UBUSHINJACYAHA v MBARUSHIMANA

UBUSHINJACYAHA v MBARUSHIMANA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-10-29 - Case/document no.: RPA/GEN 00006/2019/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v MBARUSHIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA (Nyirandabaruta., P.J., Rugabirwa na Tugireyezu J.) 29 Ukwakira 2025] Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza – Imanza nshinjabyaha – Kwigarika Avoka – Urukiko rushobora kwanga kwemera ukwigarika Avoka mu gihe ubisaba atagaragaza impamvu yumvikana Amategeko agena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda – Gukora iperereza – Urukiko sirwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira abafasha uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda ibyaha bya Genoside abashinzwe gukora iperereza Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Igihe cyo utegura dosiye – Igihe gihabwa Ubushinjacyaha cyangwa uregwa – Kuba igihe gihabwa Ubushinjacyaha n’uregwa bitangana, bifite ishingiro kuko Ubushinjacyaha bufite inshingano zo gukora akazi mu nyungu za sosiyete, gushakisha ibyaha no kuregera inkiko, mu gihe uregwa we, areba inyungu ze zo kwiregura gusa ku byo aregwa. Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza – Imanza nshinjabyaha – Kujurira – Urubanza rubanziriza urundi – Kuba Urukiko rwakomeza iburanisha mu gihe uregwa yajuriye, nta kosa riririmo, kuko ubujurire ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi budahagarika iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi. Uregwa ntiyavuga ko yaburanishijwe kabiri ku cyaha kimwe kuko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca cyamukatiraga igihano cyakuweho n’Urukiko Rukuru hagati mu iburanisha,

rubisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. Amategeko mpanabyaha – Kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko mpanabyaha – Itegeko ryagiyeho nyuma yuko ibyaha bikorwa – Ibyaha by’ubugome ndengakamere – Ibyaha mpuzamahanga bigomba gukurikiranwa kandi bikanahanwa kabone n’iyo bitaba biri mu mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu mu gihe byakorwaga. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ubuhamya – Urukiko nirwo rwonyine rufite ububasha bwo gusesengura imvugo z’abatangabuhamya no kwemeza ko zihuje cyangwa zidahuje n’ikiburanwa, hashingiwe ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo bavuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira. Bityo, Urukiko rushobora guha agaciro igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bw’umutangabuhamya ikindi ntigihabwe agaciro. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ubuhamya – Kuba umutangabuhamya yaba yaragize uruhare mu bikorwa bigize icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho, ntibyamubuza gutanga ubuhamya Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ubuhamya – uregwa ujurira anenga amakosa yaba yarakozwe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa ntabwo anenga umutangabuhamya ashingiye gusa ku kuba nawe afite ibyaha yahamijwe n’urukiko. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ubuhamya butaziguye cyangwa ubuhamya buziguye – Ububasha bw’Urukiko bwo gusuzuma mu bwigenge no mu bushishozi bwarwo ibimenyetso byose rwashyikirijwe, harebwe na none

intego y’amategeko y’ibimenyetso (objectif du droit de la preuve) yo gushakisha ukuri, Inkiko zemera ibimenyetso biziguye (preuve indirecte) cyangwa ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire (preuve par ouï-dire) iyo byizewe. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Inyandiko – Inyandiko zavuye mu mahanga – Inkiko zo mu Rwanda ntizitegetswe gushingira ku byo umutangabuhamya yabwiye ubugenzacyaha bwo mu bihugu by’amahanga atararahiye mbere yo gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa atarashyize umukono ku nyandiko-mvugo y’ibazwa cyangwa se n’uwamusemuriraga nawe atararahiye mbere yo gutangira akazi. Amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza – Imanza nshinjabyaha – Ibimenyetso bishya – Ibimenyetso bishya ntibibujijwe gutangwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire n’ibigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere, si ibitaraburanishijwe kuri urwo rwego, bityo umuburanyi usaba guhamagaza abatangabuhamya ataburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi ari we ubwe wivukije amahirwe yo kubageza mu Rukiko nta shingiro byahabwa.

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Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Ubuhamya – ubuhamya mu manza za Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi – Igihe ubuhamya butangiwe – Harebwe igihe kinini kiba gishize hagati y’igihe ibikorwa bya jenoside byakoreweho n’igihe ubuhamya bwatangiwe, kuba abatangabuhamya bakwivuguruza cyangwa ntibahurize nko ku matariki ibyo batangaho ubuhamya byabereye, ku masaha, ku myambaro uregwa yari yambaye, ku ntwaro yari afite, aho yari ahagaze, cyangwa iyo ubuhamya umutangabuhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko budahuye neza n’ibyo yavuze mbere, ntibyafatwa nk’inenge ikabije yatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwe. Amategeko agenga ibimenyetso – Ibimenyetso mu manza nshinjabyaha – Inyandiko – Inyandiko kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi – kuba umuntu ataravuzwe mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca cyangwa mu zindi nyandiko za jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ntibivuze ko nta ruhare yagize mu byaha aregwa. Bityo, kuba uregwa atagaragara mu gitabo cya CNLG cyitwa itegurwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’umugambi wa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda cyane cyane ku bwicanyi bwabereye ahantu runaka, ntibivuze ko atahakoze jenoside. Amategeko mpanabyaha – icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside – Ibikorwa bimwe – Nta cyabuza Urukiko guhamya uregwa icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. Bityo, ahantu hamwe hashobora kubera icyaha

cya Jenoside hakanabera ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bwo gukora jenoside. Amategeko mpanabyaha – icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu – Nta cyabuza ko Uregwa akurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko ibigize (éléments constitutifs) ibyo byaha byombi bitandukanye. Uretse ko ibikorwa bigize ibyo byaha byombi, bihurira ku gikorwa kimwe cyo kwica Abatutsi. Incamake y’ibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiye Ubushinjacyaha burega Mbarushimana mu Rukiko Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha imanza z’ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambukiranya imbibi icyaha cya Jenoside, icyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze Jenoside, icyo gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside, ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, byakorewe ahahoze ari muri Superefegitura ya Gisagara muri Komini ya Muganza, Ndora na Kibayi, hiciwe Abatutsi barenga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000); akurikiranwa by’umwihariko kuba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, abiciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye no mu bindi bitero byari bigamije guhiga no kwica Abatutsi byagabwe mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya, i Gahondo, i Nyakibingo, ku Gisagara, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe. Yarezwe kwitabira no kuyobora inama zateguraga ubwo bwicanyi, kuba mu bashinze bariyeri ziciweho Abatutsi, gutanga amabwiriza n’ibikoresho

byakoreshejwe muri ubwo bwicanyi, kuyobora ibitero no kuyobora umutwe w’interahamwe ahantu hatandukanye. Yaburanye ahakana ibyaha byose aregwa, anavuga ko atakagombye kuregwa icyaha cya jenoside kubera ko kitari giteganyijwe mu mategeko y’u Rwanda; ko atanaregwa icyaha cya jenoside ngo anaregwe ubufatanyacyaha muri icyo cyaha no gucura umugambi wacyo; ko kandi atakurikiranwaho icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’icyo kurimbura nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu kuko nabyo bitari biteganyijwe mu mategeko y’u Rwanda cyangwa se ngo akiregwe yanarezwe jenoside; ko kandi Ubushinjacyaha bumurega ibyo byaha bushingiye ku bikorwa bimwe. Muri urwo rubanza kandi Mbarushimana yazamuye inzitizi n’ingoboka zitandukanye, harimo izerekeranye n’ububasha bw’Urukiko, izo kwihanan umucamanza, kwihana abamunganira...Urukiko ruzifataho umwanzuro ziranajuririrwa mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeza ko izo nzititizi zizasumirwa rimwe n’urubanza mu mizi. Urukiko mu rubanza RP0001/15/HCCI, rwemeje ko Mbarushimana ahamwa n’icyaha cya Jenoside, icy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora Jenoside n’icyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu. Mbarushimana ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, arujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, ubujurire bwe buhuzwa n’izindi manza ze ku bujurire yari yaragiye atanga bw’imanza zibanziriza urundi.

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Nyuma y’ivugurura ry’ububasha bw’inkiko n’ishyirwaho ry’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza rwa Mbarushimana rwari mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashyikirijwe Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo abe ari rwo ruruburanisha. Mu gihe urwo rubanza rwari rutaraburanishwa, Mbarushimana yatanze ikindi kirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, arega Ubushinjacyaha n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe imfungwa n’abagororwa (RCS), asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gusuzuma ibijyanye n’uburyo afunzwe, uburyo afashwe ndetse n’imibereho ye, rugategeka ko afungwa mu buryo bukwiriye kandi bujyanye n’ibipimo mpuzamahanga. Ubushinjacyaha butanga inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ndetse n’inzitizi yo kutakira icyo kirego yatanzwe n’uhagarariye Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe imfungwa n’abagororwa. Urukio mu rubanza CMB RP/ Gen 00002/2019/CA, rwemeza ko ikirego cya Mbarushimana, kitakiriwe ngo gisuzumwe nk’ingoboka mu rubanza RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA. Mbere yuko urubanza ruburanishwa mu mizi mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, mbarushimana yatanze inzitizi zitandukanye Urukiko ruzifataho umwanzuro. Mu rubanza mu mizi, Mbarushimana yajuririye ingingo zerekeranye n’imigendekere y’urubanza/procedure, n’izishingiye ku mizi y’urubanza. Urukiko mu rubanza RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana nta shingiro bufite. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Urukiko rushobora kwanga kwemera ukwigarika Avoka mu gihe ubisaba atagaragaza impamvu yumvikana. Bityo, nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru (HCCI), rwakoze rwemeza ko uregwa akomeza kunganirwa n’Abavoka yagenewe n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka kuko byakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko.

2. Urukiko sirwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira abafasha uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda ibyaha bya Genoside abashinzwe gukora iperereza, ahubwo icyo Urukiko rureba ni ukwemeza niba iperereza rigomba gukorwa nk’uko biteganywa n’amategeko.

3. Kuba uregwa avuga ko igihe yahawe kitangana n’icy’Ubushinjacyaha bwamaze butegura dosiye, ntibivuze ko atahawe ubutabera buboneye. bityo, kuba igihe gihabwa Ubushinjacyaha n’uregwa bitangana, bifite ishingiro kuko Ubushinjacyaha bufite inshingano zo gukora akazi mu nyungu za sosiyete, gushakisha ibyaha no kuregera inkiko, mu gihe uregwa we, areba inyungu ze zo kwiregura gusa ku byo aregwa.

4. Nta kosa ryabayeho ku Kuba umucamanza ndetse n’inteko bihannwe n’uregwa barakomeje guca urubanza aregwamo nyuma y’uko Urukiko rugaragaje ko impamvu ze z’ubwihane nta shingiro zifite.

5. Kuba Urukiko rwakomeza iburanisha mu gihe uregwa yajuriye, nta kosa rririmo, kuko ubujurire ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi budahagarika iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi.

6. Uregwa ntiyavuga ko yaburanishijwe kabiri ku cyaha kimwe kuko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca cyamukatiraga igihano cyakuweho n’Urukiko Rukuru hagati mu iburanisha, rubisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. kandi uwo ari we wese mu baburanyi ndetse n’Urukiko ubwarwo bari bafite inshingano n’inyungu zo kubyutsa iyo nzitizi yo gutesha agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca.

7. Mu myanzuro yo kwiregura mu Rukiko Rukuru ndetse no mu iburanisha, uregwa ntiyigeze agaragaza ko kuba icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca kiri mu rubanza bibangamiye ihame ryo kuba atafatwa nk’umwere, ahubwo akabizana bwa mbere mu rwego rw’ubujurire, rutayakira nk’impamvu y’ubujurire ngo ruyisuzume kuko cyaba ari ikirego gishya.

8. Urukiko Rukuru nta kosa rwakoze mu kutubahiriza ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko mpanabyaha kubera ko uregwa adashobora kwitwaza ko atari azi ko bene ibyo byaha ari ibyaha by’ubugome ndengakamere kandi ko bibujijwe n’umuco mpuzamahanga. Bityo, u Rwanda rwifashe ku ngingo ya 9, irebana n’amakimbirane azaba hagati y’abashyize umukono ku masezerano n’uburyozwe bwa Leta, akaba ntaho bihuriye no kuba u Rwanda rwarifashe ku birebana n’inshingano zo gukurikirana abakoze icyaha cya jenoside.

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9. Kuba uregwa yaraburanishijwe hashingiwe ku mategeko yashyizweho nyuma y’uko ibikorwa akurikiranyweho bikorwa, nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko ibikorwa yari akurikiranyweho byari ibyaha mu mategeko mpuzamahanga. Bityo, ibyaha mpuzamahanga bigomba gukurikiranwa kandi bikanahanwa kabone n’iyo bitaba biri mu mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu mu gihe byakorwaga.

10. Kuba Ubushinjacyaha bwaragaragaje mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, inyito y’ibyaha, igihe uregwa yabikoreye, aho yabikoreye n’uburyo yabikozemo n’uruhare rwe kuri buri cyaha, ntaho uregwa yahera avuga ko atamenyesherejwe ku gihe ibyo akurikiranweho mu buryo burambuye.

11. Urukiko rushobora guha agaciro igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bw’umutangabuhamya ntigihabwe agaciro. Bityo, Urukiko nirwo rwonyine rufite ububasha bwo gusesengura imvugo z’abatangabuhamya no kwemeza ko zihuje cyangwa zidahuje n’ikiburanwa, hashingiwe ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo bavuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira.

12. Uwajuriye agomba kugaragaza icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe, agaragaza niba hari amakosa yo mu rwego rw’amategeko yakozwe yatuma icyemezo gita agaciro, cyangwa ko habayeho kwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. Iyo atabikoze ubwo bujurire burakirwa, urukiko rukemeza ko nta shingiro bufite. Bityo, umuburanyi unenga abatangabuhamya mu bujurire atagaragaza amakosa yakozwe n’urukiko rubanza kandi yaranabanenze mu rubanza rujuririrwa bigafatwaho umwanzuro, ubujurire bwe nta shingiro buhabwa.

13. Kuba umutangabuhamya yaba yaragize uruhare mu bikorwa bigize icyaha uregwa akurikiranweho, ntibyamubuza gutanga ubuhamya. Bityo, uregwa ajurira anenga amakosa yaba yarakozwe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa ntabwo anenga umutangabuhamya ashingiye gusa ku kuba nawe afite ibyaha yahamijwe n’urukiko.

14. Urukiko ntirutegetswe gukora iperereza cyangwa se kubaza abatangabuhamya iyo rwumva ibimenyetso rwashyikirijwe bihagije kandi n’ababuranyi bahawe umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho. Bityo, ntabwo umuburanyi yajurira avuga ko hari abatangabuhamya batabajijwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa mu gihe Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa, rwasanze ubuhamya rufite buhagije kugaragaza ukuri.

15. Ubuhamya bwanditse bwatanzwe mbere n’abatangabuhamya bushobora guhabwa agaciro, iyo bufite ubundi bubushyigikira.

16. Ubuhamya butaziguye cyangwa ubuhamya buziguye buhabwa agaciro n’Urukiko iyo bushyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso bituma bwizerwa. Bityo, Ububasha bw’Urukiko bwo gusuzuma mu bwigenge no mu bushishozi bwarwo ibimenyetso byose rwashyikirijwe, harebwe na none intego y’amategeko y’ibimenyetso (objectif du droit de la preuve) yo gushakisha ukuri, Inkiko zemera ibimenyetso biziguye (preuve indirecte) cyangwa ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire (preuve par ouï-dire) iyo byizewe.

17. Inkiko zo mu Rwanda ntizitegetswe gushingira ku byo umutangabuhamya yabwiye ubugenzacyaha bwo mu bihugu by’amahanga atararahiye mbere yo gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa atarashyize umukono ku nyandiko-mvugo y’ibazwa cyangwa se n’uwamusemuriraga nawe atararahiye mbere yo gutangira akazi. Bityo, izo nyandiko ntiziba zujuje ibisabwa n’amategeko kugirango ishingirweho n’Inkiko zo mu Rwanda.

18. Ibimenyetso bishya bitabujijwe gutangwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire n’ibigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere, si ibitaraburanishijwe kuri urwo rwego, bityo umuburanyi usaba guhamagaza abatangabuhamya ataburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere, kandi ari we ubwe wivukije amahirwe yo kubageza mu Rukiko nta shingiro byahabwa. Bityo, mu gihe uregwa adakoresheje uburenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya ku rwego rwa mbere mu iburanisha ry’ibanze, ntashobora gukoresha ubwo burenganzira ku rwego rw’ubujurire kuko bitaba ari inenge y’urubanza ajuririra, keretse mu gihe agaragaje impamvu itigobotorwa zatumye adatanga abatangabuhamya kuri urwo rwego.

19. Harebwe igihe kinini kiba gishize hagati y’igihe ibikorwa bya jenoside byakoreweho n’igihe ubuhamya bwatangiwe, kuba abatangabuhamya bakwivuguruza cyangwa ntibahurize nko ku matariki ibyo batangaho ubuhamya byabereye, ku masaha, ku myambaro uregwa yari yambaye, ku ntwaro yari afite, aho yari ahagaze,

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cyangwa iyo ubuhamya umutangabuhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko budahuye neza n’ibyo yavuze mbere, bitafatwa nk’inenge ikabije yatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwe. 20. kuba umuntu ataravuzwe mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca cyangwa mu zindi nyandiko za jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ntibivuze ko nta ruhare yagize mu byaha aregwa. Bityo, kuba uregwa atagaragara mu gitabo cya CNLG cyitwa itegurwa n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’umugambi wa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda cyane cyane ku bwicanyi bwabereye ahantu runaka, ntibivuze ko atahakoze jenoside.

21. Ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya ntigishobora guteshwa agaciro no kuba kigizwe n’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuko igifite agaciro ari uburyo umutangabuhamya atangira ubuhamya ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi bihuje na kamere y’ikiburanwa kuruta umubare w’abatangabuhamya.

22. Nta cyabuza Urukiko guhamya uregwa icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. Bityo, ahantu hamwe hashobora kubera icyaha cya Jenoside hakanabera ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bwo gukora jenoside. 23.Nta cyabuza ko Uregwa akurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko ibigize (éléments constitutifs) ibyo byaha byombi bitandukanye. Uretse ko ibikorwa bigize ibyo byaha byombi, bihurira ku gikorwa kimwe cyo kwica Abatutsi.

24. Kuba uregwa yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abaturage benshi batari abasirikari bahungiye ahantu runaka hakoreshejwe intwaro zitandukanye hagamijwe kwica abantu benshi vuba kandi icyarimwe, bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Bityo, icyaha cy’ibasiye inyokomuntu (kurimbura), gikorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage b’abasivili.

25. N’ubwo haba hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, Urukiko rushobora kutagabanyiriza uregwa igihano mu gihe rusanga uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze n’ubugome cyakoranywe buruta kure impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ziri mu nyungu ze. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 09/12/1948 yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside, Ingingo ya II, III, agace ka c Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, Ingingo ya 93, 125, 126 Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, Ingigo ya 1,3,10,11, 103,3o, 107 igika cya 3, 154 Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso, ingingo ya 4, 62 Itegeko Ngenga N°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, Ingingo ya 98,99,120121,114,115 Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Ingingo ya 4, 14 agace ka 6o, 18 Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 18, iya 20, 3o n’iya 44,2o Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo. Ingingo ya 8 Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, Ingingo ya 42 Itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, Ingingo ya 7 Itegeko - Teka N° 08/75 ryo ku wa 12/02/1975, ryemeza Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 09/12/1948 yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside

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Amabwiriza no 003/3015 yo ku wa 06/08/2016 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga uburyo uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda yemererwa ibimufasha mu gukorerwa iperereza ry’inyongera. Imanza zifashijwe: Urubanza RPA 0011/15/CS haburana Ubushinjacyaha na UWINKINDI Jean. Igika cya 269 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/04/2015 ICTR-97-23-A Procureur c/ Jean Kambanda du 19 Octobre 2000, para. 33, 126 Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu, Para. 61 Urubanza nº IT-94-1-A, igika cya 48: "….. Urubanza Kayishema et Ruzindana, (Chambre d’appel), 1 juin 2001, par. 63-71… Urubanza RPA/GEN 0005- 0007/16/CS, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 09/12/2016 Urubanza RPA / GEN 00004/2019/CA, haburana Munyagishari n’Ubushinjacyaha rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 07/05/2021, urupapuro rwa 6, igika cya 19. Urubanza RP/GEN 00003/2019/CA , haburana Ubushinjacyaha na MUGESERA Léon, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/09/2020 Urubanza RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles (igika 53), rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 22/03/2019 Urubanza RPAA/GEN 00008/2019/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Habyarimana Jean rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/02/2020, mu igika cya 57 Urubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa

25/7/2023, igika cya 68,88 urubanza ICTR-97-20-A rwo ku wa 20/05/2015, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Semanza Laurent, Urubanza no ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A rwaciwe na TPIR ku wa 13/12/2004 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Elizaphan Ntakirutimana na GÉRARD Ntakirutimana mu gika cyarwo cya 13. Urubanza ICTR-95-1-A rwaciwe ku wa 04/12/2001 n’Urukiko TPIR/ICTR, urugereko rw’ubujurire, haburana Ubushinjacyaha, Kayishema Clément na Ruzindana Obed, mu gika cya 177 Urubanza RPAA0101/09/CS, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 09/03/2012 Urubanza RPA 00103/2021/CA, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Mutiganda Thierry na bagenzi be rwaciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/02/2025, igika cya 55; Urubanza RPAA00095/2023/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Ndaruhutse Ezeckiel n’undi rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/09/2024 (igika cya 39); Urubanza RPAA00254/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/01/2025 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Tuyishime Viateur (igika cya 22); Urubanza ICTR-98-42-A TPIR/ICTR, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline n’abandi (igika cya 824) Urubanza NºRPA/GEN 00001/2024/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twagirayezu Wenceslas rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/07/2024, igika cya 184 Urubanza RPA/GEN 00005/2021/CA – CBM RPA/GEN 00006/2021/CA, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Iyamuremye Jean Claude bita Nzinga rwaciwe

n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 13/12/2024, Urubanza ICTR- 99-52-A haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Hassan NGEZE n’abandi, rwaciwe ku wa 20/06/2006 Urubanza RPA00001/2019/CA haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Rtd. Brig. Gen. Frank Kanyambo Rusagara n’abandi rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/12/2019, igika cya 39 Urubanza RPAA00095/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/09/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Ndaruhutse Ezeckiel n’undi (igika cya 39); Urubanza RPAA00254/2024/CA, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Tuyishime Viateur rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/01/2025, igika cya 22.

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Urubanza ICTR-05-82-A haburana Ntawukulilyayo Dominique n’Ubushinjacyaha, rwaciwe ku wa 14/12/2011 Urubanza RPA/GEN 00001/2021/CA, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Ntaganzwa Ladislas rwaciwe ku wa 03/03/2023, (igika cya 89 na 90) Urubanza ICTR-2001-66-I The Prosecutor v. Athanase Seromba of 13 December 2006 Para. 345, Urubanza ICTR – 2000- 55A –T Le Procureur c/ Tharcisse Muvunyi du 16/09/2006, para. 512 &513 Urubanza ICTR- 2001-76-t Le Procureur c/ SIMBA Aloys du 13/12/2005, para. 421 &422. Urubanza RPAA/GEN 00004/2020/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Birindabagabo Jean Paul rwaciwe ku wa 08/04/2022, igika cya 214 ICTY Case No IT-05-87-A, Prosecutor v. ŠAINOVIĆ et al. Decided on 23rd Jan 2014, par.558. Urubanza RPAA00221/2021/CA, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Turimubyiza Jean Népo rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19 Nzeri 2022, igika cya 18 Urubanza RPAA0101/09/CS, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 09/03/2012 Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Michel Franchimont, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2e édition, larcier, p. 1123 Joint Separate Opinion of Judge McDonald and Judge Vohrah, Erdemović Appeal Judgement, para. 22 (quoting History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War, p. 179). The Crime of Conspiracy in International Law, Juliet R. AMENGE Okoth Urubanza. I. IMITERERE

Y’URUBANZA. [1] Bisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bw’u Rwanda, Igihugu cya Denmark Mbarushimana yari yarahungiyemo cyamwohereje kuburanira mu Rwanda, hakurikijwe icyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Denmark cyo ku wa 06/11/2013. [2] Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Mbarushimana mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko ruburanisha imanza z’ibyaha mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambukiranya imbibi (ruribwitwe Urukiko Rukuru), bumukurikiranyeho icyaha cya Jenoside, icyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze Jenoside, icyo gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside, ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, byakorewe ahahoze ari muri Superefegitura ya Gisagara muri Komini ya Muganza, Ndora na Kibayi, hiciwe Abatutsi barenga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000); akurikiranwa by’umwihariko kuba yaragize uruhare mu rupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, abo mu muryango w’Abasa, abiciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye no mu bindi bitero byari bigamije guhiga no kwica Abatutsi byagabwe mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya, i Gahondo, i Nyakibingo, ku Gisagara, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe. Yarezwe kwitabira no kuyobora inama zateguraga ubwo bwicanyi, kuba mu bashinze bariyeri ziciweho Abatutsi, gutanga amabwiriza n’ibikoresho byakoreshejwe muri ubwo bwicanyi, kuyobora ibitero no kuyobora umutwe w’interahamwe ahantu hatandukanye. [3] Muri urwo Rukiko urubanza rwe rwahawe RP0001/15/HCCI, Mbarushimana aburana

ahakana ibyaha byose aregwa, anavuga ko atakagombye kuregwa icyaha cya jenoside kubera ko kitari giteganyijwe mu mategeko y’u Rwanda; ko atanaregwa icyaha cya jenoside ngo anaregwe ubufatanyacyaha muri icyo cyaha no gucura umugambi wacyo; ko kandi atakurikiranwaho icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’icyo kurimbura nk’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu kuko nabyo bitari biteganyijwe mu mategeko y’u Rwanda cyangwa se ngo akiregwe yanarezwe jenoside; ko kandi Ubushinjacyaha bumurega ibyo byaha bushingiye ku bikorwa bimwe.

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[4] Mu miburanire ye muri urwo Rukiko, Mbarushimana yazamuye inzitizi atanga n’ingoboka zitandukanye Urukiko rurazisuzuma runazifataho ibyemezo mu manza zibanziriza urundi birimo : icyemezo cyo ku wa 21/07/2015 gishyiraho abunganizi ba Mbarushimana aribo Me Bizimana Shoshi Jean Claude na Me Twagirayezu Christophe, icyemezo cyo ku wa 14/10/2015 kitakiriye ukwihana Umucamanza MUHIMA Antoine n’Icyemezo cyo ku wa 27/10/2015 cyanze kwakira ukwigarika abunganizi be bavuzwe haruguru. Ibyo byemezo uko ari bitatu Mbarushimana yabijuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga biburanishirizwa mu rubanza RPA/Gen 00005 -00007/16/CS rwaciwe ku wa 09/12/2016, urwo Rukiko, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 18 y’Itegeko no 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda no ku ngingo ya 162 y’Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, rwasanze Mbarushimana agomba kujuririra ibyemezo byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru hamwe n’urubanza rw’iremezo nyuma y’icibwa ryarwo, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe kuri ibyo byemezo butakiriwe kuko yabutanze mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. [5] Mu bindi byemezo byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru Mbarushimana akabijuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga harimo icyo ku wa 25/01/2016, cyatesheje agaciro icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rw’Umurenge wa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyari cyamuhanishije

igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko adahari, icyo ku wa 03/02/2016 ku busabe bwa Mbarushimana bwo gushyirirwaho abakora iperereza bigenga, abakozi bihariye bafasha abamwunganira gukora iperereza cyangwa guha abamwunganira ububasha bwo gukora iperereza n’ikijyanye no kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyangwa kubusaba kugihindura. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaburanishije ubwo bujurire kuri RPA/Gen 00002 – 00004/ 16/CS, rufata icyemezo ku wa 10/06/2016 ko urwo rubanza ruhagahaze rukazasubukurwa nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza ku bujurire bwa Mbarushimana ku kibazo cyo kunganirwa. [6] Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye mu mizi urubanza RP0001/15/HCCI ku wa 29/12/2017, rwemeza ko Mbarushimana ahamwa n’icyaha cya Jenoside, icy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora Jenoside n’icyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu. [7] Mbarushimana ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza, arujuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/01/2018, ubujurire bwe buhuzwa n’izindi manza ze ku bujurire yari yaragiye atanga bw’imanza zibanziriza urundi, urubanza ruhabwa CMB RPA/GEN 00005/2019/CA. [8] Nyuma y’ivugurura ry’ububasha bw‘inkiko n’ishyirwaho ry’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 52 y‘Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018, rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, urubanza rwa Mbarushimana rwari mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashyikirijwe Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo abe ari rwo

ruruburanisha, muri urwo Rukiko ruhabwa RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA. [9] Mu gihe urwo rubanza rwari rutaraburanishwa, Mbarushimana yatanze ikindi kirego muri uru Rukiko ku wa 29/10/2019, arega Ubushinjacyaha n’Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe imfungwa n’abagororwa (RCS), asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gusuzuma ibijyanye n’uburyo afunzwe, aho afungiye, uburyo afashwe ndetse n’imibereho ye, rugategeka ko afungwa mu buryo bukwiriye kandi bujyanye n’ibipimo mpuzamahanga. Icyo kirego cyahawe CMB RP/Gen 00002/2019/CA, gihuzwa n’urubanza RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA, ariko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 16/06/2020, haherwa ku rubanza CMB RP/Gen 00002/2019/CA, impaka zigibwa ku nzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, ndetse n’inzitizi yo kutakira icyo kirego yatanzwe n’uhagarariye Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe imfungwa n’abagororwa, Urukiko ruca urwo rubanza ku wa 26/06/2020, rwemeza ko ikirego CMB RP/ Gen 00002/2019/CA Mbarushimana yatanze, kitakiriwe ngo gisuzumwe nk’ingoboka mu rubanza RPA/Gen 00006/2019/CA. [10] Nyuma y’icyo cyemezo, iburanisha nyir’izina ku ubujurire bw’urubanza rwaturutse mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ryagiye ryimurwa ku mpamvu zinyuranye harimo n’izishingiye ku cyorezo cya COVID_19 cyari cyugarije Igihugu, Mbarushimana yanga kuburanishwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga. Iburanisha ryasubukuwe ku wa 10/05/2021, haburanishwa ingingo z’ubujurire zerekeranye n’imigendekere y’urubanza, hafatwa n’ibyemezo binyuranye nk’ikijyanye n’umwanzuro ugomba kugenderwaho mu iburanisha,

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ibyerekeye iyunganirwa rya Mbarushimana, ibyerekeye itumizwa ry’inyandiko z’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (ruribwitwe TPIR/ICTR muri uru rubanza) n’iz’Inkiko Gacaca n’ikijyanye na CD Mbarushimana avuga ko yambuwe na Gereza, ariko kuko Mbarushimana yasabaga ko inyandiko ziri mu rurimi rw’iki Danois zihindurwa (zisemurwa) mu Kinyarwanda kugira ngo azazifashishe mu bujurire bwe ku ngingo zijyanye n’imizi y’urubanza, iburanisha ryarahagaritswe kugira ngo izo nyandiko zizabanze zihindurwe mu Kinyarwanda. [11] Iburanisha ryasubukuwe ku wa 16/05/2024, ariko nabwo habanza gukemurwa ibibazo by’ibanze (questions preliminaires) binyuranye byazamuwe na Mbarushimana birimo ikijyanye n’inyandiko zo mu ki Danois, ikijyanye n’imibereho ye muri gereza n’uburyo yifuza gufatwa kimwe n’abagororwa bafunganwe baturutse Sierra Leone, ikibazo cya CD yavuzwe haruguru yongeye kugarura, ikijyanye n’inyandiko z’ubujurire yari yaratanze mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ku byemezo byavuzwe haruguru byagiye bifatwa n’Urukiko Rukuru mbere y’uko ruca urubanza mu mizi, ikijyanye no kwihana abacamanza bamuburanisha muri uru Rukiko n’icyo kwigarika aba Avoka bamwunganira, aribo Me Bizimana Shoshi Jean Claude na Me Gakunzi Musore Valery. [12] Nyuma y’izo inzitizi zose iburanisha ryakomereje ku ngingo z’ubujurire zari zasigaye, Mbarushimana yunganiwe na Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix, naho Ubushinjacyaha

buhagarariwe na Niyonzima Vincent na Harindintwali Côme wasimbuye Wibabara Charity (wari watangiranye n’uru rubanza), abashinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu, riza gupfundikirwa ku wa 29/04/2025 ababuranyi bamenyeshwa ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku wa 30/06/2025, isomwa ryarwo ryimurwa ku mpamvu zitandukanye, urubanza rusomwa ku wa 29/10/2025. [13] Muri ubwo bujurire bwe, Mbarushimana yajuririye ingingo zerekeranye n’imigendekere y’urubanza/procedure (harimo n’izigaruka ku byemezo byose yari yajuririye mbere mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga), n’izishingiye ku mizi y’urubanza, izo ngingo zikaba ari nazo zasesenguwe mu buryo bukurikira : Ku byerekeye imiburanishirize y’urubanza (Procédure): a. Kwamburwa uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura ; b. Kudahabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa bikwiye mu gutegura urubanza no kwiregura ; c. Gufatirwa icyemezo n’umucamanza yihannye adafitiye icyizere ; d. Kutamenyesherezwa igihe, mu magambo arambuye imiterere n’ishingiro ry’ibyo aregwa ; e. Kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza inkiko kw’ihungabanywa ry’uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ihagarikwa ry’urubanza mu gihe cy’ubujurire ; f. Kudakurikiranwa, kutaburanishwa no kudahanirwa icyaha kimwe inshuro irenze imwe ; g. Kudafatwa nk’umwere igihe cyose yaburanaga ; h. Kutubahiriza ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko mpanabyaha (La non- rétroactivité de la loi pénale). Ubujurire ku mikirize y’urubanza mu mizi: i. Guca urubanza ku bitaregewe (Jugement ultra petita) j. Ukwivuguruza k’Urukiko mu cyemezo cyarwo ; k. Gushingira icyemezo ku kimenyetso kidafatika, kidakiranuye : uburyo ubuhamya bwashatswemo, bwatanzwemo n’agaciro bwahabwa n’isesengura ry’imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bashinja ; l. Kwirengagiza ibimenyetso bishinjura uregwa

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m. Kwibeshya mu kwemeza ko icyaha cya jenoside, icy’ubwumvikane bugamije jenoside n’icyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bimuhama. [14] Asaba Urukiko kwemeza ko ari umwere rwabibona ukundi rukamugabanyiriza ibihano. [15] Kuri ubwo bujurire bwe abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko Urukiko rutirengagije uburenganzira bwe bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura; yahawe igihe gihagije kirenga amezi atatu cyagiye cyongerwa kugira ngo yiregure; ko nta makosa Urukiko rwakoze kuba yarakomeje kuburanishwa n ‘umucamanza yihannye kandi ko yamenyesherejwe igihe ibyo aregwa mu magambo arambuye nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko itanga ikirego yo ku wa 24/12/2014; ko atavukijwe uburenganzira bwe bwo kwiyambaza inkiko ahubwo yagiye ajuririra ibyemezo bibanziriza urubanza mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. [16] Bavuze kandi ko Mbarushimana atahaniwe icyaha kimwe inshuro irenze imwe kuko icyemezo cya Gacaca ashingiraho iyo miburanire ye cyateshejwe agaciro n’Urukiko Rukuru mbere y’uko afatirwa icyemezo ; atavukijwe uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kandi ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’amategeko mpanabyaha rigira irengayobora ku byaha bisanzwe biteganyijwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga bihonyora uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu. Bavuga ko Urukiko rutivuguruje mu cyemezo cyarwo, rutaciye urubanza ku kitaregewe kandi ibimenyetso rwashingiyeho bidashidikanyaho ku ruhare Mbarushimana yagize mu iyicwa

ry’Abatutsi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ku musozi wa Kabuye n’ahandi. Bavuga ko nta bimenyetso Mbarushimana yatanze bimushinjura ngo byirengagizwe, cyane ko yasabwe gutanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya bamushinjura ariko urubanza rwarinze rupfundikirwa atararutanga. [17] Ku byerekeranye n’ibihano, abahagarariye Ubushinjcyaha bavuga ko igihano Mbarushimana yahawe cyagumaho ; ko atagabanyirizwa igihano kubera uburemere bw’ibyaha ndengakamere yakoze. [18] Hashingiwe kuri izo mpaka, harasuzumwa ingingo zose z’ubujurire zagaragajwe haruguru. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA UBUJURIRE BUREBANA N’IMIGENDEKERE Y’URUBANZA (PROCEDURE) [19] Muri iki cyiciro, Mbarushimana anenga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije birebana n’imigendekere y’urubanza mu gihe yaburanaga urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere, akaba rero asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gusuzuma ibi bikurikira : a. Kudahabwa uburenganzira bwe bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura ; b. Kudahabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa bikwiye mu gutegura urubanza no kwiregura ; c. Gufatirwa icyemezo n’umucamanza yihannye, adafitiye icyizere ; d. Kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza inkiko ku ihungabanywa ry’uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ihagarikwa ry’urubanza mu gihe cy’ubujurire ku bibazo ndemyagihugu ; e. Kwica ihame ryo kudakurikiranwa, kutaburanishwa no kudahanirwa icyaha kimwe inshuro irenze imwe ; f. Kudafatwa nk’umwere igihe cyose yaburanaga mu Rukiko Rukuru ; g. Kutubahiriza ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko rihana ibyaha (Violation du principe de la non-réctroactivité de la loi pénale); h. Kutamenyesherezwa igihe mu magambo arambuye, imiterere n’ishingiro ry’ibyo aregwa. Kudahabwa uburenganzira bwe bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura

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Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [20] Mbarushimana avuga ko yaburanishijwe atunganiwe nk’uko bigaragara ku ntangiriro no ku mpera za buri nyandikomvugo y’iburanisha (Procès- verbal d’audience), aho yagiye yereka urukiko ko atunganiwe ariko urukiko rugakomeza urubanza rwirengagije uburenganzira bwe bw’ibanze yemererwa n’amategeko anyuranye yaba ay’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amategeko mpuzamahanga, bikaba byaramugizeho ingaruka nyinshi zikomeye ku myiregurire ye kimwe n’imigendekere y’urubanza muri rusange. [21] Mbarushimana asobanura ko ku wa 24/03/2015 yamenyesheje urukiko ko atunganiwe narwo rutegeka Urugaga rw’Abavoka kumushyikiriza urutonde rw’Abavoka kugira ngo yihitiremo abazamuburanira, ariko aho kunganirwa n’abo yihitiyemo, ahubwo ku wa 21/07/2015 Urukiko rwategetse ko yunganirwa n’Abavoka yagenewe n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka. Avuga ko yari yahisemo Me Gatera Gashabana n’abandi babiri atibuka neza amazina ariko Urukiko rumuhitiramo Me Bizimana Shoshi na Me Twagirayezu Christophe kuko nta bushobozi afite bwo kwiyishyurira Abavoka. Akomeza asobanura ko icyo cyemezo yakijuririye asaba ko urubanza ruba ruhagaze kugira ngo icyo kibazo kibanze gikemuke ariko urukiko rurabyanga rukomeza iburanisha. [22] Mbarushimana avuga ko ashingiye ku cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RPA/GEN 0002/16/CS - RPA/GEN 0004/16/CS aho rwemeje ko iburanisha ku bindi byemezo yari yajuririye

bisubikwa kugeza igihe ikibazo cy’ubwunganizi bwe kizakemuka, ariko Urukiko Rukuru rwanga kugishingiraho ruvuga ko icyo cyemezo kitarureba, rukomeza iburanisha. Mu gusoza, asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gushingira kuri icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukemeza ko yaburanye atunganiwe, bityo rugatesha agaciro urubanza rwajuririwe kuko kunganirwa ari uburenganzira ahabwa n’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse n’andi mategeko. [23] Me Musore Gakunzi Varely wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko kuba uwo yunganira yarambuwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwihitiramo abavoka yavukijwe uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, ko kandi kuba yarahitiwemo Abavoka na Leta binyuranye n’icyemezo urukiko rwari rwafashe ku burenganzira bwo kwihitiramo abamwunganira, ndetse ko nta mpamvu zigeze zigaragazwa zatumye atunganirwa n’abo yihitiyemo. Mu gusoza avuga ko kuba abavoka bari iruhande rwa Mbarushimana ndetse bavuga mu izina rye byamubangamiraga,bityo ko uburenganzira bwe bwo kugira umwunganira butubahirijwe, binagira ingaruka ku cyemezo cyafashwe kimuhamya icyaha, asaba ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru giteshwa agaciro hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga ndetse ingingo ya 14 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte International relatif aux droits civils et politiques) n’ingingo ya 39 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize

y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [24] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko Mbarushimana atambuwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura nk’uko abivuga kuko mu ntangiriro z’urubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru yavuze ko atunganiwe, rwemeza ko ahabwa urutonde rw’Abavoka bwa nyuma akihitiramo uzamwunganira ariko ko nyuma y’uko ahawe urwo rutonde, yandikiye Urugaga rw’Abavoka arugaragariza Abavoka ashaka ariko Urugaga rumusubiza ko bamwe mubo yahisemo batabarizwa mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka ku buryo rutabagiraho uburenganzira, ko mubo yahisemo habonetse Me Nkurunziza Jean Chrisostome, Me Niyibizi Jean Baptiste na Me Habiyambere Aphrodis. Ku wa 26/05/2015, Urugaga rwongeye kumenyesha Mbarushimana ko bose banze igihembo kigenerwa abunganira abatishoboye, bityo rumugenera Me Bizimana Shoshi na Me Twagirayezu Christophe. [25] Basobanura ko Mbarushimana yaranzwe no kubwira Urukiko kumwandikira ko atunganiwe mu gihe cy'iburanisha kandi ko byandikwaga nk’uko yabisabye ariko ko nta munsi n'umwe Mbarushimana yigeze

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yiburanira hatari abamwunganira yagenewe uko ari babiri aribo Me Twagirayezu Christophe na Me Shoshi Bizimana cyangwa se nibura umwe muri bo. [26] Bakomeza basobanura ko kuba Urugaga rw’Abavoka ari rwo rwamugeneye abamwunganira byatewe n’uko abavoka yari yihitiyemo banze ibihembo bagenerwa na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera kandi ko ibyo byakozwe bihuye n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryemera ko uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo Avoka ariko ko iyo adashobora kumwihembera amugenerwa ibyo kandi bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 12 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mbonezamubano na politike ndetse binashimangira uburenganzira buteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga. [27] Basoza basobanura ko Mbarushimana atambuwe ububasha bwo kwihitiramo Avoka umwunganira ahubwo ko abo yahisemo banze igihembo cyateganyijwe, ko iyo agira ubushobozi bwo kubihembera aba yarunganiwe n’abo yari yahisemo, ko rero ihame ryo kunganirwa n’abo yahisemo atari uburenganzira ndakuka mu gihe adafite ububasha bwo kubihembera. Bavuga ko mu rubanza rwaciwe na TPIR haburana Jean Paul Akayesu n’Ubushinjacyaha, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa neza k’uregwa utishoboye ari ukunganirwa n’uwo yihitiyemo ariko ko iyo ahisemo kumwihitiramo amwiyishyurira, ko iyo yiyemeje kuburana atunganiwe

yirengera ingaruka zabyo kandi bigafatwa nk’aho yunganiwe, ko mu gihe uregwa yahitiwemo umwunganira mu nyungu z’ubutabera, akaba ari mu rukiko bifatwa ko uregwa yunganiwe mu buryo buboneye kabone n’ubwo uregwa we yaba atamwemera; ko kandi Mbarushimana yagiye yemera mu buryo butaziguye ko yunganiwe nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko mvugo ziburanisha ko Abavoka be babaga bahari kandi bagashyira umukono kuri izo nyandiko.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [28] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba Mbarushimana atarihitiyemo Avoka umwunganira byaramuvukije uburenganzira bwe bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura mu Rukiko Rukuru. [29] Ikibazo gisa nk’iki cyasesenguwe mu rubanza RPA0011/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/04/2015 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uwinkindi Jean. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasesenguye ingingo ya 14.3 (d) y’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na politiki, n’iya 14.6 y’Itegeko N° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repuburika y’u Rwanda1, rugaragaza ko izo ngingo zumvikanisha nta gushidikanya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa na Avoka yihitiyemo mu gihe afite ubushobozi bwo kumuhemba, ariko mu gihe atabufite, akamuhabwa n’inzego zibifitiye ububasha, bitabaye ngombwa ko we abigiramo uruhare2. Rwasobanuye ko n’ubwo mu mikorere y’izo nzego, hari igihe usanga mu kugenera ukurikiranyweho icyaha udafite ubushobozi uzamwunganira, ahabwa umwanya wo kwihitiramo

1 Ingingoya 14, agace ka 6o, Itegeko nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda gateganya ko uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo “kunganirwa na avoka yihitiyemo mu ibazwa iryo ari ryo ryose. Igihe nta bushobozi afite bwo kumuhemba ahabwa umwunganira”. Iyi ngingo kandi inahura n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 14.3 (d) y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeranye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano na politike (Pacte International relatif aux droits civils et politiques), ivuga ko umuntu wese uregwa icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kuba mu rubanza no kwiburanira ubwe cyangwa akaburanirwa n’uwo yihitiyemo ; yaba atamufite akamenyeshwa uburenganzira afite bwo kumushaka, kandi mu gihe cyose biri mu nyungu z’ubutabera, akamushyirirwaho n’inzego zibishinzwe mu gihe adafite uburyo bwo kumwishyura (Toute personne accusée d’une infraction pénale a droit, en pleine égalité, au moins aux garanties suivantes: [...] d) à être présente au procès et à se défendre elle-même ou à avoir l’assistance d’undéfenseur de son choix ; si elle n’a pas de défenseur, à être informé d’en avoir un, et, chaque fois que l’intérêt de la justice l’exige, se voir attribuer d’office un défenseur, sans frais, si elle n’a pas les moyens de le rémunérer. 2 Mu rubanza nº RPA 0011/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2015 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na UWINKINDI Jean, Urupapuro rwa 10, igika cya 52.

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umwunganira, ariko ihame, ari uko, n’ubwo ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa umwunganizi, ariko ko bitamuhesha uburenganzira bwo kumwihitiramo3. [30] Ibi bisobanuro by’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kandi bihura neza n’umurongo wagiwe utangwa mu manza zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR nko mu rubanza rwa Jean-Paul Akayesu ndetse n’urwa Kambanda Jean4. Kuri icyo kibazo, urwo Rukiko rwanzuye ko muri rusange uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa ku buntu butajyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganizi, ko kwihitiramo umwunganizi ari uburenganzira bufitwe n’uregwa ufite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira5. [31] Muri uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko ku wa 24/03/2015 Mbarushimana yamenyesheje urukiko ko atunganiwe, narwo rutegeka Urugaga rw’Abavoka kumushyikiriza urutonde rw’Abavoka kugira ngo yihitiremo abazamuburanira, araruhabwa maze yandikira Urugaga rw’Abavoka arugaragariza Abavoka ashaka. Ku wa 26/05/2015, Urugaga rumenyesha Mbarushimana ko Abavoka yahisemo bamwe batabarizwa mu Rwanda, naho abandi banze igihembo kigenerwa abunganira abatishoboye, bityo rumugenera Me Bizimana Shoshi Jean Claude na Me Twagirayezu Christophe kugira ngo bamwunganire. [32] Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi rwaciwe ku wa 21/07/2021, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Me Bizimana Shoshi na Twagirayezu Christophe bunganira Mbarushimana6. [33] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga imvugo ya Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira y’uko

atahawe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura bashingiye ku kuba atarihitiyemo Abavoka bamwunganira nta shingiro ifite kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa na Avoka yihitiyemo mu gihe afite ubushobozi bwo kumuhemba, ariko mu gihe atabufite, akamuhabwa n’inzego zibifitiye ububasha, bitabaye ngombwa ko we abigiramo uruhare7. Ibi kandi bikaba ari nako byagenze kuri Mbarushimana kuko yagenewe Abavoka bamwunganira n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka nk’umuburanyi udafite ubushobozi bwo kumwiyishyurira nk’uko amategeko abiteganya, akaba rero atakwitwaza ko kuba atarihitiyemo abamwunganira ari ukwamburwa uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura kuko ihame ndakuka nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru ari ukunganirwa mu nyungu z’ubutabera, ariko ko ku muburanyi udafite ubushobozi bwo kumwihembera, amugenerwa aho kuba yamwihihitiramo. [34] Ku birebana n’imvugo ya Mbarushimana isaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gushingira ku cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga cyafashwe mu rubanza RPA/GEN 0002/16/CS-RPA/GEN 0004/16/CS aho urwo rukiko rwemeje ko iburanisha ku bindi byemezo yari yajuririye bisubikwa kugeza ikibazo cy’ubwunganizi bwe gicyemutse rukemeza ko yaburanye atunganiwe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi mvugo nayo nta shingiro yahabwa kuko iki cyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza Mbarushimana yaburanaga mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ku byemezo yari yarujuririyemo8, rusanga ibirebana n’ubwunganizi yari azamuye muri urwo

3 Ibidem, igika cya 53 4 Affaire n° ICTR9 7-23, Jean Kambanda (appellant) v. Procureur (intimé), Para. 33, En ce qui concerne le droit de choisir un avocat, l’Appelant soutient qu’il aurait dûbénéficier de ce droit et que la violation de ce droit constitue une violation de droit à un procès équitable. La Chambre d’appel se réfère sur ce point au raisonnement suivi par la Chambre de Première Instance I dans l’affaire Ntakirutimana et conclut, à la lumière d’une interprétation textuelle et systématique des dispositions du Statut et du Règlement, lues enparallèle avec les décisions pertinentes du Comité des Droits de l’Homme et des organes de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme, que le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir son avocat. 5 Affaire n° ICTR-96-4-A, Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akayesu, Para. 61 (La Chambre d’appel considère qu’en principe, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat ne confère pas le droit de choisir celui-ci. Le droit de choisir son avocat est uniquement garanti aux accusés qui peuvent assumer financièrement les frais d’un conseil). 6 Reba Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 21/07/2021 mu Rukiko Rukuru. 7 Mu rubanza RPA 0011/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 24/04/2015 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uwinkindi Jean, urupapurorwa 10, igika cya 52. 8 Muri urwo rubanza Mbarushimana yari yajuririye icyemezo cyo ku wa 25/01/2016 ku byerekeranye n’uburenganzira bwo kutaburanishwa kabiri ku cyaha kimwe n’ubwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha, n’icyemezo cyo kuwa 03/02/2016 kubusabe bwogutegeka ubushinjacyaha

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rubanza yarabiregeye mu rundi rubanza RPA/GEN0005-0007/16/CS maze rwemeza ko urubanza RPA/GEN0002/16/CS-RPA/GEN 0004/16/CS ruba rusubitswe kugira ngo urwo rurebana n’abunganizi rubanze rufatweho icyemezo, bikaba rero ntaho bihurirye n’urubanza RP0001/15/HCCI Mbarushimana ajuririra kuko ho ikibazo kirebana n’ubwunganizi bwa Mbarushimana Urukiko Rukuru rwari rwamaze kugifataho umwanzuro hakaba nta kindi rwo rwari kuba rutegereje, bityo urwo rubanza RPA/GEN0002/16/CS-RPA/GEN 0004/16/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rukaba rutakwifashishwa mu gukemura ikibazo bidahuye na cyane ko mu rubanza RPA/GEN0005- 0007/16/CS, ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana butakiriwe kubera ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze bwaratanzwe mu buryo n’inzira bidakurikije amategeko. [35] Ku birebana n’imvugo za Me Musore Gakunzi Varely wunganira Mbarushimana uvuga ko uwo yunganira yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwihitiramo abavoka bituma avutswa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye kandi ko kuba yarahitiwemo Abavoka na Leta binyuranye n’icyemezo urukiko rwari rwafashe ku burenganzira bwo kwihitiramo abamwunganira, ndetse ko nta mpamvu zigeze zigaragazwa zatumye atunganirwa n’abo yihitiyemo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga izi mvugo nta shingiro zifite, kuko n’ubwo mu mikorere myiza y’inkiko n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka byo mu Rwanda, hari igihe usanga mu kugenera ukurikiranyweho icyaha udafite ubushobozi uzamwunganira,

ahabwa umwanya wo kwihitiramo umwunganira, ariko ihame, hakurikijwe ingingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru n’ibyemezo byatanze umurongo kuri icyo kibazo, ni uko, ukurikiranyweho icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa umwunganizi, ariko ko bitamuhesha uburenganzira bwo kumwihitiramo. [36] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwarafashe icyemezo rugategeka Urugaga rw’Abavoka guha Mbarushimana urutonde rw’Abavoka bose kugira ngo yihitiremo, bitarakuragaho ihame ry’uko agenerwa Avoka nk’uregwa udafite ubushobozi. Ikindi kandi kuba Abavoka yahisemo bamwe batarabarizwaga mu Rugaga rw’Abavoka bo mu Rwanda abandi bakanga igihembo kigenerwa abunganira abakene, akaba ariyo mpamvu Urugaga rw’Abavoka rwamugeneye abamwunganira kandi iyo mpamvu Mbarushimana akaba yarayimenyeshejwe, ntiyabirengaho ngo avugeko yavukijwe uburenganznzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura. Bikaba byumvikana rero ko icyemezo cyo kugenerwa abamwunganira ntaho kinyuranye n’icyemezo Urukiko Rukuru rwari rwafashe kuko urugaga rw’Abavoka rwagaragaje impamvu yagenewe abandi banyuranye n’abo yari yahisemo kandi ubwo burenganzira bwo kwihitiramo umwunganira akaba atari ihame ndakuka ku muburanyi udafite ubushobozi bwo kwihembera abo bunganizi nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru kandi bikaba bitanyuranyije n’amategeko. Urugaga rukaba rutarashoboraga gutegeka Abavoka b’abanyamahanga kumwunganira mu gihe rutabafiteho

ububasha cyangwa Abavoka b’Abanyarwanda yihitiyemo kumwunganira mu gihe batabishaka. [37] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba Mbarushimana yarambuwe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa no kwiregura kuko atihitiyemo Abavoka bamwunganira ahubwo akaba yarabagenewe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru (HCCI), rwakoze rwemeza ko Mbarushimana akomeza kunganirwa n’Abavoka yagenewe n’Urugaga rw’Abavoka kuko byakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko no ku mirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga hamwe na TPIR ndetse no mu nyungu z’ubutabera, bityo rero ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kudahabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa bikwiye mu gutegura urubanza no kwiregura Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [38] Mbarushimana, Me Gakunzi Musore Valery na Me Bizimana Shoshi Jean Claude bavuga ko Mbarushimana atahawe igihe gikwiriye n’ibyangobwa kugira ngo ategure imyiregurire ye muri byo hakaba harimo no kuba ataragenewe abafasha b’abunganizi mu gukora iperereza (les enquêteurs) ku bikorwa bivugwa ko yagizemo uruhare no gushaka abatangabuhamya bo kumushinjura nyamara ingingo ya 17 y’Itegeko rigena

guhindura ikiregocyabwo no gushyiraho abazakorera iperereza uruhande rw’uregwa.

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kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda igaragaza neza ko uregwa ndetse n’abamwunganira bemerewe kugira abafasha mu rubanza ruburanamo umuntu woherejwe na TPIR cyangwa ikindi gihugu kuburanira mu Rwanda, ariko ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, kigaragaza neza ko rwiyambuye ububasha bwo gushyiraho abafasha b’Abunganizi mu gukora iperereza nta mpamvu cyangwa itegeko rugaragaje rirubuza gushyiraho abo bafasha mu gihe bavugwa mu Itegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Transfert law). [39] Asobanura ko mu gika cya 7 kugeza ku cya 9 by’icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru cyo ku wa 03/02/2016 rwashingiye ku mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu maze rwemeza ko urukiko atari rwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira abafasha Mbarushimana bo gukora iperereza, ko rero ibyo Urukiko rwavuze ko abafasha ba avoka badashyirwaho n’Urukiko ndetse ngo iryo tegeko riteganya ko Ubushinjacyaha bushakisha ibimenyetso bishinja n’ibishinjura ngo kandi ko Ubugenzacyaha aribwo bwemerewe gukora iperereza ry’ibanze bwonyine, ko nta bandi bantu bashobora gukora iperereza ariko rugasoza ruvuga ko ngo n’iyo hari ikindi gikenewe byakorwa n’uregwa n’abamwunganira mu rwego rwo kwiregura, asanga harimo kwivuguruza kandi ko mu gufata icyo cyemezo hirengagijwe ko hari Itegeko rigena kwimura imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Transfert law) riteganya abo bafasha b’abunganizi mu gukora iperereza, aho ingingo 25 yaryo yerekana

neza ko iyo habaye impaka (conflits des lois) z’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu n’iri Tegeko rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Transfert law) kandi ari itegeko ngenga naho itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha akaba ari itegeko risanzwe, bisobanuye ko nta tegeko rito ryavuguruza iririsumba hakurikijwe ihame rya “hierarchie des normes”. [40] Ku bigendanye no guhabwa igihe, Mbarushimana asobanura ko atahawe igihe gikwiye kuko ugereranyije n’igihe Ubushinjacyaha bwafashe cyo gutegura dosiye n’ubushobozi bwakoresheje, ntaho bihuriye n’ibyo yahawe byari gutuma ategura dosiye neza harimo nko gushakisha ibimenyesto bimushinjura, ibi bigaragaza neza ko urubanza rwaciwe hirengagijwe ko Ubushinjacyaha bwamaze imyaka irenga icumi bwegeranya ibimenyetso bishinja kandi bufite ubushobozi bwose bukenewe naho we ntiyahabwa nibura n’umwaka umwe wo gushaka ibimenyetso bimushinjura kandi nta n’ubushobozi bukwiye afite ngo ategure imyiregurire ye, ko bigaragaza ko Urukiko rwirengagije ko ababuranyi bombi bagomba guhabwa amahirwe n’ubushobozi bingana mu rubanza nk’uko bishimangirwa n’Itegeko nshinga ry’u Rwanda n’andi mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwemeje ateganya ko ababuranyi bagomba kureshya mu iburanisha, bityo ko asanga rutarahaye agaciro uburenganzira bwo kwiregura, ko rero kuba ibyo byarirengagijwe Urukiko rutashoboraga

gutanga ubutabera buboneye. [41] Mu gusoza, Mbarushimana avuga ko hari amabwiriza no 003/3015 yo ku wa 06/08/2016 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga uburyo uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburana mu Rwanda yemererwa ibimufasha mu gukorerwa iperereza ry’inyongera bikaba rero ari byo byatumye nawe asaba abazamukorera iperereza ry’inyongera ariko ntiyabahabwa. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [42] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire ya Mbarushimana yo kuba atarahawe igihe n’abamufasha gukora iperereza nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa kubera ko atabashije kugaragariza Urukiko icyo abo bunganizi bari kuba baje gukora Abavoka be batari bazi cyangwa se ngo agaragaze ubuhanga (expertise) bari kuba bazanye mu rubanza burenze ubwo abanyamategeko be bafite kandi akaba atanerekana ingaruka uko kuba atarabahawe kwagize ku rubanza rwaciwe cyangwa se ngo agaragaze ko yahamijwe ibyaha kubera expertise runaka atabonye kandi yari ikenewe. Bakomeza asobanura ko kuba Mbarushimana yarifuzaga inzobere zo kumufasha gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushinjura byari mu nshingano ze afashijwe n'abamwunganira mu rwego rwo kwiregura kuko bafite inshingano zo kubashaka nk'uko byari biteganijwe n'ingingo ya 85 igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo ku wa 22/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza

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z’inshinjabyaha9, ko kandi uretse ko n'Urukiko rwanze ubusabe bwe nta mategeko ahari agena ko uregwa ahabwa n’Urukiko abunganizi (les enquêteurs) bashinzwe gukora iperereza ngo abe atarubahirijwe kandi ko kuba urukiko rutarabashyizeho atari inenge ku rubanza rwaciwe cyane ko Urukiko rudafite inshingano zo kugenera abaregwa abashinzwe gukora iperereza cyangwa se gushyiraho “les enquêteurs privés” nk’uko Mbarushimana yabisabaga. [43] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu rubanza rwa Uwinkindi Jean ikibazo nk’icyo cyo guhabwa abashinzwe gukora iperereza ry’uregwa cyasuzumwe gifatirwa icyemezo n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeza ko abunganira abaregwa aribo bakora iryo perereza kandi ibyo bikaba byarakozwe n'abunganizi be, ko rero Urukiko Rukuru rutari gushyiriraho Mbarushimana aba “enquêteurs privés” kuko bidateganywa mu matageko yo mu Rwanda, ko kuba amategeko adateganya abandi bantu bakora iperereza usibye Ubugenzacyaha n'Ubushinjacyaha kandi Mbarushimana yarifuzaga abamufasha gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushinjura byumvikana ko ariwe n'abamwunganira bafite inshingano zo kubashaka nk'uko byari biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya ya 8510 igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo ku wa 22/05/2013 ryakoreshwaga ubwo Mbarushimana yaburanaga. [44] Ku birebana n’igihe, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko Mbarushimana yahawe igihe gihagije cyo gutegura urubanza, ko yamenyeshejwe ibyo aregwa ubwo Ubushinjacyaha bwatangaga “

mandat d’arret” ndetse n’igihe yaburanaga ibigendanye no koherezwa mu Rwanda (Extradition)”, ko uretse ibyo kandi ikindi kigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yahawe igihe gihagije ari uko Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego ku wa 25/04/2014 iburanisha rya mbere riba hashize igihe kirenga amezi atatu, ko Mbarushimana yasabye imyaka ibiri yo gukora iperereza ariko urukiko rwemeza ko rikorwa n’abamwunganira mu gihe cy’iminsi icumi (10) kuko nta buhanga bwihariye bwari bukenewe ku buryo byari gutwara igihe cy’imyaka ibiri (2) Mbarushimana yasabaga. Mu gusoza, avuga ko Mbarushimana yahawe igihe gihagije kuko yamenyeshejwe ibyo aregwa kandi ahabwa igihe cyo kubitegura, hakaba rero hataragombaga gukurikiza ibyifuzo bye kuko urubanza rwagombaga gucibwa rukava mu nzira mu nyungu z’uregwa ndetse n’iz’Igihugu muri rusange.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [45] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zigamije kumenya niba Mbarushimana nyuma yo kugenerwa Abavoka bamwunganira, yaragombaga no guhabwa abandi bakozi bagomba kumwunganira mu gukora ipererereza no kumenya niba atarahawe igihe gihagije, ubushobozi n’uburyo bwo gutegura urubanza ugereranije n’igihe cyagenewe Ubushinjacyaha. Ku birebana no guhabwa abafasha bo kumwunganira mu gukora iperereza (Enquêteurs) [46] Kuri iyi ngingo Mbarushimana avuga ko yagombaga guhabwa abandi bafasha b’abunganizi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda bagombaga kumwunganira gukora iperereza ku batangabuhamya bamushinjura kimwe no ku bikorwa ashinjwa. [47] Ikibazo gisa nk’iki cyo kumenya niba uregwa woherejwe mu Rwanda aba agomba guhabwa abandi bafasha b’abunganizi bategenywa mu ngingo ya 1711 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena

9 Iteganya ko ‘’iyo icyaha cyabonewe ibimenyetso bikigaragaza, ugikurikiranywe cyangwa umwunganira agomba kwerekana impamvuzose yireguza, zerekana ko ikiregokitakwemerwa, zihamya koicyo aregwa atari icyaha cyangwa se ko ari umwere, n'izindi mpamvu zose zivuguruza izimuhamya icyo cyaha.’’ (Ibivugwa muri iyi ngingo ubu biteganywa mu ngingo ya 107 y’ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’ukoryahinduwe kugeza ubu). 10 Twibutse ko iyo ngingo ubu yahindutse ingingo ya 107 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’ukoryahinduwe kugeza ubu. 11 Iyo ngingoya 17 y’itegeko nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko “Haseguriwe ibiteganywa n’andi mategekoy’u Rwanda, avokan’abafasha be bafite uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu Rwanda no kugenda mu gihugu mu bwisanzure bakora imirimo bashinzwe. Ntibashobora gusakwa, ibintu byabontibishobora gufatirwa, kandi

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kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryavuzwe haruguru, cyakemuwe mu rubanza rwa Uwinkindi Jean12 rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. Mu gusobanura Abafasha b’Abunganizi bateganywa mu ngingo ya 17, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwagaragaje ko isesengura ry’iyo ngingo ryumvikanisha ko abafasha bavugwamo ari ab’Abavoka baba baturutse hanze y’Igihugu, bisobanuye ko ari ababa basanzwe babafasha mu mirimo yabo, bikaba rero bitavuze ko ari abafasha bagenerwa buri muburanyi woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda kuko icyo Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa ryemereraga uregwa woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda, ari ukunganirwa na Avoka nk’uko byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 14 y’iryo Tegeko irebana n’uburenganzira bw’uregwa. [48] Icyemezo Mbarushimana ajuririra cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 03/02/2016 ku nzitizi yari yatanze yo kubanza gushyirirwaho abunganizi b’Abavoka bashinzwe gukora iperereza. Mu gika cya 15, Urukiko rwemeje ko atarirwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira Mbarushimana abamufasha gukora iperereza rushingiye ku kuba mu ngingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda havugwamo uburenganzira bw’Avoka n’abafasha be bwo kwinjira no kugenda mu Rwanda igihe bari mu kazi kabo ariko ko ntaho iteganya ko abafasha b’Abavoka bashyirwaho n’urukiko, runasobanura ko nta bandi bantu bemerewe gukora iperereza uretse Ubugenzacyaha cyangwa Ubushinjacyaha

igihe busanze hari ibindi bikenewe muri dosiye nk’uko byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 18, iya 20, 3o n’iya 44,2o y’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga icyo gihe13. [49] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira ko yari afite uburenganzira bwo kugenerwa n’urukiko abafasha Abavoka be gukora iperereza ashingiye ku ngingo ya 17 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda nta shingiro bifite, kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, abafasha b’abunganizi bavugwa mu ngingo ya 17, ari ab’Abavoka baba baturutse hanze y’Igihugu, bisobanuye ko ari ababa basanzwe bafasha Abavoka mu mirimo yabo, bikaba rero bitavuze ko ari abafasha bagenerwa buri muburanyi woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda. Ahubwo icyo uregwa yemererwa n’amategeko akaba ari ukugira Avoka umwunganira nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 14, agace ka 614 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda irebana n’uburenganzira bw’uregwa woherejwe mu Rwanda, bityo akaba ntaho Urukiko Rukuru rwari guhera rumugenera abandi bafasha Abavoka be mu gukora iperereza. [50] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwarashingiye ku mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu maze rwemeza ko urukiko atari rwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira

abafasha Mbarushimana gukora iperereza hirengagijwe ko hari itegeko ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda (Transfert law) riteganya abo bafasha b’abunganizi mu gukora iperereza, aho ingingo 25 yaryo yerekana neza ko iyo habaye impaka (conflits des lois) z’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu n’iri itegeko ryerekeye kohereza imanza mu Rwanda, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite, kuko nta kibazo cy’ivuguruzanya ry’amategeko abiri gihari, kuko habaho ivuguruzanya ry’amategeko igihe amategeko abiri avuga ku kintu kimwe ariko akakivuga mu buryo butandukanye, bityo mu rubanza rwa Mbarushimana hakaba nta byabayeho kuko ingingo 17 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda yavuzwe haruguru idateganya ko iperereza rikorwa n’abafasha b’Abavoka, nyamara nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye kandi n’uru Rukiko rukaba ari ko rubibona, ntaho iryo tegeko riteganya ko abunganizi b’Abavoka bashinzwe gukora iperereza cyangwa se ko bagenwa n’urukiko, bityo urwo Rukiko rukaba nta handi rwari gushingira hatari mu itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha.

ntibashobora gufatwa cyangwa gufungwa mu gihe bakora imirimo yabo ijyanye n’amategeko. Avokan’abafasha be, mu gihe babyisabiye, barindirwa umutekano”. 12 Urubanza RPA 00002/2016/COA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 24/12/2020, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uwinkindi Jean, urupapuro rwa 12, para. 36 13 Ibyavugwaga muri izi ngingo, ubu biteganywa n’ingingo ya 15, 16 n’iya 24, igika cya 2, z’ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu 14 Iteganya ko kunganirwa na avoka yihitiyemo mu ibazwa iryo ari ryo ryose. Igihe nta bushobozi afite bwo Kumuhemba ahabwaumwunganira

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[51] Ku birebana n’amabwiriza no 003/3015 yo ku wa 06/08/2016 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga uburyo uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda yemererwa ibimufasha mu gukorerwa iperereza ry’inyongera Mbarushimana avuga ko amuhesha uburenganzira bwo kugenerwa abafasha b’Abavoka be bamukorera iperereza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite, kuko ayo mabwiriza arebana n’inkunga uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda ahabwa mu gihe akeneye ko abamwunganira15 bakora iperereza ry’inyongera, ariko ntavuga ko agenerwa n’Urukiko abafasha cyangwa se ngo agaragaze ko hari abandi batari abunganizi be bakora iperereza nk’uko Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira babivuga. Rurasanga rero Urukiko atari rwo rushyiraho cyangwa ruha uburenganzira abafasha Mbarushimana gukora iperereza nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwabyemeje, ahubwo icyo Urukiko Rukuru rureba ari ukwemeza niba iperereza rigomba gukorwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 2 y’ayo mabwiriza16 kandi akaba atari cyo Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira basabye urukiko. Ku birebana no guhabwa igihe gihagije, ubushobozi n’uburyo bwo gutegura urubanza ugereranije n’igihe cyagenewe Ubushinjacyaha [52] Kuri iki kibazo Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bemeza ko atahawe igihe gihagije cyo gutegura urubanza mu gihe Ubushinjacyaha bwamaze imyaka irenga icumi bwegeranya ibimenyetso kandi bufite ibikoresho n’ubushobozi bihagije, Urukiko

rukaba rwarabikoze ruzi ko ababuranyi bagomba guhabwa amahirwe n’ubushobozi bingana naho Ubushinjacyaha bukavuga ko yahawe igihe gihagije n’ibikoresho bihagije. [53] Ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko bitabangamiye ubundi burenganzira butangwa n’amategeko yo mu Rwanda arimo Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki, nk’uko yemejwe n’Itegeko- teka n° 08/75 ryo ku wa 12 Gashyantare 1975, uregwa mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye muri TPIR, mu Rwego cyangwa mu bindi bihugu, afite uburenganzira bukurikira: 1º kuburanishwa mu ruhame kandi mu buryo butabogamye ; 2º gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe ahamwe n’icyaha ; 3º kumenyeshwa bidatinze, mu rurimi yumvakandi mu magambo arambuye, imiterere n’ishingiro ry’ibyo aregwa ; 4º guhabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa bikwiriye kugira ngo ategure imyiregurire ye;

15 Amabwiriza no 003/3015 yo ku wa 06/08/2016 ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agenga uburyo uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburana mu Rwanda yemererwa ibimufasha mu gukorerwa iperereza ry’inyongera ateganya ko” Uregwa utishoboye iyo asabye uburyo bworohereza abamwunganira kumukorera iperereza agomba kubahiriza ibisabwa bikurikira: 1. Uregwa agomba gushyikiriza Umwanditsi Mukuru mu Rugereko rwihariye rw’Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibe.

2. Ubusabe bwe bugombakubabwageze ku Rukiko iminsi 30 nibura mbere y’uko iperereza ritangira cyangwambere y’uko urugendo ruteganijwe rukorwa.

3. Ubusabe bwe bugomba kubabukubiyemo ibi bikurikira : a. Ibisobanuro bihagije ku mpamvu y’iperereza n’ibizakorwa muri iryo perereza ; b. Igihe rizatangirira, igihe rizarangirira, amatariki n’aho bateganya kurikorera, uburyo buhendutse bushoboka bw’ibikenewe n’uburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyura ingendo, umubare w’abakenewe muri urwo rugendo; c. Gahunda y’ibazwa ry’abatangabuhamya cyangwa iy’ibindi bikorwa by’iperereza n’igihe bigomba kuzamara ; d. Amakuru afitiwe gihamya ajyanye n’aho abatangabuhamyabaherereye, inyandiko cyangwa ibindi bikenewe ; e. Ibisobanuro bigaragaza ko amakuru yava muri iryo perereza adashobora kuboneka binyuze mu kuvugana imbona nkubone mu mashusho hifashishijwe iyakure, hakoreshejwe interineti, iposita cyangwaubundi buryobuhendutse ; f. Amafranga yogusemura iyo ari ngombwa ”. 16 Ingingo ya 2 y’ amabwiriza no 003/3015 yo ku wa 06/08/2016 ya Perezida w’Urukikorw’Ikirenga agenga uburyo uregwa utishoboye woherejwe kuburana mu Rwanda yemererwa ibimufasha mu gukorerwa iperereza ry’inyongera iteganya ko “Urukiko Rukuru rugomba kwemeza niba hakenewe iperereza, niba rikenewe ku byasabwe byose cyangwa igice cyabyo; igihe haba hakenewe gukorwa ingendo hakagaragazwa uburyo buzakoreshwa, umubare w’abazazijyamo n’igihe zizamara. Urukiko Rukuru rugomba kumenyesha Ministeri y’Ubutabera icyemezo cyo kongera amafaranga akenewe mu gihe bibaye ngombwa”.

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5º kuburanishwa bidatinze ; kunganirwa na avoka yihitiyemo mu ibazwa iryo ari ryo ryose. Igihe nta bushobozi afite bwo kumuhemba ahabwa umwunganira ; 7º kwifata no kudahatirwa kuvuga ikintu cyamushinja ; 8º kuburanishwa ahibereye ; 9º kwibariza cyangwa kugira umubariza, abatangabuhamya bamushinja ; 10º gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushinjura kandi bakabazwa mu buryo bumwe n’ubw’abamushinja. Bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’andi mategeko ku byerekeranye no gutanga ubuhamya bw’ikinyoma mu rukiko, nta wuryozwa ibyo yavuze cyangwa yatanzeho ubuhamya mu rubanza.” [54] Ingingo ya 126 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yerekeye amahame y’ingenzi agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya mu kace kayo ka 4o ko izo manza zigomba “kubahiriza ihame ry’ivuguruzanya no kureshyeshya uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi imbere y’amategeko17. [55] Agace ka 4° k’iyo ngingo yavuzwe haruguru kavuga ku guhabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa bikwiriye kugira ngo (umuburanyi ) ategure imyiregurire ye gasomewe hamwe n’ingingo ya 126 ivuga ku kubahiriza ihame ry’ivuguruzanya no kureshyeshya uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi imbere y’amategeko byumvikanisha ko kubahiriza ihame ryo kureshyeshya uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi imbere y’amategeko risuzumirwa mu kuba nta muburanyi urukiko rwimye uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibimurengera mu gihe cy’iburana, kuba ababuranyi b’impande zose

bahawe uburenganzira bungana mu gihe cy’iburanisha, ko kubareshyeshya bidakwiye kwitiranywa no kuba uregwa agomba kuba yahawe igihe, ibikoresho n’ubushobozi bingana byanze bikunze n’iby’Ubushinjacyaha. [56] Muri uru rubanza, Mbarushimana yahawe igihe kingana n’amezi atatu yo gutegura urubanza harebwe kuva igihe Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye Urukiko kugeza ubwo habaga iburanisha rya mbere, akaba ariko yari asanzwe azi neza ko Ubushinjacyaha bw’u Rwanda buri kumukurikirana kubera kuva agifatwa agafungirwa muri Denmark mu mwaka wa 08/12/201018, mbere y’uko yoherezwa mu Rwanda ku wa 03/07/201419; kuva urubanza rugitangira kandi we n’Abavoka be bamwunganira bongeye guhabwa ikindi gihe kingana n’iminsi 10 yo gukora iperereza20, kuva icyo gihe kugeza ubu akaba yarakomeje guhabwa umwanya wo gutegura buri ngingo ye y’ubujurire uko yagiye abisaba Urukiko, akabyemererwa. [57] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero ibivugwa na Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira ko atahawe igihe gihagije, uburyo n’ubushobozi bwo gutegura urubanza nta shingiro bifite kuko kuba Ubushinjacyaha bwarateguye dosiye igihe kinini kiruta icyo yahawe ndetse bukaba bufite ubushobozi n’ibikoresho biruta ibye, bitavanaho ko ihame ryo kureshyeshya kw’ababuranyi ritubahirijwe, kuko iryo hame rireberwa mu kuba nta muburanyi urukiko rwimye uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibimurengera mu gihe cy’iburana nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Ibyo kandi binahura neza n’ibyemejwe n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzampahanga rwashyiriweho Yogoslavia (ruritwa TPIY) mu rubanza rwa Tadic21, ko ihame ryo kureshyeshya ababuranyi rireberwa mu kuba nta muburanyi urukiko rwimye uburenganzira bwo kugaragaza ibimurengera mu gihe cy’iburana ndetse no mu rubanza rwa Clément Kayishema na Obed Ruzindana, Urukiko (TPIR) rukaba

17 Ni nabyo byateganywaga n’ingingo ya 150 y’itegeko nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga ubwoicyemezo kijuririrwa cyafatwaga. 18 Reba Ibaruwa yanditswe na Minisiteri y’Ubutabera ya Denmark yohereza Mbarushimana, ku rupapuro rwa 2 aho bagaragaza ko Mbarushimana yafashwe guhera ku wa 08/12/2010; 19 Reba inyandiko Mbarushimana yakiriweho n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru ku kibuga cy’indege i Kanombe, inyandiko yiswe handover certificate Umushinjacyaha Mukuru yamushyikirijeho Polisce Judiciaire ndetse n’inyandikomvugo y’ifungwa bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yatangiye gukurikiranwa mu Rwanda ku wa 03/07/2014 20 Reba icyemezo cy’urukiko mu rubanza RP 0001/15/HCCI mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi cyo ku wa 18/02/2016, igika cya 8 21 Urubanza nº IT-94-1-A, igika cya 48: "….. L’égalité des armes oblige l’organe judiciaire à s’assurer qu’aucune partie n’est placée dans une situation désavantageuse lorsqu’elleprésente sa cause"

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rwaragaragaje ko kuringanira kw’ababuranyi kudakwiye no kwitiranywa no kuba uregwa agomba kuba yahawe ibikoresho n’ubushobozi bingana n’iby’Ubushinjacyaha22. [58] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero kuba Mbarushimana avuga ko igihe yahawe kitangana n’icy’Ubushinjacyaha bwamaze butegura dosiye, bitavuze ko atahawe ubutabera buboneye nk’uko ashaka kubyumvikanisha. Ikindi kandi kuba igihe gihabwa Ubushinjacyaha n’uregwa bitangana, abahanga mu mategeko babisobanura neza ko byumvikana ko Ubushinjacyaha mu gutegura dosiye bugomba gufata igihe kinini kurusha igihabwa uregwa ngo amenye ibikubiye muri iyo dosiye kubera ko hakurikijwe inshingano buri ruhande ruba rufite, Ubushinjacyaha buba bufite inshingano zo gukora akazi mu nyungu za sosiyete, gushakisha ibyaha no kuregera inkiko, mu gihe uregwa we, areba inyungu ze zo kwiregura gusa ku byo aregwa23. [59] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kudashyiraho abafasha mu gukora iperereza Mbarushimana yasabaga kandi rutaramwimye igihe, ubushobozi n’uburyo bwo gutegura urubanza nk’uko Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira babivuga, bityo ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Gufatirwa icyemezo n’umucamanza yihannye, adafitiye icyizere Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [60] Mbarushimana avuga ko mu maburanisha anyuranye harimo iryo ku wa 08/10/2015, ku wa 20/07/2016 no kuwa

25/07/2016, yihannye umucamanza Antoine Muhima ari nawe Perezida w’inteko, akaba na Prezida w’Urukiko, nyuma aza kwihana n’abandi bacamanza kubera impamvu z’urwango zamuviragamo kudahabwa umwanya n’ijambo bihagije kandi bingana ku baburanyi bombi mu iburanisha, gusubizanywa ubukana n’uburakare bihoraho, gushingira ku bimenyetso by’uruhande rumwe, gufata ibyemezo ku bitaregewe no guhatirwa kunganirwa n’abavoka atihitiyemo kandi agaragaza ko batarengera inyungu ze. [61] Akomeza asobanura ko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 08/10/2015 yihannye umucamanza Muhima Antoine ari nawe wari uyoboye inteko iburanisha kubera impamvu yasobanuye ariko Urukiko rwemeza ko ikirego cye kidafite ishingiro ngo kuko ibyo avuga bitagaragaza ko umucamanza Muhima Antoine amufitiye urwango kuko ibyo asobanura bitagaragaza ishingiro, rwirengagije ko ibyo uregwa yavugaga bigaragaza ko adafitiye icyizere umucamanza umwe muri batatu bari bagize inteko kandi ko iyo myitwarire ubwayo ari inenge ikomeye ku mucamanza, akavuga ko biteye impungenge kuba umucamanza wamaze kwihanwa n’uregwa yakomeza kugira umutimanama utabogamye mu kuburanisha uwo muntu ku buryo yazatanga ubutabera nta marangamutima ajemo. [62] Mu gusoza avuga ko inteko y’Urukiko yafashe icyemezo ku bwihane yari yatanze yari igizwe n’abacamanza bayobowe n’Umucamanza Alice Ngendakuriyo nawe wagiye yihanwa mu manza za Bernard Munyagishari, Pasteur Jean Uwinkindi na Dr Léon Mugesera, maze bagakingirana ikibaba aho umucamanza Antoine Muhima yemeza ko ubwihane ku mucamanza Alice Ngendakuriyo nta shingiro bufite, na Alice Ngendakuriyo akemeza ko ubwihane bw’umucamanza Antoine Muhima nta shingiro bufite.

22 Kayishema et Ruzindana, (Chambre d’appel), 1 juin 2001, par. 63-71…Il ne faut pas confondre la notion des droits de l’accusé et de l’égalité des parties avec celle de l’égalité des moyens et des ressources” 23 ‘’Eu égard à la différence fondamentale existant entre, d’une part, le ministère public qui, dans l’intérêt de la société, accomplit une mission de service public en recherchant les infractions et en exerçant l’action publique, et, d’autre part, la personne poursuivie qui défend son intérêt personnel, la circonstance, par exemple, que le premier dispose, au cours de l’instruction, de plus de temps que l’accusé pour prendre connaissance du dossier rép ressif n’implique pas une méconnaissance du principe général du droit à un procès équitable’’ : Michel Franchimont, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2 e édition, larcier, p. 1123

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[63] Me Bizmana Shoshi wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko icyo uwo yunganira anenga icyemezo cy’urukiko ari uko yihannye umucamanza Muhima Antoine inshuro eshatu (3) ariko urukiko rukemeza ko akomeza kumuburanisha kandi ko kumwihana izo nshuro zose bigaragaza ko yari yamutereye icyizere, akaba atumva impamvu urukiko rutamuhinduye kandi rufite abandi bacamanza bamusimbura rwirengagiza ko mu byo umuburanyi aba akeneye kugira ngo urubanza rugende neza haba harimo n’icyizere afitiye urukiko, ko rero mu gihe umuburanyi yatereye umucamanza icyizere ataba akimutegerejeho ubutabera. [64] Me Gakunzi Musore Valery nawe wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko uwo yunganira yihanaga umucamanza kuko amwima uburenganzira cyangwa se ijambo ariko ko mukudaha ubwihane bwa Mbarushimana ishingiro Urukiko rwuvuga ko kuba umucamanza yacyaha umuburanyi, bitagize impamvu zo kumwihana. Asoza avuga ko umucamanza wihanwe aba atakigengwa n’ihame ryo kutabogama. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [65] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire ya Mbarushimana nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa kuko mu maburanisha atandukanye harimo ayo ku wa 08/10/2015, 20/07/2016, 25/07/2016, Mbarushimana yihannye umucamnza Antoine Muhima ari nawe Perezida w'inteko nyuma aza kwihana inteko yose y'abacamanza kubera impamvu zidasobanutse z’uko bamutifiye urwango ariko ko mu cyemezo cy’urukiko rwagaragaje ko izo mpamvu atanga

zidahuye n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 99 y’Itegeko NO 21/2012 ryo ku wa 12/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'imbonezamubano, iz'ubucuruzi, iz'umurimo n'iz'ubutegetsi ryakoreshwaga igihe urubanza rwaburanishwaga24. [66] Akomeza asobanura ko impamvu Mbarushimana atanga zidateganywa n’amategeko nyamara impamvu z’ubwihane zigomba kuba ziteganywa n’amategeko kandi zihura n’ibikorwa byakozwe, ko Mbarushimana atagaragaza inenge icyemezo cy’urukiko rubanza gifite, bityo impamvu ye y’ubujurire ikaba idakwiye guhabwa ishingiro kuko urukiko rwagaragaje ko ibyo Mbarushimana yasobanuraga atari urwango nk’uko yabivugaga. Mu gusoza avuga ko mu rubanza rwa Ferdinand Nahimana igika cya 48 TPIR yavuze ko buri gihe umucamanza abantu bagomba kumubonamo ukutabogama, ko utabashije kugaragaza ikimenyetso gikomeye kigaragaza ko yabogamye, bifatwa ko atabogamye, ko rero uvuga ko umucamanza yabogamye agomba kubigaragariza ibimenyetso bidashidikanywaho byerekana uko kubogama.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [67] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba Umucamanza Muhima Antoine yarakomeje kuba mu nteko iburanisha Mbarushimana kandi yari yamwihannye binyuranije n’amategeko. [68] Ingingo ya 1, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko “Iri tegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. Ni na ryo rigenga imiburanishirize y’izindi manza mu gihe nta yandi mategeko yihariye agenga iyo miburanishirize keretse mu gihe ibiteganywa n’iri tegeko bidashobora gukoreshwa mu zindi manza” [69] Ingingo ya 103, 3º, y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa iteganya ko “Umucamanza wese bashobora kumwihana iyo umwe mu baburanyi agaragaje inshingiro ry’urwango afitanye n’umucamanza”25

24 Iyi ngingo yahindutse ingingo ya 103 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi 25 Ibi bihura neza n’ibyavugwaga mu ngingo ya 99, 3º, y’Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ryakurikizwaga ubwo Mbarushimana, yaburanaga mu rubanza rujuririrwa

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[70] Ingingo ya 107, igika cya 2, y’iryo tegeko iteganya ko “Iyo rusanze ubwo bwihane budashobora kwakirwa, urubanza rurakomeza”. Naho ingingo yaryo ya 108, igika cya 2, yateganyaga ko “Iyo umucamanza wihanwe yemeye impamvu z’ubwihane, cyangwa izo impamvu basanze ari zo, urukiko rwemeza ko uwo mucamanza ava mu rubanza”26. [71] Izo ngingo zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko Umucamanza wese bashobora kumwihana iyo umwe mu baburanyi agaragaje inshingiro ry’urwango afitanye n’umucamanza, ko kandi Urukiko rusanze ubwo bwihane budashobora kwakirwa, urubanza rukomeza, ariko umucamanza wihanwe yakwemera impamvu z’ubwihane, cyangwa Urukiko rusanze izo mpamvu zifite ishingiro, urukiko rukemeza ko uwo mucamanza ava mu rubanza. Zumvikanisha kandi ko iyo izo mpamvu z’ubwihane zihawe ishingiro aribwo uwo mucamanza wihanwe avanwa mu rubanza, ku buryo rero nta cyabuza umucamanza wihanwe gukomeza iburanisha ry’urubanza bamwihannyemo mu gihe cyose impamvu z’ubwihane zatanzwe n’umuburanyi zitahawe ishingiro. [72] Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 08/10/2015 igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yihannye umucamanza Muhima Antoine wari uyoboye inteko imuburanisha akaba na Perezida w’Urwo Rukiko avuga ko adashaka kumwumva, urubanza rurasubikwa kugira ngo ashyikirize urukiko inyandiko isobanura impamvu z’ubwihane bwe zo kuba umucamanza Muhima Antoine yaramubujije gusobanura ishingiro ryo kuba Abavoka yagenewe

batagomba kumwunganira bigaragaza ko amufitiye urwango. Ku wa 14/10/2015, Urukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cye kitakiriwe rushingiye ku kuba impamvu Mbarushimana ashingiraho zo kuba umucamanza Muhima Antoine yaramubujije gusobanura ishingiro ryo kuba abavoka yagenewe batagomba kumwunganira bigaraza ko amufitiye urwango nta shingiro zifite kuko kuba umucamanza Muhima Antoine ariwe wari uyoboye inteko akamubwira ko ibyo avuga urukiko rwabyumvise, akanamusaba gutanga icyemezo cy’urukiko ashingiraho no kuba yaramusabye gukomereza ku yindi ngingo bitagize urwango, ahubwo ko ari imiyoborere y’urubanza. [73] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba ikirego cy’ubwihane cya Mbarushimana kitarakiriwe maze urubanza rugakomeza kuburanishwa n’inteko yari isanzwe iruburanisha bikurikije amategeko kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, mu gihe impamvu z’ubwihane zihawe ishingiro, nibwo urukiko rwemeza ko iyo nteko ihinduka umucamanza wihanwe akava mu rubanza, hakaba rero nta cyabuza umucamanza wihanwe gukomeza iburanisha ry’urubanza bamwihannyemo mu gihe cyose impamvu z’ubwihane zatanzwe n’umuburanyi zitahawe ishingiro, bityo rero kuba Urukiko Rukuru, (HCCI) rwarasanze ikirego cya Mbarushimana ku bwihane bw’umucamanza kitagomba kwakirwa, rugategeka ko umucamanza Muhima Antoine wihanwe akomeza urubanza, nta kosa rwakoze. [74] Rurasanga ibivugwa na Me Musore Gakunzi Valery wunganira Mbarushimana ko

umucamanza wihanwe atakaza ihame ryo kutabogama, nta shingiro bifite, kuko uretse kubivuga gusa nta kimenyetso abigaragariza nyamara amategeko ategeka ko buri muburanyi agomba gutanga ibimenyetso by’ibyo aburana nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso27. [75] Rurasanga kandi ku birebana n’imvugo za Mbarushimana ko kuba inteko y’abacamanza bayobowe n’Umucamanza Alice Ngendakuriyo yarasuzumye ubwihane bwa Muhima Antoine bamukingiye ikibaba bituma atavanwa mu rubanza rwe nk’uko nawe yakibakingiye mu zindi manza no kuba abayobora bikaba byari gutuma batafata ikindi cyemezo, nta shingiro ifite kuko nta bimenyetso abigaragariza uretse kubivuga gusa kandi kuba inteko yashyizweho yarasuzumye impamvu z’ubwihane bwa Muhima Antoine zatanzwe na

26 Ibi ni nabyo byateganywaga mu ngingo ya 103, igika cya 2, n’iya 104, igika cya 2, z’y’Itegeko nº 21/2012 ryoku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ryakurikizwaga ubwo MBARUSHIMANA, yaburanaga mu rubanza rujuririrwa 27 Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryoku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso iteganya ko “Urega cyangwa utanze ikibazo agaragaza ikimenyetso cy’ibyo aregera cyangwa asaba. Uwiregura agaragaza ikimenyetso gishyigikira ukwiregura kwe[…] . Ibivugwa muri iyongingo ni nabyo byateganywaga mu ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko nº 15/2004 ryoku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo yakoreshwaga ubwo urubanza rujuririrwa rwacibwaga.

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Mbarushimana, bakemeza ko nta shingiro zifite, bitavuze ko bamukingiye ikibaba nk’uko ashaka kubyumvikanisha. [76] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga kuba umucamanza Muhima Antoine ndetse n’inteko Mbarushimana yihannye barakomeje guca urubanza aregwamo nyuma y’uko Urukiko rugaragaje ko impamvu ze z’ubwihane nta shingiro zifite, nta kosa ryabayeho, bityo iyi mpamvu ye y’ubujurire kuri iyi ngingo ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kuvutswa uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza inkiko ku ihungabanywa ry’uburengazira bw’ibanze n’ihagarikwa ry’urubanza mu gihe cy’ubujurire ku bibazo ndemyagihugu Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [77] Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bavuga ko yavukijwe n'Urukiko uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza izindi nkiko kuko hari ibyemezo byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru akabijuririra ariko Urukiko ntiruhagarike imihango y’iburanisha mu gihe hagitegerejwe icyemezo n’umurongo uhamye ku bibazo yabaga yajuririye. Akomeza avuga ko amahame agenga imiburanishirize y'imanza nshinjabyaha atubahirijwe bikaba byaratumye haba inzitizi yo kudafata ibyemezo mu gihe gikwiye ndetse no kutubahiriza uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwe kuko urukiko rwakomezaga kuburanisha kandi we yarasabaga urukiko ko ruba ruhagaritse iburanisha mu gihe ibyo yajuririye bitarafatirwa icyemezo. [78] Mbarushimana asobanura ko ingingo ya 18 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu

Rwanda imuha uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo aricyo cyose cy’Urukiko mu minsi mirongo itatu kandi ko kigomba gutandukanywa n’icyemezo cy’urubanza mu mizi, ibyo rero bikaba bikuraho ibyo Urukiko ruvuga rwashingiyeho ko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 147, igika cya 2, cy’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'imbonezamubano, iz'ubucuruzi, iz'umurimo n'iz'ubutegetsi. [79] Me Bizimana Shoshi wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko uwo yunganira yambuwe uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwo kujurira kuko yajuriye ariko urukiko rugakomeza kumuburanisha, bivuze ko nta gaciro urukiko rwahaye uburenganzira bwe bwo kujurira, ko byumvikana ko kuba ajuriye, kuburanisha byagombaga guhita bihagarara nka “effet suspensif d'appel”, iburanisha rikazakomeza ari uko icyemezo mu bujurire cyamaze gufatwa. [80] Me Gakunzi Musore Valery nawe wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwimye uwo yunganira uburenganzira bw’ibanze kuko niba uregwa avuze ko ajuririye icyemezo cy'Urukiko, rugakomeza kuburanisha, nta gaciro ruba ruhaye ubujurire aba yakoze, ko kuba ubujurire bwe butaragize effet suspensif byamuvukije uburenganzira bwe bwo kwiregura. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [81] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ingingo y’ubujurire ya Mbarushimana idakwiye guhabwa ishingiro kuko atigeze yimwa uburenganzira bwo kujurira nk’uko abivuga, ahubwo ko Urukiko

Rukuru rwagendaga rufata icyemezo ku nzitizi yabaga yazamuye mbere yo gukomeza iburanisha, kandi akaba nta tegeko ribuza urukiko gukomeza iburanisha, ko utishimiye icyemezo cyafashwe n'Urukiko, aregera Urukiko rwisumbuyeho nta burenganzira ategetswe gusaba Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo kijuririrwa, bivuze ko nta burenganzira bwo kujurira yigeze yimwa n’urukiko rubanza. [82] Basobanura ko uko Mbarushimana yazamuraga inzitizi urukiko rukayifataho icyemezo yahitaga akijuririra akanasaba ko iburisha riba rihagaze kugera ubwo ubujurire bwe bumaze gusuzumwa ariko urukiko rukagaragaza ko nta mpamvu ihari yatuma iburanisha rihagarara, ko n’ingingo ya 18 y’itegeko ryerekeye

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kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda Mbarushimana yishingikirizaho ivuga ku bujurire itavuga ko iyo icyemezo kijuririwe iburanisha ku zindi ngingo rihagarara ngo hategerezwe icyemezo ku bujurire, ko rero yaba Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira batagaragaza itegeko bashingiraho bavuga ko urukiko rwagombaga guhagarika iburanisha kugeza ingingo Mbarushimana yajuririye ifashweho icyemezo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [83] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ingingo ya 18 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda iha Mbarushimana uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo cyose cyaba gifashwe mu rubanza hatarindiriwe urubanza mu mizi ndetse no kumenya niba igihe ajuririye icyo cyemezo iburanisha ryaragombaga guhita rihagarara ku zindi ngingo ku buryo kuba bitarakozwe byafatwa ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza izindi nkiko. [84] Ibirebana no kumenya niba ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda iha Mbarushimana uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo cyose cyaba gifashwe mu rubanza hatarindiwe urubanza mu mizi, cyafashweho icyemezo n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RPA/GEN 0005- 0007/16/CS rwaciwe ku wa 09/12/2016 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwagaragaje ko n’ubwo ingingo ya 18 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda iha Ubushinjacyaha n’uregwa uburenganzira busesuye bwo kujuririra ku mpamvu zasobanuwe muri iryo tegeko icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe ku rwego rwa mbere n’Urukiko Rukuru, ariko ko ridateganya imihango ikurikizwa (procédure) mu gutanga ubujurire, nk’ibijyanye n’ibihe byo kujurira n’uburyo ubujurire bukorwamo, ko ahubwo hagomba gukurikizwa amategeko asanzwe agenga

imiburanishirize y’imanza mu gihe ntacyo itegeko rigena ukwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda ribivugaho. Maze rushingiye ku Itegeko n° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi28 rusanga buri muburanyi akomeza kugira uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru nk’uko abuhabwa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryagarutsweho haruguru, gusa akabikora mu nzira ziteganywa n’ingingo ya 16229, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 yateganyaga ko ubujurire bw’imanza zibanziriza izindi bukorwa gusa iyo urubanza rw’iremezo rwaciwe kandi bigakorerwa rimwe. Ko rero Mbarushimana agomba kujuririra ibyemezo (bibanziriza ibindi) byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru hamwe n’urubanza rw’iremezo nyuma y’icibwa ryarwo. Ku bw’ibyo rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana butakiriwe kubera ko bwatanzwe mu buryo n’inzira zidakurikije amategeko. [85] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yajuririye ibyemezo bibanziriza ibindi bitandukanye byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, birimo: icyemezo cyo ku wa 21/07/2015 gishyiraho Abavoka be ari bo Me Bizimana Shoshi Jean Claude na Me Twagirayezu Christophe, ahita avuga ko akijuririye anasaba ko iburanisha ku zindi ngingo z’urubanza ziba zihagaze kugeza ubujurire bwe bufashweho icyemezo. Maze

mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi rwaciwe ku wa 21/07/2015, Urukiko Rukuru rusanga ibyo asaba byo guhagarika iburanisha kubera ubujurire yakoze nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa kuko ingingo ya 180 y’itegeko n° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ashingiraho itarebana n’ubujurire bw’imanza zibanziriza izindi ahubwo ko hagomba gushingirwa ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 162, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ko imanza zibanziriza izindi zijuririrwa rimwe n’urubanza mu mizi, bityo rwanzura ko iburanisha rikomeza. [86] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga uburenganzira Mbarushimana avuga butubahirijwe bushingiye ku bujurire bw’ibyemezo bibanziriza ibindi byafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku bibazo bitandukanye mu gihe

28 Iri tegeko niryo ryakurikizwaga igihe urubanza rujuririrwa rwaburanishwaga 29 Ibyayivugwaga muri iyo ngingo bihura n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 147 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi

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cy’iburanisha. Uru rukiko rusanga kuba Mbarushimana avuga ko ingingo ya 18 y’itegeko nº 47/2013 du 16/06/2013 ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda imuha uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo cyose cyaba gifashwe mu rubanza hatarindiwe urubanza mu mizi, nta shingiro bifite kuko byafashweho umwanzuro n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rugaragaza ko afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru nk’uko abuhabwa n’ingingo ya 18 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 ryagarutsweho haruguru, gusa akabikora mu nzira zateganywaga n’ingingo ya 162, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 kuko ubujurire bw’imanza zibanziriza izindi bukorwa gusa iyo urubanza rw’iremezo rwaciwe kandi bigakorerwa rimwe. Kuba rero Mbarushimana we yarahitaga ajuririra buri cyemezo bikaba aribyo byagaragajwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ko yabikoze mu buryo no mu nzira bidakurikije n’amategeko. [87] Ku birebana no kuba Mbarushimana avuga ko igihe ajuririye icyo cyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi iburanisha ryagombaga guhita rihagarara ku zindi ngingo ku buryo kuba bitarakozwe byafatwa ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza izindi nkiko, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru yabaga abikoze mu buryo no mu nzira binyuranyije n’amategeko, cyane cyane ko Urukiko Rukuru rwari rwamaze kubona no kumugaragariza

ko urubanza rubanziriza urundi rujuririrwa hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi rukaba rero rutari gusubika iburanisha ku zindi ngingo z’ubujurire mu gihe rubona ko ibyo Mbarushimana akoze binyuranyije n’amategeko. [88] Ku birebana no kuba Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bashaka kumvikanisha ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rutarahagaritse iburanisha mu gihe yajuririye bimwe mu byemezo bigize kwamburwa uburenganzira bwe bw’ibanze bwo kwiregura, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko uretse kubivuga gusa nta tegeko bashingiraho berekana ko ubujurire ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi buhagarika iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi, cyane cyane ko Urukiko rwari rwamaze kubagaragariza ko bene ibyo byemezo bijuririrwa hamwe n’urubanza mu mizi. [89] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujuririe rurasanga kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwarakomeje iburanisha mu gihe Mbarushimana yabaga yajuriye nta kosa ryakozwe, bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kwica ihame ryo kudakurikiranwa, kutaburanishwa no kudahanirwa icyaha kimwe inshuro irenze imwe Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [90] Mbarushimana avuga ko ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bushingiye ku kuba yaraburanishijwe inshuro irenze imwe ku byaha n’ibikorwa bimwe ku buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko. Asobanura ko ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko Gacaca kandi

rishyiraho uburyo ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo bizakemuka, iteganya ko mbere y’uko umuntu uzaba woherejwe n’ibindi bihugu kuburanishirizwa mu Rwanda, ibyemezo byamufatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca bizabanza gukurwaho n’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, ariko ko we yakurikiranwe, araregwa, anaburanishwa mbere yo gukuraho icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyafashwe ku bikorwa n’ibyaha bimwe n’ibyo akurikiranweho, runamuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko hirengagijwe ko mu kumwohereza kuburanira mu Rwanda, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Denmark rwemeje ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rw’i Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 kigomba kubanza gukurwaho ariko ko atari ko byagenze ahubwo icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rw’i Dahwe cyashyizwe muri dosiye nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ko ibyo akurikiranyweho bimuhama. [91] Akomeza asobanura ko kuba icyo cyemezo kitarakuweho mbere y’uko akurikiranwa habaye kwica ihame ribuza gukurikiranwa inshuro ebyiri ku cyaha kimwe (Non bis in idem), bituma urukiko rumuvutsa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye. Avuga kandi ko yasabye Urukiko gusuzuma niba atarimo kuburanishwa

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inshuro irenze imwe ku bikorwa n’ibyaha bimwe ariko urukiko mu cyemezo cyo ku wa 25/01/2016 rufata icyemezo cyo « Gutesha agaciro icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe ku wa 18/09/2008 » nyamara atari cyo cyaregewe. Mu gusoza, asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko ibyakozwe byose muri urwo rubanza ari impfabusa cyangwa bigakosorwa biramutse bigishoboka, urubanza rugatangira bundi bushya ; byaba bitagishoboka Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukemeza ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro gifite, rugafata icyemezo cyo guhagarika urubanza burundu. [92] Me Bizimana Shoshi na Me Gakunzi Musore Valery bunganira Mbarushimana bavuga ko gukurikirana Mbarushimana bitashobokaga kuko hari urubanza rwa Gacaca rwabaye itegeko kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha bwashyize icyo cyemezo muri dosiye kugira ngo bwerekane ko uwo bunganira ari umunyabyaha kandi ibyo ubwabyo binyuranyije n’amategeko (vice de procédure), ko urukiko rwakiriye ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyo gutesha agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca nyamara rwirengagiza ikibazo cya Mbarushimana cyo kuba akurikiranywe inshuro ebyiri ku cyaha kimwe, ko rero iyo urukiko ruza gufata icyemezo ku kibazo cye, inzitizi y’Ubushinacyaha yabyukijwe nyuma y’uko abigaragariza Urukiko iba itarakiriwe, akaba ariyo mpamvu asanga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rugomba guteshwa agaciro. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [93] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ubujurire

bwa Mbarushimana bushingiye ko yaburanishijwe inshuro irenze imwe ku byaha n'ibikorwa bimwe inshuro irenze imwe ku buryo bunyuranije n'amategeko nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa kuko Mbarushimana yakatiwe n'Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe 18/09/2008 adahari rumuhanisha igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko ariko uru rubanza rukaba nta gaciro rugifite kuva harabaye “Extradition”, bikaba byaratumye aza agatangira kuburana ibyerekeye ifunga n’ifungura by’agateganyo aho kujya kurangiza igihano yari yarakatiwe kuko Extradition yakorewe Mbarushimana ivuze kuza kuburana no kwiregura kubyo aregwa, akaba ataraje gushyira mu bikorwa cyangwa kurangiza igihano. [94] Basobanura ko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/01/2016 habaye kuburana ku cyemezo cya Gacaca, Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko icyemezo cya Gacaca cyateshwa agaciro. Mbarushimana n'abamwunganira bagize icyo babivugaho ku buryo burambuye nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo y'iburanisha, ko rero nyuma yo kukiburanaho, ku wa 25/01/2016, Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo cyo gutesha agaciro icyo cyemezo cy'Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyahanishije Mbarushimana igihano cy'igifungo cya burundu y'umwihariko, ko rero impamvu y'ubujurire y'uko yahanwe kabiri ku cyaha kimwe itahabwa agaciro kuko nta rundi rubanza agaragaza uyu munsi rwaba rwaramuhaniye ibyaha yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [95] Ku byerekeye imvugo ya Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira ko urukiko rwaciye urubanza ku kitaregewe, uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko atari ukuri kuko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 25/01/2016 haburanishijwe ikibazo Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwashyikirije urukiko cyo gutesha agaciro icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [96] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarishe ihame ryo guhana Mbarushimana ku cyaha kimwe inshuro irenze imwe “violation du principe de non ibis in idem” no kumenya niba kuba Ubushinjacyaha butarasabye ikurwaho ry’icyemezo cya Gacaca mbere y’uko Mbarushimana abisaba byaragomba gutuma ibyakozwe mu Rukiko byose mbere biteshwa agaciro. [97] Ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo iteganya ko “Umuntu wohererejwe u Rwanda n’Igihugu cy’amahanga kugira ngo aburanishwe, yari yarakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, aburanishwa

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n’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha nk’uko biteganywa n’iri tegeko ngenga. Icyakora, icyemezo cyari cyaramufatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca kibanza guteshwa agaciro n’urwo rukiko”. [98] Ingingo ya 42 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko Urugereko rwihariye rw’Urukiko Rukuru rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere imanza zohererejwe u Rwanda n’Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda/Urwego rw’Inkiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga cyangwa izoherejwe n’inkiko z’ibindi bihugu. [99] Ingingo 4 y’itegeko N° 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko Urukiko Rukuru rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere imanza zimuriwe mu Rwanda. [100] Ingingo ya 7 y’itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ko; “Nta muntu ushobora guhanwa inshuro zirenze imwe ku cyaha kimwe nyir’izina yakoze”. [101] Izi ngingo zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko Umuntu wohererejwe u Rwanda na TPIR/Urwego n’Igihugu cy’amahanga kugira ngo aburanishwe, yari yarakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, aburanishwa n’Urukiko Rukuru, kandi ko icyemezo cyari cyaramufatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca kibanza guteshwa agaciro n’urwo Rukiko. [102] Izi ngingo ntizisobanura ariko mu buryo bweruye umuburanyi ufite inshingano zo gusaba ko icyo cyemezo giteshwa agaciro, nta n’ubwo zisobanura mu buryo bweruye niba

icyemezo cya Gacaca gikurwaho mu manza zitandukanye, mu rubanza rumwe cyangwa niba gikurwaho mbere y’uko uregwa atangira gukurikiranwa n’inzego z’iperereza, mbere y’uko aregerwa mu Rukiko, cyangwa gikurwaho mu gihe cy’iburanisha mu Rukiko rubifitiye ububasha. Gusa iyo zirebewe hamwe n’Itegeko rihana ibyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, byumvikana ko ihame ari uko icyo cyemezo cya Gacaca kibanza guteshwa agaciro n’urwo rukiko mbere y’uko ukurikiranyweho icyaha cya jenoside n’ibindi byaha bifitanye isano nayo atangira kuburanishwa mu mizi y’urubanza haba mu rubanza rumwe cyangwa mu manza zitandukanye. Icyokora nta cyabuza ko icyo cyemezo gikurwaho mu gihe urukiko rwamaze kuregerwa, nk’igihe bitakozwe, bipfa gusa gukorwa mbere y’uko uregwa ahanwa (condamné) ku rwego rwa mbere, kugira ngo hatabaho kumuhana inshuro ebyiri ku cyaha kimwe. [103] Ku birebana n’ufite inshingano zo gusaba Urukiko ko icyo cyemezo cya Gacaca giteshwa agaciro, byumvikana ko mu gihe Urukiko rwamaze kuregerwa, ababuranyi b’impande zose, yaba uregwa cyangwa Ubushinjacyaha ndetse n’Urukiko bose bafite inshingano n’inyungu zo kubyutsa iyo nzitizi kubera ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 8 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo ari indemyagihugu, ku buryo igihe bitakozwe bitagomba gufatwa nk’ikosa ry’Ubushinjacyaha gusa kuko

yaba uregwa, Ubushinjacyaha n’Urukiko bose bafite inshingano n’inyungu zo kuzamura iyo nzitizi. [104] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko ku wa 18/09/2008 Mbarushimana yakatiwe igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko adahari n’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe nyuma yo guhamwa n’icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha bifitanye isano nayo. Bisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, ku wa 06/11/2013, Mbarushimana yoherejwe kuburanira mu Rwanda hashingiwe ku cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’Igihugu cya Denmark. Ku wa 24/12/2014, Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru rurega Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside n’ibyaha bifitanye isano nayo. Ku wa 31/12/2015, Ubushinjacyaha kandi bwasabye Urukiko gutesha agaciro icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyakatiye Mbarushimana igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko. [105] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza kandi ko ku wa 25/01/2016, Urukiko Rukuru, rwemeje ko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyakatiye igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko Mbarushimana giteshejwe agaciro, rushingiye ku kuba ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko Ngenga n° 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari

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mu bubasha bwazo runasobanura ko inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha yatanzwe na Mbarushimana avuga ko ikirego kitagombaga kwakirwa kuko yakurikiranwe kandi icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe kitarateshwa agaciro nta shingiro ifite kuko iyo ngingo itagaragaza niba icyemezo cy’urukiko Gacaca giteshwa agaciro mbere y’uko urukiko rufite ububasha ruregerwa urubanza mu mizi cyangwa se ngo iteshwe agaciro mu rubanza rwihariye30. [106] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nyuma y’uko Mbarushimana agaragarije Urukiko Rukuru ko hari icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyamukatiye igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko kandi akaba aburanishwa kitarateshwa agaciro, Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye urukiko gutesha agaciro icyo cyemezo, maze ku wa 25/01/2016, Urukiko Rukuru, (HCCI) rwemeza ko icyo cyemezo giteshejwe agaciro. Urukiko rurasanga rero kuba Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bavuga ko atagombaga gukurikiranwa n’Ubushinjacyaha icyemezo cy’urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe kitarateshwa agaciro nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ibyaha uregwa akurikiranweho ari narwo rufite ububasha bwo gutesha agaciro icyo cyemezo kandi rwarabikoze mbere y’uko aburanishwa mu mizi y’urubanza. [107] Ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Mbarushimana ko Ubushinjacyaha aribwo bwagombaga gutanga ikirego cyo gutesha agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca

mbere y’uko we abisaba, n’ubwo Ubushinjacyaha koko bwabisabye bushingiye ku nzitizi yari yazamuwe na Mbarushimana, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kubera ko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, yaba uregwa, Ubushinjacyaha ndetse n’Urukiko bose bari bafite inshingano n’inyungu zo kubyutsa iyo nzitizi. [108] Ku birebana n’imvugo za Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira ko Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo ku kitaregewe kuko rwatesheje agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca nyamara bari basabye ko rusuzuma niba harubahirijwe ihame ryo kutaburanishwa kabiri ku cyaha kimwe “non ibis in dem”, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko mu nyandiko yo ku wa 31/12/2015 yiswe “umwanzuro w’inyongera w’Ubushinjacyaha ku cyemezo cya Gacaca bisabwa na Mbarushimana” ndetse no mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/01/2016, Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye Urukiko gutesha agaciro icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008 cyakatiye igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko Mbarushimana, kandi na Mbarushimana akaba yaragize icyo avuga kuri ubwo busabe aho mu nyandiko yise “reaction ku mwanzuro w’inyongera ku byemezo by’Urukiko Gacaca bisabwa na Mbarushimana” aho yavugaga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwakabaye bwarasabye ko icyemezo cya Gacaca giteshwa agaciro mbere y’uko butanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru. Uru Rukiko rurasanga rero icyo Urukiko Rukuru rwafasheho icyemezo cyari cyasabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha kandi ababuranyi

bakaba barahawe uburenganzira bwo kuvuguruzanya kuri iyo ngingo. Ikindi kandi n’Urukiko ubwarwo rwari rufite inshingano yo kubyutsa iyo nzitizi kubera ko ari indemyagihugu nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ku bw’ibyo iyi miburanire kuri iki kibazo, ikaba nta shingiro ifite. [109] Ku byerekeye ubusabe bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwakwemeza ko ibyakozwe byose muri urwo rubanza ari impfabusa cyangwa bigomba gukosorwa biramutse bigishoboka, urubanza rugatangira bundi bushya; byaba bitagishoboka Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukemeza ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro gifite, rugafata icyemezo cyo guhagarika urubanza burundu, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko Urukiko Rukuru rwatesheje agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, akaba nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze byatuma ibyemezo byarwo biteshwa agaciro. [110] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Mbarushimana ataraburanishijwe kabiri ku cyaha kimwe kuko icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyamukatiraga igihano cyakuweho n’Urukiko Rukuru atarahamwa n’ibyaha muri urwo Rukiko Rukuru kandi rukaba rwarabikoze nyuma y’uko rubisabwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, n’ubwo uwo ari we wese mu baburanyi ndetse

30 Urubanza N° RP 0001/15/HCCI rwaciwe ku wa 25/01/2016, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana, urupapurorwa 3, igika cya 8.

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n’Urukiko ubwarwo bari bafite inshingano n’inyungu zo kubyutsa iyo nzitizi yo gutesha agaciro icyemezo cya Gacaca, bityo ingingo y’ubujurire ya Mbarushimana y’uko yaburanishijwe kabiri ku cyaha kimwe kandi ko Urukiko rwaciye urubanza ku kitararegewe ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kudafatwa nk’umwere igihe cyose yaburanaga mu Rukiko Rukuru Imiburanire ya Mbarushimana [111] Mbarushimana avuga ko kuva yoherezwa kuburanira mu Rwanda atigeze afatwa nk’umwere kuko abacamanza bose bamuburanishije bari bafite muri dosiye icyemezo kimuhamya ibyaha cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyo ku wa 18/09/2008. Asobanura ko kuba icyo cyemezo cyashyizwe muri dossier itanga ikirego mu nkiko z’u Rwanda, byatumye Abacamanza bumva, bemera, banabona ko Mbarushimana atari umwere cyane cyane ko nta hagaragaraga icyemezo kigikuraho. [112] Akomeza asobanura ko ibyo kudafatwa nk’umwere yagiye abigaragarizwa mu rukiko kuko hari ibyo yagiye asaba urukiko ntabihabwe, ko yasabye kuvuguruzanya n’abatangabuhamya bamushinja ntiyabihabwa, ko yasabye guhabwa imvugo z’abatangabuhamya kugira ngo urukiko rurebe ibyavugiwe muri TPIR, muri Denmark ndetse no muri Gacaca ariko ntabihabwe ndetse akaba yaranaburanishijwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze n’Urwisumbuye ku ifunga n’ifungura ry’agateganyo nyamara zidafite ububasha bwo kuburanisha imanza z’aboherejwe ku buranira mu Rwanda, ko rero igihamya ko atafashwe nk’umwere ari uko no mu

kumuhana Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhanishije igihano cya burundu y’umwihariko nk’uko cyanditse mu cyemezo cy’urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe nyamara itegeko rwashingiyeho ari Itegeko Ngenga N°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha ritateganyaga icyo gihano. [113] Me Bizimana Shoshi wunganira Mbarushimana avuga ko uwo yunganira yagaragarije urukiko ibyo atahawe byerekana ko atafashwe nk’umwere, ko rero gusaba ko ikimenyetso gisuzumwa ntabihabwe uwo yunganira abibona ko byaterwaga n’uko atafatwaga nk’umwere. Naho Me Gakunzi Musore Valery nawe wunganira Mbarushimana agasobanura ko kudafatwa nk’umwere bigaragarira mu myitwarire y’Urukiko, ko Ubushinjacyaha bwashyize mu nyandiko itanga ikirego icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe kugira ngo bugaragaze ko uwo yunganira atari umwere, ko ari naho ahera avuga ko uwo yunganira atari agifatwa nk’umwere. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [114] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko impamvu y’ubujurire yo kuba Mbarushimana atarafashwe nk’umwere nta shingiro ifite kuko urubanza rwa Gacaca rwakuweho n'Urukiko Rukuru kandi akaba atagaragaza aho Urukiko Rukuru rwaba rwaramufashe nk'uwamaze guhamwa n'icyaha kandi kitaramuhama ndetse akaba ntacyo ashingiraho yemeza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamwambuye uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk'umwere. [115] Uhagarariye ubushinjacyaha akomeza asobanura ko kuba icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe cyari

muri dosiye nk’ikimenyetso bitavuze ko Mbarushimana atafashwe nk’umwere kuko ikimenyetso kiri muri dosiye bidakuraho “presomption d’innocence” cyangwa se ngo bihungabanye ubwigenge bw’umucamanza. Asobanura kandi ko kuba hari ibyo Mbarushimana avuga atahawe nko kuvuguruzanya n’abatangabuhamya cyangwa guhabwa imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bavugiye muri TPIR, Gacaca na Denmark Urukiko rwagiye rubifataho ibyemezo kandi bimwe akaba yarabijuririye, ko rero igihe Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo gikurikije amategeko bitakwitiranywa no kudafatwa nk’umwere, ko rero Mbarushimana atagaragaza ibimenyetso byerekana ko atafashwe nk’umwere, kandi kuvuga ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere bidakekwa, ahubwo ko ubivuze agomba kubigaragarisha ibimenyetso.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

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[116] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Mbarushimana ashobora kuzamura bwa mbere mu bujurire iyi ngingo irebana no kwirengagiza ihame rya “présomption d’innocence”, kandi atarigeze ayiburanisha mu Rukiko Rukuru ku buryo yaba ishingiro ry’ubujurire bwe cyangwa ishingiro ry’ibyo anenga urubanza rujuririrwa. [117] Ikibazo gisa nk’iki cyo kumenya niba mu Rukiko rw’ubujurire hashobora kuzamurwa ikibazo kitigeze kigibwaho impaka mu Rukiko rubanza cyakemuwe mu rubanza rwa Munyagishari Bernard. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwagaragaje ko hakurikijwe ibisobanuro bikubiye mu ngingo ya 18 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda31, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rudafite inshingano zo gusuzuma ingingo z’urubanza bushya nk’aho ari ku rwego rwa mbere, ko ahubwo ububasha bwarwo bugarukira mu gukosora amakosa yakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru yatumye hafatwa icyemezo kinyuranyije n’amategeko, cyangwa kitubahirije amahame y’ubutabera, ko ujurira wanze kugaragaza ku bushake ingingo cyangwa inzitizi zari gufasha mu migendekere myiza y’urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere akazizana ku rwego rw’ubujurire, ko iyo atagaragaje impamvu zamuzitiye, izo ngingo cyangwa inzitizi zitakirwa kuko bifatwa nk’aho yivukije ku bushake uburenganzira bwo kuziburanisha mu bujurire32. [118] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko haba mu myanzuro yo kwiregura mu Rukiko

Rukuru ndetse no mu maburanisha yose mu Rukiko Rukuru, Mbarushimana atigeze avuga ku byerekeye kuba uburenganzira bwe bwo gufatwa nk’umwere atabuhabwa. Akaba yarabivuze bwa mbere mu rwego rw’Ubujurire. [119] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo umaze kuvugwa haruguru, rurasanga ikitaraburanwe mu Rukiko Rukuru kitazanwa bwa mbere ku rwego rw’ubujurire ngo cyakirwe nk’impamvu y’ubujurire kuko icyo umuburanyi aba asabwa kugaragaza mu mpamvu z’ubujurire ari icyemezo Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe akanagaragaza inenge icyo cyemezo gifite, kugira ngo Urukiko rwajuririwe rureba niba hari amakosa yabaye ruyakosore. [120] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero kuba Mbarushimana haba mu myanzuro yo kwiregura mu Rukiko Rukuru ndetse no mu maburanisha yose mu Rukiko Rukuru atarigeze agaragaza ko kuba icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca cya Dahwe kiri mu rubanza bibangamiye ihame ryo kuba atafatwa nk’umwere, ahubwo akaba ari ingingo yazanye bwa mbere mu rwego rw’ubujurire, rutayakira nk’impamvu y’ubujurire ngo ruyisuzume. Ruramutse ruyakiriye ndetse rukayisuzuma byaba ari nk’aho rugiye gusuzuma ikirego gishya bwa mbere mu bujurire kandi bikaba binyuranyije n’amahame y’imicire y’urubanza yagaragajwe haruguru cyane cyane ko inshingano z’urukiko rwajuririwe ari ukugenzura niba amategeko ku rwego rwa mbere yarubahirijwe uko bikwiye hakurikijwe ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe muri urwo

rubanza, byaba ngombwa rugakosora aho bikenewe ; mu gihe rero ari ikirego gishya kikaba kitasuzumwa bwa mbere mu bujurire. [121] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ingingo y’uko Mbarushimana atafashwe nk’umwere itakwakirwa ngo isuzumwe, kuko ayiburanishije bwa mbere mu bujurire. Kutubahiriza ihame ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko mpanabyaha Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [122] Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bushingiye ku kuba yarakurikiranwe, aburanishwa ndetse ahanwa n’Urukiko rushingiye ku mategeko yagiyeho nyuma y’ikorwa

31 Ingingo ya 18, agace kayo ka 1o n’aka 2o y’itegeko nº 47/2013 ryokuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda rigaragaza ko ububasha bw’Urukiko rwajuririwe bugarukira gusa ku gusuzuma niba mu rubanza rujuririrwa harabayeho ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko gutuma icyo cyemezo gita agaciro cyangwa ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. 32 Urubanza Nº RPA / GEN 00004/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 07/05/2021 haburana Munyagishari n’Ubushinjacyaha, urupapuro rwa 6, igika cya 19.

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ry’ibyaha akurikiranyweho kandi binyuranyije n’amategeko y’imbere mu gihugu, amahame n’amategeko mpuzamahanga yemewe na bose kandi yubahirizwa mu Rwanda agaruka ku ihame ry’uko itegeko mpanabyaha ridashobora kwifashishwa mu guhana icyaha cyakozwe mbere y’uko rijyaho. [123] Mbarushimana asobanura ko Ubushinjacyaha bwiyemereye ko icyaha cya jenoside kitari giteganyijwe kandi ko nta n’ibihano byacyo byari biteganijwe mu mategeko ahana mu Rwanda mu 1994, ko Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego cyabwo bushingiye ku Itegeko No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, itegeko ryagiyeho nyuma y’ibikorwa bya jenocide Mbarushimana yaregwaga, bityo ko adakwiye kuba yakurikiranwaho ibyaha bitateganywaga mu mategeko cyangwa ngo hakoreshwe amategeko yagiyeho nyuma y’igihe ibikorwa akurikiranyweho nk’ibyaha byakorewe, ko n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye ikumira n’ihanwa ry’icyaha cya jenoside Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho bumukurikirana, u Rwanda rwari rwarifashe kubigendanye no gukurikirana icyaha cya Jenoside bivuze ko u Rwanda rutari rwarinjije mu mategeko yarwo icyaha cya jenoside, ko rero kuba urukiko rwarashingiye ku mategeko yagiyeho nyuma y’uko ibikorwa akurikiranyweho bikozwe, urwo rubanza rukwiye guteshwa agaciro. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [124] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ubujurire bwa Mbarushimna nta shingiro bufite kuko u Rwanda

rwasinye amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (UN) yo ku wa 09/12/1948 yerekeranye no gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenocide u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono, bigashyirwa mu Itegeko Teka no 8/75 ryo kuwa 12/2/1975 kandi ko ayo masezerano yo ku wa 09/12/1948 ateganya ubwayo ko icyaha cya jenocide ari icyaha mpuzamahanga gihanwa n’amategeko ndetse ko ingingo ya 5 y’ayo masezerano iha ububasha ibihugu gushyiraho amategeko ahana icyo cyaha. Basobanura ko ibikorwa byo kwica abantu byahanwaga n’amategeko ahana yo mu Rwanda kandi ko icyaha cya jenoside ari icyaha kigomba guhanwa n’ibihugu byose (jus cogens) n’ubwo byaba bitaragiteganyije mu mategeko yabyo nk’icyaha. Mu gusoza, bavuga ko Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira batagaragaje icyo banenga icyemezo cy’urukiko kuko rwasobanuye ko icyaha cya jenoside cyahanwaga hashingiwe ku mahame mpuzamahanga ya “Jus cogens” kandi ko ayo mahame yararebaga ibihugu byose.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [125] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba mu kuburanisha MBARUSHIMANA ku byaha aregwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwarishe ihame ry’uko itegeko rihana ridashobora gukurikizwa ku bikorwa byabaye mbere y’uko rijyaho (violation du principe de la non-rétroactivité de la loi pénale). [126] Mu kirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha, Mbarushimana yari akurikiranyweho ibyaha 4 aribyo : icyaha cya jenoside33, icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside34, gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside35, no kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu36, ahamwa n’ibyaha 3 aribyo icyaha cya Jenoside, ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu maze kuri uru rwego akaba yarajuriye

33 Icyaha giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 114,115 z’Itegeko Ngenga N°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, kikanategenywa n’ingingo ya 2 n’iya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya Jenoside. 34 Icyaha giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 98,99, z’Itegeko Ngenga n°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, kikanategenywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya Jenoside. 35 Icyaha giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 120, 1° n’iya 121 z’Itegeko Ngenga n°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana ibyaha, kikanateganywa n’ingingo ya 2 n’iya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya Jenoside 36 36 Icyaha giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo ya 120, 2° z’Itegeko Ngenga n°01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 2/5/2012 rishyiraho igitabocy’amategeko ahana ibyaha

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wenyine. Isesengura rikaba rero riri bukorwe gusa ku birebana n’ibyaha yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru aribyo : icyaha cya Jenoside, ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu. Ku birebana cy’icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside [127] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abakurikiranyweho ibyaha bya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994 n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, mu kubaburanisha inkiko zarishe ihame ry’uko itegeko rihana ridashobora gukurikizwa ku bikorwa byabaye mbere y’uko rijyaho (violation du principe de la non- rétroactivité de la loi pénale) cyakemuwe mu rubanza RP/GEN 00003/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/09/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mugesera Léon. [128] Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze, ku cyaha cyo gushishikariza gukora jenoside Mugesera Léon yari akurikiranyweho ari kimwe mu bikorwa bya jenoside biteganywa mu ngingo ya III, agace ka c) y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 09/12/1948 yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside yemejwe mu Rwanda binyuze mu Itegeko - Teka N° 08/75 ryo ku wa 12/02/1975, inkomoko yo gukurikirana no guhana icyaha cya jenoside ikaba ihera ku kumva ko, uretse kuba gutoteza ba nyamuke hashingiwe ku vanguraruhu, vangurabwoko, vangurabwenegihugu cyangwa vanguradini bihabanye n’indangagaciro za kimuntu bifite ingaruka

mu rwego rw’Amategeko. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasobanuye ko n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Isiraheri mu rubanza Ubushanjacyaha bwaburanaga na Adolph Eichmann, rukaba rwarasanze nta wakwitwaza ko icyaha mpuzamahanga gikomeye yakoze kitari mu mategeko y’igihigu nk’impamvu yatuma atagikurikiranwaho kuko “mu gihe cyo guhana bene ibyo byaha, inkiko zikwiye gufata ko kuva kera byari ibyaha biryozwa gatozi bisanzwe bibujijwe n’umuco mpuzamahanga.”37 [129] Muri urwo rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Isiraheri, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye, bidakwiye ko hagira uhanirwa igikorwa kitari icyaha ubwo cyakorwaga, ariko ko iryo hame ridakwiye gukoreshwa ku byaha by’ubugome ndengakamere, kuko iyo hakozwe bene ibyo byaha indangagaciro zikubiye muri iryo hame zihita zita agaciro kazo bitewe n’uko uregwa atavuga ko, ubwo yakoraga bene ibyo byaha, atari azi ko ari guhonyanga izindi ndangagaciro zirutaho zashinze imizi kuva kera mu muco mpuzamahanga, ariyo mpamvu ihame rya nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege ridakwiye gukoreshwa kuri bene ibyo byaha38, by’umwihariko, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Isiraheri rwibukije ko Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwa Gisirikare rwa Nuremberg rwanze gushingira ku ihame rya nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege kubera ko abakoze Holocaust batari bayobewe ko bari gukora ibyaha, ahubwo ko bari bizeye kuzihisha inyuma y’amategeko

y’Aba Nazi nibaramuka batsinze urugamba kugira ngo batazakurikiranwa. [130] Urukiko rurasanga Mbarushimana akurikiranyweho ibikorwa bigize icyaha cya Jenoside n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside biteganywa kandi bikaba ari ibikorwa bihabanye n’indangagaciro za kimuntu bifite ingaruka mu rwego rw’Amategeko kuko binyuranyije n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside akubiyemo amahame asanzwe mu muco mpuzamahanga. [131] Urukiko rurasanga n’ubwo koko mu mwaka wa 1994 mu mategeko ahana y’u Rwanda nta tegeko ryahanaga icyaha cyitwa jenoside n’icy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside ariko jenoside yari icyaha mu mategeko mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono, bityo bikaba bidakwiye ko haba uwakwitwaza ko icyaha mpuzamahanga gikomeye yakoze kitari mu mategeko ahana y’igihugu nk’impamvu yatuma atagikurikiranwaho, kuko mu gihe cyo guhana bene ibyo byaha, inkiko zikwiye gufata ko kuva kera byari ibyaha biryozwa gatozi, bisanzwe bibujijwe n’umuco mpuzamahanga nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Isiraheri rwanasobanuye ko mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera buboneye, bidakwiye ko hagira uhanirwa igikorwa kitari icyaha ubwo cyakorwaga, ariko ko iryo hame ridakwiye gukoreshwa ku byaha

37 “the crimes established in the Law of 1950, …must be seen today as acts that have always been forbidden by customary international law - acts which are of a ‘universal' criminal character and entail individual criminal responsibility. Prosecutor vs Adolphe Eichmann, Appeal Judgment, para 11. 38 Prosecutor v Adolphe Eichmann, Appeal Judgment, para 8.

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by’ubugome ndengakamere, kuko iyo hakozwe bene ibyo byaha indangagaciro zikubiye muri iryo hame zihita zita agaciro kazo bitewe n’uko uregwa atavuga ko, ubwo yakoraga bene ibyo byaha, atari azi ko ari guhonyora izindi ndangagaciro zirutaho zashinze imizi kuva kera mu muco mpuzamahanga, ariyo mpamvu ihame rya nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege ridakwiye gukoreshwa kuri bene ibyo byaha, ku bw’ibyo Urukiko Rukuru rukaba nta kosa rwakoze mu kutubahiriza ihamwe ryo kudasubira inyuma kw’itegeko mpanabyaha kubera ko Mbarushimana adashobora kwitwaza ko atari azi ko bene ibyo byaha ari ibyaha by’ubugome ndengakamere kandi ko bibujijwe n’umuco mpuzamahanga. [132] Ku birebana n’imvugo ya Mbarushimana y’uko kuba u Rwanda rwari rwarifashe ku ngingo ya 9 bivuze ko rwifashe ku bigendanye no gukurikirana icyaha cya Jenoside kandi ko u Rwanda rutari rwaracyinjije mu mategeko yarwo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye mu rubanza rujuririrwa, u Rwanda rwifashe ku ngingo irebana n’amakimbirane azaba hagati y’abashyize umukono ku masezerano n’uburyozwe bwa Leta, akaba ntaho bihuriye no kuba u Rwanda rwarifashe ku birebana n’inshingano zo gukurikirana abakoze icyaha cya jenoside nk’uko Mbarushimana ashaka kubyumvikanisha. Ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu [133] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba abakurikiranyweho icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha

cyibasiye inyokomuntu cyakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994, mu kubaburanisha inkiko zarishe ihame ry’uko itegeko rihana ridashobora gukurikizwa ku bikorwa byabaye mbere y’uko rijyaho (violation du principe de la non- rétroactivité de la loi pénale) cyakemuwe mu rubanza RP/GEN00003/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/09/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mugesera Léon. [134] Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze inkiko zaremeje ko kuva kera ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byari bibujijwe ndetse binahanwa n’umuco mpuzamahanga, by’umwihariko, mu rubanza rwa Erdomivic, Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rw’icyahoze cyitwa Yugoslaviya rwavuze ko ubugome n’ubunyamaswa ndengakamere cyangwa kuba ibyo byaha byarakorewe abantu benshi aricyo kibitandukanya n’ibindi byaha, izo mpamvu akaba arizo zituma bifatwa nk’ibyaha byakorewe umuryango mpuzamahanga cyangwa byahonyanze indangagaciro za kimuntu39. Muri urwo rubanza kandi Urukiko rw’ubujuirire rwasanze iki ari kimwe mu byatumye inkiko zemeza ko amategeko ateganya ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu uyu munsi, adakwiye gufatwa nk’ayashyizeho ibyaha bishya, ahubwo ko yaje yemeza ibyari bisanzwe biriho. Uyu murongo wongeye kwibutswa n’Urukiko rw’Uburayi rushinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa muntu mu rubanza Korbely yaburanaga na Hongrie, aho rwavuze ko « Ku bireba ibigize ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu, hakwiye gufatwa ko Amasezerano

y’i Roma y’Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha akwiye gufatwa nk’ayemeza ibisobanuro by’icyo cyaha byari bisanzwe biri ho mu mategeko mpuzamahanga »40. [135] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero imiburanire ya Mbarushimana y’uko yakurikiranywe ndetse aburanishwa ku byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu kandi u Rwanda rutari rwaracyinjije mu mategeko yarwo y’imbere mu gihugu (violation du principe de la non-réctroactivité ) nta shingiro ifite kubera ko inkiko mpuzamahanga zitandukanye zagiye zemeza ko amategeko ateganya ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu uyu munsi, adakwiye gufatwa nk’ayashyizeho ibyaha bishya, ahubwo ko yaje yemeza ibyari bisanzwe biriho mu mategeko mpuzamahanga nk’uko byagaragajwe mu rubanza rwa Mugesera Léon rwavuze haruguru.

39 “Isolated offences did not fall within the notion of crimes against humanity. As a rule systematic mass action, particularly if it was authoritative, was necessary to transform a commoncrime . . . into a crime against humanity . . . Only crimes which by their magnitude and savagery or by their large number or by the fact that a similar pattern was applied at different times and places, endangered the international community or shocked the conscience of mankind . . .”. Joint Separate Opinion of Judge McDonald and Judge Vohrah, Erdemović Appeal Judgement, para. 22 (quoting History of the United Nations War Crimes Commission andthe Development of the Laws of War, p. 179). 40 “As regards the elements of the crimes against humanity, one may take the recent Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court as declaratory of the international law definition of this crime…” Reba Korbelyv Hungary (App no 9174/02), 19/09/2008. Reba na Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v Germany (App. No 34044/96, 355532/97 na 44801/98) yo ku wa 22/03/2001.

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[136] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mbarushimana ko atari kuburanishwa hakurikijwe amategeko yashyizweho nyuma y’uko ibikorwa akurikiranyweho bikorwa nta shingiro byahabwa, kuko ibikorwa yari akurikiranyweho byari ibyaha mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, hakaba nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kumukurikirana no kumuburanisha kuri ibyo byaha kuko rwashingiye ku Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana umushingamategeko yagaragaje ko ari ryo rizakoreshwa nk’uko ingingo yaryo ya 762 ibiteganya.41 Rurasanga rero ibyaha mpuzamahanga bigomba gukurikiranwa kandi bikanahanwa kabone n’iyo bitaba biri mu mategeko y’imbere mu gihugu mu gihe byakorwaga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kutamenyesherezwa igihe, mu magambo arambuye imiterere n’ishingiro ry’ibyo aregwa Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [137] Mu mwanzuro we mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire no mumiburanire yabo, Mbarushimana na Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix umwunganira42 bavuga ko mu kirego cyabwo, Ubushinjacyaha bwasobanuye ibintu muri rusange, aho kugaragaza ibisobanuro birambuye kuri buri gikorwa kigize icyaha aregwa, n’uburyo cyakozwemo, kugira ngo uregwa ahabwe uburyo buboneye bwo kwiregura atari ugufata ibintu byose ngo bikubirwe hamwe muri rusange nta gutandukanya icyakozwe,

uwagikoze, uko cyakozwe, igihe n’aho cyakorewe n’ibindi byafasha uregwa kumenya imiterere nyakuri y’ibyo aregwa nk’uko biteganywa mu ngongo ya 6 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iha uburenganzira Ubushinjacyaha bwo guhuza ikirego n’itegeko rigena imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ry’u Rwanda, aho kuba uburenganzira bwo guhindura ikirego 43. [138] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko atamenyesherejwe igihe ibyo aregwa kuko mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwavuze ko nyuma buzakivugurura bumaze kuvugana n’abo muri Denmark ariko ko iryo vugurura ritakozwe, bityo ko kugeza ubu afata ko ibyakozwe ari imbanzirizamushinga (draft), ko rero kuba yararegewe Urukiko Rukuru kandi icyo kirego kitaravugururwa ngo gihuzwe n’ibya Danmark bikwiye kumvikanisha ko atamenyesherejwe ibyo aregwa ku gihe. [139] Bavuga ko kuba Urukiko rwaremeje ko inyandiko ivugwa mu ngingo ya 6 ari inyandiko y’ikirego yakozwe na TPIR, urwego rushinzwe kuzakomeza imirimo ya ngombwa ya TPIR cyangwa ibindi bihugu, Ubushijachaya buba busabwa guhuza n’ibiteganywa n’Itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza mu Rwanda kandi muri uru rubanza inyandiko itanga ikirego basaba guhindurwa ikaba atari iyakozwe n’izo nzego », basanga Urukiko rwaraciye ukubiri n’icyo rwari rwasabwe kuko icyasabwaga kwari ugukosora inyandiko

41 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko Ibyaha bya Jenoside n‟ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya 01 Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, bisanzwe bihanwa hakurikijwe ibihano biteganywa n’Itegeko Ngenga nº 16/2004 ryoku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n‟imikorere by‟inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanzaabakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n‟ibindi byaha byibasiye inyoko muntu byakozwe hagati y’itariki ya 01 Ukwakira 1990 n’iya 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu , bizashyikirizwa inkiko zisanzwe nyuma y’isozwa ry‟imirimo y‟inkiko Gacaca, bihanwa hakurikijwe ibihano biteganyijwe muri iri tegeko ngenga uretse ibiteganijwe ukundi n’itegeko. 42 Me Rudakemwa Jean Felix ni umu Avoka Mbarushimana yagenewe wagombaga kumwunganira mu rubanza rwerekeranye n’ikirego yatanze cyo kwigarika Abavoka bamwunganiraga mu gice cyasuzumwe mbere y’uko atanga ikirego cyo kwigarika aribo Me Bizimana Shoshi na Me Musore Gakunzi Valery. Urukiko rwasanze ikirego cye cyo kwigarika abo Bavoka bamwunganiraga mbere nta shingiro gifite ndetse rugategeka ko ibyakozwe mbere byose yunganiwe n’abo Bavoka bigumana agaciro kabyo (Reba icyemezo ku bwigarike bukorewe ab’Avoka mu rubanza N° RPA/GEN 00006/2019/CA cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 10/09/2024, aho Mbarushimana yigaritse Abavoka Me Bizimana Shoshi na Me Musore Gakunzi Valery). Gusa uyu Me

Rudakemwa Felix akaba ariwe uzakomeza kumwunganira muri iki gice gisigaye cy’urubanza. 43 Ingingo ya 6 de la Loi n° 47/2013 du 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko : “Biro y’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru ifata inyandiko y’ibirego yakozwe na TPIR, Urwego cyangwa ibindi bihugu ikayihuza n’ibiteganywa n’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda, ikayishyikiriza Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru. Urukiko Rukuru rwemera inyandiko y’ikirego ari uko rumaze gusuzuma niba ikozwe mu buryo buteganywa n’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda.

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itanga ikirego ku buryo uregwa ahabwa amakuru asobanutse ku byo aregwa maze bikamufasha kwiregura, bityo ko rero basanga Urukiko rwaribeshye rukavuga ko ikirego gikurikije amategeko, gisobanura ku buryo burambuye kandi bwumvikana ibyaha Mbarushimana aregwa kitagaragaza imikorere yabyo, ibimenyetso n’amategeko bishingirwaho44 cyane cyane ko wasangaga iburanisha ry’urubanza kuri iyo nzitizi, ari uregwa ari n’Urukiko batarahwemye kwaka ibisobanuro kugira ngo basobanukirwe ibyo Ubushinjachaha buvuga kuri buri kirego uregwa akurikiranyweho. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [140] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ibikorwa Mbarushimana akurikiranyweho byagaragajwe mu nyandiko itanga ikirego n’ibisobanuro mu Rukiko ndetse no mu mwanzuro wa nyuma w’Ubushinjacyaha (closing brief), uko byakozwe, aho byakorewe ndetse no mu rubanza, Urukiko rukaba rwarasobanuye ibyaha byamuhamye, ibikorwa bibigize n’aho ibyo byaha byabereye n’abazize ibyo byaha cyangwa se abagizweho ingaruka n’uruhare rwa Mbarushimana. Bavuga kandi ko ubusabe bwo gukosora inyandiko itanga ikirego butandukanye n’ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 6 ashingiraho, ko rero kuba atagaragariza Urukiko rw'Ubujurire icyo anenga icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, bigomba gutuma iyi mpamvu ye y'ubujurire idahabwa agaciro.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [141] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwaraciye urubanza kandi Mbarushimana ataramenyeshejwe ku gihe no mu magambo arambuye ibisobanuro bya buri gikorwa kigize icyaha aregwa n’uburyo cyakozwemo mu nyandiko itanga ikirego. [142] Ingingo ya 6 y’ Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko “Biro y’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru ifata inyandiko y’ibirego yakozwe na TPIR, Urwego cyangwa ibindi bihugu ikayihuza n’ibiteganywa n’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda, ikayishyikiriza Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru. Urukiko Rukuru rwemera inyandiko y’ikirego ari uko rumaze gusuzuma niba ikozwe mu buryo buteganywa n’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda”. [143] Naho ingingo ya 93 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yo iteganya ko “Mu gutegura inyandiko ikubiyemo ikirego umushinjacyaha yita kuri ibi bikurikira: 1º umwirondoro w’abaregwa n’aho babarizwa, e-mail zabo na telefoni iyo babifite cyangwa iby’undi muntu ushobora kubamenyesha bo ubwabo bitangiye; 2º imyifatire n’imibereho y’uregwa mu buzima busanzwe muri make; 3º ibisobanuro ku nyito y’icyaha, itegeko rigihana n’aho yagikoreye; 4º ibyerekeranye n’ububasha bw’urukiko ruregerwa; 5º imikorere

y’icyaha muri make;6º urutonde rw’ibyaha bikurikiranywe; 7º bisobanuro ku ruhare rwa buri wese mu bashinjwa ; 8º ibikorwa bigize icyaha n’ibimenyetso byacyo; 9º ibihano ubushinjacyaha busaba, amategeko bishingiyeho n’ishingiro ryabyo; 10º urutonde rw’imigereka hakurikijwe ibiri muri dosiye ; 11º urutonde rw’ibyafatiriwe n’ibimenyetso bibiranga; 12º raporo zakozwe n’impuguke iyo zihari; Mu migereka hagomba kuba hagaragaramo kandi ibi bikurikira: 1º inyandikomvugo y’ibazwa ry’uwakorewe icyaha abazwa niba yifuza kuzaregera indishyi;º inyandikomvugo igaragaza ibyari byafatiriwe byarindishijwe naho byarindishijwe; 3º inyandiko ikubiyemo ubwumvikane burebana no kwemera icyaha iyo ubwo bwumvikane bwabayeho. Ikirego kigomba gutangwa hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga uretse igihe bidashoboka”. [144] Izi ngingo zombi zisomewe hamwe, zumvikanisha by’umwihariko ko kugira ngo inyandiko itanga ikirego yakozwe na TPIR, Urwego cyangwa ibindi bihugu yakirwe n’Urukiko Rukuru yuzuje ibisabwa kandi ikurikije amategeko igomba kuba igaragaza umwirondoro w’uregwa, imyifatire n’imibereho y’uregwa, inyito y’icyaha akurikiranweho n’itegeko rigihana, imikorere y’icyaha muri make n’aho cyakorewe, urutonde rw’ibyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho n’uruhare rwe kuri buri cyaha, ibikorwa bigize icyaha n’ibimenyetso

44 Urubanza RP 0001/15/HCCI rwoku wa 03-02-2016, para. 10 - 14

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byacyo, ibihano Ubushinjacyaha busaba, amategeko bishingiyeho n’ishingiro ryabyo; n’urutonde rw’imigereka hakurikijwe ibiri muri dosiye, urutonde rw’ibyafatiriwe n’ibimenyetso bibiranga iyo bihari, raporo zakozwe n’impuguke iyo zihari. Ibyo bikaba bivuze ko mu gihe iyo inyandiko itanga ikirego yujuje ibyo byose bimaze kuvugwa iba yubahirije amategeko ku buryo nta cyabuza urukiko kuyakira. [145] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije Urukiko Rukuru, harimo : ibaruwa yo ku wa 24/12/2014 Ubushinjacyaha bwandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko Rukuru butanga ikirego. Muri iyo baruwa Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragaje ko bushyikirije urukiko dosiye RONPJ 1341/014/KGL/MR/MJB bukurikiranyeho Mbarushimana ibyaha bikurikira : Jenoside ; Gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside, Ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora Jenoside, Ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu no kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Muri iyo baruwa kandi Ubushinjacyaha bwasabye ko abatangabuhamya barwo bazarindirwa umutekano amazina yabo ntagaragazwe ndetse bunavuga ko buzatanga ikirego kivuguruye (ammended indictment) nyuma yo kumvikana n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Denmark, aho Mbarushimana yaje aturuka. [146] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko mu nyandiko itanga ikirego Ubushinjacyaha bwashyikirije Urukiko Rukuru hakubiyemo ibi bikurikira : umwirondoro wose wa Mbarushimana uregwa, ibyaha aregwa

n’amategeko abihana, ubusobanuro ku mikorere y’ibyaha n’ibimenyetso byabyo n’ingingo z’amategeko Ubushinjacyaha bushingiraho, Urukiko ruregerwa n’ibihano busabira Mbarushimana. [147] Dosiye igaragaza na none ko Mbarushimana yasabye Urukiko Rukuru kutakira ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyangwa rukabutegeka kugihindura avuga ko uburyo gitanzwemo kidasobanutse ahubwo kivuga ibintu muri rusange kitagaragaza buri gikorwa kigize icyaha ashinjwa n’uburyo cyakozwemo kugira ngo ahabwe uburyo buboneye bwo kwiregura. Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, mu cyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru cyafashwe ku wa 03/02/2016, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ingingo ya 6 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bashingiraho basaba ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kitakirwa cyangwa kigahindurwa itajyanye n’ibyo basaba kuko inyandiko ivugwa muri iyo ngingo ari inyandiko yakozwe na TPIR/ICTR, Urwego rushinzwe kuzakomeza imirimo ya ngombwa yasizwe na TPIR/ICTR cyangwa ibindi bihugu. Rwasanze kandi ibyo Mbarushimana avuga ko atabasha kwisobanura kuko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha kidasobanutse nta shingiro bifite kuko ikirego cyatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha gikurikije amategeko, gisobanura ku buryo burambuye kandi bwumvikana ibyaha aregwa, kikanagaragaza imikorere yabyo, ibimenyetso n’amategeko ashingirwaho. [148] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu nyandiko

itanga ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bwaragaragaje inyito z’ibyaha Mbarushimana akurikiranweho birimo Jenoside, Gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside, Ubufatanyacyaha mu gukora Jenoside, ubwicanyi nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu no kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu; bunasobanura uburyo ibyo byaha byakozwemo n’aho byakorewe bugaragaza ko ibyo byaha Mbarushimana yabikoreye ahantu hatandukanye harimo ibyo yakoreye kuri bariyeri yari iri ahitwa Ndatemwa, ibyo yakoreye mu gitero cyishe Abatutsi ku Musozi wa Kabuye n’ibyo yakoreye mu gitero cyishe abagize Umuryango w’Abasa ndetse n’uruhare Mbarushimana yagize muri buri cyaha n’ibimenyetso bushingiraho bukimushinja. Rurasanga rero ibikubiye mu nyandiko itanga ikirego Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze burega Mbarushimana bigaragaza mu buryo busobanutse inyito y’icyaha bukurikiranyeho uregwa n’itegeko rigihana, imikorere y’icyaha muri make n’aho cyakorewe, urutonde rw’ibyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho n’uruhare rwe kuri buri cyaha, ibikorwa bigize icyaha n’ibimenyetso byacyo, ibihano Ubushinjacyaha busaba, amategeko bishingiyeho n’ishingiro ryabyo bikaba rero bihura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 93 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha kuko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 y’itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda kugira ngo Urukiko Rukuru rwemera inyandiko y’ikirego ari uko rumaze gusuzuma niba ikozwe mu buryo buteganywa n’Igitabo cy’amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda.

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[149] Rurasanga kandi kuba Mbarushimana avuga ko ikirego cy’Ubushinjacyaha cyavugaga ibintu muri rusange kuko ngo wasangaga mu iburanisha ry’urubanza kuri iyo nzitizi, ari uregwa ari n’Urukiko batarahwemye kwaka ibisobanuro kugira ngo basobanukirwe ibyo Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kuri buri kirego uregwa akurikiranyweho, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rusanga nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa kuko urukiko rubaza ababuranyi ibibazo rugamije gusobanukirwa kurushaho ibyo banditse cyangwa baburanisha kugira ngo ruzabishingireho rufata icyemezo gikwiye. Uko kubaza ibibazo rero bikaba bitakwitiranywa no kuba Ubushinjacyaha butarasobanuye ikirego cyabwo. [150] Kubyo Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko atamenyesherejwe igihe ibyo aregwa kuko mu nyandiko itanga ikirego Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwavuze ko nyuma buzakivugurura bumaze kuvugana n’abo muri Denimark ariko ko iryo vugurura ritakozwe, bityo ko kugeza ubu afata ko ibyakozwe ari imbanzirizamushinga (draft) ndetse ko kuba yararegewe Urukiko Rukuru kandi icyo kirego kitaravugururwa ngo gihuzwe n’ibya Denmark bikwiye kumvikanisha ko atamenyesherejwe ibyo aregwa ku gihe, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iyi miburanire nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa kuko Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze ikirego cyujuje ibisabwa byose nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Rusanga kandi kuba bwari bwavuze ko buzakivurura bumaze kumvikana n’Ubushinjacyaha bwa Denimark ariko ntibukivugurure bitafatwa

ko uregwa atamenyesherejwe igihe cyangwa ngo byitiranywe nk’aho ikirego bwatanze ari imbanzirizamushinga (draft) kuko ikirego Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwatanze cyagaragazaga ibyaha bukurikiranyeho uregwa ndetse n’ibimenyetso bushingiraho nk’ireme ry’ikirego kandi yaba Mbarushimana ndetse n’umwunganira ntacyo bagaragaza cyaba kiburamo ngo ikirego kibone kuba cyuzuye. [151] Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro, mu nyandiko itanga ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bwaragaragaje inyito y’ibyaha bwari bukurikiranyeho Mbarushimana, bugaragaza igihe yabikoreye, aho yabikoreye n’uburyo yabikozemo n’uruhare rwe kuri buri cyaha, akaba rero ntaho Mbarushimana yahera avuga ko atamenyesherejwe ku gihe ibyo akurikiranweho mu buryo burambuye, nyamara byari bikubiye mu nyandiko itanga ikirego. Bityo ingingo ye y’ubujurire ishaka kugaragaza ko atamenyesherejwe igihe, mu magambo arambuye imiterere n’ishingiro ry’ibyo aregwa ikaba nta shingiro ifite. UBUJURIRE KU BYEREKERANYE N’IMIZI Y’URUBANZA

GUCA URUBANZA KU BITAREGEWE Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [152] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru ko rwaciye urubanza ku bitaregewe (jugement ultra petita) kandi binyuranije n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 7 y’Itegeko No 21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine”. [153] Bavuga ko Mbarushimana yarezwe, akanaburana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi mu gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku ngingo za 25, 26, na 132, 4o z'ltegeko Ngenga No 01/2012 ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana, ariko atungurwa no kubona Urukiko rwaremeje ko yakoze icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside no gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hakurikijwe ingingo z’amategeko ahana (code penal), n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside. [154] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa, kuva ku gika cya 137 kugera ku cya 140, Urukiko rwasuzumye ibijyane no kumenya niba ku Ndatemwa haracuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ruhamya Mbarushimana ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, nyamara nta hantu biri mu nyandiko itanga ikirego (inditment), bityo ko rwaciye urubanza ku bitaregewe. [155] Bavuga ko ibigize icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside (éléments constitutifs du crime) n’ingingo z’itegeko Urukiko rwashingiyeho zigihana, zinyuranye n’izari zaratanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha mu

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kirego cyabwo, ko Ubushinjacyaha butigeze bushingira ku ngingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside; bityo byaje ari bishya ababuranyi batabyireguyeho ndetse ko n’inyito y’icyaha yahindutse, iyo akaba ari inenge yakozwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza rujuririrwa kuko iyo ruza gusanga inyito Ubushinjacyaha bwareze atariyo bwari guha amahirwe Mbarushimana yo kugira icyo abivugaho mbere y’icibwa ry’urubanza. [156] Bavuga na none ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Umucamanza aho guca urubanza ku cyaregewe, yaciye urubanza rwavanyeho icyemezo cya Gacaca kandi mu iburanisha ryose ry’urubanza bitaraburanyeho, ndetse ko ntaho Ubushinjacyaha bwari bwasabye ko icyo cyemezo kivanwaho. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [157] Ku bijyanye no guhindura inyito y’icyaha, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa, umucamanza yashingiye ku bikorwa (faits/ facts) byaregewe, aca urubanza aruhuza n’ibimenyetso kandi ko nta tegeko ribuza Urukiko guhindura inyito y’icyaha. Bavuga ko ibikorwa Mbarushimana avuga bigaragara mu gika cya 137 kugera ku cya 140 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, byari byaregewe n’Ubushinjacyaha bigashimangirwa n’abatangabuhamya bashingiweho n’Urukiko rumuhamya ibyaha. [158] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 152 cy'urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko ibikorwa Mbarushimana yakoreye ku Ndatemwa, aho yahuriraga n'abandi bategura ibitero byo

guhiga Abatutsi, bigaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwihariye bwo kurimbura Abatutsi, kandi ko bigaragaza uruhare n'ubushake yagize mu gutegura no gukora jenoside. [159] Basobanura ko inshingano y’Urukiko ari uguhuza ibikorwa rwaregewe n’inyito y’icyaha bijyanye, kandi ko inyandiko itanga ikirego (inditment), ku rupapuro rwayo rwa 4, hagaragara ko Mbarushimana yarezwe ubufatanyacyaha no kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Bavuga ko muri iyo nyandiko (agace ka 3, igika cya 3) hagaragara gahunda yo kwica Abatutsi ku Ndatemwa, ko imikorere y’icyaha cya Jenoside (actus reus) n’ibimenyetso byacyo biri ku rupapuro rwa 9, aho Mbarushimana ashinjwa kuba yaratanze amabwiriza yo guhiga Abatutsi bakicwa, bityo ko kuba mu isesengura ry’Urukiko rwararebye niba Ndatemwa haracuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside, atari ingingo nshya mu rubanza kandi ko n’abatangabuhamya babihamije. [160] Ku bijyanye n’ivanwaho ry’icyemezo cya Gacaca mu rubanza Mbarushimana yari yaraciriwe, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 13/01/2016 igaragaza ko byaburanweho, Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko icyo cyemezo kivanwaho, Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 25/01/2016 rutegeka ko kivanweho. Bakomeza bavuga ko ivanwaho ry’icyemezo cya Gacaca, mu manza nk’izi ari ndemyagihugu nk’uko biteganywa n’itegeko, ko igihe cyose byabonekera Umucamanza afite uburenganzira bwo gukuraho icyemezo cya Gacaca, bityo ko ibyo Mbarushimana avuga kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [161] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira banenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru bavuga ko rwaciye urubanza ku bitararegewe kubera impamvu zikurikira : Kuba Mbarushimanayarahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside atarakirezwe; Kuba ku Ndatemwa hacuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside kandi Mbarushimana atarabirezwe ; Kuba Mbarushimanayarahamijwe icyaha atarezwe cy’ubwumvikanye bugamije gukora jenoside ; Kuba Urukiko rwarakuyeho icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa kandi Dahwe bitari byaregewe. [162] Ibyerekeranye n’uko Mbarushimana yahamijwe icyaha cyo kuba icyitso cy’abakoze jenoside atarakirezwe, nk’uko bigaragara mu bika bya 127 na 183 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Mbarushimana

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ntiyahamijwe icyo cyaha ahubwo yakigizweho umwere kandi Ubushinjacyaha ntibwigeze bukijuririra, bityo mu bujurire bikaba atari ngombwa gusuzuma ibyerekeranye n’icyo cyaha atahamijwe. [163] Ibyerekeranye no kuba Urukiko rwaravanyeho icyemezo cy’Urukiko Gacaca rwa Dahwe bitarasabwe, byarangije gufatwaho icyemezo haruguru45, bityo nabyo si ngombwa kongera kubigarukaho. [164] Kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana y’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubana ku bitararegewe, harasuzumwa ibibazo bisigaye bikurikira : Kuba Urukiko rwasuzumye ibijyanye n’uko ku Ndatemwa hacuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside kandi Mbarushimana atarabirezwe ; Kuba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cy’ubwumvikanye bugamije gukora jenoside atarezwe. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwaraciye urubanza ku bijyanye n’uko ku Ndatemwa hacuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside kandi atarabirezwe [165] Impaka zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko rwaraciye urubanza ku bitararegewe (jugement ultra petita), kuko rwasuzumye ibijyanye no kumenya niba ku Ndatemwa haracuriwe umugambi wa jenoside (igika cya 137 – 140) kandi Mbarushimana atarabirezwe. [166] Ingingo ya ya 10 y’Itegeko No22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza Iteganya ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine”46. [167] Ingingo

ya 11 y’Itegeko No22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko “Umucamanza adashobora gushingira icyemezo cye ku bitagaragajwe mu iburanisha…”. Ni nako biteganywaga n’ingingo yaryo ya 8 y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru47. [168] Ingingo zimaze kuvugwa zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyo yasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine kandi ashingira icyemezo cye ku byagaragajwe mu iburanisha. [169] Muri dosiye hari inyandikomvugo yakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku wa 08/07/2014 (cotes 2020-2022), igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yamenyeshejwe ko mu byaha akurikiranyweho harimo icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo za 25, 26, 114 na 115 z’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, kikanateganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside, yakoreye mu cyahoze ari Perefegitura ya Butare, arabisinyira. [170] Hari kandi umwanzuro wo ku wa 11/07/2014 wakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha ku ifungwa ry’agateganyo rya Mbarushimana watanzwe mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ugaragaza ko yamenyeshejwe ko impamvu zikomeye zituma akekwaho kuba yarakoze icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ari uko yagenzuraga bariyeri yari ku rugabano rwa Muganza na Ndora, aho bitaga ku Cyapa, ndetse ko yaguyeho Abatutsi benshi barimo Diyonizi, Girukwayo n’abandi. [171] Inyandiko itanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rukuru yo ku wa 24/12/2014, igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yarezwe ibyaha birimo icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside giteganywa kandi kigahanishwa ingingo za 25, 26, na 132 4o z’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru,

45 Reba igika cya 101 kugeza ku cya 110 cy’ururubanza haruguru. 46 Ibi ni nako biteganywa n’ingingo ya 7 y’Itegeko N° 21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi ryakurikizwaga igihe urubanzarwacibwaga. 47 “Umucamanza ntashoboragushingira icyemezo cye ku bitagaragajwe mu iburanisha...”

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kikanateganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku ikumira n’ihana ry’icyaha cya jenoside. Muri iyo nyandiko itanga ikirego, Ubushinjacyaha bwagaragaje ko ibimenyetso bushingiraho burega Mbarushimana icyo cyaha birimo imvugo z’abatangabuhamya barimo KMC, KME, na KMF bunasobanura ko ubushake bwo gukora icyo cyaha bugaragazwa n’uko yitabiriye inama ahantu hatandukanye zateguraga jenoside azi neza ko zigamije kwica Abatutsi, ndetse ko igihe yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ku Mangazini, yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi barimo Muligo Vénuste na Murigande bishwe na Rukomera. [172] Na none imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu bika bya 131 na 132, igaragaza ko mu iburanisha ry’urubanza, Ubushinjacyaha bwasobanuye ko Mbarushimana yakoze icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside giteganywa n’ingingo z’amategeko zavuzwe haruguru, kubera ko yitabiriye inama zateguye jenoside zabereye ku Ndatemwa, i Dahwe n’ahandi nk’uko abishinjwa n’abatangabuhamya barimo KMC, KME na KMF. Imikirize y’urwo rubanza igaragaza kandi ko Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bisobanuye kuri icyo cyaha nk’uko bigaragaririra mu bika bya 133-136 by’urwo rubanza. Urwo Rukiko rwasesenguye amakuru n’ubuhamya byatanzwe na KMI, KMJ, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcise, rwemeza ko Mbarushimana yabaga ku Ndatemwa, ku Mangazini, ku Cyapa cyangwa ku Bangoro, ahacuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside, rumuhamya icyaha cy’ubwumvikane

bugamije gukora jenoside (igika cya 152 na 153). [173] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu Bushinjacyaha, mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ku ifungwa ry’agateganyo, ndetse no mu iburanisha ry’urubanza mu mizi, Ubushinjacyaha bwaramenyesheje Mbarushimana ko akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside yakoze ubwo yitabiraga inama zateguye jenoside zabereye ku Ndatemwa, ku Cyapa, ku Mangazini, akanamenyeshwa ingingo z’amategeko ziteganya icyo cyaha, ndetse n’ibimenyetso bikimushinja bigizwe n’imvugo z’abatangabuhamya barimo KMI, KMJ na KMH, kandi mu iburanisha ry’urubanza ryabereye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Mbarushimana akaba yarireguye kuri icyo cyaha nk’uko bigaragarira mu bika bya 133-136 by’urubanza rujuririrwa. [174] Urukiko rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru w’uko Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyo yasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine kandi ashingira icyemezo cye ku byagaragajwe mu iburanisha, rurasanga Mbarushimana yararezwe icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside ku Ndatemwa anagaragarizwa ibikorwa bikigize n’ibimenyetso Ubushinjacyaha bwashingiyeho bukimurenga, ndetse byaburanweho mu rubanza rujuririrwa, bityo ubujurire bwe bw’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza kuri ibyo bikorwa kandi atarabirezwe, bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije

MBARUSHIMANA icyaha cy’ubwumvikanye bugamije gukora jenoside atarakirezwe [175] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba MBARUSHIMANA yararezwe icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, ariko urukiko rukamuhamya icyaha cy’ubwumvikana bugamije gukora jenoside bivuze ko yahamijwe icyaha atarezwe. [176] Ikibazo nk’iki cyakemuwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 22/03/2019 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles (igika 53), aho rwemeje ko Bandora Charles agomba guhamwa n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside nk’uko yari yarakirezwe, aho kuba icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora Jenoside (conspiracy to commit genoside) yahamijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, kuko ubwumvikane bugamije gukora Jenoside, atari inyito, ko ahubwo ari igisobanuro kigaragaza uko icyaha cyagezweho. [177] Inyandiko itanga ikirego yo ku wa 24/12/2014 igaragaza ko Ubushinjacyaha bwareze Mbarushimana mu Rukiko Rukuru icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside (conspiracy to commit genocide), kandi nk’uko bigaragarira mu bika bya 133-136 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bacyireguyeho nk’uko banabyiyemereye imbere y’uru Rukiko, ariko urwo Rukiko rumuhamya icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside.

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[178] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingie ku murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RPA/GEN 0001/15/CS rwavuzwe haruguru rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Bandora Charles, rurasanga harebwe isesengura Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze, rwaragombaga guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside nk’uko yari yakirezwe akanacyireguraho, aho kuba icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, kuko ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside ari igisobanuro cy’uburyo icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside cyagerwaho, ariko ibyo bikaba bitavuze ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije icyaha atarezwe. UKWIVUGURUZA K’URUKIKO Imiburanire YA MBARUSHIMANA [179] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa ukwivuguruza k’Urukiko gushingiye ku kuba hari aho rwemera ubuhamya bwatanzwe n’umutangabuhamya umwe kandi bugashingirwaho mu gufata icyemezo ariko ahandi rukemeza ko ubuhamya bwe butashingirwaho. [180] Basobanura ko ubuhamya bwemewe igice kimwe ahandi ntibuhabwe agaciro, ari ubwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMK, KMD na KMG. Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 72 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, mu gika cya 85 rushingira ku buhamya bwa KMG, mu cya 86 rushingira ku bwa KMD, rwemeza ko ibyo bavuga ari ibyo bumvise gusa, nyamara rukemeza ko rutashingira ku buhamya bwa KMK mu gika cya 94 na 103 nawe wavuze ko ibyo yatanzeho ubuhamya ari ibyo yamenye

cyangwa yumvise nk’uwari burugumesitiri. [181] Bavuga ko mu gika cya 94 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwasanze ubuhamye bwa KMK uvuga ko abantu bari i Kabuye bishwe n’abasirikare bahurujwe na “sous-prefet” butashingirwaho rwemeza ko Mbarushimana atageze i Kabuye no kwemeza ko yagize ruhare mu gushinga za bariyeri, ahandi bushingirwaho rwemeza ko yagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’Abasa no mu bitero byagabwe i Kabuye, bityo ko ari ukwivuguruza k’urukiko. [182] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba mu gika cya 86 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwarashingiye ku makuru yatanzwe na KMG, naho mu gika cya 144 rukemeza ko amakuru atangwa na KMG atashingirwaho kuko atayahagazeho ahubwo ari ayo yumvise muri Gacaca ari ukwiviguruza kuko bitumvikana ukuntu ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe bwacibwamo kabiri, bumwe bugahabwa agaciro ubundi ntibugabwe agaciro, ko hirengagijwe ihame ry’uko ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe budacibwamo ibice. [183] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko kandi rwivuguruje mu gika cya 131 na132 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, aho rwemeje ko “hasuzumwa ibijyanye no kumenya niba ibikorwa Mbarushimana aregwa bigize ibyaha akurikiranweho”, rukemeza ko Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye ibikorwa bibiri (2 faits incriminés) buvuga ko bigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi ugamije gukora jenoside, ari byo kuyobora no kwitabira inama zo gutegura jenoside no kuyobora umutwe w’interahamwe yashinze, akajya anawutoza akanawuha amabwiriza yo

guhiga no kwica abatutsi; mu gika cya 141 kugera ku cya 147 cy’urwo rubanza, rukemeza ko nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho, nyamara mu gika cya 152 kugera ku cya 154, rwemeza ko icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside wo kwica Abatutsi gihama Mbarushimana. Bavuga ko isesengura ry’ibikorwa bigize icyo cyaha, bihabanye cyane n’umwanzuro Urukiko rwagezeho kuko isesengura ry’ibikorwa kuri icyo cyaha ryagaragaje ko ntabyo yakoze ariko rwemeza ko yakoze icyo cyaha, bityo ko ari ukwibeshya no ukwivuguruza gukabije. [184] Bavuga kandi ko Urukiko rwahamije Mbarushimana ibyaha bitatu (3) kuri (5) yaregwaga, rushingiye ku gikorwa kimwe gusa cyo kujya no kuyobora ibitero ahantu hatandukanye kandi kitagize ibyaha bya jenoside, gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside no kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu.

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[185] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 145 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwemeje ko nta bimenyetso bidashidikanywaho bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yitabiriye anayobora inama zateguraga jenoside, nta n’ikimenyetso kidashidikanywaho kigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yari mu mutwe w’interahamwe anawutoza, ko ibyo bigaragaza ko ibikorwa bigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside Mbarushimana yabigizweho umwere, ariko Urukiko rumuhamya icyo cyaha. Imiburanire Y’UBUSHINJACYAHA [186] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko Urukiko rutivuguruje kuko kuba rwashingira ku gice kimwe cy’ubuhamya ikindi ntirugishingireho byemewe mu mategeko kandi atari ukwivuguruza, nk’uko na TPIR/ICTR rwabyemeje mu maza zitandukanye rwaciye, nko mu rubanza nº ICT –2001 -72 –T, rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Bikindi Simon, urwa Muvunyi (igika cya 128) urwa Seromba mu bujurire (igika cya 110), urwa Kamuhanda mu bujurire (igika cya 248), urwa Ntakirutimana mu bujurire (mu bika bya 184,215 na 280), ko kwivuguruza bisobanura ibitekerezo bibiri bibusanye, kimwe kigatanga inzira, ikindi kigatanga indi nzira; ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rutigeze rwivuguruza ahubwo rwasesenguye imvugo yose y'umutangabuhamya, rukayihuza n'ibikorwa bifitiwe ibimenyetso by’icyaha Mbarushimana yakoze. [187] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 71 cy’urubanza rujuririwa, Urukiko rwasanze imvugo ya KMD yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare mu

ishingwa rya bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, mu gika cya 77, rusanga Ntirushwamaboko Pierre avuga ko atazi uruhare rwa Mbarushimana mu ishingwa rya bariyeri ku Ndatemwa, naho KMK we avuga ko hari bariyeri zashinzwe nyinshi mu Karere ka Gisagara, zirimo iyo ku Ndatemwa no mu Kabuga ziciweho Abatutsi benshi ariko ko nta bariyeri azi Mbarushimana yashinze. [188] Bavuga ko Urukiko rwemeje ko izo mvugo z’abatangabuhamya zirimo gushidikanya kuko nta n’umwe wabonye Mbarushimana ashinga bariyeri, naho ku iyicwa ry’abo mu muryango w’Abasa rwemeza ko ubuhamya bwabo bushobora kugira umumaro, kuko bushyigikiwe n’ubw’abandi batangabuhamya, bityo ko iryo sesengura ry’Urukiko rishingiye ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe (KMK) ariko ku bikorwa bibiri bitandukanye. [189] Ku bijyanye n’uko Urukiko rwivuguruje ku bikorwa bigize icyaha, bavuga ko ibikorwa bibiri (2) Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye bigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenocide, bihura n’ibyasuzumwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa mu gika cya 137-153. Bakomeza bavuga ko Mbarushimana yarezwe ibyaha bitanu (5), buri icyaha gifite ibikorwa bikigize, ahamwa n’ibyaha bitatu (3) byagaragarijwe ibikorwa byabyo, kandi ko buri cyaha gitandukana n’ikindi.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [190] Iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ijyanye no kwivuguruza k’Urukiko, Mbarushimana anenga Urukiko Rukuru (HCICC) ko rwivuguruje kubwo kuba rwaremeye igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya rugahakana ikindi; kuba rwaremeye bumwe mu buhamya bushingiye ku mabwire ariko rugahakana ubundi buyashingiyeho; kuba rutaramuhamije ibikorwa byo kujya mu nama zo gutegura jenoside, gutoza umutwe w’interahamwe no kuwuyobora, ariko rukamuhamya icyaha cyo gucura umugambi ugamije gukora jenoside. [191] Ibyerekeranye n’uko Urukiko rushobora kwemera igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya rugahakana ikindi, byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/GEN 00008/2019/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/02/2020, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Habyarimana Jean (mu igika cya 57), aho rwemeje ko Urukiko Rukuru nta kosa rwakoze ubwo rwahaga agaciro igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bwa Nyiringondo Epaphrodite kijyanye n’uko Habyarimana Jean yagize uruhare mu gutoranya urubyiruko rw’interahamwe rwahawe imyitozo ya gisirikare, ikindi ntigihabwe agaciro, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 65 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo ryariho icyo gihe, yateganyaga ko Urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rufite ububasha bwo gusesengura imvugo z’abatangabuhamya no kwemeza ko

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zihuje cyangwa zidahuje n’ikiburanwa, hashingiwe ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo bavuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira; ibyo iyo ngingo yateganyaga ubu biri mu ngingo ya 53 y’Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso48 ryasimbuye iryo Tegeko rimaze kuvugwa. [192] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwaremeye igice kimwe cy’ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMK, KMD, KMF na KMG rukanga ikindi gice cy’ubuhamya bwabo bidakwiye kwitiranywa no kwivuguruza kuko buri gice cy’ubuhamya gisuzumwa ukwacyo, kikemerwa bitewe n’ubumenyi n’ubudakemwa umutangabuhamya agifiteho nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/GEN 00008/2019/CA rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Habyarimana Jean rwavuzwe haruguru. [193] Ku bijyanye n’aho Mbarushimana avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwivuguruje, mu gika cya 72 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwasanze ibyo kuba Mbarushimana yarashinze bariyeri ku Ndatemwa akanayiyobora Ntirushwamaboko Pierre yarabibwiwe na Cansilde naho KMK akavuga ko yamenye amakuru y’uko hari bariyeri nyinshi zashizwe muri Gisagara zashyirwaho n’ubutegetsi ahandi zigashyirwaho mu kajagari, uwayishyizeho ntamenyekane, anavuga ko icyo azi ari uko bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa no mu Kabuga zaguyeho Abatutsi ariko ko nta bariyeri azi Mbarushimana yashyirishijeho. [194] Mu gika cya 85 n’icya 86 by’urwo rubanza, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko amakuru KMG yumvanye abiregaga

ibyaha ko Mbarushimana yahaye Nyabyenda Patrice urwandiko rusaba Mushinwa kujyana abantu bo mu muryango W’abasa kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, bahagera bakabica ; rusanga ibyo binemezwa na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa, binashimangirwa na KMD. Mu gika cya 94, rwemeje ko ibyo KMK avuga yumvanye abandi bantu atavuga abo aribo ku byerekeranye n’urupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe i Kabuye butashingirwaho hemezwa ko Mbarushimana Emmanuel atageze i Kabuye kuko hari abatangabuhamya bemeza ko bahamubonye. Mu gika cya 103 rwemeje ko ibyo KMK yavuze by’uko atazi niba hari ibitero byo kwica Abatutsi Mbarushimana yayoboye, nta shingiro bifite kuko KMK abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha yemeje ko hari raporo igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yagiye i Nyarusange mu gitero cyari kigamije kwica Abatutsi; runemeza ko ibyo KMK yasobanuye mu Rukiko ashaka kugaragaza ko raporo zakorwaga na konseye Sikubwabo Isaïe zabaga atari ukuri, bitahabwa agaciro kuko abivuga muri rusange, atagaragaza by’umwihariko ko raporo yo kuba Mbarushimana yaragiye muri icyo gitero nayo atari ukuri. [195] Mu gika cya 116 na 117 by’urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ibyo kuba ubuhamya butateshwa agaciro kubera ko hari ibyo abatangabuhamya badahurizaho cyangwa batavuga kimwe bihura n’ibyemejwe na TPIR mu rubanza rwa Bikindi Simon; runemeza ko kuba urukiko rwashingira ku gice kimwe cy’ubuhamya rusanga bukiranuye ku buryo cyakwizerwa,

ntirushingire ku kindi gice cyabwo nk’uko byagenze kuri bamwe mu batangabuhamya ntaho bibujijwe mu rwego rw’amategeko. [196] Mu gika cyarwo cya 144, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ibivugwa na KMG ko yumvise ko hari inama zitegura jenoside Mbarushimana yakoresherezaga kwa Bukuru Vianney i Dahwe bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko Mbarushimana yitabiriye akanayobora inama zitegura jenoside kuko ari ibyo yumvanye abireze bakemera icyaha muri Gacaca atavuga abo aribo n’ibyo bireze bigaraza uburyo yakoreshaga izo nama. [197] Ibimaze kuvugwa bigaragaza ko ubuhamya bwa KMG bwahawe agaciro mu Rukiko Rukuru ku birebana n’ibyo yumvise ku ruhare rwa Mbarushimana mu rupfu rw’ Abasa ku Ndatemwa kuko bushimangirwa n’ubundi, naho ibyo KMG yavuze ko yumvise ko Mbarushimana yayoboye inama zitegura jenoside i Dahwe ntibyahabwa agaciro kuko atagaraje abo yabyumvanye. Ku bijyanye na KMK, raporo yavugiye mu Bugenzacyaha ko yakiriye niyo yahawe agaciro ku byerekeranye n’uruhare rwa Mbarushimana mu bitero by’i Nyarusange.

48 iteganya ko “Urwego rufite ububasharusuzumaukwemerwacyangwa ukutemerwa n’agaciro by’ikimenyetso gishingiye ku buhamya. Ntirwita ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rwita cyane ku bumenyi bw’ibyabaye no ku budakemwabw’ubuhamya batanga.”

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[198] Ibijyanye n’ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bw’uko yumvise ko Mbarushimana yashinze bariyeri ku Ndatemwa akanayiyobora ntibyigeze bihabwa ishingiro nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 78 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. [199] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru bitagize ukwivuguruza k’Urukiko Rukuru kubera ko nta bitekerezo bibiri binyuranye rwatanze ku birebana no guha agaciro ubuhamya, ahubwo rwasesenguye imvugo ya buri mutangabuhamya, ruha agaciro ubuhamya bwe cyangwa igice cyabwo, ubundi ntibwabuha agaciro bitewe n’ubumenyi umutangabuhamya afite bw’ibyabaye no ku budakemwa bwe nk’uko biteganya n’ingingo ya 53 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru rigenga ibimenyetso, bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwivuguruje bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [200] Ku byerekeranye n’uko Urukiko rwivuguruje ku bikorwa bigize icyaha Mbarushimana yahamijwe cyo gucura umugambi ugamije gukora jenoside, rukamugira umwere ku bikorwa byo kujya mu nama zo guteguraga jenoside, gutoza umutwe w’interahamwe no kuwuyobora, ariko rukamuhamya icyaha cyo gucura umugambi ugamije gukora jenoside; Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo bisa n’ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri icyo cyaha cyo gucura umugambi ugamije gukora jenoside, bityo bikaba biri buze gusuzumirwa hamwe n’ubujurire bwe kuri icyo cyaha mu ngingo z’ubujurire zerekeranye n’icyo cyaha. GUSHINGIRA ICYEMEZO KU KIMENYETSO

KIDAKIRANUYE, KIDAFATIKA [201] Muri iki gice, Mbarushimana anenga uburyo ubuhamya bwashatswemo n’uburyo bwatanzwemo, n’agaciro bwahawe, akananenga uburyo Urukiko rwasesenguye imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bamushinja ariko akavuga ko kuri iki cya nyuma azabivugaho igihe azaba agaragaza inenge z’urubanza rujurirwa kuri buri cyaha yahamijwe anagaragaza ibimenyetso bimushinjura byirengagijwe. Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [202] Mbarushimana na Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix umwunganira banenga uburyo ubuhamya bwashatswemo n’uburyo bwatanzwemo, ko bitubahirije amategeko kuko abatangabuhamya bamwe batarahiye, batashyize imikono ya ngombwa ku nyandikomvugo zabo, kuba bamwe mu batangabuhamya barakatiwe n’inkiko Gacaca, kuba bari bafite inyungu mu rubanza abandi bakaba bari inyangamugayo za Gacaca, ko ku bw’ibyo ubwo buhamya bwagombaga guteshwa agaciro. [203] Mu kubisobanura, bavuga ko inyandikomvugo (statments and declarations) za Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa49, Kayumba Théophile50, Mujawamariya Margarita 51, Mukamabano Gaudiose52, Mukangeze Marie Agnès53, Rutashya Denis54, Hakizumwami Tharcisse55, Mugarura Célestin56, Musabyimana Tharcisse57, Kamanzi Raphael bita Rutuga58, Mpozayo Wellars59, Ntamugabumwe François60, Munyeshyaka

49 ( C. 351 - 353) 50 C. 354 - 356 51 C.396 – 398 52 C.390 – 395 53 C. 128 - 132, 376 - 378 54 C. 182 – 187, 359 - 360 55 C. 188 – 189, 357 – 358 56 C. 150 – 164, 382 – 383 57 C. 138 - 142 58 C. 99 – 101, 123 – 127, 373 - 375 59 C. 133 – 137, 368, 369 60 C. 118 – 122, 363 - 365

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François61, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre62, Bimenyimana Chrysologue63,Twagirimana Emmanuel64 na Murangwa Pascal65 kimwe n’ubuhamya bw’abavugwa muri izo nyandiko zateshwa agaciro kuko zitubahirije ingingo z’amategeko cyane cyane, iya 56, 59 na 60 z’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko kandi biteganywa mu ngingo ya 47, 50 na 51 y'Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha rishya. [204] Basobanura kandi ko imvugo z’abatangabuhamya n’abatangamakuru bakurikira zitagombaga gukoreshwa mu guca urubanza, kubera ko Hakizumwami Tharcisse wabaye umucamanza muri Gacaca (Ikirego, C.188, 189, 358), agakatira Mbarushimana igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko adahari, adakwiriye kuba umutangabuhamya cyangwa umutangamakuru mu rubanza ku birego yaburanishije mbere ; KME, Pierre Ntirushwamaboko (C.1105) na KMG, babonye amakuru kubera imirimo bakoraga harimo kuba inyangamugayo za Gacaca, badakwiye gutanga ubuhamya cyangwa amakuru ku byo bumvise kubera imirimo bakoraga ; KME wabaye inyangamugayo muri Gacaca kandi yasinyiye KMF mu Bushinjacyaha, agenda yivuguruza mu mvugo ze akemeza ko arwaye mu mutwe, banasaba ko yakorerwa exploration corporelle (examen médico- légal) hakagaragazwa uburwayi bwe avuga ko butuma atibuka n’iby’inkovu avuga ko ari iza gerenade, ahandi akemeza ko atazi niba ari iza

gerenade cyangwa imipanga, bituma adashobora kubara inkuru. [205] Bavuga kandi ko KMH yarahijwe mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi ataragombaga kurahizwa kuko Urukiko Rukuru rwari ruzi neza ko yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko ku cyaha cya jenoside (Ikirego, C. 382) kandi mu kwemeza ko yahamagarwa gutanga ubuhamya hashingiwe ku buhamya we ubwe yemeza ko Ubushinjacyaha bwagoretse, bityo ko imvugo ze zitakoreshwa mu guca urubanza, hamwe n’ubuhamya bwa Musabyimana Tharcisse wakatiwe igifungo cya burundu ku cyaha cya jenoside kandi mu kwemeza ko yahamagarwa gutanga ubuhamya harashingiwe ku buhamya bwe bwakiriwe ku wa 16/12/2009 mu buryo bunyuranije n’ingingo ya 59 y’Itegeko Nº 13/2004 ryo ku wa 17/5/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha. [206] Bavuga ko ubuhamya bwa KMG utararahiye, nabwo butagombaga gushingirwaho kuko yari umwana w’imyaka 15 mu 1994 igihe ibyaha byakorwaga, akaba arega akanaregera indishyi kandi ko avuga gusa ibyo yumvise, ko nta gikorwa na kimwe cya jenoside yahagazeho, ko aheruka kubona Mbarushimana mbere ya jenoside (C. 1126, 1132) kimwe n’ubuhamya bwa KMC, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Kayumba Théophile na Munyeshyaka François, bagaragaza mu mvugo zabo ko bafite inyungu mu rubanza n’izindi mpamvu zituma batakwizerwa. [207] Bavuga kandi ko ubuhamya bukurikira bugomba guteshwa agaciro kubera uburyo bwashatswemo, aho Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa na

Kayumba Théophile babarijwe hamwe ku wa 25/09/2014 saa 08H20 ariko Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu, Ruberwa Bonaventure wababajije agahindura saa 08H20 mo saa 10H00 mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko (Ikirego, C. 351, 354) ndetse Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa akavuga ko bahuriraga mu matsinda bagategura ubuhamya, bazi icyo buri wese agomba gushinja Mbarushimana kandi ko yaganiriye na KMD ku buhamya bwabo mbere yo kubutanga mu Rukiko66, aho KMF na KME basinye mu mwanya wa KMF babarijwe hamwe n’Umushinjacyaha Mukuru Mutangana Jean Bosco ku wa 25/09/201467, aho KMC, KMB na Hakizumwami Tharcisse babarijwe hamwe ku wa 24/09/2014 n’Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu Ruberwa Bonaventure saa 13H50, maze kuri KMB bahindura saa 13H50 mo saa 14H50 naho kuri Hakizumwami Tharcisse bayihinduramo saa 16h5068, bose mu buryo

61 C. 370 – 372 62 C. 386 – 389 63 C. 169 – 174, 384 – 385 64 C. 165 – 168 65 C. 143 – 149 66 66 C. 1061 - 1062 67 Ikirego, C.390 - 398 68 Ikirego, C. 357, 359, 376

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bunyuranye n’amategeko, aho KMH, KMJ na GATORE Innocent babarijwe hamwe69, aho Munyeshyaka François yabarijwe hamwe na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KME, KMF na Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa (C. 1140), akemeza kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha bwagoretse imvugo ze bukamwandikaho ibyo abandi bavuze, akemeza ko ntabyo yabonye kandi atari agihari ko ari ibyo yumvise70. [208] Bavuga kandi ko kuba KMJ, KMH, Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMD, KMF, KMB, Munyeshyaka François na KMC, bashinja Ubushinjacyaha kuba bwaranditse ibyo batavuze, bukabigoreka, cyangwa bukabyandika nabi, bivuze ko ari imvugo mpimbano zitahabwa agaciro, zitakoreshwa mu guca urubanza, kandi byerekana ku buryo budashidikanywaho uburiganya n’ubushake bwo gushinja ibinyoma nyamara urukiko ibi byose ntirwabikoreye isesengura ngo rubifateho umwanzuro kandi ubuhamya bwabo bwarakoreshejwe mu ikiza ry’uru rubanza71. [209] Mbarushimana avuga ko umutangabuhamya wahawe izina rya KMH (kubera impamvu z’umutekano we), wabajijwe ku wa 13 na 15/09/201672, arahiye yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko ku cyaha cya jenoside, kijyana no kwamburwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga ubuhamya mu Nkiko, nyamara akaba yarabajijwe nk’umutangabuhamya abanje kurahira, na Musabyimana Tharcisse wakatiwe igifungo cya burundu ku cyaha cya jenoside. Kuba rero barabajijwe binyuranije n’amategeko, indahiro n’inyandiko byabo bikaba bigomba guteshwa agaciro kubera ko

Itegeko N° 13/2002 ryo ku wa 17/05/2002 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryakoreshwaga igihe babazwaba ritemeraga ko abagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha bumvwa nk’abatangabuhamya. [210] Bakomeza bavuga ko imvugo (declarations) za KMJ, KMH, KMI, KMD, Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa, KMB na KMK mu Bushijacyaha mbere yo ku wa 24/05/2013, ari ibimenyetso byashatswe mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko kuko icyo gihe Ubushinjacyaha bwari bubafiteho ibimenyetso byo kuba baragize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’ibyaha uregwa akurikiranyweho, bityo bakaba batarashoboraga kumvwa nk’abatangabuhamya. [211] Ku bijyanye no gukosora amakosa yagaragaye mu nyandikomvugo zirimo inenge, basoza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo cyo kuzasuzuma niba rwakwemerera Mbarushimana kugira ibyo abaza Ubushinjacyaha, ku byo asaba ko byakosorwa niba bishoboka ariko rutigeze rubifataho icyemezo. Imiburanire y’UBUSHINJACYAHA [212] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko hashingiwe ku itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga mu gihe cy'iburanisha, Mbarushimana muri 2017 atari kuburanishwa hakurikijwe Itegeko ryo muri 200273 ryakuweho rigasimburwa n'Itegeko rya 201374; ko Mbarushimana yatangiye kuburana muri 2015, itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryo muri 2013 rikaba ari ryo ryagombaga gukurikizwa. Bavuga kandi ko n’iryo Tegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryo muri 2002 ritabuzaga kumva abagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha, uretse ko batarahiraga. [213] Bavuga ko hakwiye kwitabwa ku ngingo ya 62 y'ltegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso75 ivuga ko ubuhamya ari ibivugwa mu Rukiko, bivuzwe n'umuntu wabibonye cyangwa wabyumvise ubwe ku byerekeye

69 C. 927, 929, 930, Ikirego, C. 366 -369 70 C. 1140, 1144 71 (Dossier urubanza No 0001/15/HCCI, C. 900, 9001, 910, 912, 917, 925, 927, 931, 956, 958, 996, 1043, 1113, 1141, 1144, 1162). 72 C.906-931 73 Itegeko N°. 13/2002 ryokuwa 17/05/2002 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha 74 Itegeko NO 30/2013 ryokuwa 22/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha 75 Itegeko NO 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo (Igazeti ya Leta N° idasanzwe YO kuwa 19/07/2004) yakoreshwaga ubwo urubanza rujuririrwa rwacibwaga. Ibyavugwaga muri iyo ngingo ya 62 ni nabyo bivugwa mu ngingo ya 52 y’itegeko ’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso

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ikiburanwa, ko rero ukwiye kuba umutangabuhamya ari uwari we wese yaba uwagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’icyaha cyangwa kugikorerwa cyangwa akaba yari ahari, apfa kuba avuga ibyo yiboneye cyangwa yiyumviye. Ibi bishimangirwa n'ingingo ya 57 y'ltegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha aho igaragaza ko uwagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha ashobora kumvwa nk'umutangabuhamya76, hamwe ndetse n’ingingo ya 85 y'ltegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha igaragaza abagomba gutanga ibimenyetso byemeza icyaha, harimo n'uwakorewe icyaha77. [214] Bakomeza bavuga ko nta tegeko ribuza Urukiko gushingira ku batangabuhamya b'Ubushinjacyaha bagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha kubera ko aribo baba bavuga ibyo bazi, ibyo bumvishije cyangwa biboneye cyane ko mu gihe cya jenoside usanga abafite amakuru ari ababigizemo uruhare cyangwa ababibonye, kuko ibyo ari nabyo byagiye bikorwa mu zindi Nkiko, aho abafatanyacyaha n’abakorewe icyaha no mu zindi nkiko bagiye bumvwa ndetse no mu Nkiko mpuzamahanga bafatwa nk'abatangabuhamya78. [215] Bavuga kandi ko imiburanire ya Mbarushimana y’uko ababajijwe n'Ubushinjacyaha bagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'ibyaha akurikiranyweho kandi ingingo ya 59 y'ltegeko N° 13/2002 ryo ku wa 17/5/2002 rigena imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryakurikizwaga itaremeraga ko babazwa nk'abatangabuhamya, nabyo bitatuma ubuhamya cyangwa amakuru batanze

mu rukiko bitemerwa nk'ikimenyetso nta shingiro byahabwa kubera ko bongeye guhamagazwa n'Urukiko, kandi nk'uko biteganywa n'ingingo ya 62 y'ltegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n'itangwa ryabyo, ubuhamya ari ubutangiwe mu rukiko. Basanga kandi abo Mbarushimana avuga ko bagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’ibyaha akurikiranyweho barongeye kubazwa n'Ubushinjacyaha muri Nzeli 2012 hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 5779 y 'Itegeko N° 30/2013 ryo ku wa 22/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha ryemera ko abagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha babazwa nk'abatangabuhamya80. [216] Ku miburanire ya Mbarushimana y’uko kwamburwa uburenganzira umuntu afite mu gihugu bigomba no kujyana no kutemererwa gutanga ubuhamya nk'umuhanga, nk'umutangabuhamya mu byemezo no mu manza, uretse kuba yatanga amakuru, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ingingo ya 66, 3o, y'ltegeko Ngenga rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana81 igomba kureberwa hamwe n'ingingo ya 63 y’Itegeko ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza aho igaragaza ko abantu bakuru badafite ubushobozi bemerewe gutanga ubuhamya mu nkiko batarahiye iyo babasha kubara inkuru y'uko byagenze ariko ubuhamya bwabo bugomba kunganirwa n'ibindi bimenyetso, maze abakatiwe bakaba batahanagurwa ku rutonde rw'abashoboraga gutanga ubuhamya, ahubwo amakuru batanze akaba ashobora kunganirwa n'ibindi bimenyetso byatanzwe n’abatangamakuru. [217] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko abakatiwe igifungo cya burundu na burundu y'umwihariko batakwamburwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga amakuru kuko bakatiwe cyangwa ngo ibyo bavuze biteshwe agaciro kubera ko bambuwe uburenganzira bafite mu gihugu, ko ahubwo Urukiko ari rwo rusuzuma ibyo

76 Ingingo ya 57 y’Itegeko NO 30/2013 ryo kuwa 22/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha yakoreshwaga ubwo urubanza rujuririrwa rwacibwaga. Ibyateganywaga muri iyo ngingo ubu biri mu ngingo ya 48 mu ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryoku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeyeimiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha 77 Article 85 Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha, Ubushinjacyaha, uwakorewe icyaha cyangwa se abamufiteho uburenganzira iyo baregeye indishyi z'akababaro cyangwa biregeye umuburanyi, ni bo bagomba gutanga ibimenyetso byemeza icyaha. Ibyateganywaga muri iyo ngingo 85, ubu biri mu ngingo ya 107 mu ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryoku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha 78 Mu manza zose za ICTR na ICTY abatangabuhamya dusanga barimo ibyiciro by'abakoze jenocide nabayikorewe. 79 Iyi ngingo yahindutse ingingo ya 48 mu ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha 80 ingingo ya 57 y'ltegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 22/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha iteganya ko Umuntu wese wagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha ashobora kumvwa nk'umutangabuhamya"Ibyateganywaga muri iyo ngingo ubu biri mu ngingo ya 48 mu ItegekoNº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha 81 Havugwa ko kwamburwa uburenganzira umuntu afite mu gihugu ari ukutemererwa gutanga ubuhamya k’umuhanga, nk’umutangabuhamya mu byemezo no mu manza, uretse kuba yatanga amakuru

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bavuga ko babonye cyangwa bumvise niba bihuye cyangwa bihuza n'ibindi bimenyetso (corroborating evidence). [218] Ku birebana n’amakosa yo mu rwego rw’imyandikire ku nyandikomvugo, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko kuba inyandikomvugo igaragaje udukosa duto tw'imyandikire cyangwa ibindi, byakosorewe mu Rukiko aho umutangabuhamya ahamagazwa akabazwa umwirondoro we, amaze kurahira bakamubaza niba koko ariwe wavuze ibyanditse mu nyandikomvugo cyangwa atari we kugira ngo Urukiko rumenye ukuri kw'amakuru n'uwayavugaga cyangwa uwayatangaga. Mu gihe rero umutangabuhamya yiyemereye mu Rukiko ko inyandikomvugo ari iye, agasobanurira Urukiko ibyo yabonye cyangwa yumvise mu gihe cya jenoside ku ruhare rw’uregwa, nyuma Ubushinjacyaha, Mbarushimana n'abamwunganira bakabimubazaho ndetse n'Urukiko rukamubaza, nta wabirengaho ngo avuge ko izo nyandikomvugo zateshwa agaciro, ahubwo hasuzumwa ireme ry'ubuhamya bwe mu Rukiko nk’uko biteganywa n'ingingo ya 153 y'ltegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha, agace ka 682 ndetse n'ingingo ya 27 y’iryo tegeko.83 [219] Ku byerekeye ubuhamya bw’abantu bakatiwe ku cyaha cya jenoside, bavuze ko Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryo muri 2013 mu ngingo yaryo ya 57 ritabuza uwakoze icyaha kumvwa nk’umutangabuhamya kandi ko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabifasheho icyemezo, Mbarushimana akaba aterekana icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza kuri izo ngingo.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [220] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Mbarushimana agaragaza inenge z’ibyemezo Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe rwemera gushingira ku mvugo z'abagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry'icyaha cya jenoside, ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya bagizweho ingaruka na jenoside, ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya bahoze ari inyangamugayo za Gacaca, ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya bavuga ibyo bumvise gusa (hearsay), aho kuba ibyo biboneye no ku mvugo zigaragaramo izindi nenge uwajuriye avuga ko zagombaga gutuma ubuhamya buteshwa agaciro. [221] Ikibazo cyo kumenya inshingano z’uwajuriye cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/Gén00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François (igika cya 88), aho rwemeje ko “uwajuriye agomba kugaragaza icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe, agaragaza niba hari amakosa yo mu rwego rw’amategeko yakozwe yatuma icyemezo gita agaciro, cyangwa ko habayeho kwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. Iyo atabikoze ubwo bujurire burakirwa, urukiko rukemeza ko nta shingiro bufite.” Na none mu rubanza ICTR-97-20-A rwo ku wa 20/05/2015, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Semanza Laurent, TPIR /ICTR rwasobanuye ko mu bujurire, umuburanyi atagomba kugarura ingingo yatsinzweho ku rwego rwa mbere nk’aho ashaka ko urukiko rwajuririwe rwongera kuziburanishaho bundi bushya, ko ahubwo agomba kugaragaza ko ikosa ryakozwe rigomba gukosorwa mu bujurire, kandi ko urukiko rwajuririwe rufite ububasha bwo kudasuzuma ingingo yajuririwe, igihe rubona ko n’iyo yahabwa ishingiro, itatesha agaciro cyangwa se ngo ihindure icyemezo cyajuririwe84. Ibi ni nabyo byemejwe mu rubanza No ICTR-96-10-A and

82 Yateganyaga ko “ababuranyi, abatangabuhamya bashinja cyangwa bashinjura bakabazwa n’umucamanza cyangwa, ababuranyi bakabazanya ubwabo cyangwa bakabaza abatangabuhamya ku buryo butaziguye, ibinengwa ku buhamya bwatanzwe bikavugwa urukiko rukabifataho ibyemezo” 83 Ingingo ya 153 para 6 hamwe ni ingingo ya 27 y'ltegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y'imanza z'inshinjabyaha. 84 La Chambre d’appel souligne qu’en appel, une partie ne saurait se conteter de répéter les arguments ayant échoué en première instance dans l’espoir que la Chambre d’appel les examinera à nouveau. La procédure d’appel n’est pas un procès de novo et la Chambre d’appel n’est pas un un second juge du fond. Il revient à la partie requérante de prouver que les conclusions ou les décisions de la Chambre de première instance ont entraîné une erreur telle qu’elle justifie l’intervention de la Chambre d’appel. Ainsi la chambre d’appel peut d’emblée rejeter, sans avoir à les examiner sur le fond, les arguments présentés par une partie qui n’ont aucune chance d’aboutir à l’annulation ou à la révision de la décision attaquée: Idem, par. 9

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ICTR-96-17-A rwaciwe na TPIR ku wa 13/12/2004 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Elizaphan Ntakirutimana na Gérard Ntakirutimana mu gika cyarwo cya 13. [222] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko mu Rukiko Rukuru, Mbarushimana yaburanye anenga ubuhamya bwatanzwe asaba ko butahabwa agaciro ashingiye ku kuba bamwe mu batangabuhamya batararahiye, batarashyize imikono ya ngombwa ku nyandikomvugo zabo, kuba bamwe muri bo barakatiwe na Gacaca, kuba abandi bari bafite inyungu mu rubanza abandi bakaba bari inyangamugayo za Gacaca, kuba abatangabuhamya barahuriraga mu matsinda bagategura ubuhamya mbere yo kubutanga, kuba abatangabuhamya bashinja Ubushinjacyaha kuba bwaranditse ibyo batavuze, bukabigoreka, cyangwa bukabyandika nabi. [223] Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko guhera mu gika cya 111 kugeza ku cya 115 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasuzumye izo nenge zatanzwe na Mbarushimana maze rugaragaza ko nta shingiro zifite. Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko umuntu wagize uruhare mu gukora icyaha n’abafite inyungu mu rubanza bavuga ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’imiryango yabo akanabahohotera ubwabo n’abari inyangamugayo mu Nkiko Gacaca ntacyababuza kuba abatangabuhamya cyangwa se ngo ubuhamya bwabo ntibwizerwe kuko uwo ari we wese ashobora kumvwa nk’umutangabuhamya mu rukiko uretse abantu badafite ubushobozi bwo kuba abatangabuhamya mu Nkiko kubera kutabasha kubara

inkuru y’uko ibintu byagenze. Ku birebana n’inenge yo kuba abatangabuhamya bamwe bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwabandikiye ibyo batavuze, bugoreka imvugo zabo no kuba mu ibazwa ryabo hari amategeko atarubahirijwe kubera ko bamwe batarahiye, hakaba abatarasinye inyandikomvugo zabo, abandi basinyira abandi ndetse hakaba n'inyandikomvugo zitariho imikono ya ngombwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko inenge Mbarushimana agaragaza ziri mu nyandikomvugo zakozwe mu iperereza zitasuzumwa kubera ko zidashingirwaho nk'ibimenyetso by'ibikorwa bigize ibyaha akurikiranyweho kuko abatangabuhamya anenga inyandikomvugo zabo bahamagajwe mu rukiko ubuhamya n'amakuru batanze akaba ari byo bishingirwaho kuko rwasanze bikiranuye kandi ko inyandikomvugo zo mu Bushinjacyaha za Murangwa Pascal na KMI zashingiweho nta nenge zifite kandi nk'uko byasobanuwe, ibikubiye mu nyandikomvugo zabo byunganiwe n'ubuhamya bwatangiye mu Rukiko. Muri urwo rubanza kandi Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze iby’uko Mbarushimana avuga ko abatangabuhamya babanje kumvikana ku buhamya bazamutangaho mbere yo kuza mu Rukiko ko ndetse buri wese yari azi ibyo undi azatangaho ubuhamya, nta shingiro bufite kuko ibyo avuga nta kibigaragaza kubera ko buri wese yatanze ubuhamya kubyo yabajijweho kandi hakaba nta kigaragaza ko bagiye umugambi wo guhimba ibyo bazamubeshyera. Runavuga kandi ko iby’uko haba hari abahurijwe hamwe igihe

babazwaga n’Ubushinjacyaha nabyo nta shingiro bifite kuko icyo abatangabuhamya bavuze ari uko bajyanye kubazwa n’Umushinjacyaha ariko buri wese akabazwa ukwe, bityo izo nenge avuga zikaba zitatuma ubwo buhamya buteshwa agaciro nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rwa Nzabonimana Callixte rwaciwe TPIR/ICTR, rwemeje ko kuba abatangabuhamya bajyana kubazwa cyangwa baganira ku byabaye bitabuza ko urukiko rushingira ku buhamya batanze. [224] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, inenge zose zarondowe haruguru Mbarushimana avuga ku batangabuhamya bashingiweho mu rubanza ajurira zarasesenguwe, Urukiko Rukuru rugaragaza ko nta shingiro zikwiye guhabwa ariko Mbarushimana yongera kugarura mu bujurire bwe ibyo yari yaburanishije ku rwego rwa mbere nk’aho ashaka ko byongera kuburanishwa bushya kuri uru rwego, aho kugaragariza Urukiko icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe ku bijyanye n’iyo ngingo yatumye ajurira n’uburyo byakosorwa hashingiwe ku mategeko n’ibimenyetso n’igisabwa Urukiko kandi ariyo nshingano y’ujurira nk’uko byasobanuwe mu manza zatanze umurongo zagaragajwe haruguru, iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire ikaba nta shingiro ifite.

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KUBA URUKIKO RWARIBESHYE MU KWEMEZA KO IBYAHA BIHAMA

MBARUSHIMANA

KU CYAHA JENOSIDE [225] Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira banenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru bavuga ko rwibeshye mu kwemeza ko icyaha cya jenoside kimuhama ku bikurikira : Ibirebana n’urupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa ; Ibijyanye n’urupfu rw’abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa ; Ibirebana n’ibitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye ; n’Ibindi bitero byari bigamije guhiga no kwica Abatutsi. IBIREBANA N’URUPFU RW’ABATUTSI BICIWE KURI BARIYERI YO KU

NDATEMWA Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [226] Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira bavuga ko mu gika cya 79 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare mu rupfu rwa Ruhura Bénédicte, Uwemeyinkiko Vincent na Mahenga n’umuvandimwe we biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa bari baharaye kuko Mbarushimana yababujije gutaha, nyamara bizwi neza ko bishwe n’abarundi babasanze mu ngo zabo kimwe na Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien, babiciye ku Ndatemwa ngo batange urugero, bityo Urukiko rukaba rwarashingiye ku bintu binyuranye n’ukuri. [227] Banenga urwo Rukiko ko kuva ku gika cya 79 kugeza ku cya 81 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwahamije icyaha cya jenoside Mbarushimana ku birebana n’urupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, rushingiye ku buhamya bwa KMH, KMI, Musabyimana Tharcisse na Murangwa Pascal utarigeze abazwa mu Rukiko, nyamara ibyerekeranye n’ishingwa ry’iyo bariyeri, gushinga umutwe w’interahamwe, kuwutoza no kuwuyobora, rwari rwabifasheho icyemezo mu gika cya 74 kugera ku cya 78 cy’urwo rubanza, aho rwasanze Mbarushimana nta ruhare yabigizemo kuko Ubushinjacyaha butarugaragarije ibimenyetso. [228] Bavuga ko imvugo za KMH, KMI na Musabyimana Tharcisse zidahuriza ku kuba Mbarushimana yari ku Ndatemwa, n’igihe icyaha cyakorewe; ko ubuhamya bwa KMH budakwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye atagombaga kurahira, nk’uko

bigaragara mu gika cya 69 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, kandi ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 59 y’Itegeko Nº 13/2004 ryo ku wa 17/05/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, afite umuziro, atemerewe gutanga ubuhamya kuko yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu ku cyaha cya jenoside. [229] Bakomeza bavuga kuri KMH, ko Urukiko rwashingiye ku mvugo ye y’uko ubwo bari kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa, Rukomera (ari we Singirankabo Laurent) yambuye Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien indangamuntu zabo aziha Mbarushimana arazisoma, basanze ari abatutsi, baricwa. Banenga Urukiko kuba rutarigeze ruhamagaza Rukomera kugira ngo nawe abazwe ibyabereye kuri iyo bariyeri, bagasaba ko ahamagazwa akumvwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire ndetse na KMH nawe agahamagazwa kuko yagize ubushake bwo kuvuguruza ibyo yari yavuze mbere, akaba yarabwiye Me Rudakemwa Félix ko yari mu mugambi wo gushinja Mbarushimana amubeshyera, ko atigeze amubona mu bikorwa ibyo aribyo byose mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko yashyize muri dosiye ku wa 25/02/2025. [230] Ku mutangabuhamya Musabyimana Tharcisse, Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira bavuga ko ntaho Urukiko Rukuru rwakuye ibyo rwashingiyeho ku buhamya bwe, kuko haba mu ibazwa rye mu Bushinjacyaha ndetse no mu Rukiko yagarutse ku ijambo rigira riti “ ntacyo nigeze numva kibi Mbarushimana yakoze” (ibyo bavuga ko biri mu gika cya 25 n’icya 26 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa) ndetse ko imvugo ze zigaragara mu nyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 21/09/2016, mu Rukiko Rukuru (urupapuro rwa 8,

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côte ya 958), aho rwemeje ko imvugo ze zitakoreshejwe, ariko bigaragara ko zakoreshejwe mu rubanza kandi ko ingingo zimushinjura ziri muri iyo mvugo ya Musabyimana Tharcisse zititaweho. [231] Ku mutangabuhamya KMI, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko asobanura ko yamubonye ari kumwe na Rukomera, Rwakimwanga n’abandi baturage benshi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yashyizweho mu kwezi kwa kane, ariko ko nta kindi azi. [232] Bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside ku mpamvu y’uko yasomye indangamuntu z’Abatutsi bahagaritswe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, yasanga aribo bakicwa, nyamara ko rutabanje kumenya niba Rukomera koko yaramuhaye indangamuntu zabo, niba Mbarushimana yarazakiriye, bityo ko Urukiko rwari guhamagaza Rukomera rukamwumva, ndetse hakaba ivuguruzanya kuko Mbarushimana atageze ku Ndatemwa, ahubwo yari iwe arinze Abatutsi bo mu muryango w’umugore we kugira ngo baticwa. [233] Ku mutangabuhamya Murangwa Pascal, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko atabajijwe mu Rukiko Rukuru, ahubwo ko rwashingiye ku nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwe yatangiye mu Bushinjacyaha (côte ya 143 na 149), igaragaza ko nawe yavuze ibyo yumvise (hearsay) mu ikusanyamakuru muri Gereza no mu Murenge, atavuga ibyo yiboneye, ubuhamya bwe Urukiko rukaba rwarabushingiyeho kandi rwari rwavuze ko rutazashingira ku nyandikomvugo z’ubuhamya rwari rwashyikirijwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. [234]

Kuri abo batangabuhamya bose uko ari bane (KMH, Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMI na Murangwa Pascal), Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko bose bari bafungiye muri gereza ya Karubanda i Huye, bazira icyaha cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kandi ko umwe muri bo ariwe KMH avuga ko ibyo yavuze byari mu mugambi yakoranye n’abandi bafungwa wo gushinja ibinyoma, ndetse ko ayo makuru yanatanzwe n’uwitwa Byiringiro Samuel wabajijwe na Me Rudakemwa Félix, akemeza ko bahuriraga hamwe bagategura uko bazashinja ibinyoma. [235] Bakomeza bavuga ko abatangabuhamya Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho, ubuhamya bwabo budahuza ; ko hari abavuga ibyo bumvise mu ikusanyamakuru, bagasaba Urukiko rw’ubujurire kubahamagaza hamwe na KMJ na KMK, bakazaza bakavuguruzanya imbere yarwo kugira ngo ukuri kugaragare. [236] Bavuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije imvugo z’abandi batangabuhamya rwari rufite muri dosiye zasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda zikuwe mu rurimi rw’iki Danois. Aribo: KMK, Nyabyenda Patrice, Ngayaberura Déo, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuriryayo François, Sindayigaya Bertin, Mungwarakarama Ferdinand, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Gatore Innocent, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere Augustin na Ntawukuriryayo Chrisologue kandi ko bavuguruza ubuhamya bwashingiweho mu guhamya Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, kuko bemeje ko

batahamubonye kandi atajyaga kuri bariyeri cyangwa kw’irondo. Basaba kandi ko Urukiko rwahamagaza Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent nk’abatangabuhamya ku byabereye kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa. [237] Bakomeza bavuga ko ubuhamya bw’abamaze kuvugwa, bwanashingiweho muri TPIR/ICTR mu rubanza rwa Nyiramasuhuko Paulina, Nteziryayo Alphonse n’abandi, ko bwakagombye gushingirwaho no mu rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rugasuzuma niba bakongera bakumvwa cyangwa rukazashingira ku buhamya bwabo muri TPIR/ICTR. Bavuga ko ibyo babishingira ku ngingo ya 154, 3o, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ivuga ko mu rwego rw’ubujurire bitabujijwe gutanga ibisobanuro bishya cyangwa ibimenyetso bishya bigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere. Basaba ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwazita kandi ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko No 47/2013 ryo ku wa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Transfer law), ivuga icyo iri Tegeko rigamije, hamwe n’ingingo ya 27 yaryo iteganya ko ari ryo Tegeko rikurikizwa, igihe hari aho rinyuranyije n’andi mategeko asanzwe mu gihugu.

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IMIBURANIRE Y’UBUSHINJACYAHA [238] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ingingo ya 8, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko rigena kohereza imanza mu Rwanda (transfer law) ivuga ko ikimenyetso cy’ibanze kigomba gushingirwaho muri bene izi manza ari abatangabuhamya bari imbere y’Urukiko, cyakora inyandikomvugo zabo n’ibindi bimenyetso byashingirwaho mu gihe biza byuzuza imvugo zavugiwe imbere yarwo. Basobanura ko inyandikomvugo z’abatangabuhamya Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwari rufite muri dosiye mu rurimi rw’iki Danois zifite inenge zirimo kuba nta matariki zakoreweho, zitariho n’imikono yaba nyirazo (signatures), ko byatumye ibyari byabajijwe ku rwego rw’iperereza muri zo nyandiko, Urukiko Rukuru rutarabishingiyeho. [239] Bakomeza bavuga ko muri bene izi manza, impande zose zitanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya, zikagaragaza n’icyo bazaza kuvuga, kandi iyo baje, ibyo bavuze aribyo bishingirwaho, bityo ko Urukiko Rukuru kubyo rwiyumviye ku buhamya bwa KMH mu gihe yabazwaga imbere yarwo, aribyo rwashingiyeho. Bavuga ko KMH yabajijwe nta gitutu, yisanzuye, ko kuba nyuma haza undi mutangabuhamya uvuga ko bakoze umugambi wo gushinja, ibyo nta shingiro bikwiye guhabwa, kandi kubw’ibyo ko inyandiko Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix yashyize muri dosiye ku wa 25/02/2025 zidakwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko zitatuma ibyo umuntu yavugiye mbere y’Urukiko bita agaciro; ko kandi hari imanza

zemeje ko ibyavugiwe imbere y’Umugenzacyaha, cyangwa y’Umushinjacyaha mu gihe uwabivuze abihakanye bidahita biteshwa agaciro mu Rukiko, imvugo umutangabuhamya yivugiye mu Rukiko nayo idakwiye guteshwa agaciro. [240] Bakomeza bavuga ko KMH wafungiwe gukora jenoside yabajijwe imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru nk’utanga amakuru nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 80 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe, ndetse ko hari n’uwarahiye nyuma biza kugaragara ko atagombaga kurahira, Urukiko ruvuga ko imvugo ze zifatwa nk’amakuru. [241] Kuri Musabyimana Tharcisse, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko mu gika cya 25 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa Musabyimana Tharcisse watanze amakuru, avuga ko ku wa gatanu yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ameze nk'umuyobozi udafite intwaro kandi ko atigeze amwumva avuga ko bica Abatutsi, ko nta n'amagambo yumvise avuga ahubwo ko ari Rwakimwanga wavugaga ngo bajye Kabuye babice bose ndetse ko mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca yumvise uwitwa Theoneste bita Ndiho avuga ko bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa (ku mangazini) yashyizweho na Rwakimwanga ari kumwe na Mbarushimana. Bakomeza bavuga ko ibyo bivuguruza ibyo Mbarushimana aburana avuga ko atageze kuri bariyeri, bityo ko ibyavuzwe na Musabyimana Tharcisse, Mbarushimana atabisoma byose, ahubwo arebamo ibimufitiye inyungu gusa, ibindi ntabivuge. [242] Ku byavuzwe na KMI, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko yavuze ibyo yiboneye ko Mbarushimana yahawe na

Rukomera indangamuntu z’Abatutsi kuri bariyeri, akazisoma yasanga ari Abatutsi, bakabica ; ko mu Rukiko Rukuru Mbarushimana atigeze asaba ko Rukomera ahamagazwa, bityo ko nta nenge iri mu kuba urwo Rukiko atarumviswe kuko Mbarushimana yahawe umwanya wo gutanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya bashinjura ntarutange. [243] Ku mutangabuhamya Murangwa Pascal, bavuga ko mu gika cya 104 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe, Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku nyandikomvugo z’ubuhamya yatangiye mu Bushinjacyaha kuko hari ibindi bimenyetso bibushyigikira, Urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal kandi ataraje imbere yarwo nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 8, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko rigena kohereza imanza mu Rwanda (transfer law). Bavuga kandi ko mu gika cya 113 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko inyandikomvugo za Murangwa Pascal nta nenge zifite, ko kandi Mbarushimana atanenga urubanza ajuririra, ahubwo asubiramo ibyo yaburanye nk’aho ari ku rwego rwa mbere. [244] Kuby’uko Urukiko rwirengagije inyandikomvugo zari muri dosiye z’abandi batangabuhamya bashinjura Mbarushimana, (inyandikomvugo zari mu ki Danois, zakuwe muri Denmark), abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ingingo ya 66 y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 19/07/2004 ry’ibimenyetso, ubu yahindutse ingingo ya 54, y’Itegeko rigenga ibimenyetso, ivuga ko ushaka gutanga umutangabuhamya

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agaragaza icyo yifuza ko yazabwira Urukiko, agatanga urutonde rwabo; ko nk’uko bigaragazwa n’icyemezo cy’Urukiko cyo ku wa 02/03/2017, mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Mbarushimana ku bushake bwe, atatanze abatangabuhamya bamushinjura, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 15, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko rwamuhaye umwanya ndetse anahabwa abunganizi, ariko abunganizi be babwira Urukiko ko urwo rutonde batarutanga kuko bitari mu nyungu z’uwo bunganira, rumuha ibindi byumweru bibiri (2) byo kurutanga nabwo ntiyarutanga, bisobanuye ko Mbarushimana atashatse gutanga ibimenyetso bishingiye ku batangabuhamya avuga bamushinjura, ko iyo abona bamushinjura yari gutanga urutonde rwabo, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba nta kosa rwakoze kuko atavuga ko rwirengagije abatangabuhamya bamushinjura kandi ntabo yaruhaye. [245] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba inyandikomvugo z’ubuhamya bwavuye muri Denmark, zitarasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda, mu rubanza rujuririrwa, bitari kubera Mbarushimana imbogamizi yo gutanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya bamushinjura, cyane cyane ko yivugiye ko iki Danois akizi, bityo ko iyo abona muri bo hari abamushinjura, aba yaratanze urutonde rwabo; ko Urukiko Rukuru rutari kwibwiriza ngo rujye guhiga inyandiko z’abamushinjura muri TPIR/ICTR kandi atari rwo rwagombaga gushaka ibimenyetso bishinjura Mbarushimana, ahubwo ari we wari kugaragaza ibimenyetso bimushinjura, Urukiko rukabisuzuma. [246] Ku cy’uko abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko abo batangabuhamya babajijwe Mbarushimana ahibereye nawe akababaza, bityo ko atagaragariza Urukiko y’uko atahawe uburenganzira bwo kubabaza no kuvuguruzanya nabo kuko byakozwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [247] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku bibazo bikurikira: Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMH butari bukwiye guhabwa agaciro; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwaragombaga guhamagaza Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera nk’umutangabuhamya; Kumenya niba Urukiko rutaragombaga gushingira ku nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya Murangwa Pascal butatangiwe mu Rukiko no kumenya niba yahamagazwa kuri uru rwego; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarirengagije guha agaciro ubuhamya bwa Musabyimana Tharcisse; Kumenya niba KMH, KMI, KMK, KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse bakwiye kongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana ; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo z’abatangabuhamya zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois muri dosiye ; Kumenya niba Nyabyenda Patrice, Ngayaberura Déo, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuriryayo François, Sindayigaya Bertin, Mungwarakarama Ferdinand, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Gatore Innocent, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere Augustin Ntawukuriryayo Chrisologue na Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel, Nsabimana Laurent na Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya mu bujuririre. Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMH butari bukwiye guhabwa agaciro [248] Impaka zishingiye kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu rubanza rujuririrwa ryo gushingira ku buhamya bwa KMH wahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside, akaba yararahiye ataragombaga kurahira, no kumenya niba kuba nyuma yo gutanga ubuhamya, KMH yarisubiyeho akavuguruza ubuhamya bwe mu nyandiko yahaye Me Rudakemwa Jean- Félix byatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwe.

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Ku byerekeranye ko kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ryo gushingira ku buhamya bwa KMH [249] Mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François (igika cya 88) rwatanze umurongo ko “uwajuriye agomba kugaragaza icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe, agaragaza niba hari amakosa yo mu rwego rw’amategeko yakozwe yatuma icyemezo gita agaciro, cyangwa ko habayeho kwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi. Iyo atabikoze ubwo bujurire burakirwa, urukiko rukemeza ko nta shingiro bufite.” [250] Kugaragaza inenge ziri mu rubanza rujuririrwa, byatanzweho umurongo kandi mu rubanza ICTR-95- 1-A rwaciwe ku wa 04/12/2001 n’Urukiko TPIR/ICTR, urugereko rw’ubujurire, haburana Ubushinjacyaha, KAYISHEMA Clément na Ruzindana Obed, mu gika cya 177, rwemeza ko inshingano z'Urugereko rw'Ubujurire ari ukumva ubujurire bw’imyanzuro y'Urugereko rwa Mbere rw’Iremezo hashingiwe ku ikosa ryakozwe ku kibazo cy'amategeko (error of law) cyatesha agaciro icyemezo cyangwa ikosa rishingiye ku byabaye (error of facts) ryatumye hadatangwa ubutabera.85 Rwemeje kandi ko uwajuriye agomba kwerekana ko Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rwibeshye mu mategeko cyangwa ku byabaye86. Ni nako byemejwe no mu zindi manza zaciwe n’urwo Rugereko87. [251] Urubanza rujuririrwa, mu gika cya 112, Urukiko rwemeje ko ibyo

Mbarushimana avuga ko hari ababajijwe n’Ubushinjacyaha bagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’ibyaha akurikiranyweho kandi Itegeko No 13/2004 ryo kuwa 17/5/2004 rigena imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha (ingingo ya 59) ryakurikizwaga ritaremeraga ko babazwa nk’abatangabuhamya, bitatuma ubuhamya cyangwa amakuru batanze mu rukiko bitemerwa nk’ikimenyetso kuko bongeye guhamagazwa n’urukiko, kandi nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 62 y’Itegeko No15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ubuhamya akaba ari ubutangiwe mu rukiko. Rwemeje kandi ko abo Mbarushimana avuga ko bagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’ibyaha akurikiranyweho bongeye kubazwa n’Ubushinjacyaha muri Nzeli 2014 hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 57 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha ryemeraga ko abagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’icyaha babazwa nk’abatangabuhamya. [252] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, rurasanga Mbarushimana ntacyo anenga icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru kimaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, ahubwo asubiramo imiburanire ye mu rubanza rujuririrwa yongera gushingira ku ngingo ya 59 y’Itegeko Nº 13/2004 ryo ku wa 17/05/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, avuga ko ubuhamya bwa KMH butagomba guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira kubera ko yahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside. Rurasanga ibyo byarafashweho icyemezo cyavuzwe haruguru mu gika kibanziriza iki, ndetse igihe KMH yatangaga ubuhamya mu rubanza rujuririrwa ku wa 13/09/2016, iryo tegeko rikaba ryari ryarakuweho n’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo ku wa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’Inshinjabyaha88, ari naryo ryashingiweho mu ngingo yaryo ya 57, Urukiko

85 “The task of the Appeals Chamber, as defined by Article 24 of the Statute, is to hear appeals from the decisions of Trial Chambers on the grounds of an error on a question of law invalidating the decision or of an error of fact which has occasioned a miscarriage of justice..” ICTR-95-1-A, Judgement of 04/12/2001, Prosecutor vs KAYISHEMA et al. Par.177. 86 “An appellant must show that the Trial Chamber erred in law or in fact, and the Appeals Chamber expects his arguments to be directed to that end.” Ibid. 87 Urugero: Urubanza no ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A rwaciwe na TPIR ku wa 13/12/2004 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Elizaphan NTAKIRUTIMANA na GÉRARD NTAKIRUTIMANA mu gika cyarwocya 13. 88 Reba Ingingo ya 281 y’Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’Inshinjabyaha yateganyaga ko “Itegeko nº 13/2004 ryo kuwa 17/05/2004 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu n’izindi ngingo zose z’amategeko abanziriza iri kandi zinyuranyije na ryo bivanyweho”

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Rukuru rwemeza ko uwagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’icyaha yemerewe kubazwa nk’umutangabuhamya89 nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [253] Kubw’ibyo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu rubanza rujuririrwa ryo gushingira ku buhamya bwa KMH kuko yemerewe kuba umutangabuhamya kandi Mbarushimana akaba nta cyo anenga isesengura ryakozwe n’urwo Rukiko mu gika cya 112 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, bityo ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Ku kijyanye n’uko KMH yaba yarisubiyeho akavuguruza ubuhamya bwe [254] Ibijyanye no kumenya agaciro gahabwa imvugo z’abatangabuhamya mu manza nk’ikimenyetso byatanzweho umurongo n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 25/7/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François rwavuzwe haruguru (igika cya 68), rwemeje ko “Ihame ku birebana n’ubuhamya ari uko umutangabuhamya avuga mu Rukiko ibyo yiboneye cyangwa ibyo yumvise mu buryo butaziguye, ko Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa.” [255] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza (kuva kuri Cote ya 906 kugeza ku ya 931), inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/09/2016, ahumviswe ubuhamya bwa KMH mu Rukiko Rukuru. KMH amaze kurahirira kuvugisha ukuri, yavuze ko yari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994 ku musozi bari batuyeho i Kabuye. Yavuze ko hari ku wa gatanu nka 17h30, i

Kabuye haje abantu benshi cyane, amanukana na Kamayugi, Ngarambe, Alfred na Nsengimana Eugène bajya Kabuye na Ndatemwa ku Bangoro, bahageze bahasanga Rwakimwanga na Mbarushimana, hari n’Abatutsi bane (4) aribo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenga n’umuvandimwe we bari baraye aho kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa mu ijoro ryo ku wa gatandatu. [256] Dosiye igaragaza ko mu buhamya bwe, KMH yavuze ko Rwakimwanga yabwiye Mbarushimana ko agiye gutwara Muligande iwe ngo adatanga amakuru ku bandi Batutsi, Mbarushimana yizeza Abatutsi bavuzwe haruguru ko ntacyo baba, babuzwa gutaha barara kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa, mu gitondo babaheraho barabica na Mbarushimana ahari, mbere yo kujya kugaba ikindi gitero i Kabuye. [257] KMH yavuze ko Kayitani na Kamegeri wari mwarimu na Ndayisaba Antoinne ari bo babahaga amabwiriza muri jenoside, ko bababwiye ko i Kabuye hari Abatutsi benshi, bagomba kujya kubatera mu gitondo saa mbili (08:00), bahageze Abatutsi barabirukankana, basubira ku Ndatemwa barikusanya, Kayitani wari umucuruzi arababwira ati “Abatutsi basubiye mu birindiro byabo, turebe inka zabo tuzirye”. Yakomeje avuga ko Kayitani na Kamegeri bagiye gushaka izindi ngufu kwa “sous-prefet”, nimugoroba bazana abasirikare bavuye Ruhondo na Karama batangira kurasa amasasu menshi i Kabuye, Abatutsi bari bacitse babasanga ku Ndatemwa barabica. [258] KMH yavuze ko ababahaga amabwiriza mu bitero bari bababwiye ko

uvuga “imvura”, basubiza “urubura” kugira ngo bamenyane, bamenye n’utari uwabo ; kandi ko Mbarushimana nta mabwiriza yatanze, ahubwo ari mu bayahawe kandi ko bajyanye i Kabuye afite ubuhiri. KMH yavuze ko nyuma y’icyo gitero, basubiye i Kabuye kuzana inka zo kwa Ngarambe, ntiyongera kuhasubira, ashinga ibirindiro ku Ndatemwa. [259] Nyuma yo kuvuguruzwa na Mbarushimana, uyu yabajije KMH niba yarigeze amutangaho ubuhamya mbere, amusubiza ko yabumutanzeho inshuro eshatu (3), inshuro imwe muri gereza, indi yaratashye wabo, n’indi nshuro uwo munsi mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi ko kuri izo nshuro zose yahamije ko bajyanye mu bitero i Kabuye, banajyana rimwe kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa.90 Yavuze kandi ko nubwo yari kumwe na

89 Ingingo ya 57 y’Itegeko No 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha iteganya ko “ Umuntu wese wagize uruhare mu ikorwa ry’icyaha ashobora kumvwa nk’umutangabuhamya” 90 Cote ya 915 muri dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa.

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Mbarushimana atigeze amubona yica Abatutsi91, ariko ko Abatutsi bane bavuzwe haruguru biciwe kuri bariyeri Mbarushimana ahari, ko n’iyo baza gushaka gutoroka Mbarushimana nawe aba yarabatangiriye92. [260] Mu nyandiko ya KMH yo ku wa 21/06/2019 no ku wa 05/12/2014 yashyizwe muri dosiye na Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix ku wa 25/02/2025, KMH avuga ko mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi atigeze abona Mbarushimana, ko nta kuntu yari kumubona kuko batagendanaga kandi batari mu rwego rumwe. Avuga ko ibyo yavugiye mu rubanza rujuririrwa bitari ukuri, ko yamubeshyeye ko mu gihe cya jenoside yashinze bariyeri ku Ndatemwa, kuri iyo bariyeri hakicirwa Abatutsi abigizemo uruhare. Avuga ko ibyo bikorwa bitabayeho, yamushinje kubera umugambi yacuranye n’abandi bagororwa b’iwabo bagambiriye kubeshya kugira ngo ubuyobozi bwa gereza bubafate neza, bube bwabaha nk’ubuyobozi bw’abagororwa kandi bubashire mu makipe yo kujya gukorera hanze ya gereza. [261] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wagaragajwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, rusesenguye ubuhamya KMH yatanze mu rubanza rujuririrwa, rurasanga yarabutanze nta gitutu ashyizweho kuko yari arindiwe umutekano mu Rukiko. Rurasanga ubwo buhamya bwe bwizewe, bufite ireme kuko afite ubumenyi bw’ibyabaye; aho yavuze iminsi n’amasaha yibukaga ibitero yagiyemo byo kwica Abatutsi byagabwe, intero n’inyikirizo

abagize ibitero bakoreshaga kugira ngo bamenyane (imvura n’urubura), umubare w’ibitero yagiyemo, amazina yabo bari kumwe barimo na Mbarushimana avuga ko yari afite ubuhiri, n’uko Rwakimwanga yasize Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa hari n’Abatutsi bane (4) aribo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenga n’umuvandimwe we, bakabuzwa gutaha na Mbarushimana, bakarara kuri iyo bariyeri, bakicwa bukeye bwaho Mbarushimana ahari ndetse KMH akaba yarahamije ko “iyo baza gutoroka Mbarushimana nawe aba yarabatangiriye.” [262] Rurasanga kandi mu gika cya 80 na 81 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu kwicwa kw’abo Batutsi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, rudashingiye gusa ku buhamya bwa KMH, ahubwo runashingiye ku buhamya n’amakuru yatanzwe na Musabyimana Tharcisse na Murangwa Pascal. Uretse n’abo, mu gika cya 18 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, umutangabuhamya KMI nawe yahamije ko yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa afite ubuhiri, ari kumwe na Rukomera na Rwakimwanga bagira abandi baturage benshi bari kumwe inama yo gutera i Kabuye, barangije bafata Abatutsi bari kumwe, Rukomera abambura ibyangombwa abiha Mbarushimana arabisoma, Rukomera akubita Muligo Vénuste ubuhiri, naho Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien bicwa n'abatwa babishishikarijwe na Mbarushimana. Uwo mutangabuhamya nawe ubuhamya bwe buhuza n’ubwa KMH ku bijyanye no kuba hari Abatutsi

biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa bazizwa kuba ari Abatutsi kandi bicwa Mbarushimana ahari. [263] Kubw’ibyo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubuhamya KMH yashyize mu nyandiko yahaye Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix, bugamije gusa gushinjura Mbarushimana, nta shingiro bwahabwa, kuko ibyo yavugiye mu Rukiko yabivuze yisanzuye, arindiwe umutekano, byizewe kandi bifite ireme kuko abihurizaho n’abandi batangabuhamya ku bijyanye n’uruhare rwa Mbarushimana ku iyicwa ry’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, bityo iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire y’uko hashingirwa ku buhamya bwa KMH bwavuguruje ubwo yari yatangiye mu Rukiko mbere ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwaragombaga guhamagaza SINGIRANKABO Laurent alias RUKOMERA nk’umutangabuhamya [264] Kuri iyi ngingo Mbarushimana anenga Urukiko Rukuru ko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa KMI buvugwa mu gika cya 18 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, rudahamagaje Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera wavuzwe n’uwo mutangabuhamya ko yamubonye aha ibyangombwa by’Abatutsi Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, bakaza kuhicirwa.

91 Idem, cote 916. 92 92 Idem, Cote 924.

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[265] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko Urukiko ruhamagaza umutangabuhamya wavuzwe mu rubanza, cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA 0101/09/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 09/03/2012 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel (igika cya 9), ko “Urukiko rudategetswe gukora iperereza cyangwa se kubaza abatangabuhamya iyo rwumva ibimenyetso rwashyikirijwe bihagije kandi n’ababuranyi bahawe umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho.” Uyu ni nawo murongo ukomeje gukoreshwa kuri icyo kibazo mu manza nyinshi.93 [266] Mu rubanza RP0001/15/HCCI rujuririrwa (igika cya 18), KMI avuga ko bariyeri ya Ndatemwa yashyizweho mu kwezi kwa kane uwari Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal yaraye apfuye, akaba yarayibonyeho Mbarushimana afite ubuhiri, ari kumwe na Rukomera na Rwakimwanga bagira abandi baturage benshi bari kumwe inama yo gutera i Kabuye, barangije bafata abatutsi bari kumwe, Rukomera abambura ibyangombwa abiha Mbarushimana arabisoma, Rukomera akubita Muligo Vénuste ubuhiri, naho Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien bicwa n'abatwa babishishikarijwe na Mbarushimana, bahambishwa n'uwitwa Bushakwe Callixte wari Umuyobozi (responsable) wa serire; ko n'ubwo atabonye Mbarushimana yica, ariko iyo adatanga amabwiriza abo batutsi bataba barishwe. [267] Urukiko Rukuru rushingiye kuri ubwo buhamya n’amakuru yatanzwe na KMH ko Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa barimo Vincent, Bénédicte,

Mahenga n'umuvandimwe we bari baharaye, babujijwe gutaha na Mbarushimana94, runashingiye ku rubanza ICTR-2001-64-A Sylvestre Gacumbitsi V. The Prosecuter rwaciwe ku wa 7 Nyakanga 2006 (igika cya 61), rwasobanuye ko bifatwa nko kwica mu buryo butaziguye iyo uregwa yari ahakorewe icyaha ayobora, akanagenzura ubwicanyi nko kujonjora abagomba kwicwa, rwasanze Mbarushimana yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, akabuza Abatutsi gutaha, nyuma y'uko Rukomera abambuye ibyangombwa, akabimuha akabisoma, basanga ari Abatutsi bagahita bicwa, rwemeza ko ibyo ari ibikorwa bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare rutaziguye mu iyicwa ry'Abatutsi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa95 [268] Urwo ruhare kandi mu kwica Abatutsi kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwaruhamije Mbarushimana rumaze gusesengura ubuhamya bwa KMI, amakuru yatanzwe na KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse, rugasanga ibyo bavuga bigaragaza neza ko ku Ndatemwa hiciwe Abatutsi barimo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenga n'umuvandimwe we, hanicirwa abandi Batutsi barimo Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien, bose bicwa Mbarushimana ahari bamwe yababujije gutaha abandi yabanje kureba indangamuntu zabo bagasanga ari Abatutsi. Rwasanze kandi ibyo kuba hari Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa Mbarushimana ahari, binemezwa na Murangwa Pascal kuko abazwa n'Ubushinjacyaha yavuze ko ku Ndatemwa hari bariyeri yiciweho abantu

benshi (Abatutsi) barimo Vénuste wari umufundi, Kamayugi, Muligande, Pascal alias Karashya n'abandi kandi ko Mbarushimana yari mu bari bahari bafite ubukana96. [269] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel, rurasanga mu gihe Urukiko Rukuru rwabonaga ko ibimenyetso rufite muri dosiye bihagije ku buryo bishobora gutuma ruca urubanza, rutari rutegetswe guhamagaza Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera nk’umutangabuhamya mu rubanza, cyane cyane ko na Mbarushimana ubwe atigeze asaba ko ahamagazwa.

93 Urugero: Urubanza Nº RPA 00103/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/02/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Mutiganda Thierry na bagenzi be (igika cya 55 ); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00095/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/09/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NDARUHUTSE Ezeckiel n’undi (igika cya 39); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00254/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/01/2025 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na TUYISHIME Viateur (igika cya 22); n’izindi. 94 Urubanza rujuririrwa No RP 0001/15/HCCI rwaciwe kuwa 29/12/2017, gika cya 69 & 79. 95 Idem, Igika cya 81. 96 Idem, igika cya 80.

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[270] Rurasanga rero Urukiko Rukuru rutarirengagije guhamagaza Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera, kuba atarahamagajwe akaba atari inenge iri mu rubanza rujurirwa, bityo ubujurire bwa MBARUSHIMANA kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rutaragombaga gushingira ku nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwa MURANGWA Pascal no kumenya niba yahamagazwa [271] Muri iyi ngingo harasuzumwa niba ubuhamya Murangwa Pascal yatangiye mu Bushinjacyaha butaragombaga gushingirwaho kuko butatangiwe mu Rukiko kandi yavuze amabwire, hanasuzumwe niba yahamagazwa kuri uru rwego. Ku bijyanye n’uko ubuhamya bwa MURANGWA Pascal butatangiwe mu Rukiko [272] Ibyerekeranye no gushingira ku buhamya butatangiwe mu rukiko, byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPA00002/2016/CA rwaciwe ku wa 24/12/2020 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Uwinkindi Jean (igika 269). Muri urwo rubanza, Uwinkindi yavugaga ko gushingira ku mutangabuhamya CDA ari ukunyuranya n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda, kuko atigeze aza mu Rukiko gushimangira ibyo yavuze mu ibazwa rye ; Urukiko rwemeza ko nk’uko biteganywa mu gika cya 3 cy’iyo ngingo, ubuhamya bwanditse bwatanzwe mbere n’abatangabuhamya bushobora guhabwa agaciro mu gihe butatangiwe mu Rukiko, iyo bufite ubundi bubushyigikira. [273] Mu rubanza rujururirwa (igika cya 113), Urukiko

Rukuru rwasanze inyandikomvugo yo mu Bushinjacyaha ya Murangwa Pascal nta nenge ifite kandi ibiyikubiyemo byunganiwe n'ubundi buhamya bwatangiwe mu Rukiko. Mu bika bya 80 na 81 by’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze Murangwa Pascal abazwa n'Ubushinjacyaha yaravuze ko ku Ndatemwa hari bariyeri yiciweho abantu benshi barimo Vénuste wari umufundi, Kamayugi, Muligande, Pascal alias Karashya n'abandi kandi ko Mbarushimana yari mu bari bahari, afite ubukana. Urwo Rukiko rwashingiye no ku buhamya bwa KMI n'amakuru yatanzwe na KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse, rusanga ibyo bavuga bigaragaza neza ko ku Ndatemwa hiciwe Abatutsi barimo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenga n'umuvandimwe we, hanicirwa abandi Batutsi barimo Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien, bose bicwa Mbarushimana ahari bamwe yababujije gutaha abandi yabanje kureba mu ndangamuntu zabo bagasanga ari Abatutsi bakicwa. [274] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Uwinkindi Jean, rurasanga kuba Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza rujuririrwa rwarashingiye ku nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal bwatangiwe mu Bushinjacyaha, nta kosa rwakoze kuko rwagaragaje ko iyo nyandikomvugo nta nenge ifite kandi yunganiwe n'ubuhamya bwa KMI, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse, bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Ku bijyanye n’uko MURANGWA

Pascal yavuze ibyo yumvanye abandi (hearsay) [275] Ibijyanye n’uko ibyo umuntu yabwiwe cyangwa yumvanye abandi bishobora kwemerwa mu rukiko, uru Rukiko rwabitanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/Gén00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 25/7/2023 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68), aho rwemeje ko “ububasha bw’Urukiko bwo gusuzuma mu bwigenge no mu bushishozi bwarwo ibimenyetso byose rwashyikirijwe, harebwe na none intego y’amategeko y’ibimenyetso (objectif du droit de la preuve) yo gushakisha ukuri, Inkiko zemera ibimenyetso biziguye (preuve indirecte) cyangwa ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire (preuve par ouï-dire) iyo byizewe, bivuze ko ari ihame ko ubuhamya butaziguye cyangwa ubuhamya buziguye bwemewe iyo bushyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso bituma bwizerwa”. [276] Ibyo bihuye kandi n’ibyemejwe mu rubanza No ICTR-98-42-A TPIR/ICTR, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline n’abandi (igika cya 824), urwo Rukiko rwemeje ku bijyanye n’ikimenyetso gishingiye ku byumvanywe abandi (amabwire/hearsay), ko Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rufite

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ubwigenge (discretion) bwo gushingira kuri icyo kimenyetso mu bushishozi bwarwo97. Uru rubanza kimwe n’izindi nyinshi zaciwe n’urwo Rugereko98, ndetse n’urwavuzwe haruguru rwa Twahirwa François zigaragagaza ko gushingira ku mabwire bikorwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko, bigashingirwaho mu gihe ibyumviswe mu mabwire bishyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso. [277] Dosiye igaragaza ko ubwo Murangwa Pascal yabazwaga mu Bugenzacyaha99 , yavuze ko hari bariyeri ku Ndatemwa ariho ku mangazini,nabantu bakaba baravugaga ko abari bayifiteho ubukana harimo Nsengimana Eugène, Mbarushimana Emmanuel, Sebuhinja Straton alias Rumwaga (Rwakimwanga) na Nuwayo Déo alias Kigango; ko iyo bariyeri yaguyeho abantu benshi barimo Vénuste wari umufundi, Kamayugi, Muligande, Pascal alias Karashya n'abandi. [278] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibi Murangwa Pascal yavuze, koko ari ibyo yumvanye abandi, ariko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, bishyigikirwa n’ubuhamya bwa KMI n'amakuru yatanzwe na KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse, babwiye Urukiko Rukuru ko Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa barimo Murigo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent, Kamayugi Félicien n’abandi. Bityo, hashingiwe ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu manza za Twahirwa François, Nyiramasuhuko Pauline n’abandi, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze gushingira ku buhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal kuko ibyo yavuze bihura n’ibyavugiwe mu

Rukiko na Musabyimana Tharcisse na KMH n’ubuhamya bwa KMI, iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kumenya niba Murangwa Pascal yahamagazwa kuri uru rwego [279] Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko Urukiko ruhamagaza umutangabuhamya mu rubanza, cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA0101/09/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 09/03/2012 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel (igika cya 9), ko “Urukiko rudategetswe gukora iperereza cyangwa se kubaza abatangabuhamya iyo rwumva ibimenyetso rwashyikirijwe bihagije kandi n’ababuranyi bahawe umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho.” Uyu ni nawo murongo ukomeje gukoreshwa kuri icyo kibazo mu manza nyinshi100. [280] Ku byerekeranye na Murangwa Pascal nk’uko byamaze gusobanurwa, inyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwe mu Bushinjacyaha, yahawe agaciro kuko nta nenge ifite kandi ibyo yavuze bishyigikiwe n’ubundi buhamya bwatangiwe mu Rukiko bwa KMI n'amakuru yatanzwe na KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse kandi bavugurujwe na Mbarushimana. [281] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wagaragajwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel, rurasanga kuba hari inyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal, hakaba n’ubuhamya bwa KMI n'amakuru yatanzwe na KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse bibishyigikira, atari ngombwa ko Murangwa Pascal ahamagarwa nk’umutangabuhamya muri uru Rukiko, kuko ibimenyetso rwashyikirijwe bihagije kandi Mbarushimana yahawe umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho, ibyo asaba ko Murangwa Pascal ahamagarwa kuri uru rwego bikaba nta shingiro bifite. Ku bijyanye n’uko hari ubuhamya bwa MUSABYIMANA Tharcisse bushinjura MBARUSHIMANA butahawe agaciro

97 “The Appeals Chamber recalls that the Trial Chamber has the discretion to consider cautiously andrely on hearsay evidence.” ICTR-98-42-A, NYIRAMASUHUKO et al. (Butare), Appeal Judgement, 14/12/2015, Par.824. 98 Urubanza rwa Nizeyimana, igika cya 95; urwa Munyakazi, igika cya 77; urwa Kalimanzira, igika cya 96; etc. 99 Inyandikomvugoya MURANGWAPascal yo ku wa 24/09/2014 (cote 379-380 za dosiyeyo mu Bushinjacyaha.) 100 Urugero: Urubanza Nº RPA 00103/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/02/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na MUTIGANDA Thierry na bagenzi be (igika cya 55); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00095/2023/CA, rwa ciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/09/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NDARUHUTSE Ezeckiel n’undi (igika cya 39); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00254/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/01/2025 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na TUYISHIME Viateur (igika cya 22); n’izindi.

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[282] Kuri iyi ngingo, Urukiko rurasuzuma niba ubuhamya bwa Musabyimana Tharcisse bushinjura Mbarushimana, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwarabwirengagije. [283] Ibijyanye no kumenya agaciro gahabwa imvugo z’abatangabuhamya mu manza nk’ikimenyetso byatanzweho umurongo n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 25/7/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68), rwemeza ko “…,Urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme ubuhamya bukwiye guhabwa”101. [284] Mu rubanza rujuririrwa, igika 79, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze mu makuru Musabyimana Tharcisse yaruhaye, avuga ko yumvise ko kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa hiciwe Abatutsi barimo Muligande na Vénuste. [285] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa (Côte ya 951-981) igaragaza inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 21/09/2016, aho Urukiko Rukuru rwumvise Musabyimana Tharcisse nk’utanga amakuru mu rubanza rwa Mbarushimana, avuga ku byerekeranye na bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ko yabonye iyo bariyeri kandi yabonye Mbarushimana kuri iyo bariyeri na Rwakimwanga na Rupari, ariko akaba yarumvise mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca bavuga ko yari iyobowe na Rwakimwanga na Rupari, anumva ko abayiciweho bishwe n’igitero cyahagurutse kijya i Kabuye. Yavuze ko uruhare rwa Mbarushimana muri jenoside ntarwo azi, ko ntacyo yaruvugaho bitewe n’uko yagarutse i Kabuye mu kwezi kwa Kamena 1994 ; ko muri ukwo kwezi

yamubonye ari kuri moto n’undi mugabo wari ufite imbunda bajya ku Gisagara, nta kindi kintu amuziho yaba yarakoze. Mu bari bafunganywe na Musabyimana Tharcisse muri gereza babaga ku Ndatemwa, yavuze ko ari KMI, KMH na Niyongira. [286] Urukiko rurasanga ubuhamya bwa Musanyimana Tharcisse bugaragajwe haruguru, bushinja Mbarushimana kuba yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yiciweho Abatutsi barimo Vénuste na Murigande, ariko Musabyimana Tharcisse akavuga ko nta ruhare azi rwa Mbarushimana muri jenocide, akaba rero atamushinjura nk’uko Mbarushimana ashaka kubyumvukanisha, cyane cyane ko imvugo ye ihura n’iya KMI, KMH na Murangwa Pascal. [287] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza Nº RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, rurasanga kuba Musabyimana Tharcisse yaravuze ko yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yiciweho Abatutsi ariko akanavuga ko ntacyo azi ku ruhare rwe muri jenoside, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba rwarahaye agaciro imvugo ye ishinja Mbarushimana ntirwite kubyo Musabyimana Tharcisse yavuze ko ntacyo azi ku ruhare rwe, nta kosa urwo Rukiko rwakoze kuko ari rwo rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo icyizere cyangwa ireme ubuhamya bukwiye guhabwa. [288] Rurasanga rero imiburanire ya Mbarushimana y’uko Musabyimana Tharcisse yavuze ko ntacyo azi ku ruhare rwe muri jenoside ititaweho kandi imushinjura nta

shingiro ifite, kuko imvugo y’uko yabonye Mbarushimana kuri iyo bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yiciweho abatutsi, n’iy’uko yumvise ko iyo bariyeri yari iyobowe na Rwakimwanga na RUPARI, arizo zifite ireme kandi zikwiye kwemerwa n’Urukiko kuko zishyigikiwe n’ubuhamya bwa KMI, KMH na Murangwa Pascal bwavuzwe haruguru, ubujurire bwe kuri ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Ku bijyanye no kongera guhamagaza KMH, KMI, KMK, KMJ na MUSABYIMANA Tharcisse kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na MBARUSHIMANA [289] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba KMH, KMI, KMK, KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana nk’abatanze

101 Uyu murongo urukiko rwawufashe rusesengura ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko no15/2004 ryo ku wa 19/07/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ihura neza n’ingingo 53 y’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetsoiteganya ko “Urwego rufite ububasha rusuzumaukwemerwa cyangwa ukutemerwa n’agaciro by’ikimenyetso gishingiye ku buhamya. Ntirwita ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rwita cyane ku bumenyi bw’ibyabaye noku budakemwa bw’ubuhamya batanga”.

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ubuhamya Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho rumuhamya icyaha cya jenoside kubera uruhare yagize mu rupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo kuri Ndatemwa. [290] Nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA rwavuzwe haruguru rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François ndetse no mu rubanza No ICTR-95-1-A rwaciwe na TPIR/ICTR ku wa 04/12/2001, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire, haburana Ubushinjacyaha, Kayishema Clément na Ruzindana Obed (igika cya 177), uwajuriye afite inshingano yo kugaragaza icyo anenga imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe, agaragaza niba hari ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye cyangwa amakosa yo mu rwego rw’amategeko yatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi ku buryo byatuma icyemezo cyarwo gita agaciro. [291] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza ko Mbarushimana n’abamwunganiraga bahawe umwanya, bavuguruza ubuhamya bwatanzwe na KMH102, KMI103 , KMJ104, KMK105 na Musabyimana Tharcisse106. [292] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru za Twahirwa François, Kayishema Clément na Ruzindana Obed, rurasanga inshingano y’uru Rukiko ari ugukosora amakosa yakozwe ku rwego rwa mbere yerekeranye n’ikosa ku mategeko cyangwa ikosa ku byabaye, uwajuriye akaba agomba kwerekana ko mu rubanza ajuririra Urukiko rwibeshye mu mategeko cyangwa ku byabaye. [293] Rurasanga uburenganzira Mbarushimana asaba bwo

kuvuguruza KMH, KMI, KMJ, KMK na Musabyimana Tharcisse yarabuhawe kandi arabukoresha mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rufata icyemezo hashingiwe ku itegeko n’urubanza byavuzwe haruguru, icyo yakabaye anenga akaba ari uko Urukiko rwibeshye mu mategeko cyangwa ku byabaye bishingiye ku buhamya batanze cyangwa amakuru bahaye urukiko. [294] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero nta mpamvu yo kongera guhamagaza KMH, KMI, KMJ, KMK na Musabyimana Tharcisse kugira ngo bavuguruzanye (cross-examination) na Mbarushimana kubera ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa yabavuguruje kandi akaba ntacyo anenga urubanza rujuririrwa ku bijyanye n’ibyakozwe muri uko kuvuguruzanya uretse gusa gusaba kongera kubisubiramo, bityo akaba atari ngombwa kongera kubahamagaza muri uru Rukiko. [295] Ibyo ni nako byemejwe na TPIR/ICTR mu rubanza rwitiriwe Butare No ICTR- 98-42-A rwaciwe na ICTR ku wa 14/12/2015, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nyiramasuhuko Pauline n’abandi, aho mu gika cya 115, Urukiko rwasanze Nyiramasuhuko Pauline ku rwego rwa mbere yarahawe umwanya wo kuvuguruza abitwa Reyntjens na Karemano nk’abatangabuhamya kandi akaba atarigeze asaba undi mwanya wo gukomeza kuvuguruzanya nabo cyangwa kongera kubahamagaza kuri urwo rwego ngo abyangirwe; bityo rwemeza ko Nyiramasuhuko Pauline atagaragaza uburyo kuba Urugereko rwa Mbere rw'Iremezo rushingiye ku bimenyetso by’ubuhamya bwabo batangabuhamya byahungabanyije uburenganzira bwe k’ubutabera buboneye107.

102 Reba inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/09/2016 (côte ya 910-927). 103 Inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryoku wa 20/09/2016 (Côte 933-950). 104 Inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryoku wa 25/07/2016 (Cote 854_873). 105 Inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryoku wa 22/11/2016 (Cote 1171_1190). 106 Inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryoku wa 21/09/2016 (Côte 955-963). 107 “In the instant case, the evidence of Witnesses Reyntjens and Karemano uponwhich the Trial Chamber relied was already part of the Prosecution case‑in-chief and was only accepted as corroborative of Prosecution evidence. The record shows that Nyiramasuhuko was also afforded the opportunity to cross‑examine these witnesses at length and Nyiramasuhuko does not show that she requested further cross-examination, recall, or the presentation of rejoinder evidence. Accordingly, Nyiramasuhuko does not demonstrate how the Trial Chamber’s reliance on this evidence violated her fair trial rights or caused her prejudice.” Case No ICTR-98-42-A, NYIRAMASUHUKO Pauline et al v. The prosecutor, Appeal Judgement, 14/12/2015, par.115.

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Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois kandi zari kumushinjura [296] Kuri iyi ngingo Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru kuba rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zimushinjura zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois z’abatangabuhamya babajijwe ziri muri dosiye yavuye muri Denmark, aho yaturutse yoherezwa kuburanishirizwa mu Rwanda. Bavuga ko izo nyandikomvugo ari iza KMK, Nyabyenda Patrice, Ngayaberura Déo, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuriryayo François, Sindayigaya Bertin, Mungwarakarama Ferdinand, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Gatore Innocent, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere Augustin na Ntawukuriryayo Chrisologue ; bahuriza kuba baravuze ko batabonye Mbarushimana ajya kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa. Naho abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bakavuga ko izo nyandikomvugo zifite inenge zatumye zidashingirwaho mu rubanza rujuririrwa kuko zitagaragaza ko abo batangabuhamya barahiye mbere yo kubazwa, ndetse nta n’imikono yabo iriho. [297] Mu rubanza RPA/GEN00001/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/07/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twagirayezu Wenceslas (igika cya 184,), uru Rukiko rwatanze umurongo ko urukiko rutagombaga gushingira ku byo umutangabuhamya yabwiye Polisi ya Denmark kuko abivuga atarahiye, n’uwamusemuriraga nawe atarahiye mbere yo gutangira akazi, ndetse umutangabuhamya akaba

ataranasabwe gushyira umukono ku nyandiko yakozwe; ku bw’ibyo inyandiko ikubiyemo ibyo yavugiye muri Polisi ya Denmark ikaba itujuje ibyangombwa bituma igira agaciro nk’ikimenyetso cyemewe. [298] Ibyo ni nako byemejwe mu rubanza RPA/GEN00005/2021/CA – CBM RPA/GEN 00006/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 13/12/2024, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Iyamuremye Jean Claude bita NZINGA, aho Urukiko rwasanze (igika cya 36) inyandikomvugo (procѐs verbaux) ziri mu rurimi rw’Igiholandi, zahinduwe mu cyongereza, mu gifaransa, ndetse harimo n’izahinduwe mu Kinyarwanda, bigaragara ko zakozwe n’abakoraga iperereza bo mu gihugu cy’Ubuholandi ku biganiro bagiranye n’abatangabuhamya; rwemeza ko kuba ababajijwe batarazishyizeho imikono no kuba umwimerere wazo uri mu rurimi rw’igiholandi kandi ibikubiyemo byaranditswe mu buryo bw’incamake, ku buryo hatamenyekana niba ibizikubiyemo bihuje n’ibyavuzwe n’ababajijwe ndetse n’ibyasemuwe, zitafatwa nk’inyandikomvugo z’umutangabuhamya, kuko zitujuje ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 51 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru108. [299] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa (côtes 2088 - 2319) igaragaza inyandikomvugo za KMK, Nyabyenda Patrice, Ngayaberura Déo, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuriryayo François, Sindayigaya Bertin, Mungwarakarama Ferdinand, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Gatore Innocent, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere

Augustin na Ntawukuriryayo Chrisologue ziri mu rurimi rw’iki Danois, ruvugwa mu gihugu cya Denmark. Izi nyandikomvugo zose zihuriye ku nenge yo kuba nta mikono n’indahiro biriho by’abamaze kuvugwa n’abakozi b’urwego rwababajije. Igaragaza kandi ko ntacyo izo nyandiko zavuzweho ku buryo bw’umwihariko mu rubanza rujuririrwa. [300] Urukiko rw’Ubujurure rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru (urwa Twagirayezu Wenceslas n’urwa Iyamuremye Jean Claude), rurasanga n’ubwo izo nyandikomvugo zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois zitasuzumwe by’umwihariko mu rubanza rujuririwa, nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze kuko n’iyo ruzisuzuma rutari kuzishingiraho kubera ko zitariho imikoro y’ababajijwe, abababajije n’indahiro zabo, byerekana ko zinyuranyije n’amategeko, kubw’ibyo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite.

108 Urubanza N° RPA/GEN 00005/2021/CA – CBM RPA/GEN 00006/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 13/12/2024, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Iyamuremye Jean Claude bita Nzinga (igika cya 36, 39 & 42). NB : Iyo ingingo ya 51 iteganya ibikurikira : “Buri rupapuro rw’inyandikomvugo rushyirwaho umukono n’Umugenzacyaha cyangwa Umushinjacyaha n’uwabajijwe. Uwabajijwe asabwa gusoma imvugo ye uko yanditswe nyuma akayishyiraho umukono cyangwa igikumwe iyo ayemeye. Iyo atazi gusoma, baramusomera. Iyo yanze cyangwa adashobora gushyiraho umukonocyangwa igikumwe, byandikwamu nyandikomvugo.”

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Kumenya niba hari abatangabuhamya bashya bahamagazwa mu bujuririre [301] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru mu miburanire, kuri iyi ngingo Mbarushimana asaba uru Rukiko guhamagaza bwa mbere mu bujurire Nyabyenda Patrice, Ngayaberura Deo, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuriryayo François, Sindayigaya Bertin, Mungwarakarama Ferdinand, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Gatore Innocent, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere Augustin, Ntawukuriryayo Chrisologue, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel, Nsabimana Laurent, Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera na KMK, Ubushinjacyaha bukavuga ko yahawe umwanya wo kubahamagaza ku rwego rwa mbere ntabahamagaze, ko rero yivukije ayo mahirwe. [302] Kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire, harasuzumwa niba Mbarushimana yarahawe amahirwe yo guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bamushijura ntayakoreshe n’inkurikizi zabyo. [303] Ingingo ya 14, igika cya mbere, 10o, y’Itegeko Nº 47/2013 ryo kuwa 16/06/2013 rigena kwimurira imanza muri Repubulika y’u Rwanda iteganya ko ‘‘Bitabangamiye ubundi burenganzira butangwa n’amategeko yo mu Rwanda arimo Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003, nk’uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu, amategeko yerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha mu Rwanda n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki, nk’uko yemejwe n’Itegeko-teka N° 08/75 ryo ku wa 12

Gashyantare 1975, uregwa mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda ruvuye muri TPIR, mu Rwego cyangwa mu bindi bihugu uregwa mu rubanza rwimuriwe mu Rwanda afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushinjura kandi bakabazwa mu buryo bumwe n’ubw’abamushinja.’’ [304] Ingingo ya 18 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko Umushinjacyaha n’uregwa bafite bombi uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu gihe hari imwe cyangwa zose mu mpamvu zikurikira : ‘‘1º ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko gutuma icyo cyemezo gita agaciro; 2º ukwibeshya gushingiye ku byabaye kwatumye urubanza rucibwa nabi.’’ [305] Naho Ingingo ya 125 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, igika cya 4, mu gace ka 5 o,6 o,7 o &10 o igateganya ko ‘‘bimwe mu bisuzumirwa mu iburanisha ry’ibanze ari ibikurikira: 5º ibijyanye n’umubare w’abatangabuhamya, icyo bakeneweho n’aho baherereye n’uburyo buzakoreshwa mu kubumva; 6º kwemeza abatangabuhamya bakwiye kurindirwa umutekano no gushyiraho ingamba zirindira umutekano ababyemerewe; 7º kwemeza umubare n’umwirondoro w’abatangabuhamya bazahamagazwa n’ubushinjacyaha n’abazahamagazwa n’uregwa; 10º kwemeza igihe buri ruhande rusaba kuzakoresha mu gusobanura buri ngingo no kumva abatangabuhamya barwo;’’ [306] Ingingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo

ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ibikurikira : “Ntibibujijwe ariko mu rwego rw’ubujurire gutanga ibisobanuro bishya cyangwa ibimenyetso bishya bigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere.’’109 [307] Izo ngingo zisomewe hamwe zumvikanisha ko mu manza nshinjabyaha uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushinjura kandi bakabazwa mu buryo bumwe n’ubw’abamushinja, bigakorwa mu iburanisha ry’ibanze ku rwego rwa mbere. Zumvikanisha kandi ko uburenganzira bwo kujuririra bugarukira ku kugaragaza ukwibeshya gushingiye ku ngingo y’itegeko cyangwa ku makosa y’ibyabaye kwatuma icyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru gita agaciro, bityo mu gihe uregwa adakoresheje

109 Iyi ngingoniyo Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bashingiraho basaba ko hari abatangabuhamya bwa mbere ku rwego r’ubujurire uru Rukiko rwahamagaza. Ibyo babihuza n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 264 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’ukoryahinduwe kugeza ubu iteganya ko ‘‘Ku bindi bidateganyijwe muri iri tegeko bijyanye n’imiburanishirize, hakurikizwa itegeko rigenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, keretse mu gihe amahame ateganywa n’iryo tegeko adashobora gukoreshwa mu miburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha.’’

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uburenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya ku rwego rwa mbere mu iburanisha ry’ibanze, akaba adashobora gukoresha ubwo burenganzira ku rwego rw’ubujurire kuko bitaba ari inenge y’urubanza ajuririra, keretse mu gihe agaragaje impamvu itigobotorwa zatumye adatanga abatangabuhamya kuri urwo rwego. Cyokora ku muburanyi wahawe uburenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya ku rwego rwa mbere ntabatange, akabyibutswa mu buryo bweruye ariko ntabatange, nta rundi rwitwazo ashobora gushingiraho asaba kubazana ku rwego rw’ubujurire. [308] Ibyo bivuze ko mu rubanza nshinjabyaha ku rwego rw’ubujurire, ihame ari uko hagomba gusuzumwa ibyaburanweho ku rwego rwa mbere n’ibimenyetso byahatangiwe kuko inshingano y’urukiko rw’Ubujurire ari ugukosora inenge ziri mu rubanza rujuririrwa, aho kuburanisha urubanza bundi bushya mu mizi rusuzuma bwa mbere ibimenyetso bishya. Ibi binahura n’ibyemejwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ndetse na TPIR (Urugereko rw’ubujurire) mu rubanza ICTR- 99-52-A rwaciwe ku wa 20/06/2006 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Hassan Ngeze n’abandi. [309] Muri urwo rubanza, Hassan Ngeze yasabye Urukiko kumwemerera gutanga umutangabuhamya mushya ariwe Kaporari Habimana, anasaba kwemererwa kubaza Nzakunda na Tumwesige bahoze bakora iperereza ry’uregwa (former defense investigators). Mu gika cya 4 cy’urubanza, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rutaburanisha

urubanza bundi bushya (trial de novo), kandi ko rudashobora gufatwa nk’amahirwe y’umuburanyi yo gukemura ibitarakozwe mu gihe cy’iperereza cyangwa mu rubanza ku rwego rwa mbere; kubw’ibyo ko iperereza rigomba gukorwa mu gihe kibanziriza urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’igihe cy’urubanza kuri urwo rwego (during the pre-trial and trial stages), aribwo ibimenyetso bitangwa110. [310] Muri urwo rubanza rwa Hassan Ngeze, Urukiko ariko rwashyizeho irengayobora ku bimaze kuvugwa, rwemeza ko ibimenyetso bishya (harimo n’abatangabuhamya), bishobora kwakirwa mu bujurire gusa mu gihe byujuje ibintu bitandukanye nko kuba bitarashoboraga kuboneka mu gihe cy’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa (not available at the trial); bijyanye n’ikiburanwa (relevance) ; byizewe (credible)111. [311] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza ko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 18/04/2016, Urukiko Rukuru rwimuriye iburanisha ku wa 23/05/2016 kugira ngo Mbarushimana n’abavoka bageze ku rukiko ibyavuye mu iperereza bazaba bakoze. Igaragaza ko icyo gihe bahawe, Me Twagirayezu Christophe (wari warashyizweho kunganira Mbarushimana) yabwiye Urukiko ko yahuye n’imbogamizi zo kugera kuri “terrain” akabura abantu [abatangabuhamya] na telefone zabo, asaba kongererwa ibyumweru 2 kugira ngo ashake imyirondoro yabo ayishyikirize urukiko. Urukiko rwimuriye iburanisha ku wa 31/05/2016 kugira ngo uwo Avoka azavuge ibyavuye mu iperereza,

rwemeza ko umwanzuro wabyo wazaza nyuma y’uko atanze urutonde rw’Abatangabuhamya akarushyikiriza Urukiko, Mbarushimana n’Ubushinjacyaha112. [312] Umunsi wo gusubukura urubanza ku wa 31/05/2016 ugeze, Me Twagirayezu Christophe yabwiye Urukiko ko nyuma yo kuganira na Mbarushimana, yasanze ibikubiye muri raporo y’iperereza bakoze bitamufasha nk’ibimenyetso bimushinjura, bityo basanga batayiha urukiko kuko bitari mu nyungu za Mbarushimana. Uyu nawe yemereye imbere y’urukiko ko ibyo Me Twagirayezu Christophe avuze ariko byagenze.113 Ku munsi w’iburanisha wakurikiye (ku wa 06/06/2016) Mbarushimana yasabye ko yazagaragarizwa urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya b’Ubushinjacyaha bazarindirwa umutekano n’abazatanga

110 “The Appeals Chamber recalls that an appeal pursuant to Article 24 of the Statute of the Tribunal ("Statute") is not a trial de now: and and cannot be viewed as an opportunity to remedy any "failures or oversights" by a party during the pre-trial and trial phases.5 For these reasons, investigations should be carried out during the pre-trial and trial stages.” ICTR-99-52-A, Decision on appellant Hassan NGEZE's motions for approvalof further investigations on specific information relating to the additional evidence of potential witnesses, par.4. 111 “The Appeals Chamber must find that the additional evidence was not available at trial and is relevant and, credible." Idem, par.5. 112 Reba dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, cote 598. 113 Idem, cote 603.

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ubuhamya bwabo mu ruhame, bikazamufasha kwitegura neza114. Ku wa 02/03/2017, mu iburanisha Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ibyasabwaga na Mbarushimana ku birebana no gusubira ku cyemezo kimusaba gutanga abatangabuhamya bamushijura nta shingiro bifite115. [313] Ibimaze kuvugwa bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana, ku wa 31/05/2016 Urukiko Rukuru rwatanze umwanya wo kugira ngo Abavoka bari bahawe kumwunganira bakore iperereza, nyuma batange urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya yifuza ko bakumvwa mu rubanza rwe, ndetse basaba no kongererwa igihe baragihabwa, ariko bigizwemo uruhare na Mbarushimana ubwe, urwo rutonde ntibarutanga kubera ko yavuze ko ababonetse bose kubatanga mu Rukiko bitari mu nyungu ze. [314] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta kigaragaza ko abatangabuhamya Mbarushimana asaba ko bahamagazwa bwa mbere mu bujurire, batashoboraga kuboneka mu gihe cy’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa (not available at the trial). Rurasanga ahubwo nk’uko dosiye ibigaragaza Mbarushimana ari we wivukijwe amahirwe yo gutanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya muri urwo rubanza, kuko yabwiye Urukiko ko bitari mu nyungu ze, ahubwo asaba urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya b’Ubushinjacyaha kugira ngo bimufashe kwitegura neza kuburana. [315] Ibijyanye no kuba umuburanyi yarahawe amahirwe yo guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bamushijure ntayakoreshe, uru Rukiko rwanabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza RPA00001/2019/CA rwaciwe ku wa 27/12/2019

haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Rtd. Brig. Gen. Frank Kanyambo Rusagara n’abandi (igika cya 39) aho rwemeje ko kuba abaregwa barahawe uburenganzira bwo kuzana abatangabuhamya babashinjura, ariko bakaba batarabazanye, ahubwo Urukiko rukaba rwarumvise abatangabuhamya rwari rwatumije, bigaragara ko urwo Rukiko rutasumbanishije ababuranyi nk’uko abo baregwaga bashaka kubyumvikanisha. [316] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri uwo murongo, rurasanga kuba Mbarushimana yarahawe uburenganzira bwo kuzana abatangabuhamya bamushinjura ariko ntabazane ku rwego rwa mbere, ahubwo agahitamo gusaba urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya b’Ubushinjacyaha kugira ngo bimufashe kwitegura neza kuburana, Urukiko Rukuru rukamuburanisha rushingiye ku batangabuhamya rwari rwatumije, bigaragara ko ubwe yivukije amahirwe yo gutanga abatangabuhamya asaba ko bahamagazwa bwa mbere ku rwego rw’ubujurire. [317] Rurasanga kandi ibyo avuga ko yangiwe gutanga abatangabuhamya mu buryo bumwe n’Ubushinjacyaha kubera ko atemerewe abafasha mu iperereza (enquêteurs) n’aba Avoka (yihitiyemo) bitafatwa nk’imbogamizi zamubujije gutanga urwo rutonde rw’abatangabuhamya, cyane cyane ko n’abo abavoka be bari babonye, Mbarushimana n’abamwunganira bafashe icyemezo cyo kutabashyikiriza Urukiko kuko bavuze ko basanze ubuhamya bwabo butari mu nyungu ze. Ikindi kandi, ntiyakwitwaza kuba ataremerewe abafasha mu iperereza (enquêteurs) n’aba Avoka

(yihitiyemo) nk’imbogamizi zamubujije gutanga urwo rutonde rw’abatangabuhamya kuko uru Rukiko rwasanze atabemerewe116, nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru. [318] Rurasanga kandi kudahamagaza bwa mbere abatangabuhamya bashya kuri uru rwego, bitatuma hadatangwa ubutabera (amount to a miscarriage of justice) kuko muri uru rubanza harimo abatangabuhamya bahagije bumviswe ku rwego rwa mbere, bashobora gutuma uru Rukiko ruca urubanza ruboneye. Bityo ibyo Mbarushimana asaba ko abatangabuhamya bagaragajwe haruguru bahamagazwa bwa mbere kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire bikaba nta shingiro bifite. [319] Ku byerekeranye n’ingingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 yavuzwe haruguru, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bashingiraho basaba ko hahamagazwa abatangabuhamya bashya

114 Idem, Cote 631. 115 Idem, Cote 1338. 116 Reba igika cya 50 na 51 by’ururubanza haruguru.

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mu bujurire, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibiteganywa n’iyo ngingo byumvikanisha ko ibimenyetso bishya bitabujijwe gutangwa ku rwego rw’ubujurire ari ibigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyari byaraburanishijwe mu rwego rwa mbere, atari ibitaraburanishijwe kuri urwo rwego, bityo gusaba guhamagaza abatangabuhamya ataburanishije kuri urwo rwego, kandi ari we ubwe wivukije amahirwe yo kubageza mu Rukiko bikaba nta shingiro bifite. [320] Ku byerekeye KMK, uyu mutangabuhamya yarahamagajwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa, atanga ubuhamya arindiwe umutekano kandi Mbarushimana ahabwa umwanya wo kumuvuguruza, bityo akaba atari ngombwa ko ahamagazwa nk’umutangabuhamya mushya mu bujurire, mu gihe ubuhamya bwe yabutanze ku rwego rwa mbere. IBIJYANYE N’URUPFU RW’ABO MU MURYANGO W’ABASA Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [321] Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru kuba rwaramuhamije kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa rushingiye ku buhamya bwa Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa, KMD na KMG, rudasesenguye bihagije ngo rubuhuze n’ubundi buhamya buri muri dosiye yasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda mu nyandiko zakuwe mu ki Danois. [322] Bavuga ko kuri KMG, banenga ko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwe kandi yaravuze ibyo yumvise, ko uwo umutangabuhamya yahoze mu Nyangamugayo z’Inkiko Gacaca (aca imanza), ari naho yakuye ayo makuru yahaye urukiko, bityo ko atari yujuje ibitegenywa

n’itegeko rigenga ibimenyetso ku byerekeye umuntu ugomba gutanga ubuhamya mu Rukiko. [323] Kuri Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa, bavuga ko mu ibazwa rye yavuze ko ubwo bari ku kabari yacururizagaho, abantu bari kumwe bashatse kwica abo mu muryango w'Abasa (barimo Gatambiye, Girukwayo Jean, Kambanda Gaspard, Thomas, Bugirushaka Pascal na Matabaro) na Nzajyibwami Pierre wari umuturanyi wabo ntibabyumvikanaho, maze atuma Nyabyenda Patrice kuri Mbarushimana wari ku Ndatemwa kugira ngo amubaze icyo bakora, maze amusubiza mu nyandiko yahaye Nyabyenda Patrice na Kagabari ngo babazane bige ikibazo cyabo, bahabagejeje bahasanga Mbarushimana wari kumwe na Nuwayo Déo na Tharcisse, barabahasiga, bagarutse basanga bapfuye; ko nyuma yumvise uwitwa Mutabaruka Diyonizi avuga ko bari babagiriye imbabazi, ko bishwe na Nuwayo Déo bita Kigango, Mbarushimana ahari. [324] Kuri ubwo buhamya bwa Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru kuba rwarabushingiyeho rudatumije Nyabyenda Patrice ngo yumvwe by’amashirakinyoma nk’uwahawe urwandiko rusaba Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa kujyana Abasa ku Ndatemwa. [325] Bakomeza bavuga ko abandi bari kumwe na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa abayoboye mu bitero, bemeza ko uyu ari we wanditse urupapuro akaruha Nyabyenda Patrice ngo arushyire conseiller Sindikubwabo Isaïe ku Ndatemwa, kandi ko bamwe mu bahigwaga

bakijijwe n’uko banyuze kwa Mbarushimana, akabagira inama yo kutajya ku Ndatemwa, kuko yari mu rugo iwe Twarubona, atari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndetemwa kandi ko atagize uruhare mu rupfu rw’abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa. [326] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa KMD bwo ku wa 30/09/2016 (ibika bya 27-28 by’urubanza rwajuririrwa) wemeje ko iby’urupapuro (urwandiko) rwavuzwe haruguru yabyumvise bivugwa kandi atazi iby’urupfu rw’Abasa n’uruhare Mbarushimana yabigizemo ; ko Ubushinjacyaha bwamubeshyeye, binyuranye n’ibyemejwe n’Urukiko mu gika cya 82-87, 145 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. [327] Bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ibimenyetso rwari rufite muri dosiye birimo inyandikomvugo zari mu ki Danois, zirimo ubuhamya bwa KMK, Nyabyenda Patrice, Hishamunda François,

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Nyandwi Joseph, Ngendahimana Théoneste, Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Ngayaberura Déo, Gatore Innocent n’abandi bavuguruza ubuhamya bwashigiweho Mbarushimana ahamwa n’ibyaha, ko iyo urwo Rukiko rutabyirengagiza rutari kumuhamya kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa. [328] Bakomeza bavuga ko muri izo Nyandiko zirengagijwe, ubuhamya buri kuri côte 2157 - 2160, bwa Hishamunda François, umuturanyi wa Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa, akaba umwe mu bahigwaga, nawe yavuze ko Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa yanditse urupapuro aruha Nyabyenda Patrice amusaba kurushyira Sikubwabo Isaie (wari conseiller wa Segiteri) ngo amumenyeshe ko Hishamunda François yarwanyije ko Abatutsi bicwa. Bakomeza bavuga ko muri izo nyandikomvugo kuri côtes 1064, 1070, 1090 ubuhamya bwa Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa ubwe yagize ati « ... ntabwo Mbarushimana yari abizi ; amabwiriza nayahabwaga na Sindikubwabo Vianney ». [329] Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira bavuga ko kuba abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa bariciwe ku Ndatemwa, bitavuga ko Mbarushimana ariwe wabishe cyangwa ko hari uruhare yagize mu rupfu rwabo, cyane cyane ko abatangabuhamya badahuriza ku ruhare rwe ku rupfu rwabo. Basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kubyerekeranye n’urupfu rw’abo mu muryango w’Abasa guhamagaza abatangabuhamya Bakurikira : Nyabyenda Patrice, Hishamunda François, Nyandwi Joseph (Josaphate mu Ki

Danois), Nduwimana Félicien na Kalinda Callixte kuko bakwiye kumvwa nk’abari mu gitero bose cyajyanye Abasa aho biciwe ; ndetse hakaba ivugurazanya ry’abashingiweho bashinja Mbarushimana urupfu rw’Abasa (KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa) nabo bagahamagazwa. [330] Bakomeza bavuga ko ubwo Nyabyenda Patrice yabazwaga ku byerekeranye n’urwandiko rwavuzwe haruguru, Mbarushimana yamuhaye ; Hishamunda François agasobanura uko urupfu rw’Abasa rwagenze kuko abizi yabibajijweho mu nyandikomvugo yasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda ivuye mu ki Danois, akanasobanura iby’uru rwandiko rwavuzwe n’ukuntu yabonye Mbarushimana Twarubona, akanamusanga ku Ndatemwa; Nyandwi Josephate nawe akaba yari mu bafashe Abasa mu gitero cya Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa, babajyana ku Ndatemwa. IMIBURANIRE Y’UBUSHINJACYAHA [331] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko Mbarushimana yahamijwe kuba yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri Bariyeri ku Ndatemwa nk’uko biri mu gika cya 87 cy’urubanza ajuririra ; ko ari we wabatumije bageze ku Ndatemwa baricwa. Bakomeza bavuga ko nk’uko bigaragara muri icyo gika, Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa avuga ko bashoreye abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa babashyira Mbarushimana ku Ndatemwa barabamusigira ari kumwe na Nduwayo, ababashoreye basubira guhiga abandi Batutsi. [332] Bavuga ko Mbarushimana atagaragaza inenge ubuhamya bwa KMD bufite. Ku

byerekeranye n’ubuhamya bwa Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa bugaragara mu gika cya 83 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko bugaragaza ko Mbarushimana ari we wanditse inyandiko itumiza abo mu muryango w’Abasa, ayiha Nyabyenda Patrice wayishyiriye Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa, ubwo buhamya Nsabimana Vincent yabutangiye imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru, nta cyabukuraho kuko nta wa bunyomoje. Bavuga kandi ko ubuhamya bwa Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa, bwashimangiwe n’ubwatanzwe na KMD mu Rukiko Rukuru kandi ko ibyo yavuze yari yaranabivuze kera mu nyandikomvugo y’ubwirege bwe yo ku wa 28/04/2003, ari nayo mpamvu Urukiko Rukuru rwabihaye agaciro kuko ntacyabivuguruje. [333] Ku binjyanye n’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwari gutumiza abandi batangabuhamya bavuzwe haruguru, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko bashingiye ko ngingo ya 8, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko rigenga kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda (Transfer law) abatangabuhamya mu rubanza nk’uru, bajya guhamya imbere y’Urukiko

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kandi ko Mbarushimana atigeze asaba ko bahamagazwa ngo avuge n’icyo bazaza gukora, bityo ko kuba batarahamagajwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa bitafatwa nk’ inenge muri urwo rubanza. [334] Bakomeza bavuga ko umugambi wo kwica Abatutsi wari umwe kuri Mbarushimana n’abandi bari kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa kandi ko nta kigaragaza ko atari kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa, ahubwo yari mu Twarubona nk’uko abivuga, ko nta kimenyetso na kimwe kivuguruza ibyashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru rumuhamya kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’abo mu muryango w’Abasa, kuko yari umufatanyacyaha (co-auteur) n’abari kuri iyo bariyeri ndetse ko n’iyo yari kuba ahahagaze gusa, Abatutsi bahanyuraga bakahicirwa, bihagije ngo ahamwe n’uruhare mu rupfu rwabo. [335] Ku bijyanye n’inyandikomvugo zari mu ki Danois, zasemuwe mu Kinyarwanda, Abashinjacyaha bavuga ko ku byo Hishamunda François yavuze (urupapuro rwa 2160 kuri izo nyandiko zahinduwe) yavuze ibintu bivangavanze, anyuranya ibintu avuga ko Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa ariwe wandikiye Mbarushimana urwandiko, ariko iyi mvugo ubwayo igaragariza Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko inyandiko yabayeho kandi ihamya ko Mbarushimana yari kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa. Bakomeza bavuga ko Hishamunda François yemeza ko yari mu bantu bari kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa kandi ko igikorwa cyo kubaza amakuru ku bijyanye nicyo bari bukoreshe Abasa cyabayeho. [336] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha banzura kuri iyi ngingo bavuga ko uretse kuba Mbarushimana yaraburanye ahakana kugira uruhare mu urupfu rw’abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa, nta bimenyetso bimushinjura yigeze atanga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [337] Imiburanire imaze kuvugwa igaragaza ko impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku bikurikira: Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMG na KMD butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro ; Kumenya niba KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana ku ruhare rwe mu rupfu rw’Abasa ; Kumenya niba Nyabyenda Patrice yaragombaga guhamagazwa nk’umutangabuhamya mu rubanza rujuririrwa kumenya niba yahamagazwa mu bujurire ; Kumenya niba Hishamunda François, Nyandwi Joseph na Nduwimana Félicien na Kalinda Callixte bakwiye guhamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya ; Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zishinjura Mbarushimana zari mu ki Danois. [338] Ibyerekeranye no kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zishinjura Mbarushimana zari mu ki Danois byarangije gufatwaho icyemezo muri uru rubanza117 uru Rukiko rwemeza ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze kutazishingiraho kubera ko zitubahirije amategeko, bityo bikaba atari ngombwa kubigarukaho, ahubwo harasuzumwa ibindi bibazo bisigaye byagaragajwe mu gika kibanziriza iki. Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMG na KMD butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko bushingiye ku mabwire no kumenya niba KMG atari yemerewe kuba umutangabuhamya Ku byerekeranye n’ubuhamya bushingiye ku mabwire [339] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru118, hashingiwe ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RPAA/Gén00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 25/7/2023 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Twahirwa François

117 Reba igika cya 296 kugeza 300 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 109_110). 118 Reba igika cya 275_278, urupapurorwa 102_103 rw’ururubanza haruguru.

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(igika cya 68) ndetse n’izindi manza nyinshi zaciwe na ICTR, Urugereko rw’Ubujurire119, gushingira ku mabwire bikorwa mu bushishozi bw’urukiko, bigahabwa agaciro mu gihe ibyumviswe mu mabwire bishyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso. [340] Mu gika cya 85 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu rupfu rw’abo mu muryango w’Abasa rushingiye ku makuru rwahawe na KMG y’uko mu ikusanyamakuru no mu gihe cy’Inkiko Gacaca yumvanye abiregaga ibyaha bya Jenoside bavuga ko Mbarushimana yahaye Nyabyenda Patrice urwandiko rusaba Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa kujyana abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, bahageze barabica. [341] Mu gika cya 84 na 86 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwasanze iby’urwo rwandiko byemezwa kandi na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa na KMD kuko basobanura neza uburyo Mbarushimana yatumye Nyabyenda Patrice kuri Nsabimana Vincent amusaba kuzana abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa kugira ngo bige ikibazo cyabo; rwasanze KMD na Nsabimana Vincent bahuriza kuba barashoreye abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa barimo Gatambiye, Girukwayo Jean, Gaspard Kambanda, Thomas, Bugirushaka Pascal, Matabaro na Nzajyibwami Pierre wari umuturanyi wabo, babajyana ku Ndatemwa babasigira Nuwayo alias Kigango, Muvunyi Tharcisse na Mbarushimana, nyuma yo kubabasigira abo bantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa baza kuhicirwa. [342] Dosiye

igaragaza ko KMG mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 07/11/2016, mu Rukiko Rukuru, yatanze amakuru ko Mbarushimana yanditse urwandiko rutumiza umuryango w’Abasa kuzanwa kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa ahitwaga ku Mangazini, urwo rwandiko aruha Nyabyenda Patrice.120 Ibyo avuga ko yabimenyeye mu ikusanyamakuru ry’Inkiko Gacaca ubwo Nyabyenda Patrice yabyivugiraga ko yashyiriye urwo rwandiko Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa, maze bazamura umuryango we (w’Abasa) bawujyana kuri iyo bariyeri ( Ndatemwa) barawuhicira.121 Abo bahiciwe KMG yavuze barimo Sekuru Girukwayo Jean, ise Gatambiye Tharcisse, Kambanda Gaspard, Thomas, Bugirushaka Pascal (bitaga Karahamuheto) bose bari ba se wabo na Nzajyibwami Pierre wari umuturanyi wabo122. [343] KMD mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 30/09/2016 mu rubanza rujuririrwa, yatanze ubuhamya ko yari mu gitero kirimo Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa, Muvunyi Bonifase, Nzabandora Vincent n’abandi benshi,123 bafata Abatutsi bo mu muryango w’Abasa barimo Nzajyibwami, Girukwayo, Pascal na Dioniziyo, ku munsi wa gatanu, ku isaha ya saa cyenda z’umugoroba (15:00h) babavana mu ngo zabo, barabashorera, babajyana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yari iri hagati ya komini Ndora na Muganza, bahageze babasigira Mbarushimana ari kumwe na Nduwayo Déo bita Kigango124. KMD yanavuze ko yumvanye Nsabimana Vincent ko abo mu muryango wa Abasa batumijwe na Mbarushimana mu rwandiko yahaye

Nyabyenda Patrice kugira ngo bazanwe kuri bariyeri ya NdatemwA125. [344] Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa nawe yatanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rujuririrwa ku wa 17/10/2016, (cote 1057), avuga ko mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa hagati ya komini Ndora na Muganza, ari kumwe na Nahayo Déo (hamwe havugwa Nduwayo Déo) na Tharcisse.126 Yavuze ko abantu batandatu (6)bo mu muryango w’Abasa bari iwe, bashaka kubica, atuma Nyabyenda Patrice kuri Mbarushimana kugira ngo amubwire icyo bakora, Mbarushimana aramusubiza mu rwandiko yahaye Nyabyenda Patrice ngo ni babazane barebe ikibazo cyabo127.

119 Urubanza rwa Nizeyimana, igika cya 95; urwa Munyakazi, igika cya 77; urwa Kalimanzira, igika cya 96; etc. 120 Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa Cote 1126. 121 Idem. Cote 1127. 122 Ibid. 123 Cote 988 & 997. 124 Idem. Cote 987. (Reba na cote 991). 125 Idem. Cote 991 126 Idem. Cote ya 1057 127 Idem, cote 1064

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[345] Yakomeje avuga ko babashyiriye Mbarushimana n’abo bari kumwe kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa, Mbarushimana amubwira ko yari azi ko ari Abahutu, bahamara iminota 30, barababasigira kuri iyo bariyeri, baza kwicwa; ko Mbarushimana ari we uzi iby’urupfu rwabo.128 Anavuga ko uretse abo mu muryango w’Abasa, kuri iyo bariye haniciwe Nzajyibwami se wa Nzeyimana, ko uwarokotse ari Mutabaruka Dioniziyo gusa bagiriye imbabazi129. [346] Hashingiwe ku murongo watanzwe haruguru ku byerekeranye n’agaciro k’ibimenyetso bishingiye ku mabwire, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga KMG ibyo yavuze yumvanye abandi ari ukuri kuko bishyigikiwe n’imvugo za KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa ubwabo bahamije ko bari mu gitero cyajyanye abo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa, bakabasigira abari kuri iyo bariyeri barimo na Mbarushimana wari wabatumije kugira ngo bahazanwe, bakaza kuhicirwa. Ku bw’ibyo rero, uru Rukiko rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze gushingira ku buhamya bwatanzwe na KMG, wavuze ibyo yumvanye abandi ku byerekeranye n’uruhare Mbarushimana yagize mu rupfu rw’Abasa. [347] Ku byerekeranye na KMD, Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, KMD yaravuze ibyo yahagazeho kuko avuga ko yari mu gitero cyavanye abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa mu ngo zabo bakabajyana kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa bakabasigira Mbarushimana na Nduwayo Déo bitaga Kigango bakahicirwa, ibyo Mbarushimana

avuga ko KMD yavuze ibyo yumvanye abandi, bikaba nta shingiro bifite. Ku bw’ibyo, n’ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Ku bijyanye n’uko KMG atari yemerewe kuba umutangabuhamya [348] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba KMG yarabaye inyangamugayo y’Inkiko Gacaca, bituma ataragombaga kuba umutangabuhamya mu rubanza rujuririrwa. [349] Icyo kibazo mu gika cya 111 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko ibyo Mbarushimana avuga ko abari inyangamugayo mu nkiko gacaca bataba abatangabuhamya kubera ko atari inyangamugayo cyangwa se ngo ubuhamya bwabo ngo bwizerwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko uwo ari we wese ashobora kumvwa nk’umutangabuhamya mu rukiko uretse abantu badafite ubushobozi bwo kuba abatangabuhamya mu nkiko kubera kutabasha kubara inkuru y’uko ibintu byagenze nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 63 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ikindi kandi urukiko akaba ari rwo rumenya niba ubuhamya bufite ingingo zikiranuye kandi zikaba zikwiye kwemerwa nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 65 y’iryo tegeko (Itegeko ryakoreshwaga ubwo uru rubanza rwacibwaga). [350] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ntacyo Mbarushimana anenga icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, ahubwo yongera kugarura imiburanire ye muri urwo Rukiko kandi yarafashweho icyemezo. [351] Hashingiwe ku murongo watanzwe mu manza zavuzwe

haruguru za Twahirwa François, Kayishema Clément na Ruzindana Obed130, rurasanga inshingano y’uru Rukiko ari ugukosora amakosa yakozwe ku rwego rwa mbere yerekeranye n’ikosa ku mategeko cyangwa ikosa ku byabaye, uwajuriye akaba agomba kwerekana ko mu rubanza ajuririra Urukiko rwibeshye mu mategeko cyangwa ku byabaye. Rurasanga rero kuba Mbarushimana ntacyo agaragaza anenga icyemezo cyavuzwe haruguru cy’Urukiko Rukuru, ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana

128 Idem, cote 1059 129 Idem, Cote 1058. 130 Reba igika cya 249 &250, urupapuro rwa 93 rw’uru rubanza haruguru.

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[352] Impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya niba KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye (cross-examination) na Mbarushimana ku ruhare rwe mu rupfu rw’Abasa. [353] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rufite inshingano yo gukosora amakosa yakozwe ku rwego rwa mbere yerekeranye n’ikosa ku mategeko cyangwa ikosa ku byabaye, uwajuriye akaba afite inshingano zo kugaragaza ko mu rubanza ajuririra Urukiko rwibeshye mu mategeko cyangwa ku byabaye. Iyo atagaragaje izo inenge z’urubanza ajuririra, ubujurire bwe buba nta shingiro bufite. [354] Ku byerekeranye n’uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko uburenganzira Mbarushimana asaba bwo kuvuguruza KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa yabuhawe kandi arabukoresha mu rubanza rujuririrwa mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 07/11/2016131 (yavuguruzanyaga na KMG), ku wa 30/09/2016132 (yavuguruzanyaga na KMD) no ku wa ku wa 17/10/201133 ubwo (yavuguruzanyaga na Nsabimana Vincent bitaga Mushinwa). [355] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu manza zavuzwe haruguru za Twahirwa François, Kayishema Clément na Ruzindana Obed, rurasanga nta mpamvu yo kongera guhamagaza KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye (cross- examination) na Mbarushimana kubera ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa yarangije kuvuguruzanya nabo, bityo akaba adakwiye kongera gusaba

kuvuguruzanya nabo batangabuhamya, ahubwo yakabaye mu bujurire agaragaza inenge ziri mu cyemezo cy’Urukiko Rukuru, aho kongera gusaba gusubiramo ibyakozwe mbere kandi ntacyo abinenga. [356] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero ibyo Mbarushimana asaba ko KMG, KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bongere bavuguruzanye nawe kuri uru rwego nta shingiro bifite. Kumenya niba Nyabyenda Patrice yaragombaga guhamagazwa nk’umutangabuhamya mu rubanza rujuririrwa no kumenya niba yahamagazwa mu bujurire [357] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumemya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarakoze ikosa ryo guhamya Mbarushimana uruhare mu rupfu rw’Abasa, rudahamagaje Nyabyenda Patrice, kandi Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa yaravuze ko ari we Mbarushimana yamutumyeho amuhaye urwandiko rumusaba kohereza abo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa. [358] Nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ari ngombwa ko urukiko ruhamagaza umutangabuhamya ngo rumubaze, cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA0101/09/CS, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 09/03/2012 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel (igika cya 9), ko “Urukiko rudategetswe gukora iperereza cyangwa se kubaza abatangabuhamya iyo rwumva ibimenyetso rwashyikirijwe bihagije kandi n’ababuranyi bahawe umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho.” Uyu ni nawo murongo ukomeje gukoresaha kuri icyo kibazo mu manza nyinshi134. [359] Dosiye igaragaza, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru ko mu rubanza rujuririrwa KMD na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bari mu gitero cyashoreye abantu bavuzwe haruguru bo mu muryango w’Abasa, kikabajyana

131 Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, Cote 1123_1131. 132 Ibid, Cote 984_990. 133 Ibid, Cote ya 1057_1071. 134 Urugero: Urubanza Nº RPA 00103/2021/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 14/02/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na MUTIGANDA Thierry na bagenzi be (igika cya 55); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00095/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukikorw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/09/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na NDARUHUTSE Ezeckiel n’undi (igika cya 39); Urubanza Nº RPAA 00254/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 27/01/2025 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na TUYISHIME Viateur (igika cya 22); n’izindi.

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kuri Ndatemwa, babasigira Mbarushimana, Nduwayo Déo bitaga Kigango na Muvunyi Tharcisse bagarutse basanga bahiciwe na Mbarushimana ahari, hakaba hararokotse Mutabaruka Dioniziyo gusa135. [360] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Nzajyibwami Emmanuel, rurasanga mu gihe Urukiko Rukuru rwari rufite ibimenyetso muri dosiye bihagije birimo kuba abo mu muryango w’Abasa barajyanywe kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa bagasigirwa Mbarushimana, ari kumwe na Nduwayo Déo bita Kigango na Muvunyi Tharcisse bakahicirwa Mbarushimana ahari, rutari rutegetswe guhamagaza Nyabyenda Patrice nk’umutangabuhamya, bityo kuba Nyabyenda Patrice atarahamagajwe akaba atari inenge iri mu rubanza rujuririrwa. Ku bw’ibyo ubujurire Mbarushimana ku birebana n’uko Nyabyenda Patrice yagombaga guhamagazwa bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [361] Ku bijyanye n’uko Nyabyenda Patrice yahamagazwa kuri uru rwego kugira ngo yemeze ibyo Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa yavuze ko Nyabyenda Patrice ari we Mbarushimana yahaye urwandiko yamwandikiye amusaba kuzana abantu bo mu muryango w’Abasa kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa kugira ngo bige ku kibazo cyabo, uru Rukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko ibijyanye n’uwatanze amabwiriza yo kujyana Abasa kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa aho biciwe, ntacyo byahindura ku kuba abo bantu barahajyanywe koko bagasigirwa Mbarushimana n’abo bari

kumwe bakahicirwa Mbarushimana ahari nk’uko byemejwe n’abatangabuhamya babyiboneye. Kumenya niba Hishamunda François, Nyandwi Joseph na Nduwimana Félicien na KALINDA Callixte bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya mu bujurire [362] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingi ku kumenya niba Hishamunda François, Nyandwi Joseph na Nduwimana Félicien na Kalinda Callixte bakwiye guhamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya muri uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire. [363] Ibyerekeranye no kumva abatangabuhamya bashya kuri uru rwego, byatanzweho umurongo haruguru136, aho uru Rukiko rwasobanuye ko Mbarushimana yahawe umwanya uhagije wo gutanga urutonde rw’abatangabuhamya ashaka kugira ngo bahamagazwe ku rwego rwa mbere ntarutange, rwemeza ko ibyo guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bashya kuri uru rwego nta shingiro bifite, kuko muri uru rubanza harimo abatangabuhamya bahagije bumviswe ku rwego rwa mbere, bashobora gutuma uru Rukiko ruca urubanza ruboneye, ko ibyo Mbarushimana asaba ko bahamagazwa bwa mbere kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire nta shingiro bifite137. [364] Kubw’ibyo, uru Rukiko rushingiye n’ubundi kuri uwo murongo rurasanga atari ngombwa guhamagaza, Nyandwi Joseph na Nduwimana Félicien na Kalinda Callixte nk’abatangabuhamya bashya muri uru rubanza. IBIREBANA N’IBITERO BYISHE ABATUTSI KU MUSOZI WA KABUYE Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [365] Mbarushimana n’Avoka umwunganira bavuga ko iyi ngingo y’ubujurire bwe

ishingiye ku kuba mu rubanza rujuririrwa harakozwe amakosa menshi cyane arimo kwirengagiza ukuri kugaragarira buri wese, kwirengagiza imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya, kwirengagiza imvugo z’abatangabuhamya ubwabo zidahura, kwirengagiza ibimenyetso byari gushakishwa kandi bikaboneka, kudasesengura bu buryo bumwe ibimenyetso bishinja n’ibishinjura, kwirengagiza inenge z’abatangabuhamya ndetse n’ubuhamya bwabo no kwanga gutumiza abandi batangabuhamya bafite amakuru nyayo.

135 Dosiyey’urubanza rujuririrwa, Cote 1058. 136 136 Reba Igika cya 301 kugeza ku cya 319, urupapurorwa 110 kugeza ku rwa 116 rw’uru rubanza haruguru.

137 Ibid.

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[366] Ku bijyanye no kwirengagiza ukuri kuboneka kuri buri wese, bavuga ko ukuri kuri Jenoside yakozwe ku musozi wa Kabuye kugaragarira mu gitabo cya CNLG cyiswe “ITEGURWA N’ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RY’UMUGAMBI WA JENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI MU RWANDA” cyasohotse muri Mutarama 2021, ku rupapuro rwa 179, kandi ko Mbarushimana atavugwa mu bakoze jenoside I Kabuye, ahubwo havugwa abandi. Bavuga ko icyo gitabo bagitanga nk’ikimenyetso gishya gishimangira imiburanire ye mu bujurire. [367] Ku bijyanye no kwirengagiza imvugo z’abatangabuhamya bavuguruzanya n’iz’abatangabuhamya ubwabo zidahura, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko mu gika cya 88 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwibeshye ko yagiye mu bitero i Kabuye rushingiye ku imvugo z’abatangabuhamya nka KMH, KMJ, KME, KMF, Munyeshyaka François, KMI na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre maze rumuhamya kugira uruhare mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye. [368] Ku mutangabuhamya KMH, bavuga ko ubuhamya bwe bugomba guteshwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira kubera ko yari yarakatiwe igifungo cya burundu ku cyaha cya jenoside, amategeko akaba ataramwereraga gutanga ubuhamya. Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rubibonye ukundi, rwazabona ko KMH yavuze ko nta ruhare azi kuri Mbarushimana ndetse akaba nyuma yaravuguruje ubuhamya bwe mu nyandiko yahaye Me Rudakemwa Felix, avuga ko yashinje ibinyoma Mbarushimana, ko atazi

uruhare rwe muri jenoside yabereye I Kabuye. Banavuga ko ibyo bishimangirwa n’ubuhamya bwa Byiringiro Samuel, Hategikamana Emmanuel, Hakizimana Alphonse na Nsabimana Laurent nabo bahaye Me Rudakemwa Félix. [369] Ku mutangabuhamya Murangwa Pascal, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko nawe imvugo ze zashingiweho n’Urukiko rumuhamya icyaha, nyamara ubuhamya bwe bwaratanzwe mbere ya 2013, igihe hari itegeko ribuza gutanga ubuhamya ku bari bafunzwe, bityo ko ubuhamya bwe butagomba guhabwa agaciro cyane cyane ko nawe yavuze ibyo yumvise (hearsay). [370] Bakomeza bavuga ko ku mutangabuhamya KMK, uvugwa mu gika cya 94 cy’urubanza rujururirirwa, yavuze ko Mbarushimana atageze I Kabuye ariko Urukiko ntirwabiha agaciro kuko yavuze ibyo yumvise (hearsay). Bavuga ko nyamara KMK yari Burugumesitiri, ubwe ari mu bitero ku musozi wa Kabuye, bisobanuye ko yari azi ibyahabereye, bityo ko Urukiko rutagombaga kwirengagiza ubuhamya bwe kuko yanatanze ubuhamya muri ICTR mu rubanza rwa Kalimanzira Callixte, Ndayamabaje Elie, Nyiramasuhuko Paulina na Ntawukuriryayo kuri jenoside yakorwe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye. [371] Bavuga ko abatangabuhamya bavugwa mu gika cya 88 na 89 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, bavuguruzanya hagati yabo bakanavuguruza n’abandi batatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru. Bavuga ko urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero i Kabuye rubishingiye ku imvugo z’abatangabuhamya

nka KME, KMF na Munyeshyaka François, nyamara hari n’abandi batagabuhamya bavuga ko batamubonye muri ibyo bitero ku musozi wa Kabuye, abo akaba ari Augustin Mujyambere, Gabriel Nkundibiza, François Ntawukuriryayo, Julienne Uwimana, Bertin Sindayigaya na Ngendahimana Théoneste, ariko Urukiko rukaba rutarakoze isesengura ry’imvugo zabo zimushinjura kandi rwari ruzifite muri dosiye yavuye Denmark. [372] Bavuga ko mu gika cya 90 na 91 cy’’urubanza rujuririrwa, KME, KMF na Munyeshyaka François bavuze ko babonye Mbarushimana ku musozi wa Kabuye, kandi ko yari mu bateye grenade abari bahahungiye zica abantu benshi, ibyo nabyo bikaba byaravuzwe na KMI nyamara uyu mu nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwe yari yaravuze ko yagarukiye ku Ndatemwa, atigeze agera ku musozi wa Kabuye. Bakomeza bavuga ko ubuhamya bwabo buvuruzwa n’ubwa KMG wavuze ko yagiye mu gitero cya mbere ari kumwe na Mbarushimana ariko bagarukiye ku Ndatemwa, bategeze ku musozi wa Kabuye. [373] Bakomeza bavuga ko Umumararungu Christine nawe uvugwa mu gika cya 90 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa ko Mbarushimana yateye grenade ikamushwanyagura akaguru, atigeze ahamagazwa ngo yumvwe n’Urukiko kandi byaravuzwe ko yari kumwe n’umutangabuhamya KME aho bari bahungiye i Kabuye. Bavuga ko

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abatangabuhamya bavuze ibya grendade, babisobanura mu buryo bunyuranye n’inyandiko zasemuwe mu Kidanois za KMF na KMC (Cote 2101 2103, 2176-2177 dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa), kandi ko muri izo nyandiko Umararungu Christine yemeje ko yari ku musozi wa Kabuye ariko ko atahabonye Mbarushimana kandi nta ruhare rwe azi muri jenoside yahakorewe, ko ahubwo ari we wamurokoye. [374] Bavuga kandi ko KMC we yavuze ko Mbarushimana yari mu gishanga ku Ndatemwa, atera amabuye abari ku musozi wa Kabuye, nyamara umuntu uri ku Ndatemwa, adashobora kubona ibibera ku musozi wa Kabuye nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo y’undi mutangabuhamya witwa Musabyimana Tharcisse iri muri dosiye cote 953, ndese na “descente” yakozwe n’Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa ikaba igaragaza ko uri ku Ndatemwa adashobora kubona ibibera ku musozi wa Kabuye. [375] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ibimenyetso byari gushakishwa kandi bikaboneka, birimo ubuhamya bw’abaturanyi ba Mbarushimana ari bo Ngaruyintore Tharicisse (bwari kuri côtes 2219- 2220 dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa), Ngarukiye Tharcisse (côtes 2263); ubuhamya bwa Gatore Innocent (côte 699-700, côte 2224), n’ubuhamya bwa Nkundibiza Gabriel, Ntawukuryayo Francois, Sindayigaya Berthe, Uwimana Julienne, Mujyambere Augustin na Ngendahimana Théoneste, batanze muri TPIR/ICTR ko bari ku musozi wa Kabuye kandi ko batahabonye Mbarushimana. [376] Bavuga

kandi ko rwirengagije ubuhamya bwa Ntazinda Emmanel (cotes 2210-2212 Dosiye HCICC), Havugimana Siméon (côtes 2225-2226) kandi baravuzwe na Hakizumwami Tharcisse ko ari bo babazwa ibyabereye ku musozi wa Kabuye; runirengagiza ubuhamya bwa Ngayaberura Déo ari conseilleur (côtes 2200-2202), Mungwarakarama Ferdinand wari umupolisi (côte 2059), Mukangwije Benoitte (côtes 2138- 2139), na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa (côtes 2077,2078), abo bose bavuze ko batabonye Mbarushimana ku musozi wa Kabuye ndetse na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre akaba nawe yaravuze ko atahamubonye, ahubwo yabonye Mbarushimana mu Bizeramariya. [377] Bavuga ko Mbarushimana ku rwego rwa mbere yasabye ko abo batangabuhamya bamushinjura bahamagazwa, ariko akabyangirwa nk’uko biri mu cyemezo cy’urukiko mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 02/03/2017 (urupapuro rwa 1) mu urubanza rujuririrwa, bityo ko nta cyabuza ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwabahamagaza rukabumva kuko nta tegeko rwaba rwishe, bakavuguruzanya nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 54 na 57 z’Itegeko ry’ibimenyetso rya 2024 n’ingingo ya 154 & 160 CPSSA ku batangabuhamya bashya. [378] Bavuga ko iyo Urukiko Rukuru rutirengagiza ibimenyetso biri muri dosiye rwari rufite birimo nyandikomvugo z’ubuhamya bw’abamaze kuvugwa haruguru (inyandiko zari mu ki Danois nyuma zigasemurwa mu Kinyarwanda bisabwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire), rukabisesengurira hamwe n’ibindi, rutari kwibeshya ngo

ruhamye Mbarushimana kujya mu bitero byo kwica abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye kandi atarabigizemo uruhare. Banavuga ko ibiri mu gitabo cya CNLG n’ibyemejwe mu manza za ICTR, nabyo bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana atagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, bityo ko agomba kugirwa umwere. Imiburanire y’ubushinjacyaha [379] Ku bijyanye n’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ukuri, kugaragaza ko Mbarushimana nta ruhare yagize muri jenoside ku musozi wa Kabuye kuko atavugwa ku rutonde ruri mu gitabo cya CNLG, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko icyo gitabo cyasohotse mu mwaka 2021 nyuma y’uko urubanza ruciwe, bityo urwo Rukiko rukaba rutaryozwa kuba rutagishingiyeho. Bavuga ko uretse n’ibyo icyo gitabo kitavuze abagize uruhare bose muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye kuko rupapuro rwa 180 handitswe ko hari n’abandi; bivuze ko urutonde rwabo rutarangiye. [380] Bashingira ku rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Gatete Jean-Baptiste (igika cya 130), rwaciwe n’Urugereko rwa Mbere rwa ICTR ku wa 31/03/2011 n’urubanza RPA/GEN00001/2024/CA rwaciwe

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n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/07/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twagirayezu Wenslas, igika cya 262, bakavuga ko kuba uregwa yavuga ko ntaho Urukiko rwamuvuze (nk’uko Mbarushimana aburana avuga ko ntaho avugwa mu gitabo cya CNLG), ibyo bitavuze ko nta ruhare yagize muri jenoside. [381] Ku birebana no kunyuranya mu kuba Mbarushimana yarateye grenade cyangwa amabuye no kuba yaragarukiye ku Ndatemwa nk’uko byavuzwe n’abatangabuhamya barimo Munyeshyaka Francois, KME na KMH, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko byasubijwe mu gika cya 89 na 93 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, aho mu gika cya 89 hagaragara ko yari mu gitero cya mbere cyahagurukiye ku Ndatemwa kiza gusubizwa inyuma n’Abatutsi birwanyeho, naho mu gika cya 93 hakavugwa ibyo gutera gerenade. [382] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 16 na 17 mu mwanzuro w’Ubushinjacyaha usubiza ubujurire wo ku wa 13/03/2020, igika cya 17, urupapuro rwa 48, hagaragara ko mu buhamya bwa KMH ashinja Mbarushimana kuba yari mu bantu bateraga ku musozi wa Kabuye bagendaga mu gatsiko kaziranye, naho Nkundibiza Gabriel akaba yaravuze ko bajyanaga na Mbarushimana mu bitero, Rwakimwanga akaba ariwe wabahaga code bagenderaho kugira ngo bamenyane n’abandi bari muri ibyo bitero. Bavuga ko ibyo bivuze ko Mbarushimana yari mu gitero cya mbere ku musozi wa Kabuye, aho Abatutsi birwanyeho basubira inyuma, maze abateye bajya gushaka izindi mbaraga aribwo haje

igitero cya kabiri kirimo abasirikare bavanze n’abasivile, bityo kuba Mbarushimana avuga ngo KMH yahamije ko nta kintu azi yakoze, ibyo bitavuguruza imvugo ya KMH yavugiye mu nzego z’iperereza no mu Rukiko Rukuru, kubw’ibyo ko ubuhamya Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix avuga yahawe na KMH yisubiraho, nta gaciro bwahabwa kuko bwashatswe muri 2025 nyuma y’icibwa rw’urubanza kandi ko ubuhamya ari ubuvugiwe mu Rukiko nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 8 y’Itegeko ryerekeye kwimurira imanza mu Rwanda (Transfer law). [383] Ku bijyanye n’abatangabuhamya Mbarushimana avuga ko bagaragara mu manza za ICTR, abahagarariye Ubushinjyacyaha bavuga ko atavuga icyo abo batangabuhamya bamunshinjuyeho muri izo manza kuko atariwe waregwaga. Bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 107 y’Itegeko no 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, Mbarushimana yari afite inshingano zo kugaragaza ibimenyetso binyomoza ibimushinja, ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rutarakurikije ibyavuzwe muri ICTR nta tegeko rwishe. [384] Ku byavuzwe n’umutangabuhamya KMK ko nta makuru afite kuri Mbarushimana kuko ntacyo amuziho, abahagarariye Ubushinjyacyaha bavuga ko bidakuraho imvugo z’abandi bamuzi bavuze uko byagenze ku musozi wa Kabuye. [385] Ku batangabuhamya bagaragara mu nyandiko zari mu ki Danois, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko urutonde rw’abo batangabuhamya rutatanzwe na Mbarushimana mu rubanza rujuririrwa, ngo avuge n’icyo bazaza kubwira Urukiko, ko kuba Urukiko rwaramuhaye umwanya uhagije wo kurutanga ntarutange, atari inenge y’urubanza ajuririra. Bavuga ko niba Mbarushimana asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ko rwahamagaza abandi batangabuhamya nk’ikimenyetso gishya mu bujurire byagirwaho impaka, naho niba ari ukunenga Urukiko Rukuru, bitaba inenge kuko atigeze abatanga mu rubanza ajuririra.

URUKIKO RUBIBONA [386] Impaka ku ruhare rwa Mbarushimana muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye ni izikukira : Kumenya niba KMH ataragombaga kuba umutangahamya kuko yahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside ; Kumenya niba KMH, KMJ, KMK, KME, KMF, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bahamagazwa mu bujurire kugira ngo bongere bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana ; Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zari mu ki Danois ;

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Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal na KMK bukwiye guteshwa agaciro kubirebana n’ibitero byagabwe i Kabuye; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye rushingiye ku mvugo zivuguruzanya z’abatangabuhamya, rukirengagiza imvugo zimushinjura ; Kumenya niba igitabo cya CNLG cyafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishinjura Mbarushimana ku bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye; Kumenya niba hahamagazwa abatangabuhamya bashya ku birebana n’ibitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye. [387] Ibijyanye no kuba uwahamwe n’icyaha cya jenoside ataba umutangahamya no kuba KMH ataragombaga kurahira138 kongera guhamagaza abatanze ubuhamya ku rwego rwa mbere kugira ngo bongere bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana139, kumenya niba hahamagazwa abatangabuhamya bashya mu bujurire140 no kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije inyandikomvugo zari mu ki Danois kandi rwari ruzifite mu dosiye yavuye Denmark141, byose byarangije gusuzumwa no gufatwaho ibyemezo haruguru, bityo akaba atari ngombwa kongera kubigarukaho. [388] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasuzuma ibibazo bisigaye bikurikirira : Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal na KMK bukwiye guteshwa agaciro ku bitero byagabwe i Kabuye ; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye rushingiye ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya zivuguruzanya,

zitavugisha ukuri, rukirengagiza imvugo zimushinjura ; Kumenya niba igitabo cya CNLG cyafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishya gishinjura Mbarushimana ku bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye. Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal na KMK bukwiye guteshwa agaciro ku birebaba n’ibitero byagabwe i Kabuye [389] Impaka ku buhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal na KMK ku ruhare rwa Mbarushimana ku bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye zishingye ku kuba Mbarushimana avuga ko ibyo bamushinja ari amabwire. [390] Ku bijyanye n’ibitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye bikica Abatutsi benshi bari bahahungiye, mu gika cya 94 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubuhamya bwa KMK ku birebana no kuba Mbarushimana atarageze i Kabuye butahabwa agaciro kuko ibyo avuga ari ibyo yumvanye abandi atagaragaza abo aribo; ndetse hakaba hari abandi batangabuhamya bemeza ko bahamubonye bakanasobanura ibyo yahakoze. [391] Ku birebana na Murangwa Pascal, we ntabwo Urukiko Rukuru rwigeze rumushingiraho ruhamya Mbarushimana uruhare mu bitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye bikahicira Abatutsi. [392] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga yaba Murangwa Pascal cyangwa KMK nta n’umwe muri bo Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho ruhamya Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye142 Ku bw’ibyo, rurasanga ibyo Mbarushimana asaba ko imvugo zabo ziteshwa agaciro kuko bavuze amabwire

138 Reba igika cya 252 kugeza 263 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 94 kugeza ku rwa 98). 139 Reba igika cya 289 kugeza 295 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 106 kugeza ku rwa 108). 140 Reba Igika cya 301 kugeza ku cya 319 cy’uru rubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 110 kugeza ku rwa 116). 141 Reba igika cya 296 kugeza 300 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 109 kugeza ku rwa 110). 142Urubanza rujuririrwa, igika cya 88 kugera ku cya 96.

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ku bijyanye n’uruhare yahamijwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, nta shingiro bifite kubera ko imvugo zabo Urukiko Rukuru rutazishingiyeho rumuhamya icyaha cya jenoside ku birebana n’ibitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye. kumenya niba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye rushingiye ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya zivuguruzanya, rukirengagiza imvugo zimushinjura [393] Iyi ngingo y’ubujurire irimo uduce dutatu : - Aho Mbarushimana anenga Urukiko Rukuru ko rwamuhamije kugira uruhare mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye rushingiye ku mvugo zivuguruzanya za KMH, KMJ, KME, KMF, Munyeshyaka François, KMI na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, aho bamwe muri abo batangabuhamya bavuga ko hakoreshejwe gerenade, abandi bakavuga amabuye ; - Aho anenga ko rwirengagije imvugo ya KMH imushinjura wavuze ko nta ruhare rwa Mbarushimana azi mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye na KMK wavuze ko nta kibi amuziho rukanga ubuhamya bwe bumushinjura kandi yari asanzwe yarabaye umutangabuhamya muri TPIR ; - N’uko imvugo ya KMC yagombaga guteshwa agaciro kuko itavugisha ukuri. Ku bijyanye n’uko MBARUSHIMANA yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside hashingiye ku mvugo zivuguruzanya [394] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba imvugo za KMH, KMC, KMJ, KME, KMF, Munyeshyaka François, KMI na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, zivuguruzanya

kandi niba ibyo bavuguruzanyaho ari inenge zitesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo. [395] Ibyerekeranye n’ukwivuguruza mu buhamya byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPA/GEN00005/2021/CA–CBM RPA/GEN 00006/2021/CA, rwaciwe uru Rukiko ku wa 13/12/2024, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Iyamuremye Jean Claude bita Nzinga (igika cya 59) rwemeza ko harebwe igihe kinini kiba gishize hagati y’igihe ibikorwa bya jenoside byakoreweho n’igihe ubuhamya bwatangiwe, kuba abatangabuhamya bakwivuguruza cyangwa ntibahurize nko ku matariki ibyo batangaho ubuhamya byabereye, ku masaha, ku myambaro uregwa yari yambaye, ku ntwaro yari afite, aho yari ahagaze, cyangwa iyo ubuhamya umutangabuhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko budahuye neza n’ibyo yavuze mbere, bitafatwa nk’inenge ikabije yatesha agaciro ubuhamya bwe, ko ahubwo izo ari inenge ntoya zitatesha agaciro ireme ryabwo, kuko bitewe n’igihe kiba gishize, bishoboka ko hari ibyo umutangabuhamya atakwibuka neza. [396] Mu rubanza No ICTR-05-82-A rwaciwe ku wa 14/12/2011 haburana Ntawukulilyayo Dominique n’Ubushinjacyaha, Urugereko rw’ubujurire bwa TPIR/ICTR rutanga umurongo ko ubuhamya kugira ngo bwizerwe butagomba kuba bumwe cyangwa buhuje ku bintu byose, ahubwo Umutangabuhamya wese avuga ibyo yabonye akurikije uko we yabibonye, igihe ibintu byabereye, cyangwa akurikije uko yumvise ibyabaye byavuzwe n’abandi143. Rwemeje ko ubuhamya bw’abantu bushobora guhurira ku byabaye, niyo haba hari ibyo bavuze bitandukanye.144 [397] Mu gika cya 17 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, hagaragara ubuhamya bwa KMH wavuze ko yagiye mu gitero cyagabwe i Kabuye, bahasanga Abatutsi bari barahahungiye mu rusengero, babasubiza inyuma, umucuruzi witwa Kayitani ababwira kurya inka zabo, anababwira ko bucya mu gitondo bongera gutera i

143 “Nevertheless, the Appeals Chamber recalls that two prima facie credible testimonies need not be identical in all aspects or describe the same fact in the same way in order to be corroborative. Every witness presents what he has seen from his own point of view at the time of the events, or according to how he understood the events recounted by others.” Case No ICTR-05-82-A, Ntawukulilyayo Dominique v. The Prosecutor, appeal Judgement decided on 14th /12/2011, par.22. 144 “It follows that corroboration may exist even when some details differ between testimonies, provided that no credible testimony describes the facts in question in a way which is not compatible with the description given in another credible testimony.” Ibid.

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Kabuye. Anavuga ko muri icyo gitero Mbarushimana yari yitwaje ubuhiri, ari no mu babashyiraga ku murongo anababwira ko bagomba guhagarara neza, ko ikipe barimo yari iyobowe na Rwakimwanga wabahaye ijambo ry’ibanga ry’uburyo bazajya babazanya bavuga ngo “imvura” abandi bagasubiza ngo “urubura” kugira ngo bazajye bamenyana mu gihe bazaba bagiye gutera i Kabuye. [398] Mu gika cya 20 cy’urwo rubanza hagaragara, ubuhamya bwa KMJ wavuze ko Mbarushimana yabaga ari ku Ndatemwa ku mangazini ahategurirwaga gahunda yo gutera i Kabuye, ko yababwiye ko nibahatera ijambo ry’ibanga bazajya bakoresha ari « imvura » abandi bagasubiza “urubura” kugira ngo bazajye bamenyana. Anavuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana afite icumu mu ntoki ariko ko nta gitero yabonye ayoboye, ko bajyanye i Kabuye bahagarukiye mu masangano ya Ndatemwa bageze mu nzira Abatutsi barabasatira basubira inyuma biruka. [399] Mu gika cya 23 cy’urwo rubanza, hagaragara ubuhamya bwa Munyeshyaka François wavuze ko Abatutsi bavuye ku Ndatemwa bajya i Kabuye, ku wa gatandatu tariki ya 23/04/1994, igitero kinini cyarimo Mbarushimana wari ufite gerenade ku mukandara, abandi bafite imipanga n’amabuye, naho Rwakimwanga na Ngendahimana bafite imiheto cyabakurikiye i Kabuye, Abatutsi bari bahari birwanaho bagisubiza inyuma. [400] Mu gika cya 41 cy’urwo rubanza, umutangabuhamya Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, avuga ko mbere y’uko ahungira mu kigo

cy’Abizeramariya ku Gisagara, yabonye igitero kinini cyarimo Abarundi, abantu ba Twarubona, Dahwe na Kirarambogo kiyobowe na Mbarushimana ari kumwe na Rupari na Nyandwi wari ufite imbunda kigiye kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye i Kabuye ariko gisubizwa inyuma. Avuga kandi ko umunsi umwe yamaze i Kabuye atabonye Mbarushimana, ko nta rundi ruhare rwe azi mu bitero by’i Kabuye ariko ko hari abandi baruzi mu bindi bitero barimo Cansilde, Munyeshyaka François, Gaudiose, Mujawamaliya Marguerite, Mukamurara Donatille, Nyiramutabazi Gloriose, nyuma ya jenoside bamubwiye ko yayoboraga ibitero. [401] Mu gika cya 89 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubuhamya bwa KMH, Munyeshyaka François, KMI, KMJ na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre n’amakuru yatanzwe na KMC bugaragaza ko Mbarushimana yari mu gitero cya mbere cyagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, kigasubizwa inyuma n’Abatutsi bari bahahungiye birwanyeho bakoresheje amabuye. Rusanga kandi ibyo bavuga bishimangirwa n’amakuru yatanzwe na KMC ko jenoside itangira yabonye bwa mbere Mbarushimana ari kumwe na Rwakimwanga Straton, Nsabimana Vincent bita Mushinwa n’abatwa mu bitero mu kibaya cy’umusozi witwa ku wa Bitama (Kabuye) afite ubuhiri, abandi bafite amacumu n’amahiri, Abatutsi bari bahahungiye barabirukana babatera amabuye basubira inyuma. [402] Mu gika cya 90 kugeza 93 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa KME, KMF na Munyeshyaka

François bari barahungiye i Kabuye, aho KME na KMF bavuze ko babonye Mbarushimana ahagaze haruguru yabo aho igitero cyari giturutse ari nka saa kumi n’imwe imvura irimo kugwa, atera gerenade mu bantu, bamwe barapfa, abandi barakomereka nawe akomereka ku mutwe no ku kuguru. KME yavuze ko abapfuye icyo gihe barimo uwitwa Tharcisse, Solomon, Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa n’abandi benshi, bari mu nzu ya Aphrodice wari umuganga, ko muri iyo nzu harimo na muramu wa Mbarushimana witwa Christine Mumararungu bakubise gerenade akaguru karashwanyagurika; KMF avuga ko gerenade zishe abana bari i Kabuye, zica uwitwa Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa, Tharcisse wo kwa Eliyasi, Innocent wo kwa Nkuriyinka, Nyirakamana wo kwa Kabera n’abandi benshi, banatema uwitwa Rugamineza ariko ntiyapfa. Munyeshyaka François we yasobanuye ko yamubonye i Kabuye atera gerenade hepfo y’aho urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi rwubatse ubu, atera indi aho rwubatse, zihitana Nyirakamana, Bizumuremyi n’abandi benshi harimo n’abandi atazi; Bityo rwemeza ko Mbarushimana Emmanuel yari mu bitero byishe Abatutsi bari bahungiye i Kabuye kuko uburyo abo batangabuhamya basobanura ibyabaye bigaragaza ko bavuga ibyo bahagazeho nk’abari barahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye bakibonera ibyahaberaga ndetse bamwe bikabagiraho ingaruka, bakaba banahuriza ku kuba Mbarushimana yari mu bitero atera gerenade no ku bantu bamwe zahitanye.

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[403] Ibimaze kuvugwa bigaragaza ko nta mutangabuhamya wavuze ko Mbarushimana yateye amabuye Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye, nubwo hari itandukanyirizo ku ntwaro Mbarushimana yari afite, aho KMH na KMC bahamya ko yari afite ubuhiri ari mu gitero cyagiye kwica Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, KMJ akavuga ko yari afite icumu, KME, KMF na Munyeshyaka François bakavuga ko yari afite gerenade yateye mu bantu; aba batangabuhamya bose ndetse na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bahurije ku kuba barabonye Mbarushimana mu gitero cyagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye kishe Abatutsi bari bahahungiye, bakabanza kwirwanaho bagasubiza inyuma icyo gitero bakoreshe amabuye; ko nyuma bagarukanye n’Abasirikare batangira kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye nk’uko KMH yabivuze145. KMH na KMJ bahamije ko bari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu bagabye icyo gitero i Kabuye, bahuriza ko ntero n’inyikirizo bakoreshaga kugira bamenyane aho bateraga ariyo “imvura”, abandi bakikiriza ngo “urubura”. Ibyo bavuze byanashimangiwe n’umutangabuhamya KMI mu rubanza rujuririrwa, (cote 935) aho yavuze yasanze Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa ari kumwe na Rukomera na Rwakimwanga, Mbarushimana akababwira ko kugira ngo babashe kugera neza i Kabuye, bakora “chaine”, uwo basanga mu nzira bamuhitane. [404] Kubyo Mbarushimana avuga ko KMC atashoboraga kubona ibibera ku musozi wa Kabuye kandi ari ku Ndatemwa,Urukiko

rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kubera ko uwo mutangabuhamya yari i Kabuye, aho yari yarahungiye jenoside igitangira, akaba ahamya ko yabonye Mbarushimana inshuro 2 mu bitero byahagabwe146. [405] Hashingiwe ku mirongo yavuzwe haruguru yatanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Iyamuremye Jean Claude bita Nzinga ndetse n’urubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha Ntawukulilyayo Dominique rwaciwe na TPIR/ICTR, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga kuba abatangabuhamya bose bamaze kuvugwa mu bika bibanziriza iki, badahuriza ku ntwaro Mbarushimana yari afite, bitafatwa nk’inenge ikabije yatesha agaciro ireme ry’ubuhamya bwabo kuko bishoboka ko hari ibyo umutangabuhamya atakwibuka neza hakurikije uko yari ameze igihe igitero cyagabwaga ku musozi wa Kabuye n’igihe cyari gishize ubwo ubuhamya bwatangwaga, icyangombwa gihesha agaciro ubuhamya bwabo akaba ari ibyo bahurizaho; ku kuba barabonye Mbarushimana mu bitero byahagabwe biturutse Ndatemwa bikahicira Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye. Abari kumwe na Mbarushimana muri icyo gitero bahuriza ku mvugo bakoreshaga kugira ngo bamenyane ariyo “Imvura n’urubura”; bityo, ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside hashingiye ku mvugo zivuguruzanya ku bijyanye n’ibitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Ku bijyanye nuko Mbarushimana yahamijwe icyaha cya jenoside hirengagijwe imvugo za KMH na KMK zimushinjura [406]

Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba imvugo za KMH na KMK zishinjura Mbarushimana ku ruhare yahamijwe muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu bitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye. [407] Ku bijyanye na KMH, mu gika cya 89 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubuhamya bwe bugaragaza ko Mbarushimana yari mu gitero cya mbere cyahagurukiye ku Ndatemwa giteye i Kabuye kiza gusubizwa inyuma n’Abatutsi birwanyeho babatera amabuye. [408] Ku bijyanye na KMK, mu gika cya 94 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ibyo avuga ko yumvise ko abantu bari i Kabuye bishwe n’abasirikare bahurujwe na Superefe, bitashingirwaho hemezwa ko Mbarushimana atageze i Kabuye ari mu bitero kuko hari abatangabuhamya bemeza ko bahamubonye bakanasobanura ibyo yahakoze. Rwasanze kandi ubuhamya bwe ku birebana n’uko Mbarushimana atageze i Kabuye butahabwa agaciro kuko ibyo avuga ari ibyo yumvanye abandi atagaragaza abo aribo.

145 Reba dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryoku wa 13/09/2016, cote 909 & 910. 146 Idem, cote 1156

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[409] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa igaragaza ko KMK yabajijwe niba hari Abatutsi biciwe i Kabuye, avuga ko yabyumvise, ko bahiciwe n’abasirikare bahurujwe na Ntawukuriryayo wari “sous prefet”, atazi niba bicwa Mbarushimana yari kumwe n’ababishe147. [410] Urukiko rurasanga ku bijyanye na KMH, nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru (mu gika cya 345) ubuhamya bwe budashinjura Mbarushimana ahubwo bumushinja kuba barajyanye mu gitero cyagabwe i Kabuye Mbarushimana afite ubuhiri. [411] Rurasanga ku bijyanye na KMK, imvugo ye igaragaza ko ibyerekeranye n’ibitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye yabyumvanye abandi kuko avuga ko atari i Kabuye, atazi niba bicwa Mbarushimana yari ahari. [412] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubuhamya bwa KMK ku byerekeranye n’ibitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye butarirengagijwe mu rubanza rujurirwa nk’uko Mbarushimana abivuga, kuko KMK yerekanye ko nta bumenyi afite ku byahabereye mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Rurasanga rero kuba KMK atazi niba Abatutsi biciwe kuri uwo musozi, barishwe Mbarushimana ahari, iyo mvugo ye ntacyo imushinjuraho kuko idakuraho izindi mvugo z’abahamije ko bajyanye na we mu gitero cyagabwe i Kabuye n’abahamubonye barimo KMH, KMJ, KME, KMF, Munyeshyaka François, KMI na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bityo ibyo Mbarushimana avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije ubuhamya bwa KMH na KMK bumushinjura

bikaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba igitabo cya CNLG cyafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishinjura MBARUSHIMANA ku bitero byishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye [413] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ku byerekeranye n’ibitero byari bigamije kwica Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, zishingiye ku kumenya niba igitabo cyanditswe na CNLG cyiswe “ITEGURWA N’ISHYIRWA MU BIKORWA RY’UMUGAMBI WA JENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI MU RWANDA” cyasohotse muri Mutarama 2021, cyafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishinjura MBARUSHIMANA kuko kitamuvuga mu bakoze jenoside ku musozi wa Kabuye [414] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba kuba uregwa hari aho atavuzwe bimushinjura ku ruhare akurikiranyweho mu byaha aregwa cyatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPA/GEN 00001/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 31/07/2024, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twagirayezu Wenceslas (igika cya 262), aho uyu yavugaga ko atavuzwe mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca, Urukiko rwemeza ko “kuba umuntu ataravuzwe mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca bitavuze ko nta ruhare yagize mu byaha aregwa”. Ibi byanemejwe gutyo na TPIR/ICTR mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Gatete Jean-Baptiste, ko kuba Gatete Jean- Baptiste atavugwa mu manza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca ntacyo bimarira urukiko.148 [415] Dosiye igaragaza ko igitabo cyavuzwe haruguru cyanditswe na CNLG, ku rupapuro rwacyo rwa 179, handitse ngo: “KUWA 23 MATA 1994: Bumwe Mu Bwicanyi Bwakorewe Abatutsi Mu Zahoze Ari Perefegitura

Za Butare, Gikongoro Na Gitarama.” [416] Ku bijyanye n’Abatutsi biciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, i Gisagara, handitswe ko Kabuye iri mu cyahoze ari Komini Ndora, Perefegitura ya Butare; ko hakorewe jenoside ku buryo ndengakamere. Icyo gitabo kigaragaza ko ku wa 23/04/1994, Ntawukuriryayo Dominiko wari Superefe wa Gisagara, Kalimanzira Callixte wari umuyobozi mukuru muri Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’igihugu na Rwankubito Petero wari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Ndora bategetse Abatutsi kujya ku musozi wa Kabuye, bazana abasirikari n’abapolisi barabarasa, ubwicanyi bukomeza bukeye, abaturage baza kwica abari bakirimo akuka.149

147 Cote 1179, 1186_1187. 148 Reba urubanza Case no ICTR-2000-61-T rwaciwe ku wa 31/03/2011 rw’Ubushinjacyaha na GATETE Jean-Baptiste, igika 130. 149 Igitabo cya CNLG, urupapuro rwa 180

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[417] Gikomeza kigaragaza ko abicanyi baturutse hirya no hino bahururiye i Kabuye, ko hari igitero cyaturutse muri Komini muganza kiyobowe na Burugumesitiri Ndayambaje Elie, haje kandi Abarundi bo mu nkambi ya Kibayi, haza n’abo mu mutwe witwaraga gisirikare wiyise “Jaguar”. Abari ku isonga mu bwicanyi bavugwa ni Perezida Tewodori Sindikubwabo, Ntawukuriryayo Dominiko wari Superefe wa Gisagara, Kalimanzira Callixte, Rwankubito Petero wari Burugumestri wa Komini Ndora, Depite Mukarurangwa Bernadeta, Uwihoreye Kayitani wari umucuruzi, Albert wari secretaire kuri sous prefegiture ya Gisagara afatanyije n’umugore we Agatha n’abahungu babo babiri (Claude na Francois), Manigaba Vincent yari afite imbunda yarashe Abatutsi benshi i Kabuye, Singirankabo Laurent wari ukuriye MRND, Rutagengwa Anathole wari umupolisi, Karemanzira wayoboraga ELECTROGAZ, Kubwimana Jean bitaga Bikomagu, Sindikubwabo Vianney wari Perezida wa MDR, Hategekimana Isaac wari responsabure wa Dahwe n’abandi150. [418] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Mbarushimana atavugwa koko muri icyo gitabo cya CNLG, ariko kuba atavugwa muri icyo gitabo ubwabyo bitamukuraho uruhare yahamijwe mu bwicanyi bwakorewe i Kabuye, kuko nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twagirayezu Wenceslas rwavuzwe haruguru ndete n’urubanza rwaciwe na TPIR Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Gatete Jean- Baptise, kuba umuntu

atavugwa mu gitabo, mu ikusanyamakuru rya Gacaca cyangwa ahandi, sicyo kimugira umwere ku bwicanyi akurikiranyweho. Ikindi kandi, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru herekanwa ibyanditswe ku rupapuro rwa 179 rw’igitabo cya CNLG, ntikirondora ubwicanyi bwose bwishe Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, kivuga gusa bumwe muri bwo, ndetse ntikivuga abagize uruhare muri ubwo bwicanyi bose kubera ko ku rupapuro rwa 180 handitswe ngo n’abandi. Ibyo byerekana ko abavuzwe amazina muri icyo gitabo ataribo bonyine bagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Ikindi kandi igihe cyose amakuru yerekeranye na jenoside yagaragarira, nta cyabuza ko uwayigizemo uruhare yakurikiranwa kuko icyaha cya jenosode ari icyaha kidasaza. IBIJYANYE N’IBINDI BITERO BIGAMIJE GUHIGA NO KWICA ABATUTSI Imiburanire ya Mbarushimana [419] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko yagiye hirya no hino guhiga no kwica Abatutsi rushingiye ku buhamya bwa KMK, KMB, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMF na Murangwa Pascal. Bavuga ko mu gika cya 70 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre wavuze ko Mbarushimana yishe Abatutsi ku Bizeramariya (umuryango w’Ababikira), mu bahiciwe hakaba harimo Mathias; mu gika cya 101, KMB ashinja Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byo kwica Abatutsi ku Gisagara n’Inyakibungo; mu gika cya 102 KMF amushinja kwica Abatutsi i Gahondo; mu gika cya 103,

KMK amushinja kugira uruhare mu gitero cyishe Abatutsi i Nyarusange; mu gika cya 104 Murangwa Pascal amushinja kugira uruhare mu rupfu rwa Kabera Joseph i Dahwe. [420] Banenga kuba Urukiko rwaramuhamije ibyaha rushingiye gusa ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuri buri gitero mu byavuzwe haruguru. Bavuga ko ubuhamya bw’abo batangabuhamya bwanenzwe cyane mu iburanisha kandi mu mvugo zabo bose nta n’umwe muri bo wavuze ko yamubonye arimo guhiga Abatutsi ; ko Urukiko rwabitiriye imvugo batavuze ntaho ruzivanye kandi ko Urukiko rutasobanuye ukuntu ku buhamya bwa KMF, KMK na KMB rwashingiyeho bukiranuye ku ruhande rumwe, naho ku rundi ruhande rukemeza ko budakiranuye, bityo ko ari ukwivuguruza no gushidikanya kurenganura Mbarushimana. [421] Ku mutangabuhamya Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, bavuga ko atavuga uruhare rwa Mbarushimana mu iyicwa rya Mathias, uretse kuvuga gusa ko yagarutse afite ibisebe, aza no gupfa; ko adasobanura niba ari

150 Ibid.

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Mbarushimana wamutemye kuko ari Umututsi cyangwa ngo amuteze ibyo bisebe yagarukanye kuko atari ahari ibyo bikorwa. [422] Bakomeza bavuga ko Ntirushwamaboko Pierre atari uwo kwizerwa kuko yavuze ibyo yabwiwe (hearsay) na mushiki we Cansilda n’ibyo yumvise muri Gacaca nk’uko bigaragara kuri cote 1091 - 1095 na C1097,1100 muri dosiye y’urubanza rwajuririwe. [423] Bavuga ko mu gika cya 100 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Mbarushimana yasobanuye neza ko ibyo Ntirushwamaboko Pierre avuga bitari gushoboka kubera ko ubwe yivugira ko atamenye uwatemye Mathias, kandi ko yari yihishe mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya, atari kubona ibibera inyuma yacyo; ndetse ko muri “descente” Urukiko Rukuru rwakoreye ku Bizeramariya, rwabonye ko bidashoboka ko umuntu wari mu Kigo cy’Abizemariya yashoboraga kureba ibibera inyuma yacyo. [424] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuri cotes 2138-2139 za dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, uwitwa Mukangwije Bénoite avuga ko yari kumwe na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bihishe mu Abizeramariya, ko haje ibitero bibiri kimwe kiyobowe na Gaëtan, ikindi kiyobowe na Laurent kandi ko Mbarushimana nta wari uhari. Bavuga ko ubwo buhamya bwa Mukangwije Bénoite, Urukiko Rukuru rwari rubufite muri dosiye yavuye Denmark ariko rwanga kureba imvugo ze. [425] Bavuga na none ko kuba Ntirushwamaboko Pierre yaravuze ko aterekanye indangamuntu ariko akanyura kuri bariyeri ntibagire icyo bamutwara, bidasobanutse neza niba

igitero avuga cyarajyanye aberekanye indangamuntu gusa, n’uko byagenze kugira ngo bamwe bajyanwe n’igitero abandi basigare kandi bose bari Abatutsi bahigwaga. Bityo ko imvugo za Ntirushwamaboko Pierre zidakiranuye, ku buryo zitari gushingirwaho Mbarushimana ahamwa kugira uruhare mu gitero kishe Abatutsi bari bahungiye mu kigo cy’Abizeramariya. [426] Ku mutangabuhamya KMF, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko ubuhamya bwe budakwiye kwizerwa kuko inyandikomvugo ze abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha KMF yasinye mu mwanya wa KME. Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 77 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, KMF yabwiye Urukiko ko yabonye Mbarushimana mu gitero cy’i Gahondo, akanashingayo bariyeri. Bavuga ko KMF atashoboraga kubona ibibera i Gahondo kandi ari i Kabuye mu birometero bibiri (2km) uvuye i Gahondo. [427] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa rwasesenguye imvugo za KMF, rusanga ibyo avuga bidafite ishingiro maze rubitesha agaciro, ku birebana no gutanga intwaro (igika cya 106 cy’urwo rubanza), kujya no kuyobora inama (igika cya 142) no gushinga bariyeri no gutoza umutwe w’interahamwe (igika cya 146), bityo umuntu wese yakwibaza ukuntu hamwe Urukiko rutesha agaciro imvugo za KMF, ahandi rukaziha agaciro kandi ubuhamya butagomba gutandukanywa. Basanga ibikorwa Urukiko rutahaye agaciro rukemeza ko bidahama Mbarushimana, bikwiye no kumushinjura ku byaha yahamijwe. [428] Ku mutangabuhamya KMB,

Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko mu gika cya 101 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa Urukiko rwafashe imvugo ye uko yakabaye y’uko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero byo ku Gisagara na Nyakibungo, ntirwashaka kumenya niba wenda hari ikindi kimenyetso cyangwa ubuhamya bushyigikira ubwa KMB. Banenga kuba Urukiko rwarashingiye ku mutangabuhamya umwe gusa ari we KMB, kandi mu nyandikomvugo ze mu iperereza (urupapuro rwa 109-122), KMB asobanura ibintu byinshi akavuga abari bamuyoboye ko ari Burugumestre Uwizeye Fidele, uyu unavugwa mu gitabo cya CNLG mu bari bayoboye ibitero, bityo ko Urukiko rwashingiye gusa ku buhamya yatangiye imbere yarwo ariko ibyo yavuze mu iperereza (ko atabonye Mbarushimana muri ibyo bitero) rurabyihorera, bigaragaza ko KMB yagendaga yivuguruza ubwe mubyo yavuze, ndetse ko ibyo Urukiko rwashingiyeho mu buhamya bwe ntaho rwabivanye kuko bitari mu nyandimvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 26/10/2016 (cote 1112-1118 Dosiye HCICC).

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[429] Ku mutabuhamya KMK, Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga mu gika cya 103 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, hagaragara ko yabwiye Urukiko ibinyuranye n’ibyo yavuze mu Bushinjacyaha ku byerekeranye n’ibitero by’i Nyarusange. Bavuga ko kuba Urukiko rwaritaye ku buhamya yavugiye mu imbere yarwo, rugatesha agaciro izindi mvugo ze mu Bushinjacyaha, rwabogamye. [430] Ku mutangabuhamya Murangwa Pascal, bavuga ko mu gika cya 104 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa yashinje Mbarushimana kwica Kabera Joseph i Dahwe, ariko ko nawe yavuze ibyo yumvise (hearsay) muri gereza no muri Gacaca. Bashingiye ku ngingo ya 8 y’Itegeko rigenga kohereza imanza mu Rwanda (Transfer law), banenga ko Murangwa Pascal atahamagajwe nk’umutangabuhamya mu Rukiko, rushingira ku nyandikomvugo ye mu iperereza, kandi nta bindi bimenyetso biyishimangira. Bibutsa kandi ko Urukiko mu rubanza rujuririrwa rwari rwaremeje ko inyandikomvugo zo mu Bushinjacyaha zitazakoreshwa, nyamara rukazikoresha kuko uwo mutangabuhamya atigeze abazwa ngo yumvwe mu Rukiko. [431] Bashingiye ku ngingo ya 65 na 71 z’Itegeko ry’ibimenyetso rya 2004, bavuga ko imvugo z’umutangabuhamya umwe kuri buri gitero mu byavuzwe haruguru, itari ikwiye gushingirwaho n’Urukiko mu gihe nta bimenyetso biyuzuza cyangwa biyishimangira, bityo ko ubuhamya bwa KMK, KMB, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMF na Murangwa Pascal bugomba guteshwa agaciro, ndetse ko harimo n’abavuga ibyo

batahagazeho, ubuhamya bwabo bukaba butaragombaga gushingirwaho. Banasaba ko ku byerekeranye n’ibitero by’i Dahwe, uwitwa Ntazinda Emmanuel yahamagazwa akabazwa ibyahabereye ku rupfu rwa Kabera Joseph, kuko atuye hafi yaho. [432] Basoza basaba ko KMH, KMJ, KMK, KME, KMF Musabyimana Tharcisse, Mumararungu Christine, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, Mukangwije Bénôite, Ngayaberura Déo, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Singirankabo Laurent al. Rukomera, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya mu bujurire kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [433] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko ingingo ya 65 y’Itegeko rigenga ibimenyetso rya 2004, yateganyaga ko Urukiko rutitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rureba ubumenyi utanga ubuhamya afite kucyo atangaho ubuhamya. Bavuga ko abatangabuhamya bagarutsweho haruguru bose batanga amakuru mu buryo bwimbitse, bagaragaza neza icyabaye, uwakigizemo uruhare, aho cyabereye n’uwarokotse (victime) bakavuga ibyo babonye. Bakomeza bavuga ko imvugo y’umutangabuhamya umwe ishobora kwemerwa, idashigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso nk’uko byasobanuwe na TPIR/ICTR mu rubanza rwa Ncamihigo Siméon (igika cya 14). [434] Kuri KMB, bavuga ko Mbarushimana ariwe ufata imvugo zimwe mu byo uwo mutangabuhamya yavuze. Kuri Murangwa Pascal bavuga ko Urukiko rwagaragaje ko inyandikomvugo ye nta kosa

ifite kandi igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yajyaga mu bitero, naho kuri Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bavuga ko mu gika cya 98 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa Urukiko rwemeje ko yavuze ibyo yahagazeho kuko yari muri icyo kigo cy’Abizeramariya ; mu gika cya 99, avuga ko Mbarushimana yari yatanze itegeko ryo gushakisha Mathias. Bavuga ko Urukiko rutahamije Mbarushimana Gutema Mathias, ahubwo rwasanze yaragize uruhare rutaziguye mu rupfu rwe kuko ariwe wategetse ko ashakishwa. [435] Ku bijyanye n’indangamuntu ya Ntirushwamaboko Pierre kuri bariyeri, abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko mu buhamya bwe yavuze ko atigeze yerekana indangamuntu ngo abari kuri bariyeri bamureke, kandi ko mu gika cya 100 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, ibyo byasobanuwe neza, Urukiko rubifataho icyemezo. [436] Kuri KMK bavuga ko yabwiye Urukiko Rukuru ko atazi ibitero Mbarushimana yaba yaragiyemo, nyamara mu nzego z’iperereza avuga ko azi raporo zivuga ko Mbarushimana yajyaga mu bitero. Bavuga ko

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impamvu urwo Rukiko rwahisemo inyandikomvugo yavugiye imbere y’inzego z’iperereza, ari uko uwo umutangabuhamya yivuguruje imbere yarwo kandi nta mpamvu yerekanye yamuteye kwivuguruza. Banavuga ko hari n’izindi nyandikomvugo zakorewe mu Bushinjacyaha zagiye zishingirwaho kubera ko nta nenge Urukiko rwazibonyemo. [437] Kuri KMF, bavuga ko Mbarushimana avuga ko uwo mutangabuhamya atashoboraga kubona ibintu biri i Kabuye kandi ari i Gahondo, ariko mu gika cya 102 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwagaragaje ko yavugaga ibintu byabereye i Kabuye, aho Mbarushimana yamusanze, bityo ko ibintu yavugaga ari ibyamubereye iruhande ndetse ko Urukiko rutigeze rushidikanya ku kuri kwabyo. Bakomeza bavuga ko KMF yavuze ko yavuye ku Musozi wa Kabuye ari ku cyumweru asubira mu nzu y’iwabo i Gahondo, bukeye haza igitero kiyobowe na Mbarushimana kimusohora muri iyo nzu, kimujyana i Dahwe bamwita ingaruzwamuheto, bageze ku kabari k’uwitwa Nkurunziza asanga bahatemeye mubyara we ariko atarapfa, Mbarushimana aramusonga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [438] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku bikurikira : Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarakoze ikosa mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside hashingiwe ku mvugo y’umutangabuhamya umwe kuri buri gitero mu byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre na Murangwa Pascal butari bukwiye guhabwa agaciro ku byerekeranye no kwicwa kwa Mathias mu kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’iyicwa rwa Kabera Joseph i Dahwe ; Kumenya niba KMK, KMB, KMF, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre na Murangwa Pascal bakongera guhamagazwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana ; Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije zimwe mu mvugo zishinjura Mbarushimana zatangiwe mu Bushinjacyaha rwari ruzifite muri dosiye mu rurimi rw’i ki Danois ; Kumenya niba Umumararungu Christine, Ngayaberura Déo, Mukangwije Bénoite, Ntazinda Emmanuel, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya mu bujurire. [439] Ibyerekeranye n’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije zimwe mu mvugo zishinjura Mbarushimana zatangiwe mu Bushinjacyaha rwari ruzifite muri dosiye mu rurimi rw’i ki Danois, byafashweho icyemezo haruguru ku bijyanye n’uruhare rwa Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, aho rwemeje ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze kutazishingiraho kuko

zitubahirije amategeko.151 Ni nako bimeze ku byerekeranye no kongera guhamagaza abatanze ubuhamya ku rwego rwa mbere kugira ngo bongere bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana,152 kimwe n’ibyerekeranye no guhamagaza Umumararungu Christine, Ngayaberura Deo, Mukangwije Benoite, Ntazinda Emmanel, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Singirankabo Laurent alias Rukomera, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent nk’abatangabuhamya bashya mu bujurire153 , bityo akaba atari ngombwa kongera kubisubiramo, ahubwo hakaba hagiye gusuzumwa ibibazo bisigaye mu byagaragajwe haruguru bikurikira:

151 Reba igika cya 296 kugeza 300 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 109 kugeza ku rwa 110). 152 Reba igika cya 289 kugeza 295 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 106 kugeza ku rwa 108). 153 Reba Igika cya 301 kugeza ku cya 319 cy’uru rubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 110 kugeza ku rwa 116).

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Kumenya niba Urukiko rwakoze ikosa mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside hashingiwe ku mvugo y’umutangabuhamya umwe kuri buri gitero mu byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre na Murangwa Pascal butari guhabwa agaciro ku byerekeranye no kwicwa kwa Mathias mu kigo cy’Abizeramariya na Kabera Joseph i Dahwe ; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwakoze ikosa mu guhamya MBARUSHIMANA icyaha cya jenoside hashingiwe ku mvugo y’umutangabuhamya umwe kuri buri gitero mu byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe [440] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba bitari bikwiye ko Urukiko Rukuru ruhamya Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe, rushingiye ku buhamya bw’umutangabuhamya umwe kuri buri gitero cyagabwe aho hantu, no kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMF, KMK na KMB budakiranuye. [441] Ku bijjyanye n’umubare w’abatangabuhamya no kwemerwa k’ubuhamya, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza RPA/GEN00001/2021/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 03/03/2023, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Ntaganzwa Ladislas (igika cya 89 na 90) rwatanze umurongo ko “ikimenyetso cy’ubuhamya kidashobora guteshwa agaciro no kuba kigizwe n’ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe, kuko igifite agaciro ari uburyo umutangabuhamya atangira ubuhamya ibyo afitiye ubumenyi kandi bihuje na

kamere y’ikiburanwa kuruta umubare w’abatangabuhamya”. Ibyo kandi niko byemejwe na TPIR/ICTR mu manza rwaciye, nko mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Niyitegeka Eliézer154 n’izindi, aho rwemeje ko urukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo rushobora gushingira ku buhamya bw’umuntu umwe uhamya ibyabaye mu gihe rubona ko bwizewe bitabaye ngombwa ko bushimangirwa n’ibindi bimenyetso. [442] Ku byerekeranye n’uru rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero bitandukanye byari bigamije kwica Abatutsi byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, ku Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe, hashingiwe ku buhamya bwa KMK, KMB, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMF, na Murangwa Pascal. [443] Mu gika cya 98 na 99 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu iyicwa ry’uwitwa Mathias, rushingiye ku buhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre wavuze ko Mbarushimana n’abandi bari kumwe bageze ku kigo cy’ababikira b’Abizeramariya basaka abantu bari bahahungiye, babaka ibyangombwa basanga harimo abasore bane b’Abatutsi barabasohora, uwitwa Mathias agerageza guhunga, Mbarushimana ategeka ko aboneka cyangwa bakahazimya, aho abonekeye bamutwarana n’abandi batatu, nyuma agaruka wenyine bamutemye aza gupfa. [444] Mu gika cya 101 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwashingiye ku buhamya bwa KMB wavuze ko yari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu gitero cyagiye ku Gisagara kikica uwitwa Madeleine n’umuryango

wa Ntawimenya baguye mu ngo zabo, Cyumbati n’umuryango wa Buriga wari wahungiye kwa Claver bicishijwe intwaro gakondo, ko banasahuye inka zo kwa Tabaro Evariste, akanemeza ko icyo gitero cyagiye i Nyakibungo kwica Abatutsi baho; bityo rwemeza ko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero byishe Abatutsi ku Gisagara kuko KMB avuga ibintu yahagazeho nk’uwari ubirimo, akanasobanura mu buryo bwumvinkana uko ibyo bitero byishe Abatutsi. [445] Mu gika cya 102, Urukiko rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu gitero cyagabwe i Gahondo, rushingiye ku buhamya bwa KMF wasobanuye ko Mbarushimana n’abo bari kumwe bamusanze iwabo

154 ICTR- 96- 14-A, NIYITEGEKA Eliézer, Appeal Judgment, Para. 171 : “A Trial Chamber may, in its discretion, relyon the testimony of a single witness as proof of a material fact. In circumstances in which the Trial Chamber finds the witness to be credible, it does not constitute an error for the Chamber to accept and rely on his testimony, even in the absence of corroborating evidence”.

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bakamusohora mu nzu, bamujyana ku kabari, aho basanze mubyara we Rukundo yatemwe atarapfa, Mbarushimana akamuhwanya akoresheje icyuma yari afite ku mukandara. [446] Mu gika cya 103, Urukiko rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu gitero cyagabwe i Nyarusange, rushingiye ku buhamya bwa KMK, rwemeza ko ibyo KMK yavuze mu rukiko ko atazi niba hari ibitero byo kwica Abatutsi Mbarushimana yayoboye, nta shingiro bifite kuko abazwa mu Bushinjacyaha yemeje ko ubwo yari umuyobozi muri komine Muganza hari raporo yabonye yakozwe na Sindikubwabo Isaïe wari “conseilleur” wa Dahwe, igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yagiye i Nyarusange ayoboye igitero cyari kigamije kwica Abatutsi bari bihishe k’uwitwa Ndayisaba Obed ariko asigara mu nzira, abandi bagezeyo barushwa imbaraga n’abo bari bateye; n’aho ibyo yasobanuye muri urwo rukiko ashaka kugaragaza ko raporo zakorwaga n’uwo konseye zabaga atari ukuri kuko yagiranaga amakimbirane n’abantu bajijutse, bitahabwa agaciro kuko iby’izo raporo abivuga muri rusange, atagaragaza by’umwihariko ko iyo raporo yo kuba Mbarushimana yaragiye muri icyo gitero nayo atari iy’ukuri. [447] Mu gika cyarwo cya 104, Urukiko rwahamije Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu gitero cyagabwe i Dahwe, rushingiye ku nyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal yakorewe mu iperereza, rwemeza ko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero byicaga Abatutsi, agira n’uruhare mu rupfu rwa Kabera

Joseph. [448] Dosiye igaragaza inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ry’urubanza rujuririrwa ku wa 25/10/2016, aho Ntirushwamaboko Pierre wari wahungiye mu kigo cy’ababikira b’Abizeramariya yavuze ko Mbarushimana yaje akabasohora atangira kubaka ibyangombwa, we ntiyabyerekana kuko byari byanditseho ko ari Umututsi. Yakomeje avuga ko Mathias we yerekanye icyangombwa cye, amukubita umugeri mu ivi, ariruka asubira mu cyumba bararagamo, Mbarushimana aravuga ngo uwo musore nataboneka arahita abazimya (abica bose). Yavuze ko bagiye gushaka Mathias bamusohora muri icyo cyumba, baramutema, bamwica urubozo155. [449] Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 26/10/2016 ry’urubanza rujuririrwa, igaragaza imvugo y’umutangabuhamya KMB ko yari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu gitero bagabye ku Gisagara ariko ko ntacyo yakoze muri icyo gitero uretse kuba yarakigiyemo gusa kandi ko Abatutsi bishwe muri icyo gitero barimo Ntawimenya na Madeleine, bishwe n’icyo gitero Mbarushimana ahari ndetse ko yari afite intwaro gakondo156. [450] Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/10/2016 no ku wa 17/10/2016 mu rubanza rujuririrwa zigaragaza ubuhamya bwa KMF ku byerekeranye n’igitero cy’i Gahondo. KMF yahamije ko yavuye i Kabuye batangiye kuraswa, ahungira i Gahondo, ahagera ku cyumweru asubira mu nzu y’iwabo babagamo157, bucyeye bwaho haza igitero kiyobowe na Mbarushimana kiramusohora asambanywa ku gahato Mbarushimana

areberera, amubwira ko afite amazuru mabi, amubaza impamvu yabaye Umututsi158. Yavuze ko abana bari bari kumwe mu nzu Mbarushimana yabateye grenade, hapfa abahungu bane (4), basiga batemye uwitwa Ruganineza Joseph ariko ntiyapfa159. Nyuma yaho, KMF yavuze ko yajyanwe n’abari muri icyo gitero kugira ngo bakomeze kumuhohotera, bamwita Ingaruzwamuheto160. KMF yakomeje avuga ko bamujyanye i Dahwe, bageze ku kabari kwa Nkurunziza bahasanga mubyara we (Rukundo) watemwe ijosi ariko atarapfa, Mbarushimana ahita amuhwanya amwica akoresheje icyuma yakuye ku mukandara161. [451] Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 22/11/2016 mu rubanza rujuririrwa, igaragaza ko KMK yabajijwe ibyo yavuze mu Bushinjacyaha ko yahawe raporo ivuga ko Mbarushimana yayoboye igitero i Nyarusange cyagiye kwica Ndayisaba Obed, asubiza ko yabivuze ariko yanavuze ko iyo raporo yakozwe n’umuyobozi witwaga Sindikubwabo Isaïe wagiranaga amakimbirane na Mbarushimana kubera ko yaziraga

155 Dosiyey’urubanza rujuririrwa, Cote 1092 156 Idem, Cotes 1114, 1116, 1117 & 1119. 157 Idem, Cotes 1032. 158 Ibid. 159 Ibid. 160 Ibid. 161 Idem, Cote 1033

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abantu bajijutse akaba yarakekaga ko bazamusimbura162, kandi ko akenshi basesenguraga raporo z’uwo muyobozi bagasanga zirimo ibinyoma.163 Urukiko rwamubajije niba ibyo avuga abizi neza, asubiza ko ari igitekerezo cye, ko atahamya ko muri iyo raporo Mbarushimana yabeshyewe164. [452] Mu nyandikomvugo yo ku wa 24/09/2014 ya Murangwa Pascal yakorewe mu Bushinjacyaha, yavuze ko muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yajyanye na Mbarushimana mu gitero cyagiye guhiga Abatutsi babuze ariko bakekaga ko batarapfa barimo Kabera Joseph.165 Yavuze ko icyo gitero kigabanyijemo ibice bibiri, ajya mu gice cyari kiyobowe na Mbarushimana nk’umunyabwenge wize, kirimo na Bapfakurera Tharcisse na Hanyurwimfura Emmanuel, bajyana mu gitero bavumbura Kabera Joseph aho yari yihishe mu byatsi byari hafi ya “ secteur Dahwe”166. Murangwa Pascal yavuze ko bakimara kumuvumbura Kabera Joseph yabasabye kubanza agasenga, arangije uwitwa Kubwimana Jean amutegeka kubika inda hasi, bamukora mu ishati bakuramo 200Frw, maze Kalisa ahita umutema ijosi167. [453] Murangwa Pascal yavuze ko icyo gitero cyakomeje kijya kwa Rwageshe wari waranze kujya kwica, baramusaka basanga nta Mututsi uhihishe, Mbarushimana abwira Pascal ko uwo bashakaga bamubonye (Kabera Joseph), maze asezerera abo bari kumwe muri icyo gitero, ababwira ko bataha, bakajya kuruhuka kuko uwo bashakaga bamubonye168. Uretse, ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal bukubiye

mu nyandikomvugo ye yavuzwe haruguru, KMF nawe yahamije ko yabonye Mbarushimana i Dahwe kandi ko yajyaga no mu bitero by’amaguru169. [454] Ibimaze kuvugwa bigaragaza ko abatangabuhamya bose bavuzwe haruguru bafite amakuru ahagije ku bijyanye n’igitero buri wese ahamya Mbarushimana yagizemo uruhare. Ubumenyi bwabo bushingiye ku bikurikira: Ntirushwamaboko Pierre ahamya ibyabereye mu kigo cy’ababikira b’Abizeramariya mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi aho yari yarahungiye hicirwa Mathias mu gitero cyahagabwe kirimo Mbarushimana; KMB yari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu gitero cyagabye ku Gisagara cyaniciwemo Ntawimenya na Madeleine; KMF ahamya ibyamubayeho ku gitero Mbarushimana yarimo cyagabwe i Gahondo; kuba Mbarushimana yari mu gitero cyagabwe i Gahondo bikaba binashimangirwa n’ubuhamya KME yatanze mu rubanza rujuririrwa170. KMK ahamya ko yakiriye raporo igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare mu gitero cyagabwe i Nyarusange ; Murangwa Pascal nawe asobanura neza uko ibintu byagenze ubwo yari kumwe na Mbarushimana n’abandi arondora, bajyanye mu gitero cyo guhiga Abatutsi i Dahwe ari nacyo kishe Kabera Joseph. Iby’uko Mbarushimana yagiye mu gitero I Dahwe byahamijwe kandi na KMF nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, wamushinje kuba yari mu gitero cyamuvanye I Gahondo kikamujyana i Dahwe, aho basanze mubyara we Rukundo wari wishwe atarahwana Mbarushimana agahita amusonga akamwica. [455]

Hashingiwe ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Ntaganzwa Ladislas w’uko ubuhamya bw’umuntu umwe bushobora gushingirwaho mu rubanza iyo bwizewe bitabaye ngombwa ko bushyigikirwa n’ibindi bimenyetso, uru Rukiko rurasanga ubuhamya bwa KMK, KMB, Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, KMF, na Murangwa Pascal bukiranuye kuko buri umwe afite ubumenyi kuri buri gitero yashinje Mbarushimana kugiramo uruhare, bityo kuba Urukiko Rukuru

162 Idem, Cotes 1177 & 1180 163 Idem, Cotes 1178 164 Idem, Cote 1185 165 Reba Inyandikomvugo ya MURANGWA Pascal, iri muri Dosiye Ubushinjacyaha bwaregeye Urukikoku rwego rwa mbere, Cote 380. 166 Ibid. 167 Ibid. 168 Ibid. 169 Inyandikomvugoy’iburanisha ryokuwa 17/10/2016 (Cote 1049_1050). 170 KME yahamije ko yamubonye Mbarushimana yambaye imbunda, ko atamubonye ayirashisha, anahamya ko ku munsi wo gutera amabuye yamubonye afite inkota (Reba Inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo kuwa 13/10/2016, Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, Cote1026.)

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rwarashingiye ku ubuhamya bwabo, rugahamya Mbarushimana kugira uruhare mu bitero byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo n’i Dahwe, nta kosa rwakoze kuko nk’uko byerekanywe haruguru, ubuhamya bw’umutangabuhamya umwe bushobora gushingirwaho uregwa ahamwa icyaha. Kubw’ibyo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre na Murangwa Pascal butari guhabwa agaciro ku byerekeranye no kwicwa kwa Mathias mu kigo cy’Abizeramariya na KABERA Joseph i Dahwe [456] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre na Murangwa Pascal butari bukwiye guhabwa agaciro kuko bavuze amabwire (hearsay). [457] Mu buhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre bwavuzwe haruguru171, yahamije ibyo yiboneye ubwe, byabereye mu kigo cy’ababikira B’abizeramariya yari yahungiyemo mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ahamya ko igitero cyahagabwe cyarimo Mbarushimana kihicira Mathias. [458] Murangwa Pascal, nawe inyandikomvugo y’ubuhamya bwe igaragaza ko yavuze ibyo yiboneye ubwe mu gitero nawe ubwe yarimo na Mbarushimana n’abandi yarondoye amazina haruguru, cyagabwe i Dahwe, icyo gitero akaba ari cyo cyishe Kabera Joseph kimuciye ijosi172. [459] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko byasobanuwe muri uru rubanza, ubuhamya bushingiye ku mabwire bwemewe mu mategeko mu gihe bushyigikiwe n’ibindi bimenyetso.

Rurasanga ariko nk’uko bimaze kugaragazwa haruguru, ubuhamya bwa Ntirushwamaboko Pierre n’ubwa Murangwa Pascal budashingiye ku mabwire kuko bahamya ibyo ubwabo biboneye. Rurasanga rero ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko ubuhamya bwabo butagombaga guhabwa agaciro ku byerekeranye n’iyicwa rya Mathias mu kigo cy’Abizeramariya na Kabera Joseph wiciwe i Dahwe ku mpamvu y’uko bushingiye ku mabwire nta shingiro bufite. [460] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri ibyo bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru rutaribeshye guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside rushingiye ku ruhare yagize mu rupfu rw’Abatutsi biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, abo mu muryango w’Abasa, abishwe n’ibitero byagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, n’abiciwe mu bitero byagabwe ku Bizeramariya, i Gisagara, i Gahondo, i Nyarusange n’i Dahwe, bityo ubujurire bwe kuri iki cyaha bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya Niba Urukiko Rukuru Rwarakoze Ikosa Ryo Kwemeza Ko Mbarushimana Yakurikiranwaho Icyarimwe Icyaha Cya Jenoside N’icyaha Cyo Gucura Umugambi Wo Gukora Jenoside Hashingiwe Ku Bikorwa Bimwe Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [461] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha butagombaga kumurega icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe bya jenoside byabereye ku Ndatemwa, ku musozi wa Kabuye n’ahandi. Basaba uru Rukiko ko rwatesha agaciro icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku birebana n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside, rukemeza ko yagombaga gukurikiranwaho gusa icyaha cya jenoside. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha

171 Reba igika cya 448 cy’ururubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 156). 172 Reba ibika bya 452 na 453 by’uru rubanza haruguru(urupapurorwa 157 n’urwa 158

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[462] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kwemeza ko Mbarushimana yakurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside kubera ko ari ibyaha bibiri bitandukanye, kuko ibigize ibyo byaha (éléments constitutifs) bitandukanye, kandi ko ingingo z’amategeko zibiteganya zitandukanye harebwe ibisobanuro bitangwa n’ingingo ya 25 na 114 z’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru, bityo ko basanga gucura umugambi wa jenoside, atari igikorwa kigize icyaha cya jenoside, ko ahubwo ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora jenoside nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 25 yavuzwe haruguru nk’uko byanemejwe mu manza zaciwe na TPIR nk’urubanza rwa Seromba Athanase173 nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru rwabisobanuye mu bika bya 148-155 by’urubanza rujuririrwa.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [463] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarakoze ikosa ryo kwemeza ko Mbarushimana akurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside. [464] Imikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, mu bika bya 12, 133 - 136, igaragaza ko Mbarushimana yashyikirije Urukiko Rukuru ikibazo cy’uko atakurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, kuko basanga gucura umugambi wa jenoside ari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside. [465] Urwo Rukiko rumaze gusesengura icyo kibazo rwasanze nta cyari kubuza ko Mbarushimana akurikiranwaho icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe bigizwe n’uruhererekane rw’ibyabeye ku Ndatemwa174, ahakorewe icyaha cya jenoside n’ahabereye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside, kuko ari ibyaha bibiri bitandukanye, kubera ko icyaha cya jenoside kigizwe n’ibikorwa biteganywa n’ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 ryavuzwe haruguru175, naho icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside (conspiracy to commit genocide) giteganywa n’ingingo ya 3 (b) y’Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo ku wa 09/12/1948 agamije gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside176, u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono ku wa 12/02/1975, kikanateganywa n’ingingo ya 25177 na 132,4o z’Itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe haruguru178, akaba ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora jenoside, nk’uko byemejwe mu

173 ICTR-2001-66-I The Prosecutor v. Athanase SEROMBA of 13 December 2006 Para. 345, « The Chamber relies on the Tribunal’s jurisprudence which defines conspiracy to commit genocide as “an agreement between two or more persons to commit the crime of genocide”. 174 Juliet R. AMENGE Okoth, mu gitabo cye yise "The Crime of Conspiracy in International Law, asobanura ko ubwumvikane (agreement) bugamije gukora icyaha bushobora kugaragaz wa n’uruhererekane rw’ibyabaye. 175 Ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 riteganya igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, iteganya ko Icyaha cya Jenoside ni k imwe mu bikorwa bikurikira cyakozwe mu buryo bwateguwe k igamije kurimbura abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, bahuriye ku bwenegihugu,, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry‟uruhu cyangwa ku idini, bazira icyo bari cyo, haba mu bihe bisanzwe cyangwa mu bihe by'intambara: 1°k wica abo bantu; 2° kubatera ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa bwo mu mutwe; 3° kubashyira, ubigambiriye, mu mibereho ishobora gutuma barimbuka bose cyangwa harimbuka igice cyabo; 4° gufata ibyemezo bibabuza kubyara; 5° kubambura ku ngufu urubyaro rwabo ukaruha abandi bantu badahuje. 176Article 3 de la convention pour la prévention et la repression du crime de génocide : « Seront punis les actes suivants : a) le génocide ; b) l’entente en vue de commettre le génocide ; c) l’incitation directe et publique à commettre le génocide ;

d) la tentative de génocide ; e) la complicité de génocide ». 177 Ingingo ya 25 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana iteganya ko gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha ari ubwumvikane hagati y’abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bugamije gukora icyaha bikozwe n’umwe cyangwa benshi muri bo. Naho ingingo yaryo ya 132,4o igateganya icyaha cyo kujya umugambi wa jenoside nka kimwe mu bikorwa bihanwa nk’icyaha cya jenoside. 178 Ingingo ya 93 y’Itegeko Nº68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko “Bitabangamiye ibiteganywa n’izindi ngingo z’iri tegeko ku byerekeye ubwinjiracyaha, gucura umugambi wo gukora icyaha n’ubufatanyacyaha, ibikorwa bikurikira bihanishwa ibihano biteganyirijwe icyaha cya Jenoside: 1º gucura umugambi wo gukora Jenoside”.

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rubanza Nº ICTR-00-61-A rwaciwe ku wa 02/04/2014 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na gatete Jean - Baptiste179; rwemeza kandi ko icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside gihanwa kabone n’iyo jenoside yari yagambiriwe gukorwa itagezweho nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 132,4o yavuzwe haruguru. [466] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru rwaragaragaje aho rwashingiye rwemeza ko Mbarushimana akurikiranywaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, kuko ari ibyaha bibiri bitandukanye. Mu bujurire, Mbarushimana aho kugaragaza inenge ziri mu cyemezo cy’urwo Rukiko, yongeye kugarura imiburanire ye yo ku rwego rwa mbere kandi yararangije gufatwaho icyemezo. [467] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François180, ndetse no mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Hassan Ngeze n’abandi181, rurasanga rutaburanisha bundi bushya ibyafashweho icyemezo n’Urukiko Rukuru Mbarushimana atanenga, kuko ku rwego rw’ubujurire haburanishwa gusa inenge ziri mu rubanza rwajuririwe, mu gihe Mbarushimana atazigaragaza, ubujurire bwe bukaba nta shingiro bufite kuri iyi ngingo, kuko nta kosa agaragaza Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kwemeza ko yakurikiranywaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. Kumenya Niba

Urukiko Rukuru Rwarakoze Ikosa Ryo Kwemeza Ko Mbarushimana Yakurikiranwaho Icyarimwe Icyaha Cya Jenoside N’icyaha Cyo Kurimbura Nk’icyaha Cyibasiye Inyokomuntu Hashingiwe Ku Bikorwa Bimwe Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [468] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko atakurikiranwaho ngo anahanirwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe bigize icyaha cya jenoside aregwa, kuko atari ibyaha bibiri bitandukanye, ko ahubwo icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, ari kimwe mu bikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside, kuko bihuriye ku gikorwa kimwe cyo kwica Abatutsi, uretse ko mu nyito yabyo, hamwe hari ijambo “abaturage b’abasivire”, ahandi hakaba hari ijambo “Abatutsi” bishwe bazira ubwoko bwabo, bakaba basanga yaragombaga gukurikiranwaho gusa icyaha cya jenoside, ariko ko Ubushinjacyaha bwamureze ibyo byaha byombi kugira ngo bigaragare ko ari umugizi wa nabi. [469] Basobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rushingiye ku bikorwa rwashingiyeho rumuhamya icyaha cya jenoside bijyanye n’iyicwa ry‘Abatutsi ku Ndatemwa, abo mu muryango w’Abasa, abiciwe i Kabuye no mu bindi bitero, bityo ko basanga atari guhamwa n’ibyo byaha byombi hashingiwe kuri ibyo bikorwa bimwe, kuko urwo Rukiko rutatandukanyije ibikorwa n’ubushake bigize buri cyaha. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [470] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku

179 ICTR-00-61-A Le Procureur c/ GATETE Jean Baptiste du 2/04/2014, para. 260-261. “ …Comme l’a fait observer la Chambre de première instance à juste titre, l’élément matériel du crime de génocide est nettement distinct de celui du crime d’entente envue de commettre le génocide et les comportements qui caractérisent les deux crimes sont différents. Le crime de génocide postule la commission de l’un des actes énumérés à l’article 2.2 du Statut, alors que le crime d’entente en vue de commetre le genocide”. 180 Urubanza Nº RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 25/7/2023, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na TWAHIRWA François (igika cya 88). 181 ICTR-99-52-A, Decision on appellant Hassan NGEZE's motions for approval of further investigations on specific information relating to the additional evidence of potential witnesses, par.4.

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bikorwa bimwe bijyanye n’iyicwa ry’Abatutsi ahantu hatandukanye harimo ku Ndatemwa, kuko ibikorwa bimwe bishobora kubyara ibyaha byinshi bitandukanye. [471] Basobanura ko icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, ari ibyaha bibiri bitandukanye, kuko icyaha cya jenoside giteganywa n’ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko - Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, naho icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu giteganywa n’ingingo ya 120 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga. Ihana ry’ibyo byaha bombi, rirengera inyungu zitandukanye nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo na TPIR/ICTR mu rubanza rwa Jean Paul Akayezu n’Ubushinjacyaha, kuko guhana icyaha cya jenoside birengera ibyiciro by’abantu bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko, idini, ibara ry’uruhu n’ibindi, nyamara mu gihe bikozwe hagamije kurimbura abo bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, ihana ry’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, rirengera abaturage batari abasirikare, bityo ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu kwemeza ko Mbarushimana ashobora gukurikiranwaho no guhanirwa ibyo byaha byombi hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [472] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba Mbarushimana atari gukurikiranywaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe. [473] Mu rubanza rujuririrwa (ibika bya 159 na 160), Mbarushimana yaburanye ku rwego rwa mbere avuga ko atakurikiranwaho icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe ngo anahanirwe ibyo byaha byombi, kuko Ubushinjacyaha budatandukanya igihe yishe umuntu agamije gukora jenoside n’igihe yamwishe mu rwego rw’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu; ko ahubwo igitandukanya ibyo byaha byombi ari uko hagomba kuba icyiciro cy’abantu bavugwa mu cyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu batagaragara mu byiciro bivugwa mu cyaha cya jenoside. [474] Muri urwo rubanza rujuririrwa (ibika bya 120, 172 na 173), Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze nta cyabuza ko Mbarushimana akurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko ibigize (éléments constitutifs) ibyo byaha byombi bitandukanye, kuko icyaha cya jenoside (kwica Abatutsi) giteganywa n’ingingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, naho icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu giteganywa n’ingingo ya 120, 2o y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga, uretse ko ibikorwa bigize ibyo byaha byombi, bihurira

ku gikorwa kimwe cyo kwica Abatutsi ahantu hatandukanye mu hahoze ari Superefegitura ya Gisagara no kwica Abatutsi benshi bari barahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye. Urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye kandi ko ihanwa ry’ibyo byaha byombi rirengera inyungu zitandukanye, kuko ihanwa ry’icyaha cya jenoside rirengera ibyiciro by’abantu bahuriye ku bwenegihugu, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu cyangwa ku idini mu gihe gikozwe hagamijwe kurimbura abo bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo, naho ihanwa ry’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rikaba rirengera abaturage batari abasirikare. [475] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru rwarasesenguye ikibazo rwashyikirijwe na Mbarushimana cy’uko atakurikiranwaho icyarimwe icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku bikorwa bimwe, rusanga nta cyabuza ko akurikiranywaho ibyo byaha byombi ngo anabihanirwe, kuko ibibigize (éléments constitutifs) bitandukanye, ndetse n’ihanwa ryabyo rirengera inyungu zitandukanye, imbere y’uru Rukiko Mbarushimana akaba atagaragaje inenge ziri muri icyo cyemezo kugira ngo zikosorwe, ahubwo akaba yagaruye mu bujurire iyo ngingo yatsinzweho ku rwego rwa mbere nk’aho ashaka ko uru Rukiko rwongera kuyiburanisha bundi bushya kandi bitemewe. [476] Ku byo Mbarushimana avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwamuhamije ibyo byaha byombi rudatandukanyije ibikorwa bibigize, mu rubanza rujuririrwa (mu gika cya 122 ), Urukiko rwasobanuye ko icyaha cya jenoside ari kimwe mu bikorwa bivugwa mu ngingo ya 114 y’Itegeko Ngenga Nº 01/2012/OL ryo ku wa 02/05/2012

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ryavuzwe haruguru, birimo kwica abantu bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo bazira ubwoko bwabo, ko kandi ibyo bisobanuro bihuje n’ibyatanzwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR nk’urubanza rwa Muvunyi Tharcisse182. [477] Naho mu gika cyarwo cya 125, Urukiko Rukuru rwarondoye ibikorwa bigize icyaha cya jenoside Mbarushimana yakoze hagamijwe kwica Abatutsi birimo kuba yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa hiciwe Abatutsi benshi barimo Vincent na Bénédicte ndetse n’abo mu muryango w’Abasa, no kuba yaragiye mu bitero ku musozi wa Kabuye, ahiciwe Abatutsi benshi b’abasivile barimo n’abishwe na gerenade yabateye nka Tharcisse na Solomon, ndetse no kuba yaragiye mu gitero i Gahondo, Nyarusange, Gisagara, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’i Dahwe, byishe Abatutsi benshi barimo Mathias, Rukundo, Kabera Joseph n’abandi benshi, maze rwemeza ko ibyo bikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi abaziza ubwoko bwabo bigize icyaha cya jenoside. [478] Na none mu bika bya 124 na 125 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko ibikorwa byavuzwe haruguru bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yari afite ubushake bwihariye (specific intent) bwo gukora jenoside, ni ukuvuga kurimbura Abatutsi bose cyangwa bamwe muri bo abaziza icyo bari cyo, ko ubwo bushake bureberwa mu ruhererekane rw’ibikorwa yakoze birimo kuba yaragiye kuri bariyeri ziciweho Abatutsi, kuba yararebye mu ndangamuntu zabo bakicwa, no kuba yaragiye mu bitero byari

bigamije kwica Abatutsi bikanabica. [479] Naho ku birebana n’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, mu gika cya 161 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu giteganywa n’ingingo ya 120 y’Itegeko Ngenga ryavuzwe haruguru, ari kimwe mu bikorwa birimo kwica, kurimbura n’ibindi bikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage batari abasirikare bazira ubwenegihugu bwabo, ibitekerezo bya politiki, ubwoko, cyangwa idini. [480] Mu bika bya 169 na 170 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, urwo Rukiko rwarondoye ibikorwa Mbarushimana yakoze bigize icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu (kurimbura), birimo kuba yaragiye mu bitero ku musozi wa Kabuye, ku Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi bikica Abatutsi bari bahahungiye, bityo rwemeza ko ibyo bikorwa bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko ibyo bitero Mbarushimana yagizemo uruhare byari rusange harebwe uburyo byageze ahantu henshi mu bihe bitandukanye kandi ko byagendaga byica abaturage batari mu mirwano, ndetse ko byari simusiga harebwe uburyo byakorwaga kuri gahunda, kuko abajyaga mu bitero, babaga bafite aho bahagurukira, bakanahagaruka, bagategura uko bazongera kugaba ibindi bitero. [481] Na none mu gika cya 171 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko ubushake bwo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu bugaragazwa n’ibikorwa byose Mbarushimana

yakoze birimo kujya mu bitero no kwica Abatutsi ahantu hanyuranye, ko kandi yabikoze azi neza ko biri muri gahunda yo kwica umubare munini w’Abatutsi. [482] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, ndetse no mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Hassan Ngeze n’abandi, rurasanga rutaburanisha bundi bushya ibyafashweho icyemezo n’Urukiko Rukuru Mbarushimana atanenga, kuko ku rwego rw’ubujurire hasuzumwa gusa inenge ziri mu rubanza rwajuririwe, kandi Mbarushimana akaba atazigaragaza, bityo ubujurire bwe kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. KU BIREBANA N’ICYAHA CYO GUCURA UMUGAMBI WA JENOSIDE Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA

182 ICTR-2000-55A-T, Le Procureur c/ Tharcisse MUVUNYI, du 12 septembre 2006, para. 477.

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[483] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru ko mu bika bya 141-145, 137 na 138 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, rwemeje ko atitabiriye inama zose zitegura jenoside kandi ko ataziyoboye ariko rwabirenzeho rumuhamya icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside hashingiwe ku mvugo z’abatangabuhamya zimushinja aribo KMH, KMJ, Musabyimana Tharcisse na KMI, rwirengagiza ko imvugo za KMH zitagombaga guhabwa agaciro, kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira, ko ahubwo rwagombaga gushingira ku mvugo z‘abo batangabuhamya zimushinjura, rukanashingira ku mvugo ya Gatore Innocent, Mazimpaka Déo na Ngaruyintore Tharcisse bavugiye mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark n’izo mu Rwanda, kuko zimushinjura. [484] Basobanura ko ku bw’ibanze, imvugo za KMH zimushinja (ibika bya 16 na 17 by’urubanza rujuririrwa) zitagombaga gushingirwaho, kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira, ariko uru Rukiko rubibonye ukundi, rwashingira ku mvugo ze zimushinjura, kuko yavuze ko Mbarushimana atatanze amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi, ko ahubwo yatanzwe n’abantu barimo Rwakimwanga, ko atashinze za bariyeri, ko ahubwo zashinzwe n’uwari Sous - Préfet, (côtes 900 - 916), rukanashingira ku mvugo zimushinjura yabwiye Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix, mu nyandiko ye yo ku wa 25/02/2025, aho yasobanuye ko yashinje Mbarushimana ibyaha amubeshyera bitewe n‘umugambi yakoranye n’abagororwa bagenzi be bari bafunganye muri Gereza, ndetse ko bibaye ngombwa

KMH yahamagazwa mu Rukiko kugira ngo abisobanure. [485] Ku birebana na KMJ, bavuga ko ubuhamya bwe bwagombaga guhabwa agaciro Mbarushimana akagirwa umwere ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, kuko yamushinjuye kubera ko yabwiye Urukiko Rukuru ko ntacyo amuziho, kandi ko atamubonye ajya mu marondo (igika cya 20 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa), aho bateguriraga ibikorwa byo kujya mu bitero, ndetse ko atamubonye yica Abatutsi cyangwa ngo ategeke ko bicwa, kuko yabaga ari mu rugo rwe kubera Abatutsi yari ahishe (cotes 701- 900). [486] Bavuga ko KMJ yavuze ko ibitero byari biyobowe na Mugarura, Vianney na Mushimire, anasobanura ko yari mu gitero cyayoborwaga na Vianney, ariko ko Mbarushimana atari abarimo, ndetse ko atigeze ashishikariza Abahutu kwica Abatutsi, ko Mbarushimana atagiye i Kabuye. Bongeyeho ko atatanze amabwiriza yo kujya kwica Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye, ko ahubwo yatanzwe n‘uwari Sous- Préfet, kuko iyo agira imbaraga atari kwemera ko bamwangiriza isambu y’umuryango we kuko yiciwemo Abatutsi. [487] Bakomeza bavuga ko amakuru yatangiwe mu Rukiko na Musabyimana Tharcisse (igika cya 25 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa), yagombaga guhabwa agaciro, kuko yamushinjuye bitewe n’uko yabwiye Urukiko ko atazi ibikorwa Mbarushimana yakoze muri jenoside ngo aramutse avuze uruhare yagize muri jenoside yaba abeshye. [488] Bavuga na none ko ubuhamya bwa KMI mu bika bya 18 na 19

by’urubanza rujuririrwa, butagombaga guhabwa agaciro, kuko bwuzuyemo amakabyankuru bitewe n’uko yavuze ko ku musozi wa Kabuye haguye abantu barenga ihihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000), no kuba yaravuze ibidashoboka, kuko uri ku Ndatemwa utabona ibibera i Kabuye nk’uko byanemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ubwo rwakoraga iperereza ku wa 13/12/2016. [489] Bakomeza bavuga ko mu gika cya 131 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Ubushinjacyaha bwatanze Gatore Innocent, Mazimpaka Deo, KMC, KME na KMF nk’abatangabuhamya babajijwe mu Nzego z‘iperereza bamushinje ko yagize uruhare mu gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, nyamara atari ukuri, kuko batigeze bagira icyo bavuga ku birebana n’uruhare yagize kuri iyo bariyeri n’ibyahabereye. [490] Basobanura ko n’ubwo Gatore Innocent atahamagajwe mu Rukiko, ariko ko yabajijwe mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark ku wa 11/05/2011 no mu Bushinjacyaha bw’u Rwanda ku wa 15/12/2009 no ku wa 25/09/2014, ari kumwe na KMJ (Ikirego, C. 366 – 369), ariko ko atigeze agira icyo avuga kuri Mbarushimana ku birebana na bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ko ahubwo yamushinjuye, kuko yemeje ko nta ruhare rwa Mbarushimana azi muri jenoside.

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[491] Ku birebana na Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, bavuga ko yamushinjuye mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark, kuko yemeje ko atigeze abona Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, kandi ko atazi niba yaritabiriye ibikorwa bya jenoside, ndetse ko atigeze aba umwe mu bayobozi ba bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa. [492] Basaba uru Rukiko ko rwahamagaza abatangabuhamya KMH, KMJ, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Ngayaberura Deo, Singirankabo Laurent ariwe Rukomera, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na MBARUSHIMANA ku birebana n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside kugira ngo akigirweho umwere. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [493] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu bika bya 137-139 mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside hashingiwe ku buhamya KMI, KMJ, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse batangiye muri urwo Rukiko, kuko rwasanze ubuhamya bwabo bufite agaciro kuko bushyigikiwe n’imvugo z’abandi batangabuhamya babajijwe mu iperereza uretse ko amazina yabo yahishwe ku mpamvu z’umutekano wabo, maze rwemeza ko ku Ndatemwa hacuriwe umugambi wa jenoside na Mbarushimana wari kumwe n’abandi bantu benshi barimo Habiyambere Célestin na Sikubwabo Isaïe nk’uko bavugwa mu gika cya 131 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa. [494] Kuri Musabyimana Tharcisse, bavuga ko yatanze amakuru imbere y’Urukiko

(igika cya 25 cy’urubanza) yemeza ko Mbarushimana yagize uruhare mu itegurwa ryo gutera no kwica Abatutsi ku musozi wa Kabuye anashingirwaho mu icibwa ry’urubanza mu gika cya 138. [495] Ku birebana na KMJ, bavuga ko yasobanuye imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru ko Mbarushimana yabaga ku Ndatemwa ahategurirwaga gahunda yo gutera i Kabuye, kandi ko yababwiye ko ijambo ry’ibanga bazakoresha nibahatera ari “imvura” abandi bagasubiza “urubura” kugira ngo bamenyane (igika cya 20), kandi ko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye kuri ubwo buhamya rumuhamya iki cyaha (igika cya 137). [496] Bakomeza bavuga ko KMH yatanze ubuhamya imbere y’Urukiko Rukuru (igika cya 16 na 17), asobanura ko bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yashinzwe na Rwakimwanga, Tharcisse na Mbarushimana muri Mata 1994 bitegetswe na Superefe, ndetse ko bayiraranyeho bitewe n’uko Mbarushimana yari yababujije gutaha, anasobanura uburyo bagabye ibitero ku musozi wa Kabuye bari kumwe na Mbarushimana. [497] Kuri KMI, bavuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa afite ubuhiri ari kumwe na Rwakimwanga na Rukomera barimo bagira abaturage benshi inama yo kuzatera i Kabuye, ndetse ko n’Urukiko rwashingiye kuri ubwo buhamya bwe (ibika bya 18 na 137).

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [498] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku bibazo bikurikira : Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMH butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro, niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije ubuhamya bwe bushinjura Mbarushimana, no kumenya niba ubuhamya KMH yahaye Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa bwakwakirwa ; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside rwirengagije imvugo za KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse zimushinjura ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMI butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside, rwirengagije imvugo zimushinjura za Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, Mazimpaka Déo na Gatore Innocent, KMC, KME na KMF bavugiye mu Nzego z’iperereza;

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Kumenya niba KMH, KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse bakongera guhamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya ; Kumenya niba Ngayaberura Déo, Singirankabo Laurent ariwe Rukomera, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya bwa mbere muri uru Rukiko. [499] Ibijyanye n’uko ubuhamya bwa KMH butagombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira, kumenya niba ubuhamya yahaye Me Rudakemwa Jean Félix mu nyandiko yo ku wa 25/02/2025 nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa bwakwakirwa, iby’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije imvugo zavugiwe mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark na Gatore Innocent, Mazimpaka Déo na Ngaruyintore Tharcisse, no kumenya niba KMH, KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse bakongera guhamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya kuri uru rwego kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana, no kumenya niba Ngayaberura Déo, Singirankabo Laurent ariwe Rukomera, Ngarukiye Tharcisse, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel na Nsabimana Laurent bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bwa mbere kuri uru rwego, byarangije gufatwaho ibyemezo muri uru rubanza mu ngingo zabanjirije iyi zasuzumwa haruguru.183 [500] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ahubwo ibibazo bigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ari ibi bikurikira : Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije imvugo za KMC, KME na KMF zishinjura Mbarushimana bavugiye mu nzego z’iperereza; Kumenya niba

Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije imvugo za Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ bavugiye mu Rukiko zishinjura Mbarushimana ku cyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMI butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro. Ku birebana n’uko Urukiko Rukuru rwirengagije imvugo za KMC, KME na KMF bavugiye mu nzego z’iperereza zishinjura MBARUSHIMANA. [501] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside rwirengagije imvugo KMC, KME na KMF bavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha zimushinjura. [502] Mu rubanza rujuririrwa (igika cya 113), Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe icyemezo ku nyandikomvugo zo mu Bushinjacyaha Mbarushimana yasabaga ko zitashingirwaho mu rubanza kubera inenge zifite zirimo kuba hari bamwe mu batangabuhamya bavuga ko Ubushinjacyaha bwabandikiye ibyo batavuze, ko bwagoretse imvugo zabo, no kuba mu ibazwa ryabo hari amategeko atarubahirijwe kubera ko bamwe batarahiye, hakaba abatarasinye inyandikomvugo zabo, abandi basinyira abandi, ndetse hakaba n’inyandikomvugo zitariho imikono ya ngombwa; rwemeza ko izo nyandikomvugo (zirimo n’iza KMC, KME na KMF) zidashingirwaho nk’ibimenyetso mu rubanza, kuko abatangabuhamya anenga inyandikomvugo zabo, bahamagajwe mu Rukiko ubuhamya n’amakuru batanze akaba ari byo bishingirwaho kuko rwasanze bikiranuye. [503] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibyo kuba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside rwirengagije imvugo KMC, KME na KMF bavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha, nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko byerekanywe haruguru, Mbarushimana ubwe yasabye Urukiko ko

183 Kubijyanye n’uko ubuhamya bwa KMH butagombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira (Reba igika cya 252 kugeza 253 cy’uru rubanza haruguru, urupapurorwa 94-95), kubijyanye n’uko ubuhamya KMH yahaye Me Rudakemwa nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa bwakwakirwa (Reba igika cya 254 kugeza 263 cy’uru rubanza haruguru, urupapuro rwa 95 kugeza ku rwa 98); Kubijyanye n’inyandikomvugo zo mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark (Reba igika cya 296 kugeza 300 cy’ururubanza haruguru (Reba urupapuro rwa 109 kugeza ku rwa 110); Kubyerekeranye no guhamagaza abatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru kugira ngo bakongere bavuguruzanya na MBARUSHIMANA (Reba igika cya 289 kugeza 295 cy’uru rubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 106 kugeza ku rwa 108); Kubyerekeranyeno guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bashya bwa mbere ku rwego rw’Ubujurire (Reba Igika cya 301 kugeza ku cya 319 cy’ururubanza haruguru, rupapurorwa 110 kugeza ku rwa 116)

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inyandikomvugo zo mu Bushinjacyaha zitashingirwaho kubera inenge yarugaragarije ; Urukiko rumaze kubona ko izo nyandikomvugo zifite inenge rwafashe icyemezo cyo kutazishingiraho, ahubwo rushingira ku byavugiwe imbere yarwo. Ntabwo rero Mbarushimana yagera mu bujurire ngo avuge ko izo nyandikomvugo zirengagijwe kandi nawe ubwe yarasabye ko zitashingirwaho nk’ikimenyetso mu rubanza rwe bikemerwa, iyi ngingo ye y’ubujurire ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarirengagije imvugo za MUSABYIMANA Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ zishinjura MBARUSHIMANA [504] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside rwirengagije imvugo za Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ bavugiye mu Rukiko zimushinjura. [505] Ibijyanye no kumenya agaciro gahabwa imvugo z’abatangabuhamya mu manza nk’ikimenyetso byatanzweho umurongo n’uru Rukiko mu rubanza RPAA/Gén 00002/2018/CA, rwaciwe ku wa 25/7/2023 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68), rwemeza ko “…, Urukiko ari rwo rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa.” Ibi binateganywa n’ingingo 53 y’Itegeko n° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 ryavuzwe haruguru rigenga ibimenyetso184. [506] Mu bika bya 137-139, 152 -154 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasesenguye amakuru yatanzwe na KMI, Musabyimana Tharcisse na KMH

n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe na KMJ, rusanga bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yabaga kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa ari kumwe n’abantu benshi barimo Rwakimwanga, Kayitani, Rupari, Rukomera n’abandi, kandi ko bahumvikaniraga uko bazagaba ibitero ku Batutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye bakanumvikana uburyo bazitwara bahageze, ndetse ko bahagarukaga bakongera kuhahagurukira bagiye kongera gutera Abatutsi bari kuri uwo musozi, bigaragaza ko Mbarushimana yagiranye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside n’abo babaga bari kumwe ku Ndatemwa, rusanga ku Ndatemwa hacuriwe umugambi wo gukora jenoside, rwemeza ko Mbarushimana ahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. [507] Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa (kuva kuri côtes ya 951 kugeza ku ya 981) igaragaza ko mu nyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 21/09/2016 Musabyimana Tharcisse yatanze amakuru mu Rukiko avuga ko ku wa gatanu yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa (ku Mangazini), ameze nk’umuyobozi udafite intwaro ari kumwe na Rwakimwanga wari ufite icumu na Rupari barimo bigisha abantu benshi bari bafite intwaro gakondo: amacumu, ubuhiri n’imihoro, uko bagomba gutera Abatutsi bari i Kabuye bakabica, ko Mbarushimana yari abahagaze imbere, uretse ko atigeze yumva avuga ko bica Abatutsi, ko ahubwo ayo magambo yavugwaga na Rwakimwanga wari ukuriye iyo bariyeri na Rupari, ubundi avuga ko bayavuze uko ari 3, ariko ko igitero kijyayo we akaba yari

yahavuye. [508] Anavuga ko aramutse avuze uruhare rwa Mbarushimana muri jenoside yaba abeshye, kuko yahise ahava abantu batari bapfa, ndetse ko nta kintu amuziho mbere y’ukwezi kwa 6. Yakomeje avuga ko yumvise mu ikusanyamakuru ko bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yashinzwe na Rwakimwanga, naho abitwa Mbarushimana na Théo bita Ndiho bayizaho, ubundi akavuga ko Théoneste yavugaga ko iyo bariyeri yashyizweho na Rwakimwanga na Mbarushimana. Avuga kandi ko yanumvise mu ikusanyamakuru ko abari bakuriye ibitero byateye i Kabuye ari Rwakimwanga, Rupari na Mbarushimana. Yanavuze ko yumvise ko hari abantu biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa barimo Vénuste na Muligande bishwe n’igitero cyari kuri iyo bariyeri. [509] Dosiye igaragaza kandi (kuva kuri côte ya 906 kugeza ku ya 931) inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/09/2016, igaragagaza ko KMH nawe yatanze amakuru mu Rukiko avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa (ku Bangoro) afite impiri, ndetse ko iyo bariyeri yashinzwe na Rwakimwanga

184 Iteganya ko “Urwego rufite ububasha rusuzuma uk wemerwa cyangwa ukutemerwa n’agaciro by’ik imenyetso gishingiye ku buhamya. Ntirwita ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya, ahubwo rwita cyane ku bumenyi bw’ibyabaye no ku budakemwa bw’ubuhamya batanga.”

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na Tharcisse, kandi ko Abatutsi bane aribo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenda n’undi muvandimwe we biciwe kuri iyo bariyeri kuko Mbarushimana yari yababujije gutaha. [510] Anavuga ko yajyanye na Mbarushimana mu gitero cyari kigamije kwica Abatutsi i Kabuye, Mbarushimana yitwaje ubuhiri, ko kandi yari mu babashyiraga ku murongo anababwira ko bagomba guhagarara neza, ariko ko Abatutsi babasubije inyuma, uretse ko Mbarushimana yongeye gusubirayo bukeye bwaho. Avuga kandi ko Abatutsi batorokaga amasasu i Kabuye biciwe kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, Mbarushimana ahari, ariko ko atamubonye yica Abatutsi kandi ko atatanze amabwiriza yo kubica. [511] KMJ nawe yatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ryo ku wa 25/07/2016 (côtes 854-873), avuga ko Mbarushimana yabaga ari ku Ndatemwa, ku Mangazini, ahategurirwaga gahunda yo gutera i Kabuye, kandi ko yababwiye ko nibahatera bazakoresha ijambo ry’ibanga « imvura » abandi basubize « urubura » kugira ngo bamenyane. Avuga kandi ko yajyanye na Mbarushimana i Kabuye afite icumu mu ntoki ariko ko nta gitero yabonye ayoboye, uretse ko Abatutsi babasatiriye basubira inyuma biruka. Anavuga ko ari Mbarushimana wagenaga abajya kuri bariyeri yari mu Twarubona imbere y’inzu ye, bakayikoraho irondo n’ijoro, ndetse ko yaguyeho muramu we (muramu wa Mbarushimana). [512] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukuru

rwabibonye amakuru n’ubuhamya byatanzwe na Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ bihuriza ku kuba Mbarushimana yarabaga kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ahacuriwe umugambi wa jenoside wo kwica Abatutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye, anumvikana na bagenzi be barimo Rwakimwanga na Tharcisse kuri gahunda n’uburyo bazahatera, ndetse banawushyira mu bikorwa, bituma urwo Rukiko rumuhamya icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bugamije gukora jenoside. [513] Urukiko rw‘Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68), ndetse no ku biteganywa n’ingingo 53 y’Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso ryavuzwe haruguru, rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru rutarirengagije amakuru n’ubuhamya byatanzwe na Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ zishinjura Mbarushimana kuko biri mu bubasha bwarwo kwemera cyangwa guhakana ubuhamya hashingiwe ku bumenyi umutangabuhamya afite ku byabaye no ku budakemwa bw’ubuhamya bwe. [514] Rurasanga iby’uko Musabyimana Tharcisse yavuze ko atigeze yumva Mbarushimana avuga ko bica Abatutsi, kuba KMH yaravuze ko atabonye Mbarushimana yica Abatutsi kandi ko atatanze amabwiriza yo kubica, no kuba KMJ yaravuze ko Mbarushimana atayoboye igitero, ibyo bidashinjura Mbarushimana nk’uko abivuga, kuko aba batangabuhamya bose bahurije ku kuba barabonye Mbarushimana ku Ndtemwa, ahacuriwe umugambi wa jenoside mu gitero bateguye

cyagabwe ku musozi wa Kabuye. Uretse n’ibyo, KMH na KMJ bahamije ko bari kumwe na Mbarushimana mu bagabye icyo gitero i Kabuye, bahuriza ku ntero n’inyikirizo bakoreshaga kugira bamenyane aho bateraga ngo “ imvura”, abandi bakikiriza ngo “urubura”. Ibyo bavuze byanashimangiwe n’umutangabuhamya KMI, aho mu rubanza rujuririrwa (côte ya 935) yavuze ko yasanze Mbarushimana kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa ari kumwe na Rukomera na Rwakimwanga, Mbarushimana akababwira ko kugira ngo babashe kugera neza i Kabuye, bakora “ chaine”, kugira ngo uwo basanga mu nzira bamuhitane. [515] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero, Urukiko Rukuru rutarirengagije amakuru n’ubuhamya byatanzwe na Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMH na KMJ, ahubwo rwarabusesenguye rusanga Mbarushimana yaracuze umugambi wa jenoside ubwo yari ku Ndatemwa hamwe na bagenzi be barimo Rwakimwanga, Rupari n’abandi nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko urwo Rukiko rwamuhamije icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside rwirengagije imvugo za KMH, KMJ na Musabyimana Tharcisse zimushinjura bukaba nta shingiro bufite. Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMI butaragombaga gushingirwaho mu guhamya MBARUSHIMANA icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside.

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[516] Impaka ziri kuri iyo ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMI butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro. [517] Imiburanire ya Mbarushimana igaragaza ko anenga ubuhamya bwa KMI avuga ko butagombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko bwuzuyemo amakabyankuru n’ibidashoboka, kuko yavuze ko ku musozi wa Kabuye haguye abantu barenga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000) kandi uri ku Ndatemwa utabona ibiri kubera i Kabuye. Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu gushingira ku buhamya bwa KMI kuko bufite agaciro. [518] Nk’uko bigaragarira mu bika bya 139, 152 na 153 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubuhamya n’amakuru byatanzwe na KMI, KMJ, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse bihuriza ku kuba Mbarushimana yarabaga ku Ndatemwa, ahabereye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside, kuko Mbarushimana n’abo bari kumwe icyo gihe bahacuriye umugambi wa jenoside wo kwica Abatutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye banumvikana kuri gahunda yo kuhagaba ibitero, bahagurukiye ku Ndatemwa, bituma urwo Rukiko ruhamya MBARUSHIMANA icyaha cy’ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside. [519] Ku birebana n’amakuru yatanzwe mu Rukiko Rukuru na KMI, uyu yasobanuye ko yari atuye i Kabuye ariko ko yagiye kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa ahabona Mbarushimana afite ubuhiri ari kumwe na Rukomera na Rwakimwanga, kandi ko kuri iyo bariyeri yiciweho Abatutsi 3, aribo Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien,

kubera ko Rukomera yabambuye ibyangombwa abiha Mbarushimana arabisoma, bicwa na Rukomera n’abatwa babishishikarijwe na Mbarushimana, uretse ko ntawe yabonye Mbarushimana akubita ubuhiri, ndetse nta n’ubwo yabonye Mbarushimana yica umuntu ariko iyo adatanga amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi batari kwicirwa ku mangazini.185 Anavuga ko Mbarushimana yashishikarizaga abaturage kwica Abatutsi bari Kabuye kuko yababwiye ngo bakore umurongo (chaine) kugira ngo uwo basanga mu nzira bagiye i Kabuye bamuhitane.186 [520] KMI akomeza asobanura ko kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa, Mbarushimana, Rukomera na Rwakimwanga bahateguriye inama yo gutera Abatutsi bari i Kabuye banagira abaturage inama yo kuhatera, ndetse ko banayoboye ibitero byo kuhatera. Anavuga ko atagiye mu bitero by’i Kabuye, ariko ko abagiyeyo, bahagurikiye ku Ndatemwa abareba, bagera ku gasozi ka Kabuye abareba, Abahutu bahangana n’Abatutsi, baterana amabuye, icyo gihe abantu barapfuye, ariko yongera kuvuga ko uwo munsi nta bantu bishwe, ko ahubwo bongeye gusubirayo bukeye bwabo bahagurukiye ku mangazini, bakomeza kuhatera kuva ku wa gatatu, bakagenda bakagaruka, bakongera bagasubirayo kugeza ku cyumweru, kuko yabirebaga aho yari yihishe iwe bitewe n‘uko banyuraga ku irembo rye. [521] Asobanura ko bigeze hagati batangiye gukeka ko ari umututsi bavuga ko bamwica bituma atongera gusubira kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ko ahubwo yakomeje

kwihishahisha kugeza n’aho yagiye kwihisha kwa murumuna we witwa Bernardin ku Ndatemwa, ariko ko ibitero by’i Kabuye yabirebaga ari iwe, aho yari yihishe, kuko uri we uba ureba i Kabuye, ko ibindi yabyumvaga babyigamba ubwo bamanukaga mu muhanda, naho iby’i Nyakibungo yabyumvise nyuma y’intambara. Yongeyeho ko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero by’i Kabuye, ku Gisagara, i Nyakibungo no ku Cyamukuza ariko ko yabibwiwe n’umuhungu wa Rukomera witwa Faustin, kuko KMI atagiye mu bitero. [522] Isesengura ry’amakuru yatanzwe mu Rukiko Rukuru na KMI rigaragaza ko ubwo yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, yabonye Mbarushimana ari mu bahacuriye umugambi wa jenoside wo kugaba ibitero ku Batutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye ari kumwe Rukomera na Rwakimwanga n’abandi baturage benshi nk’uko Mbarushimana yanabishinjwe na KMJ, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse bahurije ku kuba Mbarushimana yarabaga ku Ndatemwa, ahabereye ubwumvikane bwo gukora jenoside, kuko we na bagenzi be bumvikanye kuri gahunda n’uburyo bazagaba ibitero ku Batutsi bari i Kabuye bakabica.

185 Dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa, côte ya 935. 186 Ibid.

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[523] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivugwa na Mbarushimana n’umwunganira ko amakuru yatanzwe na KMI atahabwa agaciro kuko yuzuyemo amakabyankuru bitewe n’uko yavuze ko ku musozi wa Kabuye haguye abantu barenga ibihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000) nta shingiro bifite, kuko mu makuru yatanzwe muri urwo Rukiko na KMI yagaragajwe haruguru, atigeze avuga umubare w’Abatutsi baguye ku musozi wa Kabuye, ko ahubwo icyo yemeje ari uko abagabye igitero cya mbere ku musozi wa Kabuye bahanganye n’Abatutsi baterana amabuye, hapfa abantu, ariko yongera kuvuga ko uwo munsi nta bantu bishwe, ko ahubwo igitero cyongeye gusubirayo bukeye bwaho gikomeza kuhatera kuva ku wa gatatu kugera ku cyumweru. [524] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga mu makuru KMI yatanze yagaragajwe haruguru, yaravuze ko umugambi wo kugaba ibitero byo kwica Abatutsi bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye wacuriwe kuri bariyeri ku Ndatemwa, aho Mbarushimana, Rwakimwanga, Rukomera, Rupari n’abandi bari bari; yanasobanuye uruhare rwa Mbarushimana muri uwo mugambi ko ari we wababwiraga uko bagomba kwitwara, ibyo Mbarushimana avuga ko ubuhamya bwa KMI bwateshwa agaciro kuko uri ku Ndatemwa adashobora kubona ibibera ku musozi wa Kabuye, bikaba bitatesha agaciro ireme ry‘ubuhamya bwa KMI ku birebana n’uruhare rwe mu nama zitegura jenoside zabereye ku Ndatemwa ari nabyo bigize icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa jenoside yahamijwe n’Urukiko

Rukuru. [525] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiwe ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68) ko Urukiko rwonyine rusuzuma mu bushishozi icyizere cyangwa ireme ubuhamya bukwiye guhabwa, rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu gushingira ku makuru yatanzwe na KMI agaragaza ko Mbarushimana yacuze umugambi wa jenoside ari ku Ndatemwa, cyane cyane ko KMI yavuze ibyo yahagazeho kandi ibyo yavuze bishimangirwa n’ubuhamya n’amakuru byatanzwe na KMJ, KMH na Musabyimana Tharcisse nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Ku Birebana N’icyaha Cyo Kurimbura Nk’icyaha Cyibasiye Inyokomuntu Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [526] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira banenga Urukiko Rukuru kuba rwaramuhamije icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rudasesenguye imvugo zimushinjura za KMC, KMJ, KMF, KME, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Munyeshyaka François na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre, kuko bose bemeje ko nta ruhare yagize muri iki cyaha, ko ahubwo nawe yagabweho ibitero kubera Abatutsi yari yahishe mu rugo rwe, ariko ko Urukiko rwahisemo kwiyandikira imvugo zimushinja, ntirwasesengura izimushinjura kuri iki cyaha. [527] Banenga kandi urwo Rukiko kuba rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyo cyaha rutamugaragarije imyirondoro y’abo yishe ku giti cye, ibyemezo by’uko bapfuye n’igihe bapfiriye, kuko hari abo aregwa ko bapfuye kandi bakiriho, urugero akaba ari Hakizukwemera

Elias bita Kamongoro. [528] Basobanura ko ku bw’ibanze, imvugo za KMH zitashingirwaho mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira bitewe n‘uko yakatiwe igifungo cya burundu kubera icyaha cya jenoside yakoze, ko ariko Urukiko rubibonye ukundi, rukwiye guha agaciro imvugo ze zimushinjura, kubera ko yabwiye Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix ko ibyo yashinje Mbarushimana mu Rukiko Rukuru bitahabwa agaciro, kuko yabeshyeye Mbarushimana bitewe n’uko we na bagenzi be bari bafunganye bacuze umugambi wo kumubeshyera. [529] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rutagombaga gushingira ku buhamya bwa KMI, kuko bwuzuyemo amakabyankuru n’ibidashoboka, kubera ko yavuze ko yiboneye Mbarushimana ku Ndatemwa afite ubuhiri ari kumwe na Rukomera Singirankabo Laurent, kandi ko Mbarushimana yasomaga ibyangombwa ahawe na Rukomera, yasanga nyirabyo ari umututsi akamwica, nyamara uri ku Ndatemwa adashobora kubona ibibera ku musozi wa Kabuye nk’uko n’Urukiko Rukiko rwabyiboneye ubwo rwakoraga iperereza.

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[530] Bakomeza bavuga ko Mbarushimana yasabye Urukiko ko rwahamagaza Rukomera kubera ko ariwe wenyinye wakamushinje igikorwa kirebana n’uko yasomaga indangamuntu yasanga nyirayo ari umututsi akicwa kugira ngo agaragaze ko bari kumwe icyo gihe, ariko ntibyakorwa. Basaba ko iyo mvugo ya KMI yateshwa agaciro, cyangwa agahamagazwa muri uru rubanza. [531] Kuri Musabyimana Tharcisse, bavuga ko yavuze ibintu byinshi kuko yatanze amakuru mu Bushinjacyaha no mu Rukiko, ndetse ko yamushinjuye kuko yavuze ko ntacyo azi kuri Mbarushimana, ko ntacyo yigeze yumva avuga, ko nta n’ikibi yakoze amuziho, ndetse ko yavuze ko aramutse avuze uruhare rwe yaba agiye kubeshya, (C 953, 958, 960 za dosiye y’urubanza rujuririrwa), ariko ko Urukiko rwahisemo kwiyandikira imvugo ze zimushinja, maze basaba ko imvugo ye imushinja yateshwa agaciro. [532] Kuri Murangwa Pascal, bavuga ko imvugo yavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha, aho yashinje Mbarushimana ko bajyanye mu gitero cyishe umututsi witwa Kabera Joseph zateshwa agaciro, kuko atari ubuhamya yatangiye mu Rukiko, kandi ko Mbarushimana yasabye ko yahamagazwa mu Rukiko kugira ngo abisobanure, ariko ntibyakorwa, kandi yari ku rutonde rw’abatangabuhamya batanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha. Banavuga ko ibyo Murangwa Pascal yavugiye mu Bushinjacyaha, aho yashinje Mbarushimana kuba yarabaga kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa yiciweho Abatutsi benshi bitahabwa agaciro, kuko yavuze ko

yabyumviye mu ikusanyamakuru ryabereye mu Igororero, bivuze ko atari ubuhamya, kuko ubuhamya ari icyo umuntu yiboneye ubwe. [533] Bakomeza bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu, rwirengagije ko imvugo z’abatangabuhamya batanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha nka KMK, Mukamwezi Christine, Mukangamije Bénoite, Ngayaberura Déo, Nduwimana Félicien, Nyabyenda Patrice, Kalinda Callixte, Munyeshyaka François, Hishamunda François, Uwimana Julienne, Ntazinda Emmanuel, Rushishi Nicodème na Ngarukiye Tharcisse, zimushinjura uretse ko zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois ariko ko ubu zashyizwe mu Kinyarwanda, kuko bose bemeje ko batabonye Mbarushimana mu bikorwa bya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ko ahubwo nawe ubwe nta mutekano yari afite icyo gihe, kuko bamuteraga iwe mu rugo bashaka kumwicana n’Abatutsi yari yarahahishe, bituma atanga ibya mirenge kugira ngo batabicana n’umuryango we. [534] Bavuga na none ko Urukiko Rukuru rutagombaga gucamo ibice ubuhamya bwa KMF ngo hamwe ntibwizerwe, ahandi bwizerwe, kuko urwo Rukiko rwatesheje agaciro imvugo ze ku birebana n’ishingwa rya bariyeri (igika cya 77), kujya mu nama no kuziyobora (igika cya 142), gutanga intwaro (igika cya 106), kuba mu mutwe w’interahamwe no kuwutoza (igika cya 146), n’ibindi ariko rwongera kuzishingiraho rwemeza ko yari mu bitero byishe Abatutsi bari bahungiye i Kabuye, no

kuba yarateye gerenade zikica abitwa Tharcisse, Innocent, Nyirakamana n’abandi. [535] Basaba uru Rukiko ko rwahamagaza abatangabuhamya bagaragara ku rutonde rw’icyaha cya jenoside barimo KMD, KME, KMF, KMH, KMG, Musabyimana Tharcisse na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa kugira ngo bavuguruzanye na Mbarushimana ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyoko muntu kugira ngo ukuri kugaragare, rukanahamagaza Byiringiro Samuel, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel, Nsabimana Laurent na KMH nk’abatangabuhamya bashya kugira ngo batange ibisobanuro bigamije kumvikanisha kurushaho ibyaburanishijwe ku rwego rwa mbere nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 154, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [536] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze mu guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera ko yagikoze ku giti cye nka gatozi, anagikoresha abandi yayoboraga bari mu mutwe w'interahamwe. Banavuga ko ku wa 23/04/1994,

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Mbarushimana yayoboye igitero cya simusiga cyarimbuye imbaga y’Abatutsi b’abasivile bagera ku bihumbi mirongo itanu (50.000) bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye, kuko hari abo yicishije gerenade yabateye ndetse ko n'abageragezaga kwiruka, baraswaga bakanicwa n’interahamwe n’abasirikare yari yazanye nk’uko yabishinjwe n’abatangabuhamya batandukanye Urukiko Rukuru rwashingiyeho rumuhamya icyo cyaha. [537] Bavuga kandi ko kuba Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero byishe Abatutsi b’abasivile ku musozi wa Kabuye, i Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy'Abizeramariya n’ahandi nk'uko byasobanuwe ku bijyanye n 'icyaha cya jenoside, bigaragara ko yanakoze icyaha cyo kurimbura nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, bikanagaragaza ko yari afite ubushake bwo kurimbura imbaga y’Abatutsi kubera ko yari azi ko ikigamijwe ari ukurimbura umubare munini wabo nk’uko byasobanuwe mu manza zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR nk'urwa Laurent Semanza, Clément Kayishema, Obed Ruzindana, urwa Eliezer Niyitegeka, Ferdinand Nahimana, Jean Bosco Barayagwiza n’urwa Hassan Ngeze187. [538] Basobanura ko impamvu Urukiko Rukuru rutiriwe rusubira ku mvugo z‘abatangabuhamya ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, ari uko bavuzweho ku bijyanye n’icyaha cya jenoside Mbarushimana yakoreye kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, n’ibitero yagabye i Kabuye, ku muryango w’Abasa, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi, ko rero atari ngombwa kongera gusubira ku bimenyetso Mbarushimana yaburanishije mbere ku birebana n‘icyaha cya jenoside kuko ari bimwe, bityo ko basanga nta burenganzira bwo gutanga abatangabuhamya yimwe ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk'icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu mu gihe ibimenyetso ashingiraho ari bimwe n’ibyo yashingiyeho ku bijyanye n’icyaha cya jenoside.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [539] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku bibazo bikurikira : Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutasesenguye imvugo za KMC, KMJ, KMF, KME, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Munyeshyaka François na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre zimushinjura ; Kumenya niba Mbarushimana ataragombaga guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kandi hari ibikorwa yagizweho umwere ; Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarakoze ikosa ryo guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutamugaragarije imyirondoro y’abo yishe, uko yabishe n’ibyo yabicishije; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMH butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira, no kumenya niba ubuhamya yahaye Me Rudakemwa Jean-Félix nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa bwakwakirwa ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMI butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Murangwa Pascal butaragombaga guhabwa agaciro ;

187Le Procureur c/Laurent Semanza, ICTR du 15 /05/2003. Para 341 En l'espèce, la Chambre de première instance est d'avis qu'en l'absence d'une disposition expresse dans le Statut ou en droit international coutumier relative à cette question, la responsabilité pénale internationale doit être retenue uniquement à raison d'actes ou omissions intentionnels. En conséquence, la Chambre estime que l'élément moral du crime d'extermination réside dans l'intention de commettre un massacre ou d'y participer" ; Le Procureur c/ Kayishema Clément & Ruzindana Obed du 21/05/1999 , para 144 „ L'élément psychologique constitutif de l'extermination exige que l'accusé participe dans l'intention de donner la mort, ou en faisant preuve d'une insouscience grave, peu lui important que la mort resulte ou non d'un tel acte ou d'une telle omission ou de telles actes ou omission; en étant conscient du fait que ledit acte ou ladite omission ou lesdits actes ou omissions s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'une tuerie à grande échelle"; voir aussi Le Procureur c/ Eliezer Niyitegeka, Para 454 et Nahimana Ferdinand , Barayagwiza Jean Bosco & Ngeze Hassan du 03/12/2003, para 1062.

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Kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rwakoze ryo kudashingira ku nyandikomvugo zari mu rurimi rw’iki Danois ; Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa KMF butaragombaga gucibwamo ibice ngo hamwe ntibwizerwe, ahandi bwizerwe ; Kumenya niba abatangabuhamya bagaragara ku rutonde rw’icyaha cya jenoside barimo KMD, KME, KMF, KMH, KMG, Musabyimana Tharcisse na Nsabimana Vincent alias Mushinwa bakongera guhamagazwa ; Kumenya niba Byiringiro Samuel, Hakizimana Alphonse, Hategekimana Emmanuel, Nsabimana Laurent, Rukomera Singirankabo Laurent na Murangwa Pascal bahamagazwa nk’abatangabuhamya bashya; [540] Ibibazo bimaze kuvugwa haruguru188, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwarangije kubifataho ibyemezo muri uru rubanza, uretse ikibazo cya a, b na c bisuzumwa mu bika bikurikira: Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije MBARUSHIMANA icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutasesenguye imvugo za KMC, KMJ, KMF, KME,

MUSABYIMANA Tharcisse, Munyeshyaka François na

NTIRUSHWAMABOKO Pierre zimushinjura [541] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo y’ubujurire zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutasesenguye imvugo za KMJ, Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMC, KMF, KME, Munyeshyaka François na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre zimushinjura. [542] Nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François (igika cya 68) rwavuzwe haruguru, “Ihame ku birebana n’ubuhamya ni uko umutangabuhamya avuga mu Rukiko ibyo yiboneye cyangwa ibyo yumvise mu buryo butaziguye, Urukiko rwonyine rugasuzuma mu bushishozi bwarwo icyizere cyangwa ireme bukwiye guhabwa.” [543] Nk’uko bigaragarira mu gika cya 169 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku bimenyetso rwashingiyeyo rumuhamya icyaha cya jenoside yakoze ubwo yajyaga mu bitero ahantu hatandukanye bikica abantu barimo abiciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, ku Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi, bivuze ko ubuhamya bwa KMJ, Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMC, KMF, KME, Munyeshyaka François na Ntirushwamaboko Pierre butasesenguriwe ku gice kirebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, ko ahubwo Urukiko Rukuru rwabusesenguriye ku gice kirebana n‘icyaha cya jenoside, akaba ariyo mpamvu uru Rukiko rugiye gusuzuma ubuhamya bwabo muri iki gice kugira ngo

188 Kubijyanye n’uko ubuhamya bwa KMH butagombaga guhabwa agaciro kuko yarahiye ataragombaga kurahira (Reba igika cya 252 kugeza 253 cy’uru rubanza haruguru, urupapurorwa 94-95), kubijyanye n’uko ubuhamya KMH yahaye Me Rudakemwa nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa bwakwakirwa (Reba igika cya 254 kugeza 263 cy’uru rubanza haruguru, urupapuro rwa 95 kugeza kurwa 98); Kubiijyanye n’ukoubuhamya bwa KMI butagombaga guhabwa agaciro (Reba Igika cya 516 kugera ku cya 525, urupapuro rwa 178 kugeza ku rwa 181 rw’uru rubanza haruguru); Kubijyanye n’uko ubuhamya bwa MURANGWA Pascal butagombaga guhabwa agaciro (Reba igika cya 275 kugera ku cya 282, urupapurorwa 101 kugeza ku rwa 103 rw’ururubanza haruguru); Kubijyanye n’inyandikomvugo zo mu Nzego z’iperereza za Denmark (Reba igika cya 296 kugeza 300 cy’uru rubanza haruguru (Reba urupapuro rwa 109 kugeza kurwa 110); kubyerekeranye n’ukoubuhamya butagombaga gucibwamo ibice ngobushingirweho (Reba igika cya 191 kugeza ku 193, urupapuro rwa 71 kugeza ku rwa 72 rw’uru rubanza haruguru); Kubyerekeranye no guhamagaza abatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru kugira ngo bakongere bavuguruzanya na MBARUSHIMANA (Reba igika cya 289 kugeza 295 cy’uru rubanza haruguru (urupapuro rwa 106 kugeza ku rwa 108); Kubyerekeranye no guhamagaza abatangabuhamya bashya bwa mbere ku rwegorw’Ubujurire (Reba Igika cya 301 kugeza ku cya 319 cy’uru rubanza haruguru, rupapuro rwa 110 kugeza ku rwa 116).

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hamenyekane niba koko barashinjuye Mbarushimana ariko Urukiko Rukuru rukabyirengagiza nk’uko abivuga. [544] Dosiye igaragaza ko mu Rukiko Rukuru, KMC yatanze amakuru avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana mu gitero cy’i Kabuye (ku wa Bitama) afite ubuhiri, ariko ko Abatutsi babateye amabuye basubira inyuma, ariko bica Abatutsi basangaga mu nzira, kandi ko yayoboye ibitero byishe Abatutsi bose bari mu matongo yabo. Anavuga ko uretse kubona Mbarushimana mu bitero, nta muntu yigeze abona yica, uretse ko yumviye muri Gacaca ko Mbarushimana yari mu bitero byishe abantu bo kwa se wabo, anumva bavuga ko Mbarushimana na Kayitani bajyanye imihoro yo kwica abatutsi i Kirarambogo, anumvana Mazimpaka ko ari we washingishije bariyeri yo mu Twarubona. [545] KMC avuga na none ko icyumweru kimwe mbere y’uko jenoside itangira, yabonye Mbarushimana mu nama zateguraga jenoside zaberaga kwa Habiyambere Célestin, ko icyamwemeje ko Mbarushimana yajyaga muri izo nama ari uko yabonye agakaye karimo impapuro nyinshi zandikishije imashini kwa murumuna wa Mbarushimana witwa Hakizukwemera Elias bita Kamongoro kanditsemo igihe jenoside izatangira, ndetse ko uwo murumuna we yakamushinje muri Gacaca avuga ko Mbarushimana yagakuye kwa Superefe. [546] KMF nawe yatanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru, asobanura ko mu 1994 yabonye Mbarushimana i Kabuye yambaye za gerenade n’ibyuma ayoboye igitero, atera gerenade zishe abantu

benshi barimo abana bitwa Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa, Tharcisse wo kwa Eliyasi, Innocent wo kwa Nkuriyinka, Nyirakamana wo kwa Kabera, banatema uwitwa Rugamineza ariko ntiyapfa. Yanemeje ko yabonye Mbarushimana mu gitero cyateranaga amabuye n’Abatutsi bari i Kabuye, anamubona atera gerenade mu mazu yo kwa Nzaramba, Bahire Pascal na Ntabavukana, naho ibyo kwa Aphrodice akaba yarabyumvise babyigamba. [547] Akomeza avuga ko Mbarushimana yari ayoboye igitero cyamusambanyirije iwabo i Gahondo, ko yanahwanyije mubyara we (Rukundo) bari batemye ariko atarapfa, ndetse ko yanagiriye inama impunzi zari zaraye ku Gisagara nawe abarimo kujya i Kabuye kugira ngo babarindire umutekano ariko bahageze batangira kubarasa. Yanavuze ko yabonye Mbarushimana i Dahwe ari kumwe na Habiyambere Célestin ahamagarira abantu gushinga bariyeri, maze bazishinga ahantu henshi cyane harimo ku Gisagara i Kabuye kwa Emmanuel, kwa Bushakwe, kwa Misago, i Gahondo, ariko ko nta muntu yabonye ahicira. [548] Hari kandi KME watanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana mu bitero by’i Kabuye byatangiye kuva ku wa gatanu kugeza ku cyumweru, ko ku nshuro ya gatatu yamubonye yambaye gerenade ku mukandara afite n’inkota mu ntoki, abatera gerenade yishe abana be bose n’abandi benshi barimo Tharcisse, Solomon, Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa bari mu nzu ya Aphrodice, ko banateye gerenade muramu wa Mbarushimana witwa

Mumararungu Christine akaguru karashwanyagurika. Anavuga ko Mbarushimana yabaga ari imbere y’ibitero, anabishishikariza abandi, ndetse ko yanamubonye afite imbunda ariko ko atabonye ayirashisha. Akomeza avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana ari kumwe na Célestin na Nicodème i Gahondo bahashinga bariyeri uretse ko nta bantu yabonye bahicira, ko ibyo gushinga bariyeri i Dahwe na Ndatemwa yabyumviye muri Gacaca. [549] Hari na none Munyeshyaka François watanze ubuhamya mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana ku Ndatemwa asaba Rubumba na Vianney gutema ibiti bakahashinga bariyeri, ariko ko nta muntu Mbarushimana yahiciye uretse ko yatangaga amabwiriza muri rusange, kuko uwitwa Muligande yahiciwe atemwe n’uwitwa Antoine ariko ko atazi uwatanze amabwiriza yo kumwica, ko hari n’abandi bantu bahaguye barimo mushiki we Mukaremera Alvèra yumvanye Murangwa, Cansilde, Ngarukiye na Pasika, biza no gusobanurwa muri Gacaca. [550] Ntirushwamaboko Pierre nawe yatanze ubuhamya/amakuru mu Rukiko Rukuru avuga ko yabonye Mbarushimana mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya yambaye gerenade, anagira uruhare mu iyicwa rya Mathias, kuko bamaze kureba mu indangamuntu ye, Mbarushimana yamukubitse umugeri mu ivi undi yirukira mu cyumba

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bararagamo, Mbarushimana aravuga ngo nataboneka arahazimya, ko bamushakishije, aho bamuboneye baramusohora, baramutema arara avirirana bucya yapfuye, ndetse ko hanapfiriye abantu bane ariko ko uwo yiboneye ari uwo Mathias. Anavuga ko ibyo kuba Mbarushimana yarashinze bariyeri ku Ndatemwa akanayiyobora yabibwiwe na Cansilde kubera ko umuryango we wahiciwe kimwe n’uwa Kamili. [551] Akomeza asobanura ko mbere y’uko ahungira mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya yabonye igitero kinini cyarimo abarundi, abantu ba Twarubona, b’i Dahwe na Kirarambogo kiyobowe na Mbarushimana ari kumwe na Rupari na Nyandwi wari ufite imbunda kigiye kwica Abatutsi bari i Kabuye ariko gisubizwa inyuma. Anavuga ko yamaze umunsi umwe i Kabuye ariko atahabonye Mbarushimana, ko nta rundi ruhare rwe azi mu bitero by’i Kabuye usibye ko abitwa Cansilde, Munyeshyaka François, Gaudiose, Mujawamariya Marguerite, Mukamurara Donatille na Nyiramutabazi Gloriose bamubwiye nyuma ya jenoside ko yayoboraga ibitero. [552] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubuhamya bwatanzwe bugaragaza ko abatangabuhamya bavuzwe haruguru badashinjura Mbarushimana ahubwo bamushinja; aho Musabyimana Tharcisse, KMJ na Munyeshyaka François bamushinja kuba yarabaye kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, ahateguriye umugambi wo kurimbura Abatutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye; Ntirushwamaboko Pierre amushinja kuba yari mu gitero cyagabwe mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya cyahiciye

abari bahahungiye harimo na Mathias; naho KMC, KMF na KME bakamushinja kuba yari mu bagabye igitero ku Batutsi bari ku musozi wa Kabuye cyahitanye abatutsi benshi b’abasivili Mbarushimana yateyemo gerenade; mu bahiciwe abo batangabuhamya bamenyemo abana bitwa, Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa, Tharcisse wo kwa Eliyasi, Solomon, Innocent wo kwa Nkuriyinka, Nyirakamana wo kwa Kabera n’abandi. [553] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga iby’uko KMC, KMF, KME na Munyeshyaka François bavuze ko batigeze babona Mbarushimana yica umuntu, ntacyo bimushinjuraho kuko bidakuraho ubuhamya bw’abamubonye mu bitero byavuzwe haruguru byari bigamije kurimbura imbaga y’abatutsi b’abasivili. [554] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye ku murongo wavuzwe haruguru watanzwe mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Twahirwa François, rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru nta kosa rwakoze kuba rwarasesenguye imvugo z’abo batangabuhamya rukazishingiraho ruhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, kubera ko ubuhamya bwabo bwasesenguwe ku buryo burambuye ku birebana n’ibitero bitandukanye byishe Abatutsi aho bari bahungiye, ibyo bikorwa byo kwica Abatutsi b’abasivili bahungiye hamwe mu bitero rusange bya simusiga bikaba ari nabyo bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, bityo imiburanire ya Mbarushimana y’uko Urukiko Rukuru rutasesenguye imvugo z’abo batangabuhamya kandi

zimushinjura ku birebana n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu ikaba nta shingiro ifite. Kumenya niba Mbarushimana ataragombaga guhamwa n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kandi hari ibikorwa yagizweho umwere. [555] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba kuba Mbarushimana yaragizwe umwere ku bikorwa birimo kutitabira inama zitegura jenoside (uretse iyo ku Ndatemwa), kuba atarashinze bariyeri, kuba atarashinze umutwe w’interahamwe, kuba ataratanze amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi, bimugira umwere ku cyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [556] Ibyerekeye icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu uru Rukiko rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA/GEN 00004/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 08/04/2022 rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Birindabagabo Jean Paul (igika cya 214), aho rwemeje ko kuba Birindabagabo Jean Paul yaragize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’abaturage benshi batari abasirikari bari bahungiye muri Komini Sake hakoreshejwe intwaro zitandukanye hagamijwe kwica abantu benshi vuba kandi icyarimwe, bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Icyo cyaha cyasobanuwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR, nko mu

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rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Musema Alfred, aho rwasobanuye ko icyaha cy’ibasiye inyokomuntu (kurimbura), gikorwa mu bitero rusange cyangwa bya simusiga byibasiye abaturage b’abasivili189. [557] Mu bika bya 109, 141 kugera ku cya 147 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Mbarushimana yagizwe umwere ku bikorwa byo gutanga intwaro zakoreshejwe mu kwica Abatutsi, ibyo gutanga amabwiriza yo kwica Abatutsi, ibyo kwitabira no kuyobora inama zateguraga jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi (usibye iyo ku Ndatemwa nk’uko biri mu gika cya 139), gushinga umutwe w’interahamwe, kuwutoza no gutanga amabwiriza. [558] Mu bika bya 169-170 by’uwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko kuba MBARUSHIMANA yaragiye mu bitero rusange cyangwa simusiga bikica umubare munini w’Abatutsi barimo abiciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, ku Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi nk’uko rwabisobanuye ku bijyanye n’icyaha cya jenoside bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [559] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Mbarushimana yaragiye mu bitero rusange kandi bya simusiga byishe Abatutsi b’abasivile ahantu hatandukanye (ku Ndatemwa, i Kabuye, ku Bizeramariya, i Gahondo, Gisagara, Nyarusange, Dahwe n’ahandi) nk’uko abishinjwa n’abatangabuhamya barimo KMI, KMH, KMJ, KMD, KMB, KMF, KMG, Musabyimana Tharcisse, Nsabimana Vincent witwa Mushinwa, Munyeshyaka François, Ntirushwamaboko

Pierre na Murangwa Pascal, azi neza ko bigamije kubarimbura. bityo kuba yaragizwe umwere ku bikorwa byavuzwe haruguru bikaba bitamuhanaguraho icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Kumenya niba Urukiko rwarakoze ikosa ryo guhamya Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutamugaragarije imyirondoro y’abo yishe, uko yabishe n’ibyo yabicishije, kuko hari abo aregwa ko bapfuye kandi bakiriho. [560] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rwarahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutamugaragarije imyirondoro y’abo yishe, uko yabishe n’ibyo yabicishije, no kuba hari abo aregwa ko bapfuye kandi bakiriho. [561] Mu gika cya 169 na 170 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwemeje ko icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu kigomba kuba gikozwe mu bitero rusange cyangwa simusiga byibasira abasivile, kandi ko ibyo bihura n’ibyasobanuwe mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR190. Rwasanze kuba Mbarushimana yaragiye mu bitero ahantu hatandukanye bikica abantu barimo abiciwe ku musozi wa Kabuye, abishwe n’ibitero yarimo ku Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi nk’uko byasobanuwe ku bijyanye n’icyaha cya jenoside bigize icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, harebwe uburyo ibyo bitero byageze ahantu henshi mu bihe bitandukanye, bikica abasivili kandi bikaba kandi

byari simusiga kuko byakorwaga kuri gahunda, kuko abajyaga mu bitero bari bafite aho bahagurikira, bakanahagaruka bategura uko bazongera kugaba ibindi bitero. [562] Na none mu gika cya 125 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko kuba Mbarushimana yari kuri bariyeri yo ku Ndatemwa, hakicirwa Abatutsi benshi barimo Vincent, Bénédicte, Mahenga n’umuvandimwe we bari baraye kuri bariyeri bitewe n’uko yari yababujije gutaha, abandi barimo Muligo Vénuste, Muligande Innocent na Kamayugi Félicien bakaba barishwe akimara gusoma indangamuntu zabo agasanga ari Abatutsi, abo mu muryango w’Abasa. Bigaragara kandi ko Mbarushimana yagiye mu bitero ku musozi wa Kabuye hicwa Abatutsi benshi b’abasivili bahahungiye akabatera gerenade yari yitwaje zikica abantu benshi barimo Tharcisse,Solomon, Tharcisse wo kwa Gatwa, Innocent wo kwa Nkuriyinka, Nyirakamana wo kwa Kabera n’abandi benshi, ajya no mu bitero byagabwe i Gahondo, i Dahwe, Gisagara, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya n’ahandi bikica abantu barimo Mathias, Rukundo, Kabera Joseph, Madeleine, umuryango wa Ntawimenya, Cyumbati n’abo mu muryango wa Buliga.

189 Urubanza nº ICTR-96-13-A rwaciwe ku wa 16/11/2001, ibika bya 366- 370. 190 ICTR – 2000- 55A –T Le Procureur c/ Tharcisse MUVUNYI du 16/09/2006, para. 512 &513 et ICTR- 2001-76-t Le Procureur c/ SIMBA Aloys du 13/12/2005, para. 421 &422.

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[563] Ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru, bigaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwahamije Mbarushimana icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu hashingiwe ku kuba yaragiye mu bitero ahantu hatandukanye harimo ku musozi wa Kabuye, i Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya, i Nyarusange no ku Ndatemwa. [564] Ku bw’ibyo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, Urukiko Rukuru rwaragaragarije Mbarushimana amazina y’abishwe mu bitero yagiyemo byavuzwe haruguru, uretse ko kugira ngo ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu, bitari ngombwa ko hagaragazwa imyirondoro y’abo yishe bose, cyane cyane ko icyo cyaha gikorwa mu bitero byagabwe mu buryo bwa rusange. Ibi bikaba binahura n’ibyemejwe na ICTY mu rubanza rw’Ubushinjacyaha na Šainović n’abandi, aho mu gika cya 558 cy’urwo rubanza, rwemeje ko n’ubwo imyirondoro y’abishwe ari ngombwa mu gutegura kwiregura k’uregwa, ariko ko bashobora guhamwa n’icyaha ku bijyanye n’abishwe batagaragarijwe imyirondoro yabo kandi ko inyandiko itanga ikirego itagomba kuba iriho urutonde rw’abakorewe icyaha (victims);191 bityo ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bw’uko Urukiko rwamuhamije icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu rutamugaragarije imyirondoro y’abo yishe, bukaba nta shingiro bufite. [565] Ku byo Mbarushimana avuga ko atagaragarijwe uko yishe abantu n’ibyo yabicishije, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Urukiko Rukuru rwagaragaje ko

icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu yahamijwe cyakozwe mu buryo bw’ibitero rusange kandi simusiga yagizemo uruhare, byateguwe hagamijwe kwica abaturage batari abasirikare babaziza ubwoko bwabo, bituma ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. Urwo Rukiko rwagaragaje ko ibyo bitero byagabwe ku Gisagara, i Dahwe, mu Kigo cy’Abizeramariya, i Nyarusange, kuri bariyeri ya Ndatemwa no ku musozi wa Kabuye, ahiciwe Abatutsi benshi bari bahahungiye barimo n’abishwe na gerenade Mbarushimana yabateyemo. [566] Uretse ibyo bisobanuro, mu gika cya 165 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye neza ko kugira ngo uregwa ahamwe n’icyaha cyo kurimbura, atari ngombwa ko ku giti cye aba yarishe umubare munini w’abantu, ko ahubwo icya ngomba ari uko aba yari azi ko hariho gahunda yo kwica imbaga y’abantu. [567] Ku bijyanye n’uko hari uwitwa Hakizukwemera Elias bita Kamongoro wavuzwe mu nyandiko itanga ikirego ko yapfuye kandi ariho, mu gika cya 119 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwasobanuye ko kuba mu nyandiko itanga ikirego harimo iryo zina ry’umuvandimwe wa Mbarushimana mu mazina y’abantu bishwe, ari ikosa risanzwe ry’imyandikire, kuko abatangabuhamya bavuga ko akiriho. Ibyo kuba Hakizukwemera Elias atarapfuye mu 1994 byanashimangiwe n’ubuhamya bwa KMC mu rubanza rujuririrwa192, bikaba rero bigaragara ko kuba yarashyizwe ku rutonde

rw’abishwe kandi akiriho, habayeho kwibeshya mu gihe cy’iperereza. [568] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga rero nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, ibyo Barushimana avuga ko atagaragarijwe imyirondoro y’abo yishe, uko yabishe n’ibyo yabicishije nta shingiro bifite, naho kuba Hakizukwemera Elias bita Kamongoro yarashyizwe ku rutonde rw’abapfuye kubwo kwibeshya kuko akiriho bikaba ntacyo bihindura ku cyaha Mbarushimana yahamijwe cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [569] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nyuma y’ibyo bisobanuro byose byatanzwe, ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana bugamije kwemeza ko Urukiko Rukuru rwibeshye kwemeza ko ahamwa n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu nta shingiro bufite.

191 “The Appeals Chamber recalls that although the identity of a victim is information that is valuable to the preparation of a defence, convictions may be entered for unidentified victims and the schedules to the indictment do not purport to provide exhaustive lists of victims” ICTY Case No IT-05-87-A, Prosecutor v. ŠAINOVIĆ et al. Decided on 23rd Jan 2014, par.558. 192 Reba igika cya 554, urupapuro rwa 190 rw’uru rubanza haruguru (KMC yavuzwe ko Hakizukwemera Elias bita Kamongoro, murumuna wa Mbarushimana, yashinje muri Gacaca Mbarushimana kugira agakayi yakuye kwa Superefe kanditsemo igihe jenoside izatangira).

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KU BIREBANA N’IBIHANO Imiburanire ya MBARUSHIMANA [570] Mbarushimana n’umwunganira bavuga ko mu gihe uru Rukiko rwasanga atari umwere, rwamugabanyiriza ibihano hashingiwe ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha nk’uko zagaragajwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, mu gika cya 179 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa zirimo kuba ari ubwa mbere ahamwe n’ibyaha, kuko yari asanzwe yitwara neza no kuba hari Abatutsi bo mu muryango w’umugore we yahishe. [571] Bavuga kandi ko Mbarushimana akwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano kubera ko yicujije harebwe ibyabereye muri iki gihugu byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku muryango nyarwanda no ku baregwa ibyaha, kuba atarigeze arushya ubutabera ngo atinze urubanza, ahubwo yaranzwe n’imikoranire myiza n’Urukiko anafasha Ubutabera, kuko inshuro zose yatumijwe n’Urukiko yarwitabye uretse inshuro imwe gusa yasibye bitewe n’uburwayi ariko nabwo yerekanye ko yari kwa muganga. [572] Bakomeza bavuga ko Mbarushimana akwiye kugabanyirizwa ibihano kubera ko amaze imyaka 15 afunze atarahabwa ubutabera, kuba arengeje imyaka 60 y’amavuko, no kuba arwaye indwara zidakira zirimo Diabète, nk’uko n’abandi babigabanyirijwe mu manza zaciwe na TPIR/ICTR zirimo urubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Ntawukuriryayo, mu bika bya 238-240, urwa Bisengimana, mu gika cya 173, urwa Ntakirutimana, mu gika cya 898, mu rubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Bikindi, mu gika cya 158, mu rubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Ncamihigo, mu gika cya 387, mu rubanza

rw’ubujurire rwa Muvunyi, mu gika cya 70, mu rubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Munyakazi, mu gika cya 174, mu manza za Bandora, Rutunga na Iyamuremye Jean Claude, ndetse no mu manza zaciwe na TPIY nk’urubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Mirozevich, mu gika cya 316, n’urwa Vlrasivich mu bika bya 95,104-106. Imiburanire y’Ubushinjacyaha [573] Abahagarariye Ubushinjacyaha bavuga ko n’ubwo mu gika cya 179 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru rwagaragaje ko hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha z’uko ari ubwa mbere Mbarushimana ahamwe n’ibyaha no kuba hari Abatutsi bo mu muryango w’umugore we yahishe, ariko ko rwazigereranyije n’uburemere bw’ibyaha yakoze, rusanga izo mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha zitashingirwaho mu kumugabanyiriza ibihano nk’uko byemejwe mu rubanza rwa Jean Paul Akayezu rwaciwe na TPIR/ICTR ku wa 02 ukwakira 1998193, mu rubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Musema, mu gika cya 87, ndetse no mu rubanza rw’ubujurire rwa Kambanda, mu gika cya 126, kuko yagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi barenga ibihumbi 50.000 ku musozi wa Kabuye n’abandi benshi biciwe ahantu hatandukanye havuzwe haruguru, no kuba ibyaha yakoze byarateje ingaruka zikomeye ku muryango nyarwanda. [574] Bavuga kandi ko Mbarushimana atagabanyirizwa ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba yaritwaraga neza kuko iyi mpamvu itari mu zavuzwe mu gika cya 179 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa, kandi ko atagabanyirizwa ibihano hashingiwe ku kwicuza, kubera ko atemera ibyaha yakoze

ngo anabisabire imbabazi. [575] Bavuga na none ko mbarushimana atagabanyirizwa ibihano hashingiwe ku kuba amaze imyaka 15 afunze atarahabwa ubutabera, kuko ariwe wagize uruhare mu gutinza urubanza ubwo yasabaga ko igitabo kiri mu rurimi rw’iki Danois gishyirwa mu Kinyarwanda, kuba yarigaritse aba Avoka bamwunganiraga ku rwego rwa mbere uretse ko baje kumwunganira ku rwego rw’ubujurire, bityo ko atashingira ku kibazo yateje ngo kimuviremo inyungu zo kugabanyirizwa ibihano, ko ahubwo igifungo cya burundu yahawe n’Urukiko Rukuru gikwiye kugumaho.

193 ICTR-96-4-T Le Procureur c/ Jean Paul Akeyesu du 2 octobre 1998, décision relative à la condamnation, para 37-39.

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KO URUKIKO Rubibona [576] Impaka kuri iyi ngingo zishingiye ku kumenya niba impamvu Mbarushimana ashingiraho asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano zatuma akigabanyirizwa. [577] Mu rubanza RPAA00221/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19 Nzeri 2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Turimubyiza Jean Népo, igika cya 18, rwemeje ko n’ubwo haba hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, rushobora kutagabanyiriza uregwa igihano mu gihe rusanga uburemere bw’icyaha yakoze n’ubugome cyakoranywe buruta kure impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ziri mu nyungu ze. [578] Na none mu rubanza No ICTR-97-23-A rwa Yohani Kambanda rwaciwe na TPIR/ICTR ku wa 19 Ukwakira 2000, mu gika cya 126, urwo Rukiko rwasobanuye ko impamvu nkomezacyaha zerekeranye n’ibyaha by’ubugome yakoze, zisumba kure impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zimurengera. [579] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga muri uru rubanza hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru mu rubanza rujuririrwa (igika cya 179) zirimo kuba ari ubwa mbere Mbarushimana ahamwe n’ibyaha no kuba hari Abatutsi bo mu muryango w’umugore we yahishe. Izo mpamvu zikaba zitatuma uru Rukiko rumugabanyiriza igihano kuko uburemere bw’ibyaha yakoze n’ubugome byakoranywe biruta kure cyane izo mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha, harebwe ko ibyaha yahamijwe ari ibyaha ndengakamere bishyirwa mu rwego rw’ibyaha mpuzamahanga kandi bihonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse akaba yaranagize uruhare mu iyicwa ry’Abatutsi

benshi barimo n’abana aho bari bahungiye ku musozi wa Kabuye, abateramo grenade anica Rukundo wari watemwe ariko ntapfe akamuhwanya. [580] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibindi Mbarushimana ashingiraho asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano nko kuba atararuhije ubutabera, afite imyaka 60, afite uburwayi budakira bwa diabète, nta shingiro byahabwa kubera uburemere ndengangakamere bw’ibyaha bimuhama, bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba nta shingiro bufite, igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yahanishijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kikaba kigomba kugumaho. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [581] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mbarushimana Kunda Emmanuel nta shingiro bufite; [582] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RP0001/15/HCCI rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko Rwihariye ruburanisha ibyaha byo ku rwego Mpuzamahanga n’ibyaha byambuka imbibi, ku wa 29/12/2017, idahindutse; [583] Rwemeje ko Mbarushimana Kunda Emmanuel ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside, icyaha cya jenoside n’icyaha cyo kurimbura nk’icyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu. [584] Rwemeje ko igifungo cya burundu yahanishijwe n’Urukiko Rukuru kigumyeho. [585] Ruvuze ko amagarama y’urubanza aherera ku Isanduku ya Leta kuko Mbarushimana Kunda Emmanuel aburana afunze.