UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MBIHAYIMANA

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MBIHAYIMANA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-10-30 - Case/document no.: RPAA 00279/2020/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. MBIHAYIMANA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00279/2020/CA (Rukundakuvuga, P.J.) 30 Ukwakira 2025] Amategeko imanza z’inshinjyabyaha – Gusambanya umwana – Ubusembure – Ntihashobora kubaho ubusembure ku cyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kuko umwana aba ataragira ubushishozi buhagije bumwemerera gufata icyemezo gikwiye mu gihe gikwiye; ahubwo umuntu mukuru niwe ufite inshingano yo kumenya ko uwo agiye gusambanya ari umwana cyangwa se ari mukuru, akaba atemerewe kwitwaza ko umwana yamubeshye imyaka kuko nyine nta bushobozi aba afite bwo kwifatira ibyemezo n’ibyo yavuga biba biyobowe n’ubwo bwana nyine. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ubushinjacyaha bwakurikiranyeho Mbihayimana bita d’Amour icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, bumuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi busaba ko ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20 ans). Mbihayimana alias d’Amour aburana yemera icyaha, ariko ko yari yumvikanye n’uwakorewe icyaha kandi ko yamubwiye ko afite imyaka 19. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko Mbihayimana ahamwa n’icyaha, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15. Mbihayimana yajuririye icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, narwo mu guca urubanza rwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza rujuririrwa, rumuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15. Mbihayimana yajuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano, akavuga ko yasembuwe n’uwakorewe icyaha ngo kuko yashakaga kumwishyingiraho, aho yanagaragazaga impapuro yipimishirijeho SIDA zigaragaza ko yari mukuru afite imyaka 19. Ku rundi ruhande Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwa Mbihayimana nta shingiro bukwiye guhabwa kuko ntacyo anenga urubanza rwajuririwe ngo anatange ubusobanuro bw’uko byakosorwa, ndetse bukavuga ko ingingo y’ubusembure ayizanye bwa mbere mu bujurire ko itigeze iburanwaho kuva urubanza rwatangira. Buvuga ataganyirizwa igihano bwa kabiri kuko ntacyo anenga iguhano yahawe mu rubanza rujuririrwa. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ntihashobora kubaho ubusembure ku cyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kuko umwana aba ataragira ubushishozi buhagije bumwemerera gufata icyemezo gikwiye mu gihe gikwiye; ahubwo umuntu mukuru niwe ufite inshingano yo kumenya ko uwo agiye gusambanya ari umwana cyangwa se ari mukuru, akaba atemerewe kwitwaza ko umwana yamubeshye imyaka kuko nyine nta bushobozi aba afite bwo kwifatira ibyemezo n’ibyo yavuga biba biyobowe n’ubwo bwana nyine. Ubujurire bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Nta mategeko yashingiweho

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Imanza zifashishijwe: RPA 0066/08/CS; Ubushinjacyaha vs Kabahizi Jean rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 06/02/2009; RPAA 00055/2024/CA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Manizabayo Patrick rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuwa 28/03/2025; RPAA 00435/2024/CA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Bagirinshuti Philbert rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2025.

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku itariki ya 21/05/2018, Umwana w’umukobwa witwa I.H1 w’imyaka 17 y’amavuko, yatanze ikirego mu Bugenzacyaha avuga ko tariki ya 20/05/2018, Mbihayimana bahimba d’Amour bari basanzwe baziranye yamuhamagaye kuri telephone ngo amusure aho yari ari i Gihundwe, aho bita ku Badive, amwoherereza umumotari umuzana, ahageze bicara mu nzu baraganira. Avuga ko yaje kumusaba ko baryamana aranga, undi ahita amwambura telephone arayizimya, acana Television ashyiramo urusaku rwinshi, arangije aramusambanya. Avuga ko yarangije akamutegera moto, bagera ahitwa mu Budike umumotari akamuta aho, akaza kuhavanwa n’abahamusanze, bakamujyana kwa Muganga, amaze kubatekerereza ibyamubayeho. Mbihayimana bahimba d’Amour yarafashwe arafungwa. Iperereza rirangiye Ubushinjacyaha bumuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi bumukurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, bumusabira igifungo cy’imyaka makumyabiri (20 ans). Mbihayimana alias d’Amour yaburanye yemera ko yaryamanye na I.H koko, ariko ko bari bumvikanye kandi ko yamubwiye ko afite imyaka 19. [2] Mu rubanza RP 000118/2018/TGI/RSZ, rwaciwe ku wa 25/06/2018, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi rwemeje ko Mbihayimana alias d’Amour ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). Mu gufata icyo cyemezo Urukiko rwashingiye ku nyandiko-mvugo ya I.H. wahohotewe, n’imvugo za Mbihayimana alias d’Amour wemeye ko yaryamanye n’uwo mwana. [3] Mbihayimana alias d’Amour ntiyanyuzwe n’imikirize y’urwo rubanza maze ajuririra Urukiko Rukuru/Urugereko rwa Rusizi, asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano birushijeho kubera ko yaburanye yemera icyaha kuva yafatwa kandi ko yashutswe n’uko I.H yamubwiye ko afite imyaka 19 y’amavuko, kandi ko yongeye kubishimangira imbere ya muganga bagiye kwipimisha SIDA. [4] Mu rubanza RPA 00219/2018/HC/RSZ rwaciwe ku wa 07/03/2019, Urukiko Rukuru/Urugereko rwa Rusizi rwasanze Mbihayimana alias d’Amour atagomba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kuko yakigabanyirijwe, bityo rwemeza ko akomeza guhanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15). [5] Mbihayimana alias d’Amour ntiyanyuzwe n’igihano yahanishijwe, maze yongera kujuririra Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza rwe ruhabwa RPAA 00279/2020/CA. Iburanisha mu

1 Izina ryahawe umwana wahohotewe ku bw’umutekano we. `

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ruhame ryashyizwe ku wa 09/09/2025, uwo munsi ugeze Mbihayimana alias d’Amour yitaba yunganiwe na Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver, naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Ninahazwa Roselyne, Umushinjacyaha ku Rwego rw’Igihugu. [6] Mu bujurire bwe, Mbihayimana alias d’Amour avuga ko hirengagijwe ibisobanuro yatanze bigaragaza ko yasembuwe n’uwakorewe icyaha waje iwe ashaka kumwishyingiraho ndetse akamwereka impapuro yipimishirijeho SIDA zigaragaza ko ari mukuru. Bityo asaba kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku kuba yarasembuwe n’uwakorewe icyaha, hagashingirwa no ku biteganywa n’igika cya 1 cy’ingingo ya 71 y’Itegeko 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, ryakoreshwaga ubwo yakoraga icyaha, agahanishwa igifungo kiri hagati y’imyaka ibiri n’itanu. [7] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha ashingiye ku biteganywa n’Ingingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko yatanze inzitizi y’ububasha bw’Urukiko, agaragaza ko ubujurire bwa Mbihayimana bita d’Amour budakwiye kwakirwa ngo busuzumwe kuko yatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. Yongeraho ko ubujurire buramutse bwakiriwe nabwo nta shingiro bwahabwa kuko adashobora kugaragaza amakosa yakozwe mu rubanza ajuririra. [8] Ku wa 09/09/2025, haburanishijwe ikibazo kijyanye n’inzitizi y’ububasha bw’urukiko yatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha, maze kuwa 30/09/2025, mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, Urukiko rwemeza ko inzitizi yatanzwe n’Ubushinjacyaha nta shingiro ifite; rutegeka ko iburanisha mu mizi y’urubanza rizakomeza ku wa 09/10/2025 saa-tatu. Uwo munsi ugeze iburanisha ryarakomeje impande zombi zihagarariwe nk’uko byari mbere, haburanishwa ibijyanye n’impamvu z’ubujurire zatanzwe n’uregwa. [9] Muri uru rubanza harasuzumwa ikibazo kijyanye no kumenya niba Mbihayimana bita d’Amour ashobora kugabanyirizwa igihano. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA kumenya niba Mbihayimana bita d’Amour ashobora kugabanyirizwa igihano. [10] Mbihayimana alias d’Amour avuga ko icyaha yakoze anemera yakiguyemo bitewe na I.H wamusembuye kuko yamweretse ibyangombwa yipimishirijeho SIDA bigaragaza ko afite imyaka 19, ko rero nta bundi buhanga yari kugira bwo kumenya ko afite imyaka 17, kandi akaba ari we waje amusanga ashaka ko babana nk’umugabo n’umugore hanyuma we akamubwira ko atabana nawe ataruzuza imyaka 21, bigatuma arakara kuko ngo yari yaje yabwiye nyina ko agiye gushaka umugabo. Avuga ko kubera kugushwa mu cyaha n’uwagikorewe asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’igika cya 1 cy’Ingingo ya 75 y’Itegeko Nᵒ1/2012/ OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana, iyo ngingo ikaba yarateganyaga ko iyo habayeho ubusemburwe bw’uwakorewe icyaha; icyaha cy’ubugome gihanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu cyangwa burundu y’umwihariko bigabanywa kugeza ku gifungo kiri hagati y’imyaka ibiri n’itanu (entre 2-5 ans). [11] Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver umwunganira avuga ko hashingiwe ku mpamvu nyoroshyacyaha z’uko ari ubwa mbere yari aguye mu cyaha kandi akiri muto, hashingiwe no ku

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biteganywa n’Ingingo ya 78 agace ka 1,2 y’Itegeko Nᵒ1/2012/ OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 ryariho igihe yakoraga icyaha, asanga Urukiko rutaramugabanyirije ibihano ku buryo buhagije, kuko iyo bigabanywa ku buryo buhagije nibura yari guhanishwa igihano gito cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 10 aho kumuhanisha 15. Avuga kandi ko na none yahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 10 nk’uko byakozwe mu rubanza RPAA 00587/2024/CA rwa Rwagahungu Emmanuel aho yagabanyirijwe agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 10 kubera kwibeshya ku gikuriro cy’umwana n’irangamuntu ye. [12] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko Mbihayimana atagaragaza amakosa urukiko rwakoze mu kwanga kongera kumugabanyiriza, ngo avuguruze ibisobanuro urwo rukiko rwatanze mu gihe ari inshingano ze zo kugaragaza ibyo anenga urubanza yajuririye, agaragaza n’uburyo byakosorwa, nk’uko byasobanuwe n’urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu rubanza RPAA 00194/2021/CA rwaciwe kuwa 22/07/20221. Avuga kandi ko ingingo y’ubusembure ayizanye bwa mbere mu bujurire bwa kabiri, bityo akaba atanenga urubanza ashingira ku ngingo atigeze aburanisha; ko ku bijyanye no kugabanyirizwa igihano, asanga n’ubundi ntacyo anenga ibyasobanuwe n’Urukiko bityo akaba atakongera ku bikorerwa bwa kabiri. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [13] Impaka muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba Mbihayimana bita d’Amour yagabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku kuba yarasembuwe n’uwakorewe icyaha no kuba itegeko ryariho ryahanaga ibyaha ryarateganyaga uburyo ibihano bigabanywamo bumworohereza kurusha ubukoreshwa ubu. a) Ibyerekeye Ubusembure [14] Mbihayimana alias d’Amour avuga ko icyaha yakoze yakiguyemo bitewe na I.H wamusembuye waje ashaka kumwishyingiraho, akamwereka ibyangombwa yipimishirijeho SIDA bigaragaza ko afite imyaka 19. [15] Ku byerekeye icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, ibijyanye n’ababurana bavuga ko bibeshye ku myaka y’abakorewe icyaha, banyiri ubwite babigizemo uruhare rwo kubeshya imyaka, byatanzweho umurongo mu rubanza RPAA 00055/2024/CA rwaciwe kuwa 28/03/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Manizabayo Patrick. Muri urwo rubanza, uru Rukiko rwemeje ko ukurikije imyandikire y’ingingo ya 14 y’itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ukoreye ku mwana kimwe mu bikorwa biteganywa n’iyo ngingo aba akoze icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, ko nta rwitwazo na rumwe iyo ngingo yemera ku cyo ari cyo cyose mu bikorwa ivuga cyakorerwa ku mwana, ahubwo ko kugikora gusa bihinduka icyaha, hatitawe ku mpamvu zabitera. Urwo rubanza rwasobanuye ko ibi atari umwihariko w’u Rwanda kuko hari n’ibindi bihugu byemera “strict liability” ku cyaha cyo gusambanya umwana. [16] Hashingiwe kuri uyu murongo, Urukiko rusanga hadashobora kubaho ubusembure ku cyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kuko umwana aba ataragira ubushishozi buhagije bumwemerera gufata icyemezo gikwiye mu gihe gikwiye ; ko ahubwo umuntu mukuru ariwe ufite inshingano yo kumenya ko uwo agiye gusambanya ari umwana cyangwa se ari mukuru, akaba atemerewe kwitwaza ko umwana yamubeshye imyaka kuko nyine nta bushobozi aba afite bwo kwifatira ibyemezo n’ibyo yavuga biba biyobowe n’ubwo bwana nyine nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu

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rubanza ruvuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki. Ku bw’ibyo ibijyanye no kuba uregwa asaba kugabanyirizwa igihano nk’uwasembuwe bikaba nta shingiro bifite kuko nyine nta busembure bushoboka kuri iki cyaha. b) Kuba Mbihayimana bita d’Amour yagabanyirizwa ku bw’itegeko ryariho akora icyaha. [17] Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver wunganira Mbihayimana avuga ko uregwa yakoze icyaha hagikoreshwa itegeko Nᵒ1/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 kandi ko mu ngingo yaryo ya 78 agace ka mbere ryemeraga kugabanya igifungo cya burundu kikagezwa ku gifungo cy’imyaka 10, agasaba ko uwo yunganira yagabanyirizwa kugera ku gifungo cy’imyaka 10 aho kugarukira ku myaka 15. [18] Mu bika bya 7-9 by’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko Umucamanza waburanishije uru rubanza ku rwego rwa mbere nyuma yo gusanga Mbihayimana Alias d’Amour yaraburanye yemera icyaha kandi akaba ari ubwa mbere arezwe mu nkiko, yaramugabanyirije igihano bitewe n’uko yasanze ukwemera kwe kudashidikanywaho, amuhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15 ashingiye ku ngingo za 78 al.1,pt.11 y’itegeko ngenga n° 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy’amategeko ahana mu gihe icyaha aregwa cyashoboraga guhanishwa igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko, hagendewe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 191 y’iryo Tegeko Ngenga. Urukiko Rukuru/urugereko rwa Rusizi rushingiye k’umurongo watanzwe mu rubanza RPA 0066/08/CS rwaciwe ku wa 06/02/2009 ubushinjacyaha buburana na Kabahizi Jean, rwemeje ko uregwa atakwitwaza kwemera icyaha ngo agabanyirizwe igihano bwa kabiri, mu gihe yabikorewe ku rwego rubanza. Ruvuga ko rudategetswe kugabanya igihano igihe cyose rugaragarijwe impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, runasobanura ndetse ko muri uru rubanza rusanga igihano cyatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere cyaramaze kugabanywa kubera impamvu nyoroshyacyaha ijyanye no kwemera icyaha imbere y’urukiko, rwanzura ko ibisabwa na Mbihayimana Alias d’Amour nta shingiro bifite, akomeza guhanishwa igihano cyatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere cy’imyaka 15. [19] Uru rukiko rurasanga Me Ndwaniye Pierre Claver anenga urubanza rujuririrwa kuba rutarahannye uregwa rushingiye ku itegeko ryari ririho ubwo yakoraga icyaha kuko ari ryo ryateganyaga uburyo bwo kugabanya igihano bwemerera umucamanza kuba yagabanya igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu akageza ku myaka 10. Nyamara nk’uko byagaragajwe mu gika kibanziriza iki, iryo tegeko niryo ryakoreshejwe mu rubanza rujurirwa, rwamuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu. [20] Ikigaragara ahubwo ni uko inkiko zabanje zamuhannye zishingiye ku itegeko ritari ryo. Koko rero, Mbihayimana yakoze icyaha hariho itegeko ngenga No 01/2012/OL ryo kuwa 02/05/2012 rishyiraho igitabo cy'amategeko ahana rikarishye kurusha iririho ubu, kuko mu ngingo ya 191 yaryo ryahanishaga icyo cyaha igifungo cya burundu y’umwihariko mu gihe Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, mu ngingo yaryo ya 133 nk’uko yavuguruwe kugeza ubu, icyo cyaha iyo gikorewe ku mwana uri hejuru y’imyaka 14 gihanishwa igifungo kiri hagati y’imyaka 20 na 25, bikaba byumvikana ko iryo tegeko ari ryo ryagombaga gukoreshwa kuko ritanga ibihano byoroheje ugereranyije n’irya mbere.

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[21] Uru Rukiko rurasanga abantu bakoze icyaha cyo gusambanya abana bari hagati y’imyaka 16 na 17, naho abasambanyije bari mu kigero cy’imyaka kuva kuri 26 kugera kuri 30 nk’icya Mbihayimana Alias d’Amour, baragiye bahanishwa igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15. Muri zo uruheruka ni urubanza RPAA 00435/2024/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/03/2025 Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Bagirinshuti Philbert w’imyaka 27 wasambanyije umwana w’imyaka 16, akaburana ahakana icyaha ariko ari ubwa mbere akurikiranwe n’inkiko, urukiko rwamuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka 15. Kubera izo mpamvu Mbihayimana alias d’Amour nawe wakoze icyaha afite imyaka 27, agasambanya umwana w’imyaka 17 yagombye guhanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15, ariko kuko we yaburanye yemera icyaha, urukiko rumuhanishije igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’ine (14). III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [22] Rwemeje ko Ubujurire bwa Mbihayimana bita d’Amour bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe; [23] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RPA 00219/2018/HC/RSZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru/Urugereko rwa Rusizi, ku wa 07/03/2019 ihindutse ku bijyanye n’igihano; [24] Rwemeje ko Mbihayimana bita d’Amour ahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka icumi n’ine (14); [25] Rutegetse ko Mbihayimana bita d’Amour asonewe gutanga amagarama y’urubanza kuko aburana afunze.