MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY LTD v. RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS LTD

# MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY LTD v. RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS LTD

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2023-11-13 - Case/document no.: RCOMAA 00071/2022/ CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

## Text

## Page 1

MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY LTD v. RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS LTD [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCOMAA 00071/2022/ CA (Ngagi, P.J.) 13 Ugushyingo 2023] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’inkiko – Ububasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire – Ubujurire bwa Kabiri – Inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko – Itegeko ritariho – Ishingiro ry’ububasha ryareberwa mu ikoreshwa mu rubanza rujuririrwa ry’Itegeko ryaba ryaravanyweho, ritaratangira gukoreshwa cyangwa se ritarabaho – Itegeko ritariho ni ukuvuga itegeko ritagikoreshwa, cyangwa itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa, cyangwa se itegeko ritigeze ribaho rigomba kureberwa muri kopi y’urubanza mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo cyarwo, bivuze ko mu gihe nta tegeko ritariho rigaragara muri kopi y’urubanza rujuririrwa ntaho Urukiko rwahera ruvuga ko urwo rubanza rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho. Incamake y’ikibazo: MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yagiranye amasezerano na RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd (RACI Ltd) yo gukodesha umuryango w’inzu yayo y’ubucuruzi ariko aya masezerano akaba atarubahirijwe bituma MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd iyirega mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ivuga ko yayasheshe itubahirije amategeko. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko icyo kirego gifite ishingiro ko RACI Ltd yasheshe amasezerano ku buryo butubahirije amategeko. Uregwa yajuririye icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avugako Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwakiriye ikirego kandi kitaragombaga kwakirwa kuko amasezerano yateganyaga ko mbere yo kujya mu rukiko bazabanza kugikemura mu bwumvikane cyangwa biciye mu buhuza (mediation). Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu guca urubanza rwemeza ko ikirego kitagombaga kwakirwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, ko ibyemezo by’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu rubanza rwajuririwe biteshejwe agaciro. MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire urubanza ruburanishwa mu ruhame hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’uru Rukiko ishingiye ku kumenya niba hari Itegeko ritariho ryashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bikaba byaba impamvu ituma ubujurire bwakirwa muri uru Rukiko. Mu miburanire y’uwajuriye avugako Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi kandi muri iyi ngingo nta na hamwe havuga ubuhuza (mediation). Avuga kandi ko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo iriho, ariko ko atari yo rwagombaga gushingiraho. Uregwa avugako ubujurire butagomba kwakirwa kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’ubujurire, agasobanura ko mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwakoresheje ingingo ya 21 (18°), iya 83 n’iya 158 z’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n°

## Page 2

45/2011 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ko kandi ayo mategeko yombi ariho, ko rero nta mategeko atariho yashingiweho mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ishingiro ry’ububasha ryareberwa mu ikoreshwa mu rubanza rujuririrwa ry’Itegeko ryaba ryaravanyweho, ritaratangira gukoreshwa cyangwa se ritarabaho. Itegeko ritariho ni ukuvuga itegeko ritagikoreshwa, cyangwa itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa, cyangwa se itegeko ritigeze ribaho rigomba kureberwa muri kopi y’urubanza mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo cyarwo, bivuze ko mu gihe nta tegeko ritariho rigaragara muri kopi y’urubanza rujuririrwa ntaho Urukiko rwahera ruvuga ko urwo rubanza rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho. Inzitizi y’iburabubasha ifite ishingiro. Amagarama ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza. Amategeko yifashishijwe: Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, Ingingo ya 51, igika cya 2, agace ka 3°. Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza No RPAA 0096/15/CS, ubushinjacyaha v MUKARUSANGA Olive rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/05/2018, Urubanza RCOMAA 00109/2022/CA; UJM CONSULTANCY AND PARTNERS Ltd v KABIRIGI Willy rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ubujurire ku wa 23/03/2023. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 01/03/2019, MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd na RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd (RACI Lt) zagiranye amasezerano yo gukodesha umuryango w’inzu ya RACI Ltd y’ubucuruzi; tariki ya 15/10/2019, iyi yayimenyesheje ko igomba kuva muri uwo muryango kuko hagiye gukorerwa ubundi bucuruzi, ku wa 25/06/2020, iyimenyesha ko amasezerano ya mbere yo ku wa 01/03/2019 asubiranye agaciro kayo kugeza igihe azarangirira kandi ko kubera ibibazo bya Covid-19, EQUITY BANK RWANDA Plc itagikeneye icyo cyumba. Nyuma y'amezi atatau (3), RACI Ltd yongeye kuyandikira ibaruwa iyiha integuza inayisaba kuva mu nzu kuko EQUITY BANK RWANDA Plc yongeye kuhakenera, ibyo byatumye MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd iregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzu ivuga ko RACI Ltd yasheshe ayo masezerano itubahirije amategeko, isaba urwo Rukiko gutegeka RACI kuyisubiza miliyoni cumini n’imwe n’ibihumbi mirongo ine na bitatu (11,043,000 Frw) hashingiwe ku bihombo yayiteje. [2] RACI Ltd yaburanye yemera ko yagiranye na MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd amasezerano y'ubukode ku wa 01/03/2019, ikavuga ko MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yayisezeranyije kuzajya iyishyura mbere ukwezi igiye kuba mu nzu, ariko ko itabyubahirije, ahubwo igenda yishyura nabi itabyubahiriza, uko kutishyurira igihe biyigiraho ingaruka zo

## Page 3

gucibwa inyungu z'ubukererwe na Banki; ku wa 08/12/2021, iyimenyesha ko isheshe amasezerano bafitanye iyiha integuza y’igihe cy'ukwezi nk’uko biri mu ngingo ya X y'amasezerano yabo. Ku wa 12/01/2021, MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yandikira RACI Ltd iyimenyesha ko izabasubiza inzu yabo ku wa 16/01/2021, ari nabyo byabaye, ko rero MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yirengagije ingingo z'amasezerano yagiranye nayo, kuko inshingano yari ifite ya mbere kwari ukwishyurira igihe amafaranga y'ubukode. [3] Mu rubanza RCOM 00071/2021/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 21/04/2021, Urukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cya MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd gifite ishingiro, ko RACI Ltd ari yo yishe amasezerano iyasesa bitubahirije amategeko. Rutegeka RACI Ltd kwishyura MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri n’ibihumbi magana cyenda mirongo itandatu na bibiri na magana cyenda mirongo itandatu (2.962.960 Frw) agizwe na : 2.000.000 Frw y’indishyi z’igihombo yatejwe n’iseswa ry’amasezerano; 422.960 Frw y’ingwate ku bukode yari yatanzwe; 540.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka; runayitegeka gusubiza MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd 20.000 Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanze irega. [4] RACI Ltd yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzu, ivuga ko impamvu zatumye ijurira ari uko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwakiriye ikirego kandi kitaragombaga kwakirwa kuko amasezerano yateganyaga ko mbere yo kujya mu rukiko bazabanza kugikemura mu bwumvikane cyangwa biciye mu buhuza (mediation). Ko kandi rwavuze ko RACI Ltd itatanze ikimenyetso cy’umwenda w’ubukode kandi yaragitanze, rukaba rutaranahaye agaciro impamvu yo kutishyurira ubukode ku gihe nk’impamvu yo gusesa amasezerano. Yanasabye ko hasuzumwa indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, no gusuzuma niba imyenda itahwanywa. [5] MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd ivuga ko nta mpamvu yari gutuma iki kirego Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rutacyakira kuko imihango yose yubahirijwe. Ivuga ko mbere y'uko uru rubanza ruburanishwa mu mizi, RACI Ltd yatanze iyi nzitizi, Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi rusanga nta shingiro ikwiye guhabwa, ngo kuko ntako MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd itakoze kugira ngo ikibazo yari ifitanye na RACI Ltd gikemuke mu bwumvikane. [6] Mu rubanza RCOMA 00385/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 08/04/2022, Urukiko rushingiye ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ko amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko ari itegeko ku bayagiranye, no ku ngingo ya XI y’amasezerano yo ku wa 01/03/1019, yabaye hagati ya RACI Ltd na MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd, rwasanze mbere yo kuregera Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yari afite inshingano yo gushaka uburyo ikibazo gikemurwa baciye mu nzira y’ubuhuza nk’uko ingingo ya XI y’amasezerano ibiteganya, maze rwemeza ko impamvu RACI Ltd ishingiraho ivuga ko ikirego kitari kwakirwa ifite ishingiro, ko ikirego cya MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd kitagombaga kwakirwa n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, ko ibyemezo by’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu rubanza No RCOM 00071/2021/TC rwajuririwe biteshejwe agaciro. Rutegeka MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd kwishyura RACI Ltd amafaranga miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza yo ku rwego rwa mbere no ku rwego rw’ubujurire, no kuyisubiza ibihumbi mirongo ine (40.000 Frw) y’igarama yatanze ijurira.

## Page 4

[7] MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yajuririye Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ubujurire bwayo bwandikwa kuri RCOMAA 00071/2022/CA; urubanza ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 06/11/2023, MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd ihagariwe na Me Kayitare Dieudonné, naho RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd (RACI) ihagariwe na Me MunyankindI Kayiranga Innocent, hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’uru Rukiko ishingiye ku kumenya niba hari Itegeko ritariho ryashingiweho n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi bika byaba impamvu ituma ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd bwakirwa muri uru Rukiko. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1.Kumenya niba hari Itegeko ritariho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiyeho ku buryo ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd bwaba buri mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire [8] Uhagarariye MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd avuga ko Urukiko rw'Ubujurire rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha ubujurire bwa kabiri ku manza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu gihe mu guca urubanza hakoreshejwe amategeko atari ariho. Asobanura ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi kandi muri iyi ngingo nta na hamwe havuga ubuhuza (mediation). Avuga kandi ko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo iriho, ariko ko atari yo rwagombaga gushingiraho. [9] Uhagarariye RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd ashingiye ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 52 y’Itegeko No 30/2018 ryo ku wa 30/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko avuga ko ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd butagomba kwakirwa kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. Asobanura ko mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko rwakoresheje ingingo ya 21 (18°), iya 83 n’iya 158 z’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru, n’ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n° 45/2011 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ko kandi ayo mategeko yombi ariho, ko rero nta mategeko atariho yashingiweho mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa. [10] Avuga kandi ko uhagarariye MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd yemereye imbere y’Urukiko (aveu judiciaire) ko amategeko yashingiweho ariho, bivuze ko nawe yemera ko nta tegeko ritariho ryashingiweho mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa, bityo ko ubu bujurire budakwiye kwakirwa kuko butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [11] Impaka ziri muri uru rubanza ni ukumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarashingiye ku itegeko ritariho ku buryo ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd bwaba buri mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. [12] Ingingo ya 52, igika cya 2, agace ka 3°, y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya ibikurikira: Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rufite kandi ububasha bwo kuburanisha mu rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi n’Urukiko Rukuru rwa Gisirikare, iyo izo manza: 3o zashingiye ku itegeko ritariho, ingingo z’amategeko zitakiriho cyangwa zaciwe n’Urukiko rutabifitiye ububasha.

## Page 5

[13] Mu rubanza RPAA 0096/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 18/05/2018, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasesenguye ibijyanye n’Itegeko ritariho nk’imwe mu mpamvu ituma ubujurire bwa kabiri bwakirwa, aho rwagize ruti: “Isesengura ry’iyi ngingo, itegeko zashingiyeho ritari ririho, aya magambo «itegeko ritariho» akaba agomba kumvikana mu buryo bw’itegeko ritagikoreshwa (loi abrogée, repealed law), cyangwa itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa (loi non encore en vigueur, a law not yet in force), cyangwa se itegeko ritigeze ribaho (qui n’a jamais existé, a law that never existed). Rusanga ibi bivuze ko ishingiro ry’ububasha ryareberwa mu ikoreshwa mu rubanza rujuririrwa ry’Itegeko ryaba ryaravanyweho, ritaratangira gukoreshwa cyangwa se ritarabaho.1 [14] Mu rubanza RCOMAA 00109/2022/CA rwaciwe ku wa 23/03/2023, haburana UJM CONSULTANCY AND PARTNERS Ltd na KABIRIGI Willy, uru Rukiko rwasobanuye ko ibijyanye no gushingira ku itegeko ritariho bigomba kureberwa mu mategeko Urukiko rwashingiyeho ruca urubanza. Rusobanura ko mu yandi magambo itegeko ritariho ni ukuvuga itegeko ritagikoreshwa, cyangwa itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa, cyangwa se itegeko ritigeze ribaho rigomba kureberwa muri kopi y’urubanza mu isesengura ryakozwe n’Urukiko kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo cyarwo, bivuze ko mu gihe nta tegeko ritariho rigaragara muri kopi y’urubanza rujuririrwa ntaho Urukiko rwahera ruvuga ko urwo rubanza rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho.2 [15] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, kopi y’urubanza rujuririrwa RCOMA 00385/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 08/04/2022, igaragaza ko urwo Rukiko rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 21, agace ka 18, iya 83 n’iya 158 z’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi3. Igaragaza kandi ko rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko n° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano4. [16] Urukiko rurasanga aya mategeko yombi yagaragajwe haruguru, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiyeho ruca urubanza ari amategeko ariho, kandi n’ingingo z’ayo mategeko zashingiweho n’Urukiko nazo ziriho. Rurasanga rero nta tegeko ritariho Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiyeho mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa, bityo birumvikana ko ibyo MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd ivuga ko ubujurire bwayo buri mu basasha bw’uru Rukiko nta shingiro bifite.

[17] Ku byo uhagarariye MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku ngingo ya 21 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kandi muri iyo ngingo nta na hamwe havuga ubuhuza (mediation), ko kandi iyo ngingo atariyo rwagombaga gushingiraho, Urukiko rurasanga ntacyo byamumarira mu gihe nawe yemera ko nta tegeko ritariho ryashingiweho mu guca urubanza rujuririrwa. Uretse n’ibyo nta nubwo gushingira ku itegeko we yumva ritagombaga gushingirwaho bifite aho bihurira no gushingira ku itegeko ritariho

1 Reba igika cya 14 cy’urubanza No RPAA 0096/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/05/2018, haburana ubushinjacyaha na MUKARUSANGA Olive. 2 Reba igika cya 19. 3 Reba igika cya 9, icya 10 n’icya 12 cy’urubanza rujuririrwa No RCOMA 00385/2021/HCC. 4 Reba igika cya 11.

## Page 6

byasobanuwe haruguru. Bityo ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd ntibwakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

2.Kumenya niba amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza afite ishingiro [18] Uhagarariye RACI Ltd avuga ko nubwo ikirego cya MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd kitakwakirwa ikwiye gutegekwa kuyishyura igihembo cy’Avoka kingana na miliyoni imwe (1.000.000 Frw) n’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza angana n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw). [19] Uhagarariye MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd avuga ko mu gihe Urukiko rwasanga inzitizi yatanzwe na RACI Ltd ifite ishingiro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka isaba ari menshi, ko rero Urukiko rwayagena mu bushishozi bwarwo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [20] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira: Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [21] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza RACI Ltd isaba afite ishingiro, kuko hari ibyo yatakaje ikurikirana inaburana uru rubanza, ariko kuba urubanza rugarukiye ku nzitizi, mu bushishozi bwarwo, ruyigeneye, amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, agomba gutangwa na MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [22] Rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’uru Rukiko yatanzwe na RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd (RACI Ltd) ifite ishingiro. [23] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire.

[24] Rutegetse MUHONGE TRADING COMPANY Ltd kwishyura RWANDA ANGLICAN CAPITAL INVESTMENTS Ltd (RACI Ltd) amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza, kuri uru rwego. [25] Ruvuze ko amagarama yatanzwe ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.