Kanyamibwa, kuko ibyo yakoze kuri iyo nzu yabikoranye uburyarya, ko ahubwo agomba kubyishyurwa n’uwamugurishije ibitari ibye, rutegeka Nsangineza guha Kanyamibwa indishyi zingana na 1.000.000 Frw1, Kayitsinga nawe akamuha indishyi2 zihwanye na 2.000.000 Frw, bakanafatanya guha Kanyamibwa igihembo cya Avoka, kubera ko ubugure butabayeho, ko ahubwo Nsangineza yabohoje ikibanza cyarimo inzu Tugiremungu Sasita yubakaga, arangije akigurisha Kayitsinga ku wa 26/11/1999. 1Zirimo iz’akababaro n ‘amahirwe Kanyamibwa yavukijwe kubera kwamburwa umutungo we. 2Zirimo iz’akababaro n ‘amahirwe Kanyamibwa yavukijwe kubera kwamburwa umutungo we, n’ikurikirana rubanza.

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[6] Kayitsinga yandikiye Urwego rw’Umuvunyi asobanura akarengane yagiriwe3, ndetse anageza ikibazo cye kuri Komisiyo y’uburenganzira bwa muntu4. Umuvunyi Mukuru yasanze harabaye akarengane yandikira Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 11/06/2015, amusaba ko urubanza N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 27/11/2014, rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nyuma y`isesengura rya raporo y`Ubugenzuzi Bukuru bw`izo mpamvu z`akarengane, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rwongera kuburanishwa. [7] Me Mutembe Protais uburanira Kayitsinga, mu mwanzuro wo ku wa 08/12/2015, avuga ko impamvu asubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ari uko Umucamanza atubahirije ingingo za 170 y’Itegeko Nº 21/2012 CPCCSA, iya 106 CPP n’iya 107 z’Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo. Asobanura ko umucamanza yihaye uburenganzira bwo guhindura icyemezo cy’Umucamanza mpanabyaha yemeza ko Kayitsinga yegukanye inzu mu buryarya, mu gihe urubanza mpanabyaha rwemeje ko yaguze nta buryarya, no kuba urubanza mbonezamubano N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS ruvuguruza urubanza n° RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV rwagize Kayitsinga umwere ko yaguze nta buryarya, rwarabaye itegeko kuko uwo baburana atigeze ajuririra urwo rubanza5; kuba urubanza N° RP 0192/12/TGI/RBV rwaraciwe ku buryo rudashobora kurangizwa kuko Kayitsinga Alexis waguze iyo nzu kandi akayongerera agaciro nta buryarya, atavanwa mu kibanza, atishyuwe ibikorwa bye byahesheje agaciro icyo kibanza n’iyo nzu, kuko haba habaye “enrichissement sans cause`` (art. 252 CCL II). [8] Mu iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku wa 27/12/2016, Kayitsinga yunganiwe na Me Mutembe Protais afatanyije na Me Ndagijimana Janvier, Kanyamibwa yunganiwe na Me Idahemuka Tharcisse naho Nsangineza Célestin atitabye Urukiko, ariko yarahamagajwe ahatazwi, hagiwe impaka ku kumenya niba hari impamvu ziteganywa n’amategeko zatuma urubanza N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS rwakirwa rugasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaciye urubanza rubanziriza urundi ku wa 10/02/2017, rwemeza ko impamvu zatanzwe na Kayitsinga Alexis asubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane zihura n’ibyo amategeko ateganya, kuko habaye kwica amategeko mu buryo bugaragarira buri wese. [9] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu mizi ku matariki atandukanye, ndetse hashyirwaho umuhanga (expert) wo kugena agaciro k’inzu iburanwa na parcelle yubatsemo, ababuranyi ntibishimira raporo yakoze, hashyirwaho undi muhanga wasobanuye raporo ye mu iburanisha rya nyuma ryo ku wa 18/09/2018, ababuranyi basabwa kugira icyo bayivugaho. [10] Me Ndagijimana Janvier wunganira Kayitsinga Alexis, avuga ko mu rwego rwo kurenganura uwo yunganira, Urukiko rwasuzuma ibibazo bikurikira: gusuzuma niba inzu Kayitsinga Alexis yaguze yarubatswe na Nsangineza Célestin cyangwa yarubatswe na Tugiremungu, no gusuzuma niba ari amasuku gusa Kayitsinga yayikozeho nk’uko bivugwa na 3Inyandiko y’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi y’isuzuma ry’ikibazo cya Kayitsinga Alexis, igaragaza ko impamvu Kayitsinga Alexis atanga, aruko mu icibwa ry’urwo rubanza hirengagiijwe amategeko n’ibimenyetso bigaragarira buri wese, no kuba rudashobora kurangizwa hakurikijwe imikirize yarwo. 4Ibaruwa Nº CNDP/MAY/632/14.5 yo ku wa 19/05/2015. 5Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwareze (RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV) Nsangineza Célestin na Kayitsinga Alexis ibyaha byo gukora no gukoresha inyandiko mpimbano yo kuwa 08/7/1993 (n’inyandiko y’ubugure bw’icyo kibanza yavuzwe haruguru), Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu ruvuga ko ibyo byaha bihama Nsangineza, ko Kayitsinga Alexis we bitamuhama, Urukiko Rukuru (RPA 0106/12/HC/MUS) narwo rwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku rubanza rwajuririwe).

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Kanyamibwa uregwa, gusuzuma niba ibyo Kayitsinga yongereye ku nzu ayivugurura abifiteho uburenganzira busesuye ku buryo yasubizwa agaciro k`ibyo yashyizeho, kuko yayiguze nta buryarya (acquéureur de bonne foi). [11] Iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi ryabaye mu ruhame ku wa 06/11/2018, Kayitsinga Alexis yunganiwe na Me Ndagijimana Janvier, Kanyamibwa Immaculée ahagarariwe n’umwana we SHYAKA Emery yunganiwe na Me Idahemuka Tharcisse, Nsangineza Célestin yarahamagajwe ahatazwi. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba inzu Kayitsinga Alexis yaguze na Nsangineza Célestin ari iyo yubatse cyangwa yarubatswe na Tugiremungu Sasita Théogène, umugabo wa Kanyamibwa Immaculée. [12] Me Ndagijimana Janvier wunganira Kayitsinga avuga ko ibyo Kanyamibwa aburanisha ko inzu iburanwa ari ye kuko yubatswe na Tugiremungu Sasita Théogène umugabo we, ataribyo kubera ko nta kimenyetso abigaragariza, ko ahubwo yubatswe n`uwitwa Nsangineza nk‘uko byemejwe n’Umutangabuhamya witwa Nzigihimana Jacques mu rubanza RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV ku rupapuro rwa 4, ko ndetse byanagaragajwe n’Umucamanza mu rubanza N° RC 0295/011/TGI/RBV ku rupapuro rwa 4, igika cya 11, ko nta kimenyetso Kanyamibwa yagaragarije Urukiko cy’uko inzu yubatswe n’umugabo we. [13] Asobanura ko Kayitsinga yaguze inzu ku mugaragaro ku buryo Inzego z’Ibanze zamusinyiye, na Nsangineza baguze yamuhaye inyandiko y’ubugure yagiranye n’uwari nyiri ``parcelle`` Tugiremungu Sasita Théogène hamwe na ``fiche cadastrale``, ko ndetse hari raporo y’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gisenyi, igaragaza ko Kayitsinga yaguze na Nsangineza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. Avuga ko kuba batarakoze "mutation", byatewe gusa nuko yari yizeye ko yaguze n`umuntu yabonaga ko ari nyiri umutungo, maze ntibirirwa bahana umunsi wo kuzajya gukora mutation, akaba rero asanga uwo aburanira nta buryarya yashyirwaho. [14] Me Ndagijimana asaba ko Urukiko rwakwemeza ko iyo nzu yubatswe na Nsangineza akaza kuyigurisha Kayitsinga, akaba rero adakwiye kwamburwa uburenganzira ayifiteho, kuko yayiguze nta buryarya, ko nyiri ubutaka aramutse yifuza kubugumana, yamusubiza agaciro k`ibikorwa biyiriho. [15] Akomeza avuga ko n’inyandiko yanditswe na ``Service Cadastral``, bavuga ko yahagarikaga Kayitsinga gukomeza ibikorwa by`ubwubatsi ku nzu iburanwa, ari inyandiko yandikiwe``Responsable`` wa Kivumu, kandi akaba ataragenewe kopi, ku buryo atari kumenya ko yahagaritswe kubaka. [16] Me Idahemuka Tharcisse uburanira Kanyamibwa Immaculee, avuga ko ibyo abo baburana bavuga ko Urukiko rwasuzuma niba inzu Kayitsinga yaguze yarubatswe na Nsangineza, nta mpamvu yo kubisuzuma kuko mu ncamake y’ikirego, Kayitsinga ubwe yemera ko yaguze na Nsangineza inzu ituzuye, bikaba bigaragara ko nta nahamwe yerekanye ko ariwe wubatse iyo nzu.

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[17] Akomeza avuga ko Kayitsinga atagombaga gushingira ku cyiswe amasezerano y’ubugure yo muri 1993 hagati ya Tugiremungu na Nsangineza ngo agure iyo nzu kandi abona ko nta "mutation" bakoze. Naho ku birebana nuko Kayitsinga yaguze iyo nzu mu buryarya (avec mauvaise foi), ko umucamanza atari yemerewe kuyisuzuma no kuyifataho icyemezo mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha, ahubwo ko byari mu nshingano z’umucamanza w’imanza z’imbonezamubano. Avuga ko kuba, mu isuzuma ry`ishingiro ry’indishyi, Umucamanza w’Urukiko Rukuru yaragaragaje ko n’ubwo nta cyaha cy`inyandiko mpimbano cyahamye Kayitsinga, ko ariko yakomeje ibikorwa byo kubaka kandi ``Service cadastral`` yari yatanze amabwiriza yo kumuhagarika, akaba asanga ibyo bikorwa by`ubwubatsi yarabikoranye uburyarya. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [18] Mu miburanire yabo, Kayitsinga n`umwunganira bashaka kumvikanisha ko inzu iburanwa ari Nsangineza wayubatse mu isambu Tugiremungu yamugurishije, naho Kanyamibwa ashaka kugaragaza ko Nsangineza yagurishije Kayitsinga inzu yubatswe n`umugabo we Tugiremungu, kandi yari igeze ku rwego rwo gukorerwa ``finissage``, ko n`amasezerano y`ubugure ari amahimbano yakozwe na Nsangineza. [19] Ku byerekeye ibimenyetso, dosiye y`urubanza igaragaza inyandiko yo ku wa 19/8/2011, Kayitsinga yandikiye Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Rubavu, avuga ko akimara kugura na Nsangineza inzu itari yuzuye, nawe yari yaguze na nyakwigendera Tugiremungu Sasita, Kanyamibwa yatangiye kwirukanka mu nzego z’Ubuyobozi ashaka kumwambura icyo kibanza n’ibikorwa birimo. [20] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko mu nyandiko mvugo y’iperereza ryo ku wa 16/12/2011, ku rupapuro rwa 60 – 61 (Cote ya 43 – 44), uwitwa Hajabakiga Simon wasinye ku masezerano y’ubugure bw`inzu iburanwa bwiswe ko bwabaye hagati ya Nsangineza na Tugiremungu, yatanze ubuhamya muri aya magambo: "Ndamuzi Nsangineza ni umunyakayove, hari inzu yaguze hafi y’amadepo nuko baratujyana dusinya ku rupapuro [...]". [21] Ku birebana n’uwubatse inzu iburanwa, Urukiko rusanga ibyo Kayitsinga avuga ko yubatswe na Nsangineza, nta kimenyetso abigaragariza, ko ahubwo bivuguruzwa n`inyandiko ivuzwe haruguru ubwe yanditse avuga ko ``akimara kugura na Nsangineza inzu itari yuzuye, nawe yari yaguze na nyakwigendera Tugiremungu [. ], n`ubuhamya bw`uwitwa Hajabakiga Simon wasinye ku masezerano y’ubugure bwiswe ko bwabaye hagati ya Nsangineza na Tugiremungu bagura iyo nzu. [22] Urukiko rusanga kandi n`imyiregurire ya Nsangineza nayo yumvikanisha ko atari we wubatse iyo nzu nk’uko bigaragazwa n`inyandiko-mvugo y’iburanisha mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu6, aho Urukiko rwamubajije niba hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ahunga mu mwaka w`1994, muri iyo pariseri harimo inzu yuzuye isakaye, agasubiza ko Urukiko rwazabaza abahatuye na Konseye, yivugira ariko ko atari azi Konseye; Kayitsinga akaba atsindwa n`ibura ry`ibimenyetso hashingiwe ku biteganywa n`ingingo ya 12 ya y`Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y`imanza z`imbonezamubano, iz`ubucuruzi, iz`umurimo 6Inyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu6, ryo ku wa 16/11/2011, ku rupapuro rwa 53, C 36

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n`iz`ubutegetsi iteganya ko ``Urega agomba kugaragaza ibimenyetso by`ibyo aregera, iyo abibuze, uwarezwe aratsinda``. [23] Nk`uko byemejwe mu rubanza N° RP o0192/012/TGI/RBV, inyandiko y`ubugure bw`iyo nzu hagati ya Tugiremungu na Nsangineza ni impimbano, Urukiko rusanga Nsangineza yaragurishije Kayitsinga inzu itari iye, amasezerano y’ubwo bugure akaba nta gaciro afite. Kanyamibwa Immaculee nk`umugore wa Nyakwigendera akaba ariwe ufite uburenganzira kuri uwo mutungo, utaragombaga guhungabanywa cyangwa kuvogerwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 29 y`Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y`u Rwanda nk`uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ko: `` Buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku mutungo we bwite, waba uwe ku giti cye cyangwa uwo afatanyije n`abandi. Umutungo bwite, uw`umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa uwo asangiye n`abandi ntuvogerwa. Ntushobora guhungabanywa keretse ku mpamvu z`inyungu rusange mu bihe no mu buryo buteganywa n`amategeko kandi habanje gutangwa indishyi ikwiye’’. [24] Urukiko rusanga rero nk`uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabibonye, uwo mutungo utaragombaga kugurishwa nta burenganzira nyirawo yatanze, bityo amasezerano y`ubugure bwawo yabaye hagati ya Kayitsinga na Nsangineza wagurishije ibitari bye, akaba ari impfabusa, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n`ingingo ya 276 y`Igitabo cya 3 cy`Urwunge rw`Amategeko y`imbonezamubano ivuga ko, ‘‘Igurisha ry`ikintu cy`undi ni impfabusa, rishobora gutangirwa indishyi iyo umuguzi atigeze amenya ko icyo kintu ari icy`undi‘‘, Kayitsinga akaba agomba gusubiza Kanyamibwa umutungo we. 2. Kumenya niba Kayitsinga yaraguze inzu iburanwa nta buryarya n’ingaruka byagira ku byo yongeye ku nzu n`ibyo yakoze mu kibanza. [25] Me Ndagijimana Janvier uburanira Kayitsinga avuga ko Kanyamibwa aramutse ahawe uwo mutungo byaba ari uburyo bwo kwikungahaza (enrichissement sans cause) kuko bagaragaje ko mu gihe yifuza ko yagumana uwo mutungo, yagira ibyo yishyura, hagendewe ko Kayitsinga ari "acquereur de bonne foi", cyane cyane ko agura iyo nzu, atari azi Kanyamibwa kuko aribwo yari ahungutse atazi ibibera mu Rwanda. Yemeye kugura ari uko amaze kubona ko Nsangineza afite ibyangombwa by`inzu, ariyo mpamvu asaba ko yafatanya na Kanyamibwa gusubiza Kayitsinga agaciro k‘inyubako n’ubutaka, ko kandi hatirengagijwe ko Nsangineza wahamijwe icyaha, akwiye na none gusubiza Kayitsinga amafaranga yamuhaye bagura inzu, mu kubahiriza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 254 CCLIII (répétition de paiement dû avec intérêts depuis le jour du paiement), cyane cyane ko nta bimenyetso byemeza ko yaguze ubutaka bwa Kanyamibwa azi ko uwo babuguze atari nyirabwo. [26] Asobanura ko mu gihe Kayitsinga Alexis yaguraga iyo nzu na Nsangineza, atari azi ko ibyangombwa yahawe n’uwamugurishije inzu mbere ari ibihimbano, ko yabimenyeye mu rubanza N° RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV rwaciwe ku wa 05/10/2012, aho yahamijwe icyaha cyo gukora no gukoresha inyandiko mpimbano, ariko kuri we, hakemezwa ko ari umwere, nta ruhare yabigizemo, ariyo mpamvu asaba ko Kayitsinga yasubizwa ibyo yongereye ku nzu kuko yaguze nta buryarya (acquéreur de bonne foi), ko ibyo abishingira ku ngingo ya 24 y’Igitabo II cy`amategeko mbonezamubano ryerekeye ibintu, ivuga ko ku bikorwa bye byahongereye agaciro, umuntu wubatse ku butaka butari ubwe ariko ari "acquéreur de bonne foi", asubizwa agaciro kabyo.

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[27] Me Idahemuka avuga ko Urukiko rwashingira ku ngingo ya 276 y’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’Urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, iteganya ko igurisha ry’ikintu cy’undi ari imfabusa, Kayitsinga akaba ntacyo akwiye gusaba, ko ahubwo yakurikirana Nsangineza, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 303 n‘iya 304 z’icyo gitabo kivuzwe haruguru, ziteganya ubwishingire mu gihe umuguzi yambuwe icyo yaguze, ndetse n’ingingo ya 310 iteganya ko iyo ikiguzi cy’icyagurishijwe cyiyongereye igihe uwakiguze yakivutswaga, hatitawe ku cyo uwacyeguriwe yakoze, umugurisha agomba kumwishyura amafaranga ahwanye n’agaciro kacyo karenga ako cyari gifite igihe cy’igurisha, kimwe n’ingingo ya 312 iteganya ko iyo umugurisha yagurishije ku buryarya isambu y`undi muntu, agomba kwishyura uwari warayeguriwe, amafaranga yose yatanze kuri iyo sambu ndetse n’ay’ibikorwa by`umurimbo, cyane cyane ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Nsangineza ariwe ugomba gusubiza Kayitsinga ibyo yamugurishije. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [28] Impamvu ya mbere y`akarengane yatumye uru Rukiko rwakira ikirego cya Kayitsinga gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza N° RCA 012/12/HC/MUS ku mpamvu z`akarengane ni uko rwasanze harabaye kwica amategeko mu buryo bugaragarira buri wese, kuko muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwavuguruje Urukiko rwaciye urubanza N° RPA 0106/12/HC/MUS ku bujurire bw`urubanza N° RP 0192/012/TGI/RBV rwari rwarabaye itegeko kubera ko rutari rukijuririwe. Muri urwo rubanza nshinjabyaha, Urukiko Rukuru kimwe n`Urukiko Rwisumbuye, rwemeje ko Kayitsinga yaguze inzu nta buryarya (avec bonne foi) kuko yari azi ko Nsangineza wayimugurishije ari nyirayo, nyamara Urukiko Rukuru, mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z`akarengane, ruvuguruza icyo cyemezo, rwemeza ko Kayitsinga yaguze mu buryarya (avec mauvaise foi); hakaba hagomba gusuzumwa niba yaraguze kandi agatunga inzu nta buryarya (avec bonne foi) kuko abiburanisha. [29] Mu rubanza rwari rwarabaye itegeko rwavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rwemeje ko Kayitsinga yaguze nta buryarya kuko yari azi ko uwo baguze inzu ari nyirayo, ibyo bikaba bitarashoboraga kuvuguruzwa n`Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, hakurikijwe ihame ry`uko urubanza rutagomba kuvuguruza urundi rwabaye itegeko, bitanyuze mu rwego rw`ubujurire, kabone n`iyo urukiko rwaba rwaribeshye. [30] Ibyerekeye kubona cyangwa kugura ikintu nta buryarya (acquisition de bonne foi) bisobanurwa n`Abahanga mu mategeko Francois Terré, Philipe Simler mu gitabo7 cyabo, ko ku ruhande rw`ukibonye (acquéreur) ni ukuba mu myemerere ye yumva ko icyemezo cy`icyo abonye kimuha uburenganzira kuri icyo kintu. Ku ruhande rw`ugifite, urugero nk`ukiguze, ``bonne foi``ni ukuba yemera nta gushidikanya ko ukimugurishije ari nyiracyo, ko iryo gurisha rimuhinduye nyiracyo, byaba ari ikosa rijyanye nuko ibintu bimeze cyangwa ikosa rijyanye n`imyumvire y`amategeko (erreur de fait ou erreur de droit). Mu byemezo by`inkiko bikaze bitajenjetse, kuba hari ugukeka koroheje ku ikosa, byonyine ntibihagije kugirango hakekwe ko habaye uburyarya. Ibi nibyo abo bahanga bavuga mu gifaransa: ‘’la bonne foi consiste pour l`acquéreur dans la croyance que son titre lui a fait acquérir le droit réel qui en est l`objet. Elle consiste, pour le possesseur, par exemple pour l`achéteur à croire fermément que son vendeur était le propriétaire et que la vente l`a rendu propriétaire, qu’il s`agisse d`une erreur de fait ou 7 FranÇois Terré, Philippe Simler, Droit Civil, Les biens, 9ème édition 2014, page 375, N° 469.

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d`une erreur de droit. D`une jurisprudence rigoureuse, il résulte que le simple doute sur ce point est éxclusif de bonne foi’’. [31] Ku birebana n`uru rubanza, uretse no kuba Kayitsinga ``yaraguze nta buryarya`` nk`uko byamejwe n`Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza nshinjabyaha, no mu migendekere y`iryo gura ubwabyo, ubugure bw`inzu bwakozwe nta buryarya, kuko yayiguze atazi ko ayiguze n`utari nyirayo, ibi bikaba bihura n`ibisobanuro by`Abahanga bijyanye n`ihame rya ``bonne foi`` bigaragajwe haruguru. Ibyo kuba kandi yaraguze nta buryarya bihura n`ibyo abo bahanga bakomeje gusobanura bahereye ku bivugwa mu ngingo ya 225 y` Itegeko mbonezamubano (code civil francais), iteganya ko biba bihagije ko ``nta buryarya`` bwigeze kubaho igihe hagurwaga ikintu (acquisition), urugero nk`igihe cy`igurisha (vente), bavuga ko inkiko zavuze ko kuba uwabonye ikintu (possesseur) yarigeze kumenya nyuma cyangwa akikibona, ko hari ugikurikiranyeho uburenganzira bwe, nta ngaruka byagira ku kuba yarakibonye nta buryarya ( pas d`incidence sur sa bonne foi), mu gihe bibaye nyuma yo kubona uburenganzira kuri icyo kintu cyangwa amaze kukigura (acquisition), kuko icyigenzi ari uko nta buryarya buba bwayeho mu ikubitiro ry`amasezerano. Ibi nibyo bivugwa mu ngingo ya 2275 y`Itegeko mbonezamubano ry`u Bufaransa muri aya magambo: ``Il suffit que la foi ait existé au moment de l`acquisition, ``par exemple lors de la vente. La connaissance que le possesseur a eue ultérieurement, serait-ce dès la prise de possession, des droits du revendiquant, est sans incidence sur l`appréciation de sa bonne foi dès lors qu`elle est postérieure à l`acquisition8``. [32] Muri iryo tegeko kandi hateganyijwe ko ``kuba nta buryarya ari ihame``, uvuga ko habaye uburyarya, agomba kubigaragaza. Abacamanza baca urubanza mu mizi nibo bemeza ko ``nta buryarya buhari``. Abahanga mu mategeko, babivuze muri aya magambo: la bonne foi est toujours présumée, et c`est à celui qui allègue la mauvaise foi à la prouver (C.civ., art. 2274). Cette preuve peut être faite par tous les moyens. Ibi bitekerezo by`abahanga ni nabyo byifashijwe mu rubanza N° RS/INJUST/RC 00027/2018/SC rwaciwe ku wa 07/12/2018, Mutaganzwa Christophe na MUNYANSHONGORE Gervais baburana na Kanyambilili Prosper n`Abavandimwe be, uru Rukiko rwemeza ko bagomba gusubizwa agaciro k`amazu yabo bubatse ku butaka bwa Kanyambilili Prosper n`Abavandimwe be, kuko bahabwa ubutaka na se, batari bazi ko yahatijwe atatahawe, Kanyambilili Prosper ahagarariye Abavandimwe be, akaba atarashoboye kugaragaza ibimenyetso by`uko abo baregaga babonye ubutaka ku bw`uburyaraya, babutunga mu buryarya, babwubakamo ku bw`uburyarya, kabone n`ubwo ayo mazu yubatswe imanza zaratangiye. [33] Ku birebana n`uru rubanza, Kanyamibwa n`umwunganira bavuga ko Kayitsinga yaguze inzu ku bw`uburyarya. Mu bimenyetso batanga, bavugamo imyitwarire ye mu Rukiko yo kuba akimara kugura iyo nzu yarahise agirana amakimbirane na Kanyamibwa, yumvikana no mu mvugo9 ya Me Vita wamwunganiraga aburana mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, aho yabwiye Urukiko ko ``Akihabona ntiyahatunze mu mudendezo kuko uwitwa Kanyamibwa Immaculéee yakomeje kuza kumubwira ngo amuvire mu nzu [...]". Bavugamo kandi ibaruwa yo ku wa 19/01/2000 y`Ubuyobozi bwa Serivisi ya Cadastre bwandikiye Ubuyobozi bw’Akagari ka Kivumu, busaba ko Kayitsinga yahagarikwa kugira icyo akorera muri Pariseli n° 2295 kuko 8Civ, 3è, 18 Janv 1972, bull. Civ.III, né 39, p.28. JCP 1972, IV, 55. Si la connaissance, par l`acquéreur, d`un immeuble, d`un acte antérieur de disposition portant sur ce bien n`éxclut pas nécessairement sa bonne foi, c`est à condition qu`il ait cru que cet acte n`avait pas emporté transfert de propriété: Rouen, 18 juill.1949, D., note Lebrun. 9 Nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko mvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 16/11/2011, ku ru papuro rwa 50, kuri cote ya 33.

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yayiguze n’utari nyirayo, ndetse n`ibaruwa yo ku wa 19/8/2011, Kayitsinga Alexis yandikiye Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Rubavu avuga ko akimara kugura na Nsangineza inzu itari yuzuye, Kanyamibwa yatangiye kwirukanka mu nzego z’Ubuyobozi ashaka kumwambura icyo kibanza n’ibikorwa birimo. [34] Urukiko rusanga ariko ibi bimenyetso byose nta na kimwe cyahabwa agaciro, kuko usibye kuvuga ko habayeho ibaruwa ibuza Kayitsinga gukomeza ibikorwa ku inzu iburanwa, nta cyemeza ko uwo muyobozi yamuhagaritse koko, kandi byari mu nshingano ze, cyane cyane ko nta kigaragaza byibuze ko yashyikirijwe iyo baruwa, ngo abe yarasuzuguye ubuyobozi. Naho ku bijyanye na Raporo bavuga yakozwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gisenyi, Kayitsinga yatanze ashaka kugaragaza ko iyo nzu yayiguze mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kuko ubwo buyobozi bwari bubizi bukanabishimangira mu iperereza bwakoze, bwavuze ko kuva igihe umugore wa Nyakwigendera yazaga gukurikirana ikibazo cy’inzu y’umugabo we, batongeye kumubona agaruka. Kuba Ubuyobozi nabwo butarakurikiranye ikibazo ngo buhagarike ibikorwa by`ubwubatsi, ubwabyo ntibyaba ikimenyetso gihagije kigaragaza ko Kayitsinga yatunze inzu, agakomeza kuyongerera agaciro ku bw`uburiganya, ndetse hakaba nta n`icyemezo cyihutirwa cy`Urukiko (référé) cyahagaritse Kayitsinga gukomeza ibikorwa by`ubwubatsku nzu n`ubutaka biburanwa. [35] Urukiko rusanga rero kuba Kanyamibwa adashobora kugaragaza uburyarya cyangwa uburiganya bwa Kayitsinga agura inzu, akayitunga, agakora ibikorwa by`ubwubatsi ku nzu no ku butaka, agomba kumusubiza agaciro k`ibikorwa byayongereye agaciro, hashingiwe mahame, amategeko, n`ibitekerezo by`abahanga byagaragajwe haruguru, uyu ukaba ari nawo murongo wafashwe n`Urukiko rw`Ikirenga mu rubanza RCAA 0029/12/CS rwaciwe ku wa 08/03/2013 haburana Busingye Pascaline na Mukarushema Epiphrodosie, aho rwemeje ko Mukarushema yaguze inzu nta buryarya, kimwe no mu rubanza N° RS/INJUST/RC 00027/2018/SC rwa Mutaganzwa Christophe na Munyanshongore Gervais baburana na Kanyambilili Prosper n`Abavandimwe rwaciwe n`Urukiko rw`ikirenga ku wa 07/12/2018. bityo akaba afite uburenganzira bwo gusubizwa ikiguzi cy`ibyo yongereye yuma yo kuyigura. 3. Kumenya agaciro inzu yari ifite ikigurwa, ibikorwa Kayitsinga yayikozeho n`agaciro kabyo, ibyashyizwe ku butaka n’agaciro kabyo, n`abafite ishingano zo kubisubiza. [36] Me Ndagijimana Janvier avuga ko Kayitsinga agura iyo nzu, yari yubakishije rukarakara, ko yari izamuye, isakaye n’amabati, ariko idakinze, ko ahagombaga kuba amadirishya bari barashyizemo amatafari, ahagombaga kujya urugi hakingishije amabati, ko nta nzugi zarimo, cyakora ko yari ifite annexe n’urupangu. Avuga ko igice kimwe yagishenye ahandi akahavugurura, ko igisenge yagisenye cyose, inzu arayizamura iba ndende ashyiraho amabati y`igipimo cya 28, ndetse ku nzu ashyiraho n’amabuye y’urugarika, ashyiramo salle de bain 3, annexes, cuisines, fosses sceptiques, yubaka igipangu, ashyiraho n’akabaraza, mu busitani, ateramo imbuto zirimo avoka, ashyiramo imitako/indabo, n`ibyatsi by’ibirungo. [37] Avuga ko inzu Kayitsinga Alexis yaguze, atari inzu yari isigaje gukorwaho amasuku gusa, ko ahubwo nk’uko bigaragazwa n’amasezerano y’ubugure, iyo nzu yayitanzeho 850,000 Frw, ko ariko nyuma yo kuvugururwa, ubu ifite agaciro ka 32,634,724 Frws nk’uko bigaragazwa na raporo ya expertise ya nyuma, ko harebwe ako gaciro ifite ubu, Kanyamibwa atavuga ko Kayitsinga Alexis yongeyeho utuntu dutoya (petites perfections). Avuga ko hashingiwe ku

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ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nº15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, imiburanire ya Kayitsinga yahabwa ishingiro cyane cyane ko we yatanze ibimenyetso bigizwe n‘amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 26/11/1999 na expertise igaragaza agaciro inzu ifite kugeza ubu; ko rero Kayitsinga Alexis yagenerwa agaciro k’ibyo yashyize ku nzu nk‘umuntu waguze nta buryarya, harebwe raporo y‘igenagaciro igaragaza ko agaciro k‘ibyashyizweho kangana na 36,700,000 Frw (maison principale = 18,427,500 Frw, Annexe = 7,650,000 Frw, igikoni = 405,000 Frw, clôture = 2,070,000 Frw, ibiti n’indabyo = 400,000Frw), havuyemo agaciro k’ikibanza n’ibyo Kanyamibwa na Nsangineza bari bashyize muri icyo kibanza. [38] Me Idahemuka avuga ko abo baburana, ubwabo batanze igisubizo ku miterere y’inzu yaguzwe kuko bagaragaje ko baguze inzu isakaye, ku buryo bigomba gufatwa nk‘ukwiyemerera k’umuburanyi imbere y’Urukiko, kandi ko hari n’abatangabuhamya babihamije barimo uwitwa SABATO watuye muri iyo nzu mbere y’uko Kayitsinga ayigura, kimwe n’abandi bayibayemo bose bemeje ko yari inzu yubakishijwe rukarakara, isakajwe amabati ndetse inakinze, ahubwo ko Kayitsinga yakoze finissage ashyiraho igipande n’irangi, kuko inzu yasanze yubatse ikinze itarimo ibirahuri, ariyo mpamvu n’ibyo kuba azamura ibiciro by’aho hantu nta gaciro byahabwa, kuko yubatse azi neza ko bamubujije kubaka. [39] Avuga kandi ko igiciro Kayitsinga yaguriyeho ahaburanwa kitafatwaho ukuri kuko Nsangineza yagurishaga ibitari ibye, cyane cyane ko nawe yivugiye ko uwo mubare w’amafaranga atari agaciro nyakuri k’ikibanza, byongeye kandi Kayitsinga nta kimenyetso yagaragarije Urukiko k’ibyo yashyize ku nzu. Avuga ko expertise yatanzwe n’uwo baburana itakoreshwa kuko yivuguruza, aho iya mbere igaragaza ko inzu ifite agaciro kangana na 55,718,462 Frw, indi ikaza yerekana ko iyo nzu ifite agaciro ka 32,634,724 Frw, kandi hakaba hataragaragajwe impamvu y`icyo kinyuranyo kinini cy`ibiciro byombi. Asaba ko mu gufata icyemezo, Urukiko rwazashingira ku ngingo ya 276,310 n’iya 312 z’Igitabo cya gatatu cy’urwunge rw’amategeko mbonezamubano, maze hagendewe ko igurisha ry’ikintu cy’undi ari imfabusa, hakemezwa ko Kayitsinga ntaho akomora uburenganzira aburana kuri iyo nzu. [40] Shyaka avuga ko umubyeyi we yamugajwe na Genocide ku buryo atashoboraga gukuririkirana inzu yabo, ko nyuma aho aboneye imbaraga, aribwo yabashije kurega Kayitsinga. Naho ku birebana n’ibyongewe ku nzu, avuga ko ibyari kuri iyo nzu aribyo biriho, ko uretse inkingi 3 yubatse na finissage yakoze, nta bindi Kayitsinga yakoze kuri iyo nzu. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [41] Impamvu ya kabiri y`akarengane yashingiweho n`uru Rukiko mu kwakira ikirego cye gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza, ni uko irangizwa ryarwo ritashobokaga kubera ko nta gaciro kagenewe ibyongerewe ku nzu n`ibyo Nsangineza agomba kumwishyura. a. Ku birebana n`agaciro k`inzu, ibyayikozweho n`agaciro kabyo, inyubako zongerewe ku butaka no ku busitani. [42] Uru Rukiko rwasanze ntaho rwahera rubara ingano y’ibyo Kayitsinga yongereye ku nzu no ku butaka, ndetse n`agaciro k`inzu ubwayo igihe yagurwaga; rwasanze kandi na Kanyamibwa, usibye kuvuga ko Kayitsinga yakoze ku nzu imirimo ya``finissage`` no gusiga

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amarangi, nawe atagaragariza Urukiko agaciro iyo nzu yari ifite mbere y’uko Kayitsinga agira ibyo yongeraho, bituma hifashishwa Abagenagaciro kugirango bagaragaze agaciro inzu yari ifite igihe Kayitsinga yayiguraga, n`ibyo yayongereyeho n`agaciro ifite ubu. [43] Dosiye y`urubanza igaragaza rero expertises zigera kuri eshatu (3)10 zagiye zikorwa kuri iyo nzu na pariseli, zigaragaza agaciro k’umutungo uburanwa mu buryo bukurikira: [44] Raporo ya mbere yakozwe ku wa 18/7/2017 igaragaza ko inzu yubatsemo ifite agaciro ka 19,744,690 Frw, agaciro ka pariseli ka: 13,299,780 Frw, naho annexe: 7,260,496 Frw, ikagaragaza ko umutungo wose ufite agaciro ka 40,404,966 Frw. Bitewe n’uko iyi raporo y’igenagaciro impande zombi zitayemeranyijeho, Urukiko rwemeje ko hakorwa indi. [45] Raporo ya kabiri yakozwe ku wa 15/12/2017 igaragaza ko inzu yubatsemo ifite agaciro ka 20,572,224 Frw, agaciro ka pariseli ka: 9,207,540 Frw, naho annexe: 7,260,496 Frw, ikagaragaza ko umutungo wose ufite agaciro ka 28,735,681 Frw. Iyi raporo nayo Urukiko rwasanze impande zombi ziyinenga byinshi, rwemeza ko hakorwa indi ikozwe n’undi muhanga ushyizweho n’Urukiko. [46] Raporo y’igenagaciro ya nyuma yakozwe n`Umugenagaciro Bayingana Michel yashyikirijwe Urukiko ku wa 19/6/2018, igomba kugenderwaho kuko ariyo ababuranyi bemeranywaho, igaragaza ko inzu nini ifite agaciro ka 19,062,389Frw, naho agaciro k`annexe ni 5,009.924Frw, agaciro k`ibindi bikorwa by`ubwubatsi biri muri pariseli n`urukuta, ibihingwa by`umutako w`ubusitani, n`ibiribwa kangana na 2.168.286Frw, naho agaciro k`ubutaka kangana na 6,394,125 Frw, iyo raporo ikaragaza ko umutungo wose ufite agaciro ka 32,634.724 Frw. [47] Ku byerekeye agaciro inzu yari ifite igihe Nsangineza yagurishaga Kayitsinga, n`ubwo uru Rukiko rwabisabye11, rusanga muri raporo zose uko ari eshatu, nta Mugenagaciro n’umwe wagaragaje ako gaciro k`inzu igihe yagurwaga, hakaba hagomba kugenderwa ku kiguzi cya 850,000 Frw Kayitsinga yayitanzeho nk`uko bigaragazwa n`amasezerano y`ubugure hagati ye na Nsangineza yo ku wa 26 /11/1999. [48] Ku birebana n’ibyongerewe ku nzu, bigaragarira Urukiko ko mu miburanire y`impande zombi, zemeranya ko inzu Kayitsinga yayiguze isigaje gukorerwa ``finissage‘‘, bivuze ko hakurikijwe raporo y’igenagaciro ya gatatu bumvikanyeho, ibikorwa byongerewe ku nzu ari ibikurikira: wall finishes ya 3,041,352 Frw, doors ya 1,075,100 Frw, steel windows ya 602,680 Frw, bullustrades ya 113,208 Frw, paving works ya 1,012,347 Frw, ceilling works ya 861,692 Frw, painting ya 548,279 Frw, plumbing works ya 2,468,924 Frw na electrical distribution system ya 713,600 Frw, byose hamwe bikaba bifite agaciro ka 10,323,974 Frw. b. Ku byerekeye ugomba kwishyura agaciro k`ibyongerewe ku nzu. [49] Urukiko rusanga ari Kanyamibwa usubiranye inzu ye yongerewe agaciro, ugomba kwishyura Kayitsinga amafaranga angana na 10,323,974 Frw y`agaciro k`ibyo yongereye nk`uko kagaragara muri raporo ya gatatu yumvikanyweho, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 24, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 20/07/1920, rishyiraho Igitabo cya kabiri cy’Urwunge rw’amategeko 10 Iya mbere yo muri Juillet 2017 yakozwe na Havugimana Justin, iya kabiri yo muri Décembre 2017 nayo yakozwe na Havugimana Justin, n’iya gatatu yo muri June 2018, yakozwe na Bayingana Michel. 11Réquisition y`Umugenagaciro yo ku wa 25/07/2017

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mbonezamubano (CCLII), iteganya ko: ``Iyo amazu, ibyubatswe [. ] byakozwe n’ubitunze nta buryarya akoresheje ibyubakishwa [.....] nyirubutaka ntashobora gusaba ko bivanwaho; agomba kwishyura ubitunze igiciro cy’ibyubakishijwe [.......] n’ibyishyuwe ababikoze [........... ]. Byumvikana ko ibikorwa byakozwe ku kintu cy`undi nta buryarya, nyiri icyo kintu adashobora kukijyana atishyuye agaciro k’ibyo bikorwa. Ibi bishimangirwa kandi n’ibitekerezo by’Abahanga mu mategeko bavuga ko iyo uwiyitaga nyirumutungo utimukanwa awukuwemo, hashize igihe kinini awukoresha, ku buryo yashyizeho ibikorwa biwongerera agaciro, nyirumutungo awusubiranye gusa ntacyo yishyuye yaba yikungahaje mu buryo budakwiriye, ariyo mpamvu aba agomba kwishyura ibyo bikorwa byongereweho, hatitawe ko yabikoze mu buryo bw’uburiganya cyangwa nta buriganya12. [50] Urukiko rusanga kandi kuba uvanwe mu mutungo utari uwe yari yarawongereye agaciro, nyirawo akagomba kumusubiza agaciro k`ibyo yawongeyeho, ari ugushyira mu gaciro (equity), bishingira nanone ku ihame ryo kutikungahaza13 (enrichissement sans cause ou injustifié) inkiko zimaze igihe kirekire zifashisha mu kwakira ibirego by`abavukijwe ibintu byabo bigahabwa abandi nta mpamvu no gutegeka usubiranye umutungo we, gusubiza uwuvanywemo agaciro k`ibyo yawongeyeho. Iri hame ryemejwe bwa mbere mu rubanza rwaciwe mu mwaka w`1892, aho umucuruzi w`ifumbire utari wishyuwe n`umuhinzi wakodeshaga ubutaka wahirukanwe, byamuhaye uburenganzira bwo gukurikirana nyir`ubutaka kuko yabusubiranye bwari bwazamuriwe agaciro na ya fumbire14 (arrêt dit ``du marchand d`engrais``: le marchand n`ayant pas été payé par le fermier locataire s`est vu reconnoitre contre le propriétaire des terres enrichies par l`engrais une action ``dérivant du principe d`équitéqui défend de s`enrichir aux depens d`autrui``) c. Ku birebana n`ugomba gusubiza agaciro k`inzu igihe yagurishwaga. [51] Urukiko rusanga Nsangineza Célestin ariwe ugomba kwishyura Kayitsinga 850.000 Frw y`agaciro k’inzu yamugurishije ku buriganya, kuko yari azi neza ko amugurisha ibitari ibye, nk’uko kagaragajwe muri Raporo ya gatatu y`Umugenagaciro yumvikanyweho n`impande zombi, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 312 iteganya ko ``iyo umugurisha yagurishije ku buryarya isambu yundi muntu, agomba kwishyura uwari warayeguriwe amafaranga yose yatanze kuri iyo sambu ndetse [ ]``. d. Ku byerekeye annexe, ibindi bikorwa by`ubwubatsi biri muri pariseli n`urukuta, ibihingwa by`umutako w`ubusitani, n`ibiribwa. 12 "Le possesseur, spécialement s’il s’est cru propriétaire et si sa possession a duré un certain temps, a pu entreprendre sur le bien dont il est évincé des travaux constitutifs d’amélioration. En laisser purement et simplement le bénéfice au revendiquant eût procuré à ce dernier un enrichissement injustifié. La jurisprudence, s’inspirant de la tradition romaine et de dispositions éparses dans le code civil, a retenu le principe d’une indemnisation du possesseur évincé, non plus cette fois, de sa bonne ou mauvaise foi, mais de la nature des travaux entrepris ou des frais exposés, appelés impenses”: François Terré et Philippe Simler; Droit Civil, Les Biens, Dalloz, 9ème Edition. P. 412 13 Phippe Malinvaud, Dominique Fenouillet na Mustapha, Droit des obligations, 13ème Edition, page 642-43, n° 811: Enrichissement sans cause: Cass req, 16 Juin1892 1, 596; S, 183 1,281. 14ALAIN BENABENT, Droit Civil, Les Obligations, 11ème Edition. A jour 1er Juillet 2007, p.343, n° 483: l`Enrichissement sans cause est l`une des illustrations les plus caracteristiques du pouvoir créateur de la jurisprudence. C`est l`oevre de la plus célèbre arrêt dit ``du marchand d`engrais`` rendu en 1892 et faisant expréssement réfénce àl`équité.

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[52] Phippe Malinvaud, Dominique Fenouillet na Mustapha nta cyababuza kumvikana ku gaciro k`ibyo bikorwa, mu gihe Kanyamibwa ashatse kubigumana, yakumvikana na Kayitsinga agaciro kabyo, ariko mu gihe bidashobotse, Kayitsinga yabikuraho, kuko bitagomba kubera umugogoro Kanyamibwa ufite uburenganzira ku butaka bwe, ngo agombe kubigura mu gihe yumva atabishoboye cyangwa atabikeneye. Ibi bihura n`ibivugwa n`Abahanga bavuzwe haruguru Alain Benabent, na Philippe Malinvaud, Dominique Fenouillet Mustapha, Mekki, ko niyo ihame ryaba rifite ireme (principe logique), ntibibuza kuba ryakwitazwa cyangwa kwirengagizwa, hagakurikizwa ibiri mu gaciro (equity). Urukiko rusanga kandi Kayitsinga ashobora kuzarega Nsangineza kugirango agaruze ibyo yatakaje, ibyo yashyize ku butaka bigakurwaho, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n`ingingo ya 312 ya CCLIII yagaragajwe haruguru. 4. Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza [53] Me Ndagijimana Janvier avuga ko Kanyamibwa yategekwa guha Kayitsinga indishyi zingana na 10.000.000 Frw, zishingiye ku mpamvu z`uko amaze igihe asiragizwa mu nkiko, kuba yarafashwe nk’umuntu utunze umutungo mu buryo bw’uburiganya, akabuzwa amahoro n’umutuzo ku mutungo yaguze mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, ku buryo byamuteye umubabaro, agahabwa na 6.000.000 Frw z’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [54] Me Idahemuka avuga ko Kanyamibwa Immaculée indishyi n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa, nta shingiro ryabyo kuko nta makosa abona yakoze mu gihe yatanze ikirego akurikirana umutungo we, maze atanga ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi, asaba 20.000.000 Frw y’indishyi kuko kuva mu mwaka wa 1999 Kanyamibwa n’abana be batigeze bagira uburenganzira ku mutungo wabo, 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 5.000.000 y’igihembo cya Avoka. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [55] Urukiko rusanga indishyi Kayitsinga asaba, ntaho rwashingira ruzimuha kuko yatunze umutungo utari we, akaba atari Kanyamibwa wasabwa kuzitanga, ahubwo uwazisabwa ari Nsangineza wamugurishije ibitaribye, akaba abivanywemo, naho ku mafaranga y`ikurikiranarubanza n`igihembo cya Avoka, nabyo akaba atabihabwa kuko hari ibyo atsindiwe. [56] Ku birebana na Kanyamibwa Immaculée, Urukiko rusanga indishyi asaba zo guhezwa ku mutungo zaba zumvikana, ariko kuba atagaragaza uko azibara, akaba yagenerwa 3,000,000Frw mu bushishozi bw`Urukiko, zigomba gutangwa na Nsangineza Célestin. Kanyamibwa Immaculée, kandi nawe nta mafaranga y`ikurikirana rubanza n`igihembo cya Avoka yagenerwa kuko hari ibyo atsindiwe mu rubanza. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [57] Rwemeje ko ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z`akarengane gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [58] Rwemeje ko amasezerano y`ubugure yo ku wa 21/11/1999 yabaye hagati ya Nsangineza Célestin na Kayitsinga Alexis ari impfabusa; [59] Rwemeje ko Nsangineza Célestin atsinzwe;

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[60] Rwemeje ko Kanyamibwa Immaculée atsinze kuri bimwe; [61] Rwemeje ko urubanza N° RCA/12/HC/MUS rwaciwe 27/11/2014 n`Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ruhindutse; [62] Rutegetse ko Kanyamibwa Immaculée guha Kayitsinga Alexis 10,323,974 Frw y`agaciro k`ibyongerewe ku nzu; [63] Rutegetse Kayitsinga Alexis guhita ava muri uwo mutungo utimukanwa (inzu n`ikibanza, Nº 2295 ya kera na Nº 834 nshya), ugasubira mu maboka ya Kanyamibwa Immaculée uko uri; [64] Rutegetse ko Nsangineza Célestin guha Kayitsinga Alexis 850,000Frw y`agaciro k`inzu igihe yayimugurishaga; [65] Rutegetse ko Nsangineza Célestin kwishyura Kanyamibwa Immaculée indishyi zingana na 3,000,000Frw; [66] Rutegetse Kanyamibwa Immaculée kwishyura Kayitsinga Alexis amafaranga bazaba bumvikanye y`agaciro k`ibyashyizwe ku butaka: annexe, ibindi bikorwa by`ubwubatsi biri muri pariseli n`uruzitiro (cl ture), ibihingwa by`umutako w`ubusitani, n`ibiribwa, batashobora ȯ kumvikana, Kayitsinga Alexis akabivanaho.