Re MIRONKO

# Re MIRONKO

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-03-07 - Case/document no.: RS/INCONST/SPEC00005/2023/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

## Text

## Page 1

Re MIRONKO [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC00005/2023/SC (Hitiyaremye, J.P., Cyanzayire, Muhumuza, Kalihangabo na Kazungu, J.) 07 Werurwe 2025] Itegeko Nshinga – Ubutabera buboneye – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, agahabwa umwanya wo kwiregura n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa n’umunyamategeko – Nta wavuga ko hubahirizwa ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye mu gihe umucamanza ategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha, maze agahita amukatira igihano atabanje guhabwa umwanya wo kwiregura n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa. Itegeko Nshinga – Imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko – Itegeko Nshinga ryemereye umushingamategeko kugenera ububasha inkiko akoresheje itegeko – Kuba Umushingamategeko yarashyizeho ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, yari agamije ukubahiriza umutekano mu gihe cy’iburanisha, no kugira ngo habeho kubaha no guha agaciro imirimo ikorwa n’urukiko. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Ni ibikorwa byose bikorwa n’abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bibangamira imigendekere myiza y’iburanisha, bigamije gutesha agaciro no kubahuka urukiko, bikaba byatuma muri icyo cyumba habura ituze. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Urukiko rukorewemo icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo kukiburanisha mu rwego rwo kugarura ituze no gukomeza iburanisha – Umucamanza ukorewe imbere icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha afite ububasha bwo gusobanura ibyo yiboneye, agahana ugikoze ashingiye ku mategeko. Itegeko Nshinga – Amahame y’ubucamanza – Ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza ubwe – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Kuba umucamanza yakorerwa icyaha mu iburanisha agahindukira agahana uwagikoze, nti byafatwa nko kwicira urubanza bibujijwe, mu gihe icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha kiba atari icyaha gikorewe umucamanza ku giti cye, ahubwo ni icyaha kiba gikorewe ubutabera bwose muri rusange, buhagarariwe n’umucamanza muri iryo buranisha. Itegeko Nshinga – Amahame y’ubucamanza – Ihame ry’uko imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Kuba ukurikiranyweho icyaha kibereye mu iburanisha ari we usohorwa abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bakagumamo, urukiko rukiherera; nti byafatwa nko kutubahiriza ihame ry’uko imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, mu gihe uwari wasohowe agaruka mu cyumba cy’iburanisha, urukiko rukamumenyesha mu ruhame icyemezo cyamufatiwe. Itegeko Nshinga – Ubutabera buboneye – Uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere – Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko – Kuba umucamanza yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye yiboneye, ubundi agasomera uregwa urubanza amuciriye ku cyaha yakoreye mu iburanisha; nti byafatwa nko kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha, kuko igihe cyose umucamanza atarasomera ukurikiranweho icyo cyaha aba agifatwa nk’umwere. Itegeko Nshinga – Ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo y’itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga – Ashyiraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, umushingamategeko yari agamije ko ukoreye icyaha mu iburanisha ahanwa n’ubwo icyo gika kinyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) y’Itegeko Nshinga, ku birebana no kumenyeshwa imiterere

## Page 2

n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa – Mu kwirinda ko habaho icyuho cyaterwa n’uko nta ngingo y’itegeko ihana ibyaha bikorewe mu nkiko, ingingo ya 81 y’iryo Tegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 yakuzuzwamo igika cya kabiri cyanditse mu buryo bukurikira: “Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza amenyesha uregwa ibyaha yakoze ndetse agasaba umwanditsi gusomera uregwa inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza abaza uregwa n’umwunganira iyo ahari cyangwa ashobora guhita aboneka ako kanya, kugira icyo avuga kuri ibyo byaha. Iyo uregwa afite imyitwarire idatanga ituze, umucamanza ategeka abashinzwe umutekano kumusohora. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza, hanyuma agasoma icyemezo afashe, agasubukura iburanisha”, bizatuma iyo ngingo itanyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga. Incamake y’ikibazo: Mironko yatanze ikirego muri uru Rukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko rwemeza ko ingingo ya 81 igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), (b) n’aka (c) n’iya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) n’aka (c) z’Itegeko Nshinga. Mbere yo gusuzuma iki kibazo, urukiko rwabanje gusuzuma niba Urega afite inyungu zo gutanga iki kirego, maze rwemeza ko ayifite kuko ingingo y’itegeko aregera ireba abanyarwanda bose na we arimo. Urubanza rwakomeje mu mizi, Urega asobanura impamvu yatanze iki kirego avuga ko ku itariki ya 22/02/2023, mu iburanisha ry’urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM00001/2019/SC, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashingiye ku ngingo aregera ruhagarika iburanisha hanyuma ruca urubanza RP00001/2023/SC rumuha igihano ku cyaha cyakorewe mu iburanisha. Avuga ko muri urwo rubanza yahanwe hashingiwe kuri iyo ngingo ya 81 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko mu gihe cy’iburanisha iyo hakozwe icyaha gihanishwa igihano kitarenga igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), urukiko rushobora guhera ko ruhana uwagikoze kabone n’iyo rwaba rudasanganywe ububasha bwo kuburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere bene ibyo byaha. Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, agasubukura iburanisha. Nta yindi mihango ikorwa cyangwa ngo ababuranyi bahabwe ijambo kugira ngo bagire icyo bavuga ku cyaha cyakozwe. We asanga iyi ngingo inyuranyije n’uburenganzira bw’umuburanyi ku butabera buboneye, bityo akaba asaba uru Rukiko gutegeka ko ikurwaho agamije kugira ngo akarengane kamubayeho muri urwo rubanza katazongera kumubaho cyangwa kakagira n’undi muntu uwo ari we wese kagirirwa. Urega avuga ko mu burenganzira ku butabera buboneye buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga butubahirijwe, harimo uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibikorwa bigize icyaha yahaniwe ngo abyiregureho, uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha kuko yaburaniye imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ruruta izindi bikamuvutsa uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo yafatiwe. Bivuze ko ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru yamwimye uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo yafatiwe mu rubanza RP00001/2023/SC. Asobanura kandi ko ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, na none inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko iteganya ko ukekwaho icyaha ahita ahanwa adahawe umwanya wo kumenyeshwa ibyo aregwa ngo anabyiregureho, ndetse agahita ahanwa adahawe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa nk’uko abyemererwa n’Itegeko Nshinga. Avuga ko indi mpamvu asaba ko iyo ngingo yakurwaho, ari uko itanga icyuho kuko itigeze iteganya uko byagenda mu gihe rwaba ari urukiko rwa nyuma rufashe icyemezo cyo guhana umuntu atamenyeshejwe icyaha yakoze, ataburanye ndetse atemerewe no kujurira kandi harateganyijwe uburyo bw’ubujurire ku cyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha.

## Page 3

Indi mpamvu Urega atanga ko iyo ngingo ikurwaho ni uko inyuranyije n’ihame ry’uko umuntu afatwa nk’umwere kugeza ahamijwe icyaha n’urukiko ku rwego rwa nyuma. Bisobanuye ko iha urukiko ububasha rutari rufite bwo kuburanisha urubanza rwiregeye, byumvikana ko nta butabera urwo rukiko rwatanga kuko rufata icyemezo cyo kwiregera rwamaze guhamya umuntu icyaha kandi rutabanje gusuzuma niba ibigize icyaha byuzuye. Avuga kandi ko kuba uregwa ahita ahanwa bwa mbere n’ubwa nyuma iyo icyaha cyakorewe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga bituma atagira uburenganzira bwo kujurira, nyamara mu gihe icyo cyaha cyakorewe mu zindi nkiko uwagikoze yemerewe kujurira. Urega asanga mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga hari uburenganzira aba avukijwe, bityo iyo nenge ikaba igomba gukosorwa. Avuga kandi ko iyo ngingo ya 81 yaregeye inyuranyije n’ihame riteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga, ry’uko ubutabera butangwa mu izina ry’abaturage, kandi ko ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza, ndetse ikaba inanyuranyije n’ihame ry’uko imanza zose zibera mu ruhame riteganyijwe muri iyo ngingo ya 152 mu gace kayo ka (b). Urega asoza avuga ko bitumvikana uburyo umucamanza wakorewe icyaha yahindukira akaba ari we uburanisha urubanza rw’icyaha yakorewe, iyi ikaba ari inenge ikomeye kuko biba bisa nko kwiregera warangiza ukanicira urubanza. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda muri uru rubanza, avuga ko igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kigaragaza uburyo bwo kwiregera k’urukiko rubyibwirije, ikagaragaza uburyo bwo guhana mu buryo bwihuse; ndetse igaha n’ububasha izindi nkiko zidasanzwe zifite bwo kuba zaburanisha ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha; mu gihe igika cya kabiri cy’iyi ngingo cyo gisobanura uburyo iburanisha ry’ibyo byaha rikorwa. Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ku byaha bikorewe mu iburanisha, Urukiko bikorewemo ruhita rugira ububasha rushobora gukomora mu mategeko cyangwa mu kuba rugomba kugira icyo rukora mu gutanga ituze mu iburanisha. Iyi ngingo ya 81 ntabwo ivuguruza Itegeko Nshinga kuko ubwaryo ritigeze riteganya urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha bene ibyo byaha, ahubwo ni uko itegeko ryo mu Rwanda ryateganyije ko urukiko rwakorewemo bene ibyo byaha ari rwo rufite ububasha bwo kubiburanisha. Asobanura k’uby’Urega avuga ko ku byaha bikorewe mu iburanisha, umucamanza ari we wiregera akwicira urubanza kandi binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga atari byo kuko icyaha cyakorewe mu iburanisha kidafatwa nk’icyakorewe umucamanza ku giti cye, ko ahubwo kiba cyakorewe rubanda. Avuga kandi ko ibyo ari ibyaha bihungabanya umudendezo wa rubanda, ku buryo Urukiko ruba rugomba kugira icyemezo cyihuse rubifataho kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwihuse bwo guhana ibikorwa bihungabanya umutekano w’iburanisha, kandi ntaho ubwo buryo bunyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 n’iya 152 z’Itegeko Nshinga. Ku kibazo Urega avuga ko ingingo ya 81 iregerwa yamuvukije uburenganzira bwe bwo kujurira, Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko nta shingiro bifite kuko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’Urukiko rukuriye izindi nkiko mu gihugu rufite ubwo bubasha bwo kuburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bitewe n’umwihariko w’abakekwaho ibyo byaha, bityo akaba atari umwihariko ku cyaha Urega yahaniwe. Aha Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko na we yemera ko umuburanyi afite uburenganzira bwo kujurira uretse ku birebana n’ibyemezo byafashwe n’inkiko zisumba izindi kuko uburenganzira bwo kujurira bufite aho bugarukira. Ku byo Urega avuga ko yavukijwe uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibyo aregwa no ku byisobanuraho, Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko yemeranywa na we ko kuba umucamanza ategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, maze agahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, uregwa adahawe ijambo kugira ngo agire icyo avuga ku cyaha cyakozwe, asanga binyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye, cyane cyane ku bijyanye no kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga.

## Page 4

Ashingiye ku bisobanura yatanze, Uhagarariye Leta ay’u Rwanda asoza asaba ko ingingo yaregewe ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, amagambo arimo amagambo anyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga yakurwamo agasimbuzwa bigatuma uko kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga bivaho ariko hatanasigayeho icyuho mu mategeko. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, agahabwa umwanya wo kwiregura n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa n’umunyamategeko. Nta wavuga ko hubahirizwa ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye mu gihe umucamanza ategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha, maze agahita amukatira igihano atabanje guhabwa umwanya wo kwiregura n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa. 2. Kuba Umushingamategeko yarashyizeho ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, yari agamije ukubahiriza umutekano mu gihe cy’iburanisha, no kugira ngo habeho kubaha no guha agaciro imirimo ikorwa n’urukiko. 3. Ibyaha bikorewe mu rukiko ni ibikorwa byose bikorwa n’abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bibangamira imigendekere myiza y’iburanisha, bigamije gutesha agaciro no kubahuka urukiko, bikaba byatuma muri icyo cyumba habura ituze. 4. Urukiko rukorewemo icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ni rwo rufite ububasha bwo kukiburanisha mu rwego rwo kugarura ituze no gukomeza iburanisha. Umucamanza ukorewe imbere icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha afite ububasha bwo gusobanura ibyo yiboneye, agahana ugikoze ashingiye ku mategeko. 5. Kuba umucamanza yakorerwa icyaha mu iburanisha agahindukira agahana uwagikoze, nti byafatwa nko kwicira urubanza bibujijwe, mu gihe icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha kiba atari icyaha gikorewe umucamanza ku giti cye, ahubwo ni icyaha kiba gikorewe ubutabera bwose muri rusange, buhagarariwe n’umucamanza muri iryo buranisha. 6. Kuba ukurikiranyweho icyaha kibereye mu iburanisha ari we usohorwa abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bakagumamo, urukiko rukiherera; nti byafatwa nko kutubahiriza ihame ry’uko imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, mu gihe uwari wasohowe agaruka mu cyumba cy’iburanisha, urukiko rukamumenyesha mu ruhame icyemezo cyamufatiwe. 7. Kuba umucamanza yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye yiboneye, ubundi agasomera uregwa urubanza amuciriye ku cyaha yakoreye mu iburanisha; nti byafatwa nko kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha, kuko igihe cyose umucamanza atarasomera ukurikiranweho icyo cyaha aba agifatwa nk’umwere. 8. Ashyiraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, umushingamategeko yari agamije ko ukoreye icyaha mu iburanisha ahanwa n’ubwo icyo gika kinyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) y’Itegeko Nshinga, ku birebana no kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa – Mu kwirinda ko habaho icyuho cyaterwa n’uko nta ngingo y’itegeko ihana ibyaha bikorewe mu nkiko, ingingo ya 81 y’iryo Tegeko yakuzuzwamo igika cya kabiri cyanditse mu buryo bukurikira: “Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza amenyesha uregwa ibyaha yakoze ndetse agasaba umwanditsi gusomera uregwa inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza abaza uregwa n’umwunganira iyo ahari cyangwa ashobora guhita aboneka ako kanya, kugira icyo avuga kuri ibyo byaha. Iyo uregwa afite imyitwarire idatanga ituze, umucamanza ategeka abashinzwe umutekano kumusohora. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza, hanyuma agasoma

## Page 5

icyemezo afashe, agasubukura iburanisha”, bizatuma iyo ngingo itanyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga. Ikirego gisaba gukuraho ingingo y’itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Urubanza rutangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015 kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 3, 29, 152 n’iya 153. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu (Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme) ryo mu mwaka wa 1948, ingingo ya 10 n’iya 11. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki, ingingo ya 14. Amasezerano y’inyongera ku Masezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubwisanzure (Protocol no 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms), ingingo ya 2. Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage, ingingo ya 7. Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 66 kugeza ku ya 80. Itegeko Nᵒ 012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza, ingingo ya 50. Itegeko No 27/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 137. Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 81, 82, 103 n’iya 104. Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INCOST/SPEC 0001/2022/SC, Re Murangwa Edward rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 16/12/2022. RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC, Asiimwe Frank na Leta y’u Rwanda rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021. RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/SC, Re Kabasinga rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 04/12/2019. RS/INCONST/PEN0001/08/CS rwa Murorunkwere Spéciose rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 26/09/2008. The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, 14 (1). Cooke v. US, 267 U.S. 517 (1925), United States Supreme Court, No. 311, Argued: March 20, 1925. Decided: April 13, 1925. Supreme Court of India, inherent jurisdiction Contempt Petition (CIVIL) no. 196-197 of 2024 in special leave petition (CIVIL), no 12081-12082 of 2023. Case of Allen v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 25424/09) Judgment Strasbourg 12 July 2013. Article 6 § 2. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Charles Chauncey, Contempt of Court, Texas Municipal Courts Education Center, 2023, p.1. S., Jajati Keshari, Contempt of Court as Defined in Contempt of Courts Act 1971. Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN 2208-2387), 2017: 9-14. David J. Bodine, The Nature and Function of Contempt in Modern Legal Systems, 2019, p.36. Justice Natalie Adams na Belinda Baker, Sentencing for Contempt of Court, National judicial college of Australia and the australian national university sentencing, conference, 29 February, 2020, §. 80.

## Page 6

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku itariki ya 13/09/2023, Mironko François Xavier yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ndetse n’ingingo ya 137, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 27/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, zinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), (b) n’aka (c) n’iya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) n’aka (c) z’Itegeko Nshinga. [2] Mironko François Xavier asobanura ko impamvu yatanze iki kirego ari uko ku itariki ya 22/02/2023, mu iburanisha ry’urubanza RS/INJUST/RCOM00001/2019/SC, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashingiye ku ngingo aregera ruhagarika iburanisha hanyuma ruca urubanza RP 00001/2023/SC rumuha igihano ku cyaha ruvuga ko cyakorewe mu iburanisha. [3] Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko izo ngingo nta na hamwe zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, cyakora ko Urukiko rusanze hari aho zishobora kumvikana nabi rwazisobanura mu buryo bwagutse zikumvikana mu buryo butanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. [4] Urubanza rwaburanishirijwe mu ruhame ku itariki ya 05/11/2024, MIRONKO François Xavier ahagarariwe na Me Ngezahayo Bernard, Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Kabibi Spéciose, habanza gusuzumwa ikibazo kijyanye n’inyungu Mironko François Xavier afite muri uru rubanza. Ku bijyanye n’inyungu Mironko François Xavier afite mu rubanza [5] Nyuma yo gusuzuma ibyo Mironko François Xavier yavuze mu myanzuro ye ku bijyanye n’inyungu afite mu rubanza, Urukiko rwafatiye icyemezo mu ntebe rushingiye ku rubanza rubanziriza urundi RS/INCOST/SPEC00001/2022/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 16/12/2022 haregamo Murangwa Edward, aho rwasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma inyungu z’urega hagomba kurebwa ibintu bikurikira, kuba hariho nibura kimwe muri byo bikaba bihagije kugira ngo Urukiko rwemeze ko urega afite inyungu: a) Niba itegeko riregerwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba urega cyangwa icyiciro abarizwamo by’umwihariko ku buryo afite inyungu ku giti cye zo gutanga ikirego. Urugero ni nk’itegeko rireba abanyamakuru, abaganga, abarimu n’abandi; b) Niba itegeko riregerwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rireba abaturage muri rusange ku buryo rishobora kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwabo, ibyo akaba ari byo bihesha umuntu uwo ari we wese rishobora kuzagiraho ingaruka, inyungu zo kuriregera ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga; c) Niba uwatanze ikirego ari Avoka, uyu mu nyungu z’ubutabera akaba yaremerewe gutanga ikirego mu rwego rwo guteza imbere amategeko cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abarebwa n’iryo tegeko, kabone n’ubwo nta nyungu we ku giti cye yaba afite muri icyo kirego. [6] Ku birebana n’iki kirego, Urukiko rwasanze ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ndetse n’ingingo ya 137 y’Itegeko No 27/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, Mironko François Xavier aregera ko zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga agasaba ko zakurwaho, zireba abaturage bose muri rusange na we arimo. Kubera iyo mpamvu akaba afite inyungu muri uru rubanza.

## Page 7

[7] Ku bijyanye n’urubanza mu mizi, Me Ngezahayo Bernard uhagarariye Mironko François Xavier, nyuma yo kumva ibitekerezo binyuranye ku ngingo yari yaregeye, yabwiye Urukiko ko ikibazo cya kabiri yari yashyikirije Urukiko ngo rugisuzume akiretse kubera ko yasanze ingingo ya 137 y’Itegeko N° 27/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Ikibazo cyasuzumwe muri uru rubanza akaba ari ikijyanye no kumenya niba ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), (b) n’aka (c) n’ingingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, uduce twa (a) na (b) z’Itegeko Nshinga. [8] Iburanisha rirangiye, ababuranyi bamenyeshejwe ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku itariki ya 29/11/2024, iyo tariki igeze ntirwasomwa kubera ko hari ibyari bigisuzumwa, ryimurirwa ku itariki ya 20/12/2024. Mbere y’uko iyo tariki igera, byabaye ngombwa ko umwe mu bacamanza bagize inteko ayivamo, bituma iburanisha ry’urubanza ryongera gufungurwa rishyirwa ku itariki ya 13/01/2025, kugira ngo inteko ihinduke. Nyuma y’iburanisha ababuranyi bamenyeshejwe ko urubanza ruzasomwa ku itariki ya 13/02/2025, ariko uwo munsi na bwo ntirwasomwa kubera ko rwari rutararangira, isomwa ryarwo ryimurirwa ku itariki ya 07/03/2025. I. IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYACYO Kumenya niba ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), (b) n’aka (c) n’ingingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, uduce twa (a) na (b) z’Itegeko Nshinga [9] Me Ngezahayo Bernard avuga Mironko François Xavier ahagarariye yatanze ikirego asaba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga gukuraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi kuko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Iyo ngingo aregera iteganya ko mu gihe cy’iburanisha iyo hakozwe icyaha gihanishwa igihano kitarenga igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), urukiko rushobora guhera ko ruhana uwagikoze kabone n’iyo rwaba rudasanganywe ububasha bwo kuburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere bene ibyo byaha. Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, agasubukura iburanisha. Nta yindi mihango ikorwa cyangwa ngo ababuranyi bahabwe ijambo kugira ngo bagire icyo bavuga ku cyaha cyakozwe. [10] Avuga ko icyatumye aregera ingingo imaze kuvugwa ari uko yaciriwe urubanza RP00001/2023/SC agahanwa hakoreshejwe iyo ngingo hatubahirijwe uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye. Akaba asaba ko iyo ngingo yakurwaho agamije kugira ngo akarengane kamubayeho muri urwo rubanza katazongera kumubaho cyangwa kakagira n’undi muntu uwo ari we wese kagirirwa, ibyo akabishingira ku ngingo ya 3, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko icyemezo cyose cyangwa itegeko binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga nta gaciro biba bifite. [11] Avuga ko ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) na (c) y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko buri muntu wese afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, burimo ubwo kumenyeshwa imiterere y’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa, akagira n’uburenganzira bwo

## Page 8

kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha ; naho ingingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) n’aka (b) y’Itegeko Nshinga, igateganya ko imanza zose ziburanishwa mu ruhame, uretse igihe urukiko rwemeje ko habaho umuhezo mu buryo buteganyijwe n’amategeko. [12] Avuga ko mu burenganzira ku butabera buboneye butubahirijwe, harimo uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibikorwa bigize icyaha yahaniwe ngo abyiregureho buteganywa n'ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga, uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha kuko yaburaniye imbere y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ruruta izindi bikamuvutsa uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo yafatiwe. Avuga kandi ko ibyo binyuranye n’Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubw’Abaturage (Charte Africaine des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples) u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono, cyane cyane mu ngingo yayo ya 7, 10 (A) na (C) iteganya uburenganzira bwa buri wese: Uburenganzira bwo kugana inkiko zibifitiye ububasha mu gihe uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa muntu yemererwa n’amategeko, amasezerano mpuzamahanga n’ibindi bisa nk’ibyo butubahirijwe. Uburenganzira bwo kwisobanura ku cyaha aregwa no guhagararirwa mu rukiko. [13] Ku birebana n’igisobanuro cy’ubutabera buboneye, Me Ngezahayo Bernard avuga ko mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 04/12/2019, mu gika cya 13, Urukiko rwabusobanuye mu magambo akurikira: Ubutabera buboneye busobanurwa mu buryo butandukanye, hari ubutabera buboneye bushingiye ku migendekere. Bivuze ko ubutabera buboneye ari uruhererekane rw’ibigomba kubahirizwa mu migendekere y’urubanza hashingiwe ku mahame ateganywa n’amategeko; ko hari n’ubutabera buboneye bushingiye ku biteganywa n’itegeko bubuza ishyirwaho ry’amategeko cyangwa izindi ngamba zidashyira mu gaciro zibangamira uburenganzira bw’abaturage. [14] Mu burenganzira ku butabera buboneye, avugamo kandi n’uburenganzira bwo kujurira aho avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabisobanuye mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021 haburana Asiimwe Frank na Leta y’u Rwanda, mu gika cya 18, aho rwavuze ko ingingo ya 14, igika cya mbere n’icya 5, y’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki (International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights) igaragaza uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha n’uburenganzira bwo kujurira nka bimwe mu bigize uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye. [15] Akomeza avuga ko abahanga mu mategeko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashingiyeho basobanura ubujurire nk’uburenganzira bufitwe na buri muburanyi utishimiye icyemezo yafatiwe n’urukiko bwo gusaba mu rukiko rwisumbuyeho guhindura cyangwa gukosora icyo cyemezo, ko mu gika cya 19 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze ko ihame ry’ubujurire rishingiye ku burenganzira bw’uregwa n’ubw’umushinjacyaha bwo guhabwa amahirwe yo kujuririra urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere kugira ngo hakosorwe amakosa ashobora kuba yarakozwe n’urukiko rwaruciye, ubwo burenganzira bukaba buhamiriza ababuranyi ko ihame ryo kuburana ku nzego ebyiri rizubahirizwa. Akavuga rero ko kuba ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, yima uregwa uburenganzira bwo kujuririra icyemezo kimufatiwe, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga irebana n’uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye. [16] Asobanura kandi ko ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, nanone inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko iteganya ko ukekwaho icyaha ahita ahanwa adahawe umwanya wo kumenyeshwa ibyo aregwa ngo anabyiregureho, ndetse agahita ahanwa adahawe uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa nk’uko abyemererwa n’Itegeko Nshinga. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kuba umushingamategeko yarabiteganyije atyo kandi bibangamiye abaturage kuko bibavutsa uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, icyo gika kikaba kigomba gukurwaho. Avuga ko indi mpamvu asaba ko iyo ngingo yakurwaho, ari uko itanga icyuho kuko itigeze iteganya uko byagenda mu gihe rwaba ari urukiko rwa nyuma rufashe icyemezo cyo guhana umuntu

## Page 9

atamenyeshejwe icyaha yakoze, ataburanye ndetse atemerewe no kujurira kandi harateganyijwe uburyo bw’ubujurire ku cyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha. [17] Akomeza avuga ko kuba ingingo imaze kuvugwa iha urukiko ububasha rutari rufite bwo kuburanisha urubanza rwiregeye, byumvikana ko nta butabera urwo rukiko rwatanga kuko rufata icyemezo cyo kwiregera rwamaze guhamya umuntu icyaha kandi rutabanje gusuzuma niba ibigize icyaha byuzuye. Akavuga ko ibi binyuranye n’ihame ry’uko umuntu afatwa nk’umwere kugeza ahamijwe icyaha n’urukiko ku rwego rwa nyuma nk’uko byagarutsweho mu Masezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi ku burenganzira bwa Muntu (Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme) cyane cyane mu ngingo yayo ya 5, agace ka 3, iteganya ko umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gusobanukirwa imiterere y’icyaha mu gihe cya bugufi, guhabwa umwanya uhagije wo gutegura ibisobanuro ku birego aregwa no kubyisobanuraho cyangwa guhagararirwa mu nkiko1. [18] Avuga kandi ko kuba uregwa ahita ahanwa bwa mbere n’ubwa nyuma iyo icyaha cyakorewe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga bituma atagira uburenganzira bwo kujurira, nyamara mu gihe icyo cyaha cyakorewe mu zindi nkiko uwagikoze yemerewe kujurira. Agasanga mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga hari uburenganzira aba avukijwe, bityo iyo nenge ikaba igomba gukosorwa. Yongeraho ko kutagira uburenganzira bwo kujurira binyuranyije n’amahame akubiye mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono, nk’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu (Déclaration Universelle des Droits de l’Homme) ryo mu mwaka wa 1948, cyane cyane mu ngingo zaryo, iya 102 n’iya 113. [19] Me Ngezahayo Bernard avuga ko mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru MIRONKO François Xavier yahereyeho atanga ikirego, hatubahirijwe n'ihame ry'uko ubutabera butangwa mu izina ry’abaturage, kandi ko ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza, riteganywa n'ingingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga, n’ihame ry’uko imanza zose zibera mu ruhame riteganywa n’ingingo imaze kuvugwa mu gace kayo ka (b) bitewe nuko ukoze icyaha asohorwa mu rukiko, akongera guhamagarwa asomerwa urubanza umucamanza yamuciriye ataburaniye mu ruhame, bityo akaba atabonye ubutabera buboneye. [20] Agarutse ku mahame amaze kuvuga, asoza avuga ko bitumvikana uburyo umucamanza wakorewe icyaha yahindukira akaba ari we uburanisha urubanza rw’icyaha yakorewe, ko asanga iyo ari inenge ikomeye kuko biba bisa nko kwiregera warangiza ukanicira urubanza. Avuga ko icyaha kitaba gikorewe Urukiko nk’uko uhagarariye Leta ashaka kubyumvikanisha, kubera ko bizwi neza ko Urukiko ruba ruhagarariwe n’abacamanza, bityo akaba ari bo baba bakorewe icyo cyaha. [21] Me Kabibi Spéciose uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda, avuga ko igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kigaragaza uburyo bwo kwiregera k’urukiko rubyibwirije (saisine d’office); ikagaragaza uburyo bwo guhana mu buryo bwihuse (summary sentencing); ndetse igaha n’ububasha izindi nkiko zidasanzwe zifite bwo kuba zaburanisha ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha; igika cya kabiri cy’iyi ngingo cyo kigasobanura uburyo iburanisha ry’ibyo byaha rikorwa.

1Toute personne arrêtée ou détenue, dans les conditions prévues au paragraphe 1.c du présent article, doit être aussitôt traduite devant un juge ou un autre magistrat habilité par la loi à exercer des fonctions judiciaires et a le droit d’être jugé dans un délai raisonnable, libérée pendant la procédure. La mise en liberté peut être subordonnée à une garantie assurant la comparution de l’intéressé à l’audience. 2 Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa mu buryo buboneye kandi mu mucyo n’urukiko rudafite aho rubogamiye, mu kugena uburenganzira bwe n’inshingano ze mu gihe akurikiranyweho icyaha icyo aricyo cyose. 3 Umuntu wese afatwa nk’umwere ku cyaha aregwa igihe cyose kitaramuhama burundu hakurikijwe amategeko mu rubanza rwabereye mu ruhame kandi ruboneye, yahawe uburenganzira bwose bwa ngombwa bwo kwiregura.

## Page 10

[22] Ku bijyanye n’ibyo Mironko François Xavier avuga ko ingingo ya 81 yavuzwe haruguru yamuvukije uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko n’umucamanza babifitiye ububasha kandi badashobora kubogama, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko ku byaha bikorewe mu iburanisha, Urukiko bikorewemo ruhita rugira ububasha rushobora gukomora mu mategeko (statutory inherent powers) cyangwa mu kuba rugomba kugira icyo rukora mu gutanga ituze mu iburanisha (auxialliary inherent powers). Avuga ko by’umwihariko mu Rwanda, itegeko ryateganyije ko urukiko rwakorewemo bene ibyo byaha ari rwo rufite ububasha bwo kubiburanisha (statutory inherent jurisdiction), ko Itegeko Nshinga ubwaryo ridateganya urukiko rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha bene ibyo byaha, ku buryo iyi ngingo yaba irivuguruza. [23] Ku bivugwa na Mironko François Xavier ko kuba ingingo aregera iteganya ko urukiko rugira ububasha bwo kuburanisha ibyaha bikorewe mu iburansiha biba ari ukwiregera no kwicira urubanza kandi binyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko atari byo, ko icyaha cyakorewe mu iburanisha kidafatwa nk’icyakorewe umucamanza ku giti cye, ko ahubwo kiba cyakorewe rubanda, bitandukanye no kuba uwakoze icyaha yakora ibikorwa bigambiriwe bihungabanya umucamanza ku giti cye. [24] Asobanura ko ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha, ari ibyaha bihungabanya umudendezo wa rubanda, ku buryo Urukiko ruba rugomba kugira icyemezo cyihuse rubifataho kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwihuse bwo guhana ibikorwa bihungabanya umutekano w’iburanisha, kandi ntaho ubwo buryo bunyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 n’iya 152 z’Itegeko Nshinga. [25] Ku bijyanye n’ibyo Mironko François Xavier avuga ko ingingo aregera yamuvukije uburenganzira bwo kujurira ngo kubera ko byabereye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko ibyo nta shingiro bifite kuko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ari rwo rukuriye izindi nkiko zose mu Gihugu, ibyemezo byarwo bikaba bitajuririrwa cyangwa ngo bisubirwemo uretse gusa ibyerekeye imbabazi za Perezida wa Repubulika cyangwa gusubira ku cyemezo cyarwo rubyibwirije ku nyungu z’itegeko4. Yongeraho ko kuba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwaburanisha urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma atari umwihariko ku cyaha MIRONKO François Xavier yahaniwe, kuko rusanzwe rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bitewe n’umwihariko w’abakekwaho ibyo byaha (privillège de juridiction)5. Akomeza avuga ko n’ubwo ingingo ya 82 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko ubujurire ku byaha bikorewe mu iburanisha bushyikirizwa urukiko rukuriye urwaciye urubanza, ibyo bitareba ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga kuko ari rwo rukuriye izindi mu Gihugu, cyakora ko yemera ko umuburanyi afite uburenganzira bwo kujurira uretse ku birebana n’ibyemezo byafashwe n’inkiko zisumba izindi kuko uburenganzira bwo kujurira bufite aho bugarukira. [26] Akomeza yibutsa ko kimwe n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga, Itangazo mpuzamahanga ryerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, Amasezerano Nyafurika y'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage ndetse n’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi yerekeranye n’uburenganzira bwa Muntu urega yagiye ashingiraho, nta na hamwe bagaragaza uburenganzira bwo kujurira nk’igipimo (indicator) cy’ubutabera buboneye, ahubwo ingingo ya 2 ya Protocol No 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, igaragaza ko uburenganzira bwo kujurira bufite aho bugarukira cyane cyane ku manza zaciwe n’Urukiko ruruta izindi. Ku bw’izo mpamvu agasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru nta na hamwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga.

4Ingingo ya 50, 1 y’Itegeko Nᵒ 012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’Urwego rw’Ubucamanza. 5Urugero rutangwa n’ingingo ya 66 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko.

## Page 11

[27] Ku bivugwa na Mironko François Xavier ko ibiteganyijwe mu gika cya 2 cy’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru byamuvukije uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibyo aregwa no kubyiregureho, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko yemeranya na we, kuko kuba umucamanza ategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, maze agahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, uregwa adahawe ijambo kugira ngo agire icyo avuga ku cyaha cyakozwe, asanga binyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye, cyane cyane ku bijyanye no kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga. [28] Mu kwanzura kuri iyi ngingo, Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko asanga ibimaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki bitatuma ingingo ivanwaho, ko ahubwo amagambo yo muri iyo ngingo anyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga yakurwamo agasimbuzwa, bigatuma kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga bivaho ariko hatanasigayeho icyuho mu mategeko. Avuga ko ku bwa Leta y’u Rwanda ahagarariye yumva icyo gika cyakwandikwa mu buryo bukurikira: muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza amenyesha uregwa ibyaha yakoze ndetse agasaba umwanditsi gusomera uregwa inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza abaza uregwa n’abamwunganira kugira icyo bavuga kuri ibyo byaha. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, agasubukura iburanisha. Akomeza avuga ko ibi bitaba ari ubwa mbere bibayeho kuko ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe no mu rubanza RS/INCONST/PEN0001/08/CS rwa Murorunkwere Spéciose rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku itariki ya 26/09/2008. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [29] Mironko François Xavier avuga ko ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, yateshwa agaciro kuko inyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga, mu ngingo ya 29 n’iya 152, akaba ayinenga kutubahiriza uburenganzira bukurikira: a) Kuba idaha uregwa uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa; b) Kuba idaha uregwa uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha; c) Kuba idaha uregwa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha; d) Kuba idaha uwahamwe n’icyaha uburenganzira bwo kujurira. Ayinenga kandi kuba itubahiriza amahame akurikira: a) Imanza zicibwa mu izina ry’abaturage kandi ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza ubwe; b) Imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, keretse iyo urukiko rwemeje ko habaho umuhezo mu buryo buteganywa n’amategeko. [30] Iyo ngingo uwatanze ikirego aregera, iteganya ibi bikurikira: mu gihe cy’iburanisha iyo hakozwe icyaha gihanishwa igihano kitarenga igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), urukiko rushobora guhera ko ruhana uwagikoze kabone n’ubwo rwaba rudasanganywe ububasha bwo kuburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere bene ibyo byaha. Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo

## Page 12

y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, agasubukura iburanisha. Nta yindi mihango ikorwa cyangwa ngo ababuranyi bahabwe ijambo kugira ngo bagire icyo bavuga ku cyaha cyakozwe. [31] Ingingo imaze kuvugwa yumvikanisha ibintu bikurikira: a) Urukiko rukorewemo icyaha ni rwo ruhita rugira ububasha bwo kukiburanisha; b) Ukoze icyaha ahita asohorwa n’abashinzwe umutekano ku itegeko ry’umucamanza; c) Umwanditsi w’urukiko akora inyandikomvugo y’ibyabaye; d) Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe; f) Uwakoze icyaha arahamagarwa akongera akinjira mu cyumba cy’iburanisha agasomerwa urubanza aciriwe mu ngingo zarwo zose; g) Ababuranyi nta jambo bahabwa kugira ngo bagire icyo bavuga ku cyaha cyakozwe. [32] Ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, uduce twa (a), (b) na (c), y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda Mironko François Xavier watanze ikirego avuga ko itubahirijwe, iteganya ibi bikurikira: buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, burimo uburenganzira bwo: a) Kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa; b) gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha; c) kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha d) […]. [33] Naho ingingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) na (b) y’Itegeko Nshinga uwatanze ikirego na yo avuga ko itubahirijwe, igateganya ko Ubucamanza bugengwa n’amahame akurikira: a) Imanza zicibwa mu izina ry’abaturage kandi ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza ubwe; b) Imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, keretse iyo urukiko rwemeje ko habaho umuhezo mu buryo buteganywa n’amategeko; c) […]. [34] Ibikubiye muri izi ngingo binateganywa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono akurikira: a) Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu ngingo yaryo ya 106 riteganya ko umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwuzuye bwo kuburanishwa mu buryo buboneye kandi mu mucyo n’urukiko rudafite aho rubogamiye, mu kugena uburenganzira n’inshingano ze cyangwa igihe akurikiranyweho icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose. Mu ngingo ya 11, igika cya mbere7, iryo tangazo riteganya ko umuntu wese afatwa nk’umwere ku cyaha aregwa igihe cyose kitaramuhama burundu hakurikijwe amategeko mu rubanza rwabereye mu ruhame kandi ruboneye yahawe uburenganzira bwose bwa ngombwa bwo kwiregura.

6“Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him”. 7“Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence”.

## Page 13

b) Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki mu ngingo yayo ya 148, mu gika cya 2, icya 3, agace ka (a), aka (b) n’aka (d) n’icya 5, ateganya ibi bikurikira: i. Uregwa icyaha giteganywa n’amategeko ahana afatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe bigaragariye ko icyaha aregwa kimuhama (igika cya 2); ii. Umuntu wese uregwa icyaha giteganywa n’amategeko ahana yemerewe ku buryo bureshya n’ubw’abandi nibura ibi bikurikira (igika cya 3): a) Kumenyeshwa vuba kandi mu buryo burambuye, mu rurimi yumva imiterere y’icyaha ashinjwa n’impamvu akiregwa; b) Guhabwa igihe n’ibyangombwa akeneye kugira ngo ategure imyiregurire ye kandi ashobore kuvugana n’uwo yahisemo kumuburanira; c) […]; d) Kwitaba ubwe mu rubanza no kwiburanira cyangwa kunganirwa n’umuburanira yihitiyemo, niba adafite umuburanira akamenyeshwa uburenganzira bwe bwo kumugira, kandi ku bwo kurengera inyungu z’ubutabera, igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa akaba yahabwa umuburanira nta mpaka, nta mafaranga aciwe, mu gihe adafite uburyo bwo kumuhemba. iii. Umuntu wese wahamijwe icyaha n’urukiko afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra urukiko rwisumbuye kugira ngo rusuzume niba icyaha kimuhama kandi runasuzume ibyerekeye igihano yakatiwe, nk’uko amategeko abiteganya (igika cya 5). c) Amasezerano Nyafurika y’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubw’Abaturage mu ngingo ya 7, igika cya mbere, uduce twa (b) na (c), ateganya ibi bikurikira: i. Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere ku cyaha aregwa igihe cyose ataracyemezwa n’inkiko zibifitiye ububasha9; ii. Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kwiregura harimo n’ubwo kunganirwa n’umwavoka yihitiyemo10; [35] Urukiko rusanga, haba mu Itegeko Nshinga, haba no mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono amaze kugaragazwa, kugira ngo umuburanyi abone uburenganzira ku butabera boboneye (Fair trial) ari uko mu rubanza rwe haba hubahirijwe nibura ibi bikurikira: a) Ukurikiranyweho icyaha agomba kumenyeshwa ibyo aregwa agahabwa n’umwanya wo kubyisobanuraho; b) Yemerewe kwitaba ubwe mu rubanza no kwiburanira cyangwa kunganirwa n’umuburanira yihitiyemo, yaba atamufite akamenyeshwa uburenganzira bwe bwo kumugira;

8“Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law”. “In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone shall be entitled to the following minimum guarantees, in full equality: (a) To be informed promptly and in detail in a language which he understands of the nature and cause of the charge against him; (b) To have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defense and to communicate with counsel of his own choosing; (d) to be tried in his presence, and to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing; to be informed, if he does not have legal assistance, of this right; and to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it. 9“Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: […] T he right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal”. 10“Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises: […] The right to defence, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice”.

## Page 14

c) Ukurikiranyweho icyaha agomba gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe bigaragariye ko icyaha aregwa kimuhama; d) Umuntu wese afite uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa mu rukiko rwashyizweho n’amategeko rubifitiye ububasha, rwigenga kandi rutabogamye, ibi bikajyana n’ihame ry’uko nta muntu ushobora kwicira urubanza; e) Imanza zose ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, uretse mu gihe urukiko rwategeka umuhezo rushingiye ku mpamvu yemewe n’amategeko kandi nabwo rubanje kubisobanura. [36] Mbere yo gusesengura ibyo uwatanze ikirego anenga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko bimaze kugaragazwa, Urukiko rurasanga ari ngombwa kubanza gusobanura ibirebana n’ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha (direct contempt of Court) bivugwa muri iyo ngingo. [37] Ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha birebwa n’ingingo imaze kuvugwa (direct contempt of court), ni ibikorwa byose bikorwa n’abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bibangamira imigendekere myiza y’iburanisha, bigamije gutesha agaciro no kubahuka urukiko, ibyo bikaba byatuma muri icyo cyumba habura ituze. Muri icyo gihe, abacamanza bakaba bafite ububasha bwo guhita bafata ibyemezo byihuse bigamije kugarura ituze kugira ngo imirimo y’urukiko ishobore gukomeza uko bikwiye nta nkomyi. [38] Umuhanga mu mategeko Charles Chauncey, avuga ko icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose kijyanye no kutubaha urukiko, ku buryo bisaba ko umucamanza ahita afata icyemezo ako kanya mu rwego rwo kugarura ituze mu iburanisha. Avuga ko muri rusange urukiko icyaha cyabereyemo ari rwo ruhita rufata icyemezo gihana uwakoze icyaha ako kanya icyaha kikimara gukorwa11. [39] Undi muhanga mu mategeko Jajati Keshari avuga ko icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ari igikorwa icyo ari cyo cyose kibangamira imigendekere myiza y’iburanisha ahanini kiganisha mu kubahuka no guhangara icyubahiro cyagenewe urukiko, bikaba bishobora gutuma inkiko zisuzugurwa zikanateshwa agaciro, ko rero ari ngombwa ko inkiko zigira ububasha bwo guhana ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha12. [40] Uwitwa David J. Bodine na we yasobanuye ko iyo abantu batangiye kwandagaza no gusuzugura urukiko mu buryo bweruye igihe cy’iburanisha, ari byo byitwa icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha, baba batangiye gupfobya ishingiro ry’ubutabera, bikaba bishobora no gutuma abantu babutera icyizere mu gihe urukiko rwaba runaniwe guhana imyitwarire nk’iyo, ibyo bikaba byaba intangiriro yo gutesha agaciro ubutabera. Gutanga ibihano mu buryo bwihuse ku byaha bikorewe mu iburanisha akaba ari uburyo inkiko zikoresha mu rwego rwo kubahiriza icyubahiro n’agaciro bigomba guhabwa iburanisha13.

11 “[….] Direct contempt of court” is an act which occurs in the judge's presence and under circumstances that require the judge to act immediately to quell the disruption, violence, disrespect, or physical abuse and maintain order. In many instances, direct contempt is punished summarily by the offended court at the time the act occurs”. Charles Chauncey, Contempt of Court, Texas Municipal Courts Education Center, 2023, P.1. 12 “Direct contempt of Courts means any act that interferes and obstructs in the process of administration of Justice or undermines or lowers the authority & dignity of the courts and bring them into disrespect and disrepute. It is therefore, necessary that courts are vested with the power to punish for committing the offence of contempt of court”. S., Jajati Keshari. "Contempt of Court as Defined in “Contempt of Courts Act 1971”. Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities (ISSN 2208-2387), 2017: 9-14. 13 “When individuals openly challenge or disrespect the authority of the court in hearing which is called, direct contempt of court, they threaten the legitimacy of the legal process itself. If courts fail to act against such behavior, it might signal a breakdown in the credibility of the justice system, to punish direct contempt is seen as a tool to maintain the dignity of legal proceedings”. David J. Bodine, The Nature and Function of Contempt in Modern Legal Systems, 2019, p.36.

## Page 15

[41] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga Umushingamategeko ashyiraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru iteganya ko icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha gihita gihanwa ikanasobanura uburyo gihanwa, icyo yari agamije kwari ukubahiriza umutekano mu gihe cy’iburanisha, no kugira ngo habeho kubaha no guha agaciro imirimo ikorwa n’urukiko. [42] Ku birebana no kuba ingingo iregerwa idaha uregwa icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa, Urukiko rurasanga uhagarariye Leta yemeranya n’uwatanze ikirego ko kuba iyo ngingo iteganya ko umucamanza ategeka ushinzwe umutekano gusohora uwakoze icyaha, maze agahita yandika urubanza, uregwa adahawe ijambo kugira ngo agire icyo avuga ku cyaha cyakozwe, binyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye, cyane cyane ku bijyanye no kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa biteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga yavuzwe haruguru. [43] Mu gihugu cya Singapore, ingingo ya 25, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko ryerekeye kurinda imigendekere myiza y’ubutabera (Administration of justice (Protection) Act 201614, iteganya ko iyo bigaragariye urukiko ko hari icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha, urwo rukiko rugasanga ari ngombwa ko hagira igikorwa mu rwego rwo gusigasira imigendekere myiza y’iburanisha, rushobora gutegeka ko uwakoze icyaha ahita afatwa, maze bidatinze hagakurikiraho ibi bikurikira: a) Kumenyesha mu nyandiko uregwa icyaha aregwa; b) Guha uregwa amahirwe yo kwiregura ku byo aregwa; c) Nyuma yo kubona ibimenyetso, no kumva imyiregurire y’uregwa, urukiko rufata icyemezo ako kanya cyangwa rukabanza kwiherera; d) Gutanga igihano cyangwa kugira umwere uregwa. [44] Mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa, ibyaha bikorewe mu iburanisha, biburanishwa urukiko rubyibwirije cyangwa se rubisabwe n’ubushinjacyaha. Bikorwa mu buryo bukurikira: iyo icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ari icyaha cyoroheje, urukiko rubikorera inyandiko- mvugo, rukumva ukekwaho icyaha, abatangabuhamya, ubushinjacyaha n’umwunganizi iyo ahari, hanyuma rugahita rutanga ibihano biteganywa n’amategeko15. [45] Mu gihugu cy’Ubuhinde, iyo icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga cyangwa mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urukiko rushobora gutegeka ko uwagikoze aba afunzwe, mu gihe kitarambiranye, mbere y’uko urukiko rusoza iburanisha, (a) akamenyeshwa mu nyandiko icyaha aregwa, (b) agahabwa uburyo bwo kwiregura ku cyaha aregwa, (c) nyuma yo kwegeranya ibimenyetso bya ngombwa cyangwa ibyo uregwa yireguza no kumwumva, urukiko

14 “Where it appears to a court (other than a Small Claims Tribunal and an Employment Claims Tribunal), that a person has committed contempt in the face of the court, and that court is satisfied that it is necessary for immediate steps to be taken for the protection of the due administration of justice, that court may cause such person to be detained in custody, and must as soon as practicable (a) cause the person to be informed in writing of the contempt with which he or she is charged; (b) afford the person an opportunity to make his or her defense to the charge; (c) after taking such evidence as may be necessary or as may be offered by the person and after hearing the person, proceed, either immediately or after adjournment, to determine the matter of the charge; and (d) make such order for the punishment or discharge of the person as may be just”. 15Article 676 du Code pénal de la République française. “[….]. Les infractions commises à l'audience sont jugées, d'office ou sur les réquisitions du ministère public, suivant les dispositions ci-après: S'il se commet une contravention de police pendant la durée de l'audience, le tribunal ou la cour dresse procès-verbal du fait, entend le prévenu, les témoins, le ministère public, et, éventuellement, le défenseur, et applique sans désemparer les peines portées par la loi”.

## Page 16

rushobora guhita ruburanisha cyangwa rukimura iburanisha, (d) guca urubanza runyuze mu mucyo rukamuhana cyangwa rukamurekura16. [46] Ingero nkeya zimaze kugaragazwa haruguru zerekana uko iburanisha ry’icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha rigenda mu bindi bihugu, zigaragaza ko uregwa icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha amenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, agahabwa umwanya wo kwiregura, ndetse agahabwa n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa n’umunyamategeko. Ibi bikaba bitandukanye n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryaruzwe haruguru, yemerera Urukiko rukorewemo icyaha mu gihe cy’iburanisha guhita rukatira igihano ukekwaho icyo cyaha atabanje guhabwa umwanya wo kwiregura n’uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa. [47] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana n’uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa buteganywa n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) y’Itegeko Nshinga. [48] Ku birebana no kuba ingingo iregerwa idaha uregwa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, iyo ngingo iteganya mu gika cyayo cya mbere ko iyo mu gihe cy’iburanisha hakozwe icyaha gihanishwa igihano kitarenga igifungo cy’imyaka itanu (5), urukiko rushobora guhera ko ruhana uwagikoze kabone n’ubwo rwaba rudasanganywe ububasha bwo kuburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere bene ibyo byaha. Ibi bisobanuye ko iyo mu rukiko runaka hakorewe icyaha cyari mu bubasha bw’urundi rukiko, urukiko gikorewemo ruhita rugira ububasha bwo kukiburanisha, ibyo bikaba ari byo uwatanze ikirego anenga ingingo aregera ko ubwo umuntu aba ataburaniye imbere y’urukiko rufite ububasha. [49] Ingingo ya 153, igika cya 5, y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko itegeko ari ryo rigena imitunganyirize, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko. Bisobanuye ko Itegeko Nshinga ryemereye umushingamategeko kugenera ububasha inkiko akoresheje itegeko. Akaba ari muri urwo rwego umushingamategeko, ashingiye ku bubasha ahabwa n’Itegeko Nshinga, yateganyije mu ngingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru ko, ku birebana n’icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha, urukiko gikorewemo ari rwo ruhita rugira ububasha bwo kukiburanisha, kabone n’ubwo rutaba rusanganywe ububasha bwo kukiburanisha mu rwego rwa mbere. [50] Kuba kandi Urukiko rukorewemo icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha ari rwo ruhita rugira ububasha bwo kukiburanisha, bifite impamvu z’ingenzi zikurikira: Iya mbere ni uko biba ari ngombwa kugarura ituze mu cyumba cy’iburanisha riba ryahungabanyijwe n’icyo cyaha, kugira ngo urubanza rwaburanishwaga rushobore gukomeza; icya kabiri akaba ari uko icyaha kiba cyabereye imbere y’umucamanza yakiboneye, akaba ari we uri mu mwanya mwiza wo gusobanura ibyo yiboneye ubundi akagihana ashingiye ku mategeko. [51] Ibimaze kuvugwa byasobanuwe mu rubanza COOKE v. US, 267 U.S. 517 (1925) rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa America rugahanisha Clay Cooke na J. L. Walker buri wese igifungo cy’iminsi 30 ku cyaha cyo gusuzugura urukiko bakoreye mu iburanisha. Muri urwo rubanza, hasobanuwe ko urukiko rukorewemo icyaha rugomba guhita rugira icyo rukora

16The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, 14 (1). “Procedure where contempt is in the face of the Supreme Court or a High Court. — (1) When it is alleged, or appears to the Supreme Court or the High Court upon its own view, that a person has been guilty of contempt committed in its presence or hearing, the Court may cause such person to be detained in custody, and, at any time before the rising of the Court, on the same day, or as early as possible thereafter, shall— (a) cause him to be informed in writing of the contempt with which he is charged; (b) afford him an opportunity to make his defense to the charge; (c) after taking such evidence as may be necessary or as may be offered by such person and after hearing him, proceed, either forthwith or after adjournment, to determine the matter of the charge; and (d) make such order for the punishment or discharge of such person as may be just”.

## Page 17

ako kanya kugira ngo habe ituze mu cyumba cy’iburanisha kandi rugumane icyubahiro rukwiye. Rwakomeje ruvuga ko nta n’ibindi bimenyetso biba bikenewe kugira ngo uwakoze icyaha ashobore guhanwa kubera ko ibyabaye umucamanza aba yabyiboneye17. [52] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana no kuba uregwa afite uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, kubera ko ubwo bubasha buteganywa n’itegeko (statutory powers). [53] Ku bivugwa n’uwatanze ikirego ko ingingo iregerwa idaha uwahamwe n’icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha uburenganzira bwo kujurira mu gihe atishimiye icyemezo yafatiwe, Urukiko rurasanga ibyo nta shingiro bifite kubera ko, nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, icyo iyo ngingo isobanura, ari uburyo icyo cyaha kiburanishwa; uko yanditse ikaba ntaho ivuga ko uwahamwe n’icyo cyaha adafite uburenganzira bwo kujurira. [54] Ikibazo uwatanze ikirego afite, ni mu gihe icyaha cyakorewe mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, aho avuga ko uwo gihamye ntaho aba afite ho kujurira. Urukiko rurasanga ibyo bitareba uburyo ingingo aregera yanditse, ahubwo ari uko, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’urukiko rusumba izindi, imanza ruciye nta handi zijuririrwa. Kuba kandi hari ibibazo bikemurwa mu rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, bityo bikaba ntaho bijuririrwa, ntibireba ibyaha bibereye mu iburanisha gusa18. [55] Kuba umuntu wakatiwe mu rwego rwa mbere n’urwa nyuma n’Urukiko rusumba izindi mu gihugu nta burenganzira bwo kujurira aba afite, biremewe no mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, aho ingingo ya 2 y’amasezerano y’inyongera ku Masezerano y’Ibihugu by’Uburayi ku Burenganzira bwa Muntu n’ubwisanzure (Protocol No 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms), iteganya ko n’ubwo umuntu wese wahamwe n’icyaha afite uburenganzira bwo kujuririra urukiko rwisumbuyeho, ko ariko ubwo burenganzira bufite irengayobora ku birebana n’abantu bakatiwe mu rwego rwa mbere n’inkiko zisumba izindi mu gihugu19. [56] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru ntaho ibuza uwahamwe n’icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha uburenganzira bwo kujurira, bityo ikaba itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. [57] Ku bivugwa n’uwatanze ikirego ko ingingo aregera inyuranye n’ihame ry’uko imanza zicibwa mu izina ry’abaturage kandi ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza ubwe, aha arashaka kumvikanisha ko kuba urukiko rukorewemo icyaha ruhita ruburanisha uwakoze icyo cyaha ari ukwicira urubanza.

17COOKE v. US, 267 U.S. 517 (1925), United States Supreme Court, No. 311, Argued: March 20, 1925. Decided: April 13, 1925. “[….] To preserve order in the courtroom for the proper conduct of business, the court must act instantly to suppress disturbance or violence or physical obstruction or disrespect to the court, when occurring in open court. There is no need of evidence or assistance of counsel before punishment, because the court has seen the offense. Such summary vindication of the court's dignity and authority is necessary”. 18Ingingo ya 66 kugeza ku ya 80 z’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu. 19Protocol No 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 2 – “Right of appeal in criminal matters. 1 Everyone convicted of a criminal offence by a tribunal shall have the right to have his conviction or sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal. The exercise of this right, including the grounds on which it may be exercised, shall be governed by law. 2 This right may be subject to exceptions in regard to offences of a minor character, as prescribed by law, or in cases in which the person concerned was tried in the first instance by the highest tribunal or was convicted following an appeal against acquittal”.

## Page 18

[58] Icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha kiba cyakorewe Urukiko kikabangamira ituze mu cyumba cy’iburanisha, ntabwo ari icyaha kiba gikorewe umucamanza ku giti cye, ahubwo aba agikorewe nk’umuntu uri muri ako kazi k’ubucamanza. Kubera iyo mpamvu kuba yakurikirana uwagikoze, yarangiza akamufatira icyemezo, ntibikwiye kwitiranywa no kuba umucamanza yakorerwa icyaha atari mu mirimo y’urukiko, dosiye yamugera imbere akayiburanisha. Ibyo umushingamategeko yarabibujije mu ngingo ya 104 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ko iyo umucamanza asanze hari imwe cyangwa nyinshi mu mpamvu zavuzwe mu ngingo ya 10320 y’iri tegeko imureba, yivana mu rubanza abimenyesheje Perezida w’Urukiko mu nyandiko [….]. [59] Tugarutse ku kuba umucamanza yakorerwa icyaha mu iburanisha agahindukira agahana uwagikoze, kandi ntibyitwe kwicira urubanza bibujijwe mu Itegeko Nshinga, byasobanuwe mu rubanza rwa European Asian Bank AG vs Wentworth ruvugwa mu nyandiko ya Natalie Adams, Umucamanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa New South Wales, na Belinda Baker, umunyamategeko akaba n’umushinjacyaha muri icyo gihugu, bise “Sentencing for Contempt of Court”21. Muri urwo rubanza Urukiko rwavuze ko mu kuburanisha ibyaha byakorewe mu iburanisha, umucamanza ahinduka icyarimwe uwahohotewe, umutangabuhamya, akaba n’umushinjacyaha wemeza ko ikirego kigomba gukurikiranwa, hanyuma akaba n’umucamanza uca urubanza agatanga n’ibihano. Urukiko rwasobanuye ko uruhurirane rw’izo nshingano uko ari enye ubundi zitandukanye, rudasanzwe, bikaba bibaho gake cyane kandi mu bihe bidasanzwe. [60] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwo mu Buhinde na rwo rwavuze ko icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha kiba kirenze kure kuba icyaha cyo kubahuka umucamanza, kuko aba ari n’icyaha kibangamiye cyane amahame agenga imiyoborere ishingiye ku mategeko. Rwavuze ko iyo umuburanyi atangiye gukorera ibyaha mu iburanisha, aba asuzuguye ubushobozi bwarwo bwo kubahiriza ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko, kandi ko bene ibyo byaha biba bishobora gutuma abantu batakariza inkiko icyizere, cyangwa bakabona ko zidashobora gutanga ubutabera bunoze22. [61] Ibisobanuro bitanzwe haruguru, byumvikanisha neza ko icyaha gikorewe mu iburanisha kiba atari icyaha gikorewe umucamanza ku giti cye ku buryo adashobora kukiburanisha atinya ko byafatwa nko kwicira urubanza bibujijwe. Ahubwo ni icyaha kiba gikorewe ubutabera bwose muri rusange, buhagarariwe n’umucamanza muri iryo buranisha. [62] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko ntaho ibangamira ihame ry’uko ntawe ushobora kwicira urubanza ubwe.

20 Umucamanza bashobora kumwihana iyo: 1° ubwe cyangwa uwo bashakanye n’abana babo, bafite inyungu bwite mu rubanza; 2° [….]. 21 “[W] hen a judge deals summarily with an alleged contempt he may at once be a victim of the contempt, a witness to it, the prosecutor who decides that action is required and the judge who determines matters in dispute and imposes punishment. The combination, in the judge, of four such inimical functions is not only unusual. It is so exceptional that, though it may sometimes be required to deal peremptorily with an emergency situation, those occasions will be rare indeed”. Cit. Justice Natalie Adams na Belinda Baker, sentencing for Contempt of Court, National judicial college of Australia and the australian national university sentencing, conference, 29 February, 2020, §. 80. 22See, the Supreme Court of India, inherent jurisdiction Contempt Petition (CIVIL) no. 196-197 of 2024 in special leave petition (CIVIL), no 12081-12082 of 2023. “[….] “Contempt of court goes beyond from mere defiance of a judge’s authority, but also denotes a profound challenge to the principles that underpin the rule of law. When a party engages in contempt, it does more than simply refusing to comply with a judge’s order, but also directly questions the Court’s ability to uphold the rule of law. It erodes the public confidence in the judicial system and its ability to deliver justice impartially and effectively”.

## Page 19

[63] Uwatanze ikirego anenga ingingo aregera kuba inyuranye n’ihame ry’uko imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, uretse igihe urukiko rwemeje ko habaho umuhezo mu buryo buteganywa n’amategeko. Iburanisha ribereye mu ruhame, ni igihe icyumba cy’iburanisha kiba gifunguye aho buri wese aba ashobora kwinjira agakurikira uko iburanisha rigenda. Ibi bikaba binyuranye n’igihe iburanisha ribera mu muhezo aho umucamanza ategeka ko abantu bari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bose basohoka hagasigara ababuranyi bonyine n’ababunganira iyo bahari. [64] Hakurikijwe igisobanuro kimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rusanga uko ingingo iregerwa yanditse, nta hantu na hamwe iteganya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha kibereye mu iburanisha aburana abari mu cyumba babanje gusohorwa. Igikorwa ni uko ukurikiranyweho icyo cyaha ari we usohorwa, abari mu cyumba cy’iburanisha bakagumamo, urukiko rukiherera hanyuma uwari wasohowe akagarukamo, urukiko rukamumenyesha mu ruhame icyemezo cyamufatiwe. [65] Hashingiwe ku gisobanuro kimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru uwatanze ikirego anenga, ntaho inyuranya n’ihame ry’uko imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame, bityo ikaba itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana n’iryo hame. [66] Uwatanze ikirego nanone anenga ingingo imaze kuvugwa, kuba itubahiriza uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha ruhamije icyaha ukiregwa. Iyo ngingo iteganya ko umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye n’amategeko yishwe, hanyuma agahamagaza uwo bari basohoye, akamusomera urubanza amuciriye mu ngingo zarwo zose, agasubukura iburanisha. [67] Kudafatwa nk’umwere, ubundi bisobanuye ko uregwa ahita ahanwa nta rubanza rubayeho ngo rumuhamye icyaha. Mu rubanza Allen c. Royaume-uni (Requête n° 25424/09) rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Iburayi rushinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu (European Court of Human Rights), urwo rukiko rwasobanuye ko gufatwa nk’umwere mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ari ukuba urega ari we ugomba gutanga ibimenyetso, kuba uregwa atagomba kwishinja, kuba umucamanza cyangwa undi mutegetsi atagomba kuvuga mu ruhame amagambo aganisha ku kuba uregwa yarakoze icyaha aregwa kandi nta rubanza ruraba23. [68] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ingingo iregerwa ivuga ko umucamanza yandika urubanza ashingiye ku byabaye yiboneye, ubundi agasomera uregwa icyaha cyakorewe mu iburanisha urubanza amuciriye. Bisobanuye ko igihe cyose umucamanza ataramusomera, ukurikiranweho icyaha cyakorewe mu iburanisha aba agifatwa nk’umwere. [69] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, Urukiko rurasanga uburyo ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru uwatanze ikirego aregera, nta na hamwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana no kuba umuntu afite uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere kugeza igihe urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rumuhamije icyaha. [70] Hashingiwe ku mategeko no ku masezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye, hashingiwe kandi ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe hifashishijwe by’umwihariko ibyemezo byafashwe n’inkiko n’amategeko yo mu bindi bihugu, Urukiko rurasanga ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo

23Case of Allen v. the United Kingdom (Application no. 25424/09) Judgment Strasbourg 12 July 2013. Article 6 § 2 safeguards the right to be “presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law”. Viewed as a procedural guarantee in the context of a criminal trial itself, the presumption of innocence imposes requirements in respect of, inter alia, the burden of proof; legal presumptions of fact and law; the privilege against self-incrimination; pre-trial publicity; and premature expressions, by the trial court or by other public officials, of a defendant’s guilt”.

## Page 20

n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, bitanyuranyije n’uburenganzira buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, uduce twa (b) na (c), kimwe n’amahame ateganywa mu ngingo ya 152, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) n’aka (c) z’Itegeko Nshinga. [71] Rurasanga ariko, hashingiwe ku mategeko no ku masezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye, hashingiwe kandi ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe hifashishijwe by’umwihariko ibyemezo byafashwe n’inkiko n’amategeko yo mu bindi bihugu, ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 81, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, hari aho binyuranyije n’ihame ry’ubutabera buboneneye buteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a) ku birebana no kumenyeshwa imiterere n’impamvu z’icyaha akurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa, bityo icyo gika kikaba nta gaciro gifite hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Nshinga. [72] Mu kwirinda ko habaho icyuho mu mategeko mu gihe Urukiko rwemeje ko ingingo y’itegeko inyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga, mu rubanza RS/Inconst/Pén.0001/08/CS, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rushingiye ku manza zaciwe mu bindi bihugu, rwemeje ko rufite ububasha bwo kuba rwavanaho igice cy’ingingo y’itegeko inyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga, rukongera amagambo mu gice gisigaye. Rwasobanuye ko mu gukuraho agace k’itegeko no kongera amagambo mu itegeko bigomba gukorwa mu bushishozi n’ubwitonzi, urukiko rukirinda kwinjira mu bibazo bya politike, ahubwo rukagerageza kubahiriza icyerekezo n’icyari kigamijwe n’umushingamategeko mu gushyiraho itegeko rinengwa ku byerekeye imiterere y’iryo tegeko nyuma y’igikorwa cy’Urukiko24. [73] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa, Urukiko rurasanga Umushingamategeko ashyiraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, icyo yari agamije kwari ukugira ngo ukoreye icyaha mu iburanisha ahanwe, kandi n’uwatanze ikirego yemera ko ari ko bigomba kugenda, gusa akanenga uburyo bikorwamo. [74] Nyuma yo gusanga igika cya kabiri cy’ingingo imaze kuvugwa kinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, kugira ngo hatabaho icyuho mu mategeko, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru yakuzuzwamo igika cya kabiri cyanditse mu buryo bukurikira: muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza amenyesha uregwa ibyaha yakoze ndetse agasaba umwanditsi gusomera uregwa inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza abaza uregwa n’umwunganira iyo ahari cyangwa ashobora guhita aboneka ako kanya, kugira icyo avuga kuri ibyo byaha. Iyo uregwa afite imyitwarire idatanga ituze, umucamanza ategeka abashinzwe umutekano kumusohora. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza, hanyuma agasoma icyemezo afashe, agasubukura iburanisha. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [75] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Mironko François Xavier gisaba gukuraho ingingo ya 81, igika cya mbere n’icya kabiri, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu kuko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [76] Rwemeje ko igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi,

24Urubanza RS/Inconst/Pén.0001/08/CS rwaciwe ku itariki ya 26/09/2008, harega Murorunkwere Spécisiose, igika cya 34 n’icya 35.

## Page 21

iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 n’iya 152 z’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda. [77] Rwemeje ko igika cya kabiri cy’ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka (a), y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, bityo icyo gika kikaba nta gaciro gifite. [78] Rutegetse ko ingingo ya 81 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru yujujwemo igika cya kabiri cyanditse mu buryo bukurikira: muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ahagarika iburanisha, agasaba abari mu iburanisha kugira ituze. Umwanditsi akora inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza amenyesha uregwa ibyaha yakoze ndetse agasaba umwanditsi gusomera uregwa inyandiko mvugo y’ibyabaye. Umucamanza abaza uregwa n’umwunganira iyo ahari cyangwa ashobora guhita aboneka ako kanya, kugira icyo avuga kuri ibyo byaha. Iyo uregwa afite imyitwarire idatanga ituze, umucamanza ategeka abashinzwe umutekano kumusohora. Umucamanza ahita yandika urubanza, hanyuma agasoma icyemezo afashe, agasubukura iburanisha. [79] Rutegetse ko uru rubanza rutangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.