Mukeshimana v Habineza

# Mukeshimana v Habineza

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-12-28 - Case/document no.: RCAA 00007/2022/HC/RWG - Collection: High Court

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MUKESHIMANA N’UNDI V HABINEZA [Rwanda URUKIKO RUKURU URUGEREKO RWA RWAMAGANA – RCAA 00007/2022/HC/RWG (Mugeyo, P.J.) 28 Ukuboza 2022] Itegeko rigena ububasha bw’Inkiko – ubujurire bwa kabiri – gutsindwa kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe – Ntabwo byakwitwa ko umuntu yatsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe mu gihe Urukiko rwaciye Urubanza ku rwego rwa kabiri rwasubiyemo ibyavuzwe n’Urukiko rwabanje. Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano – Urubanza rwabaye Itegeko – Urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma ntirushobora kongera kuburanishwa bundi bushya ku mpamvu zimwe no ku kiburanwa kimwe hagati y’ababuranyi bamwe baburana ikirego kimwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rwatangiye Ubushinjacyaha burega Nyirimana mu rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare aregwa gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, Urukiko mu rubanza RP0259/14/TB/NYG, rwemeje ko, Nyirimana ahamwe n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, rumuhanisha igifungo kingana n’ amezi atanu n’ ihazabu y’ amafaranga, hemejwe na none ko, nta ndishyi zitanzwe muri uru rubanza. Habineza Didier ntiyishimiye icyo cyemezo arajurira, avuga ko, amasezerano yakorewe imbere y’ Ubushinjacyaha, Urukiko rutayahaye agaciro kandi harishyuwe amafaranga miliyoni imwe akomoka kuri uwo mwenda uvugwa muri ayo masezerano, anaregera indishyi; Nyirimana yireguye avuga ko, iyo sheki yarezwe atari iye ahubwo ari iya Aveperu Ltd kandi izo ndishyi aregwa ntaho zishingiye; Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko ntagihinduka ku gihano kuko butajuriye kimwe n’ uregwa. Urukiko, mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG rwaciye urubanza rwemeza kwakira ubujurire bwa Habineza ariko rwemeza ko budafite ishingiro; ruvuga ko, rutagaruka ku gihano cyatanzwe kuko Nyirimana Etienne atajuriye kimwe n’ ubushinjacyaha; rwemeza ko, urubanza rujuririrwa rudahindutse. Habineza yongeye arega Nyirimana na Mukeshimana, asaba Urukiko kubategeka kubahiriza amasezerano bagiranye y’ umwenda wa 3.500.000 Frw n’ indishyi zinyuranye. Avuga ko abo arega banamuhayeho icyangombwa cy’ubutaka nk’ingwate; abaregwa bireguye bavuga ko, ikirego cya Habineza kitakwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko nta gihamya cy’ uwo mwenda uvugwa, cyane ko cyafashweho icyemezo mu rubanza ngo rwabaye Itegeko. Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare mu rubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG, rwemeje ko, amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Habineza na Nyirimana na Mukeshimana agomba kubahirizwa uko yakabaye. Mukeshimana na Nyirimana barajuriye bavuga ko, Urukiko rubanza rwirengagije ko, indishyi ziburanwa zishingiye ku masezerano yaburanyweho mu rubanza nshinjabyaha, muri urwo rubanza Habineza yaregeye izo ndishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, izo manza zikaba zarabaye itegeko; ku ruhande rwa Habineza avuga ko, icyaburanywe muri izo manza nuko Nyirimana yari akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye ya 2.000.000Frw yemeraga. Urukiko Rwisumbuye Mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG rwemeje ko Mukeshimana na Nyirimana basubizwa icyangombwa cy’ubutaka; rutegeka Mukeshimana na Nyirimana kwishyura

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Habineza amafaranga 3.500.000Frw y’umwenda bamufitiye, runategeka Mukeshimana na Nyirimana guha Habineza indishyi zitandukanye. Mukeshimana na Nyirimana Etienne bajuririre urubanza mu rwego rwa kabiri. Mukeshimana na Nyirimana batanze ubujurire ku rwego rwa kabiri mu Rukiko Rukuru urugereko rwa Rwamagana basaba Urukiko gukuraho urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze ndetse n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye kuko ngo Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwakiriye urubanza ruruca ntacyo rushingiyeho kandi rutabifitiye ububasha kuko ikirego cyaregeraga amasezerano yaburanywe kandi ateshwa agaciro mu rubanza nshinjabyaha kandi rwabaye Itegeko; bavuga ko iyo nzitizi banayitanze mu Rukiko Rukiko Rwisumbuye ngo ntirwayitaho, ruburanisha urubanza mu mizi, rugena n’indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano yateshejwe agaciro. Urubanza rwaburanishijwe Habineza yitabye Urukiko ariko umwunganira atitabye nta mpamvu, Habineza avuga ko, avoka we atamwunganira ahubwo amuburanira kandi atiteguye kuburana, uruhande baburana rwasabye ko, urubanza ruburanishwa badahari kuko badafite ubushake bwo kuburana. Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo cyo kuburanisha urubanza uregwa adahari hakazashingirwa ku myanzuro rwashyikirijwe. Habineza we yavuze ko, uru rubanza rutagomba kwakirwa kuko ari ubujurire bwa kabiri kandi rutujuje ibisabwa n’Amategeko. Avuga ko Urukiko rw'Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwari rufite ububasha kandi imanza z’inshinjabyaha zivugwa ntaho zihuriye n'amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Habineza na Nyirimana Ku byerekeye iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwa Mukeshimana na Nyirimana bw’ urubanza rwaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye, Urukiko Rukuru urugereko rwa Rwamagana mu rubanza RCAA 00007/2022/HC/RWG rwemeje ko bugomba kwakirwa kuko batatsinzwe ku nzego zose ku mpamvu zimwe kuko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasubiragamo ibyavuzwe n’ Urukiko rw’ ibanze. Urukiko rwemeje kandi ko Urukiko rw’ibanze rwa Nyagatare ndetse n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye zakoze amakosa yo kwakira no kuburanisha ikirego cya Habineza kandi cyarafashweho icyemezo mu rubanza nshinjabyaha rwabaye Itegeko kuko urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma ntirushobora kongera kuburanishwa bundi bushya ku mpamvu zimwe no ku kiburanwa kimwe hagati y’ababuranyi bamwe baburana ikirego kimwe. Akaba ariko byagenze mu kirego cya Habineza kuko yareze yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, ibyo yaregeye icyo gihe yongera kubigarura mu rukiko akoresheje indi nzira yo kutisunga Ubushinjacyaha. Indishyi z’ikurikirana rubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka zishobora gutangwa mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko naho indishyi z’igihombo cy’tejwe n’urubanza ntizitangwa iyo icyo gihombo kitagaragajwe. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ntabwo byakwitwa ko umuntu yatsinzwe kabiri ku mpamvu zimwe mu gihe Urukiko rwaciye Urubanza ku rwego rwa kabiri rwasubiyemo ibyavuzwe n’Urukiko rwabanje. Bityo ubujurire bwa kabiri burakirwa.

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2. Urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma ntirushobora kongera kuburanishwa bundi bushya ku mpamvu zimwe no ku kiburanwa kimwe hagati y’ababuranyi bamwe baburana ikirego kimwe. Bityo, ntabwo umuburanyi yarega yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, urwo rubanza rukaba Itegeko, ngo ahindukire yongere aregere ibyo yaregeye icyo gihe akoresheje indi nzira yo kutisunga Ubushinjacyaha, arega mu buryo bw’imbonezamubano. Ubujurire bwa kabiri bufite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiyeho: Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, Ingingo ya 46 Itegeko Nº22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, Ingingo ya 14 Imanza zifashishijwe: Urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/CIV0009/14/CS rwa Mukarwego n’abandi barega Ngiriyabandi rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 14 Nzeli 2018,; Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2020/SC rwa Twagirayezu na Twagirayezu rwaciwe n’ Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga ku wa 25 Kamena 2021. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe Serge Guinchard, Droit et Pratique de la Procédure Civile, p.1225 G. Vermelle, “Droit civil, les contrats speciaux”, ed. Dalloz, 5 ed, 2006, Paris, p.12. Jacques FLOUER, Jean – LUC AUBERT na Eric SAVAUX, Droit Civil Les obligations, fait juridique, 12 ème édition, Dalloz, 2007, p.97 Urubanza IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku itariki ya 30/07/2015 haciwe urubanza RP 0259/14/TB/NYG, Ubushinjacyaha buregamo Nyirimana Etienne, gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, Habineza Didier aregera indishyi ashingiye ku masezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 ; muri urwo rubanza hemejwe ko, Nyirimana Etienne ahamwe n’icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiwe, ruhanisha igifungo kigana n’amezi atanu(5mois) n’ ihazabu y’ amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri; hemejwe na none ko, nta ndishyi zitanzwe muri uru rubanza. Habineza Didier ntiyishimiye icyo cyemezo arajurira. [2] Mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG rwaciwe n’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare ku wa 29/12/2015, Habineza Didier yajuriye avuga ko, amasezerano yakorewe imbere y’ Ubushinjacyaha, Urukiko rutayahaye agaciro kandi harishyuwe amafaranga miliyoni imwe

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akomoka kuri uwo mwenda uvugwa muri ayo masezerano, anaregera indishyi; Nyirimana Etienne yireguye avuga ko, iyo sheki yarezwe atari iye ahubwo ari iya AVEPERU LTD kandi izo ndishyi aregwa ntaho zishingiye; Ubushinjacyaha busaba ko ntagihinduka ku gihano kuko butajuriye kimwe n’ uregwa. Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza kwakira ubujurire bwa Habineza Didier ariko rwemeza ko budafite ishingiro ; ruvuga ko, rutagaruka ku gihano cyatanzwe kuko Nyirimana Etienne atajuriye kimwe n’ubushinjacyaha ; rwemeza ko, urubanza RP0259/14/TB/NYG rudahindutse. [3] Tariki ya 17/07/2020 mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare haciwe urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG, Habineza Didier yarezemo Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine, arega asaba Urukiko kubategeka kubahiriza amasezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 (umwenda wa 3.500.000Frw) n’indishyi zinyuranye. [4] Muri urwo rubanza Habineza Didier yaburanye avuga ko, abo arega bamufitiye umwenda ungana na 4,500,000Frw, ukomoka ku masezerano yo kuwa 20/06/2014 bagiranye, ko uwo munsi bamwishyuye amafaranga angana na 1,000,000Frw bamusigaramo 3.500.000Frw, bumvikana ko bazayamuha bitarenze kuwa 20/08/2014, banamuha icyangombwa cy’ubutaka nk’ingwate; abaregwa bireguye bavuga ko, iki kirego kitakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko nta gihamya cy’ uwo mwenda uvugwa, cyane ko cyafashweho icyemezo mu rubanza rwabaye itegeko. Urukiko rwemeje kwakira icyo kirego ; rwemeza ko, amasezerano yo k u wa 20/6/2014 yabaye hagati ya Habineza Didier na Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine agomba kubahairizwa uko yakabaye ; rutegeka Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine guha Habineza indishyi za 500.000 Frw. Nyirimana Etienne yarajuriye. [5] Mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG rwaciwe n’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare ku wa 09/07/2021, ikiregerwa ari ugusaba Urukiko gutegeka abaregwa kubahiriza amasezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 (Umwenda wa 3 500 000Frw) ndetse no gutanga indishyi zinyuranye hajuririrwa urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare kuwa 17/7/2020, Mukeshimana Ernestine yajuriye avuga ko, Urukiko rwirengagije ko, indishyi ziburanwa zishingiye ku masezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 byaburanyweho mu rubanza nshinjabyaha RP259/14/TB/NYG rwaciwe ku wa 30/07/2015 no mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NGOMA ryo ku wa 29/12/2015, Habineza Didier yaregeraga izo ndishyi yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, izo manza zikaba zarabaye itegeko; naho uburanira Habineza avuga ko, icyaburanywe muri izo manza nuko Nyirimana yari akurikiranyweho icyaha cyo gutanga sheki itazigamiye ya 2.000.000Frw yemeraga. [6] Muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwemeje kwakira ikirego cy’ubujurire cya Mukeshimana Ernestine; rwemeza ko, Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne basubizwa icyangombwa cy’ubutaka bwabo UPI 5/04/01/979; rutegeka Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne kwishyura Habineza Didier amafaranga 3.500.000 y’umwenda bamufitiye, hiyongereye inyungu zawo mu gihe cy’imyaka irindwi bayamaranye amafaranga ye zingana na 4.410.000Frw; runategeka Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne guha Habineza Didier indishyi zingana na 500.000Frw yagenwe mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze, hiyongereye indishyi z’ikurikirana-rubanza zingana na 200.000Frw kuri uru rwego n’amafaranga 500.000 y’igihembo cya Avoka, yose hamwe akaba 9.110.000Frw; rutegeka ko, nta ndishyi z’akababaro zitangwa muri uru rubanza. Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne bajuririre urubanza mu rwego rwa kabiri.

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[7] Mu myanzuro ya Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne baburanirwa na Me Ruzindana batanze ubujurire ku rwego rwa kabiri bashingiye ku ngingo ya 46 igika cya 1 y’ Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, asobanura ko, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwakiriye urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG ruruca ntacyo rushingiyeho kandi rutabifitiye ububasha kuko kwakira ikirego kiregera amasezerano yabaye ku wa 20/06/2014, ayo masezerano yaburanywe kandi ateshwa agaciro mu rubanza RP0259/14/TB/NYG rwo ku wa 30/07/2015 no mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG ryo ku wa 29/12/2015, ababuranyi bose bari muri zo manza kandi zikaba zarabaye itegeko; kimwe no mu bujurire mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG ko, hagaragajwe iyo nzitizi nyamara Urukiko Rwisumbuye ntirwigeze ruyitaho ruburanisha urubanza mu mizi rugena n’indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano yateshejwe agaciro, basabye Urukiko gukosora ayo makosa izo manza zikavanwaho bakanagenerwa indishyi z’ amafaranga 5.500.000. [8] Mu iburanisha ry’ urubanza ku wa 28/12/2022, Habineza Didier yitabye Urukiko naho Me Zitoni umwunganira atitabye nta mpamvu, nyuma yo gusubikisha urubanza inshuro nyinshi akanihanangirizwa, Habineza Didier avuga ko, avoka we atamwunganira ahubwo umuburanira kandi atiteguye kuburana nubwo ahibereye, binyuranye nuko avoka we yabivuze asubikisha urubanza ubuheruka ; Me Ruzidana yasabye ko, urubanza ruburanishwa badahari kuko badafite ubushake bwo kuburana. Urukiko rwafashe icyemezo cyo kuburanisha urubanza uregwa adahari hakazitabwa ku myanzuro rwashyikirijwe, hakurikijwe ingingo ya 54 Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. [9] Ibigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwa Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne bw’ urubanza rwaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye no kumenya niba urubanza rwaciwe rwahinduka. II.ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA Ku byerekeye iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwa Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne bw’ urubanza rwaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye no kumenya niba urubanza rwaciwe rwahinduka [10] Mu myanzuro ya Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne baburanirwa na Me Ruzindana yatanze ubujurire ku rwego rwa kabiri ashingiye ku ngingo ya 46 igika cya 1 y’ Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, asobanura ko, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwakiriye urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG ruraruca ntacyo rushingiyeho kandi rutabifitiye ububasha kuko kwakira ikirego kiregera amasezerano yabaye ku wa 20/06/2014, ayo masezerano yaregewe na Habineza Didier aregera indishyi ziyakomokaho, akaba yaraburanywe kandi ateshwa agaciro mu rubanza RP0259/14/TB/NYG rwo ku wa 30/07/2015 no mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG ryo ku wa 29/12/2015, ababuranyi bose bari muri zo manza kandi zikaba zarabaye itegeko, uko kwirengangiza amategeko bikaba ari uguca urubanza nta tegeko rishingiweho;

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[11] Na none mu myanzuro ye yavuze ko, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG, narwo rwakiriye ikirego rushingiye ku itegeko ritariho kuko ntaryo rwigeze rugaragaza aho mu nzitizi rwagaragarijwe igizwe n’urubanza rwabaye ndakuka ku kiburanwa kimwe n’ababuranyi bamwe baburana amasezerano y’umwenda yo kuwa 20/06/2014, aya akaba yarateshejwe agaciro mu manza zavuzwe hashingiwe ko yakozwe ari ukugira ngo Nyirimana afungurwe(yigura), nyamara urubanza ruburanishwa mu mizi ntacyo ruvuze ku nzitizi y’ iburabubasha yagaragajwe, ikaba itarigeze isomwa ngo itangirwe ubusobanuro hakanagenwa indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano yateshejwe agaciro. Na none ko, amafaranga Nyirimana yari abereyemo Habineza Didier yayamwishyuye barikumwe na Kayigi bakoranaga, nyamara ntiyamusubiza sheki ye, yariyaramuhaye itujujeho amafaranga agaca inyuma akayuzuza akayijyana kuri banki ikayimuregesha, ari nabwo yamukoreshaga ayo masezerano yo kwigura yateshejwe agaciro. Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine basabye ko, Urukiko rwakira uru rubanza, rugakuraho izo manza zaciwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko rugategeka Habineza Didier kubaha indishyi zingana na 5.500.000Frw zikubiyemo : Muri uru rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri : 500.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 500.000Frw yo gusiragizwa mu manza 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ; Indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza mu manza za TB/NYG na TGI/NYG 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 1.000.000 Frw yo gusiragizwa mu manza 1.000.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka 1.000.000Frw y’ibyo abarega ubu bahombejwe no kudakora imirimo ibatunze. [12] Mu miburanire y’uregwa Habineza Didier mu nama ntegurarubanza no mu byo yashubije biri muri dosiye yavuze ko, uru rubanza rutagomba kwakirwa kuko ari ubujurire bwa kabiri kandi rutujuje ibisabwa n’ ingingo ya 46 y’ Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kandi ko, Urukiko rw'Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwari rufite ububasha nk'uko rwabisobanuye, imanza zishinjabyaha zivugwa ntaho zihuriye n'amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Habineza na Nyirimana. Uko urukiko rubibona 1) Ku byerekeye iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwa Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne ku rubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye [13] Ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko, Urukiko Rukuru ku rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri ruburanisha kandi imanza z’imbonezamubano zajuririwe, zaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye, mu gihe izo manza: 1° zishingiye ku itegeko ritariho cyangwa zaciwe n’Urukiko rutabifitiye ububasha; 2° zaciwe hashingiwe ku kimenyetso, inyandiko cyangwa imyanzuro byatanzwe nyuma yo gupfundikira iburanisha kandi hatabayeho gusubukura iburanisha;(…). [14] Iyo ngingo yumvikanisha ko, ubujurire bwa kabiri bw’urubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’ Ibanze bwakirwa gusa mu gihe urubanza rutigeze rwubahiriza amahame y’ ingenzi asabwa

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kugira ngo urwo rubanza rube rwujuje ibisabwa cyangwa se ngo rube rutanga ubutabera buboneye, muri ibyo bisabwa hakaba harimo icy’uko urubanza rushingiye ku itegeko ritariho (…). [15] Mu mpamvu z’ ubujurire za Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne yunganiwe na Me Ruzindana yavuze ko, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare rwaciye urubanza nta tegeko rushingiyeho ko kandi rwaciye urubanza rudafitiye ububasha, mu bisobanuro byabo bavuze ko, Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare rwakiriye urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG ruraruca ntacyo rushingiyeho kandi rutabifitiye ububasha kuko rwakiriye ikirego kiregera amasezerano yabaye ku wa 20/06/2014, ayo masezerano yaregewe na Habineza Didier aregera indishyi ziyakomokaho, mu manza RP0259/14/TB/NYG rwo ku wa 30/07/2015 na RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG rwaciwe ku wa 29/12/2015; [16] Mu rubanza manza RP0259/14/TB/NYG hasasenguwe amasezerano y’umwenda yo ku wa 20/06/2014 Habineza yashingiyeho yuririra ku kirego cy’ubushinjacyaha aregera indishyi, Urukiko ruyatesha agaciro hashingiwe ko, Nyirimana Etienne yayakoreshejwe ari ku ngoyi y’igifunfungo, abyemera kugira ngo afungurwe. Na none Habineza Didier yarajuriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye, mu rubanza RPA0414/15/TGI/NYG, muri urwo rubanza Urukiko ntirwagira icyo ruhindura kuri icyo cyemezo cy’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwafashe ; [17] Mu rubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG Habineza Didier yareze Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine abarega asaba ko, bategekwa kubahiriza amasezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014(umwenda wa 3.500.000) ndetse no gutanga indishyi zinyuranye, nubwo abarega basabye ko icyo kirego kitakirwa (kandi bitari na ngombwa kuko ibirebana n’ icyo kibazo ari indemyagihugu) byabaye iby’ ubusa, Urukiko rw’Ibanze na none rwakiriye icyo kirego; rwemeza ko, ayo masezerano agomba kubahairizwa uko yakabaye; rutegeka Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine guha Habineza indishyi za 500.000Frw. Ibyo aba ari nako bigenda mu bujurire mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare aho rutahaye narwo agaciro iyo nzitizi, rugerekaho guca indishyi Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana Ernestine bajuriye. [18] Nk’ uko abarega babivuga mu bujurire bwabo, muri izo manza zaburanywe zavuzwe ababuranyi nibamwe ikiburanwa n’ikimwe nubwo imanza za mbere ari inshinjabyaha nk’uko byavuzwe mu manza zaburanishijwe nyuma bikaba ari nabyo Habineza Didier yireguza nyamara iryo sesengura rikaba atariryo kuko muri izo manza z’ inshinjabyaha urega ari nawe wareze yisunze Ubushinjacyaha, ibyo yaregeye icyo gihe yongera kubigarura mu rukiko yaburaniyemo akoresheje indi nzira yo kutisunga Ubushinjacyaha amaze kubona ko yatsindiwe mu nzira ya mbere nyuma y’ imyaka itanu. Ibyo uru Rukiko rukaba rusanga binyuranyije n’amategeko. [19] Ingingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko “Urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma ntirushobora kongera kuburanishwa bundi bushya ku mpamvu zimwe no ku kiburanwa kimwe hagati y’ababuranyi bamwe baburana ikirego kimwe”. Iyi ngingo ikaba yumvikanisha ko, Urukiko rudashobora kwisubiraho ngo rukemure ikibazo rwamaze gukemura kuko byaba ari ukwivuguza kandi icyamaze gufatirwa umwanzuro mu rubanza rwabaye itegeko kidasubirwaho (autorité de la chose jugée).

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[20] Ibyo na none bikaba ari nako Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza RS/REV/INJUST/CIV0009/14/CS rwaciwe ku wa 14 Nzeli 2018, Mukarwego n’abandi barega Ngiriyabandi ; muri urwo rubanza, Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga rwemeje ko, guca Urubanza ku kiburanwa cyamaze gufatwaho icyemezo mu rubanza rwabaye ntakuka n’ikosa, rikosorwa nuko urwo rubanza rukurwaho. Ndetse n’ abahanga mu mategeko nabo bakaba ariko babisesenguye nka Serge Guinchard mu gitabo cyitwa Droit et Pratique de la Procédure Civile ku rupapuro rwa 1225, igika cya 34, aho asobanura ko, imwe mu ngaruka zishoboka mu gihe haciwe urubanza ku kintu hirengagijwe ko cyari cyarafashweho icyemezo mu rubanza rwabaye ndakuka, ari uko urwo rubanza ruciwe rukurwaho.1 [21] Byongeye na none ko, iby’uko urubanza rwaciwe ku rwego rwambere n’ urwa kabiri uregwa atsindwa ubwabyo nabyo bitakwitwa gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe nk’uko biteganywa niyo ngingo yavuzwe, kuko urwo rukiko rwasubiragamo ibyavuzwe n’ Urukiko rw’ ibanze bivuze bitarubuza kwakirwa muri uru rwego nk’uko na none Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga rwabitanzeho umurongo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2020/SC rwaciwe n’ Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga ku wa 25 Kamena 20212, bityo, uru rubanza rukaba rugomba kwakirwa rugasuzumwa mu mizi yarwo. [22] Na none mu rubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG rwaciwe n’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare ku wa 09/07/2021, ikiregerwa ari ugusaba Urukiko gutegeka abaregwa kubahiriza amasezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 (Umwenda wa 3 500 000 Frw) ndetse no gutanga indishyi zinyuranye hajuririrwa urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Nyagatare kuwa 17/7/2020, mu gika cya [26] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasesenguye uburyo amasezerano yo ku wa 20/06/2014 yakozwe, ku byerekeye agaciro kayo, rwifashisha inyandiko zabahanga mu mategeko nka Georges Vermelle, mu gitabo cye “Droit civil, Les contrat speciaux”3, rusanga ayo masezerano nubundi yaburanywe nta gaciro yahabwa hakurikijwe ko yakozwe ku gitutu n’ agahato by’uko Nyirimana yayakoze afunzwe (nk’uko byemejwe na none muri izo manza z’inshinjabyaha zavuzwe haruguru) nyamara muri urwo rubanza mu gika [27] urwo Rukiko rurivuguruza rushingira kuri ayo masezerano ruvuga ko, Nyirimana Etienne na Mukeshimana 1 Le prononcé d’un jugement auquel est conferée l’autorité de la chose jugée entraîne deux séries d’effets : d’une part, le juge est dessaisi et ne peut plus revenir sur sa décision, d’autre part, s’il arrive qu’un autre juge rende une décision méconnaissant la chose précédemment jugée, une sanction pourrait être prononcée tendant à l’annulation de cette decision 2 Mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2020/SC rwaciwe n’ Urukiko rw’ Ikirenga ku wa 25 Kamena 2021, hasesenguwe ibyerekeye impamvu zitakwitwa ko ari impamvu zimwe zashingiwe zatuma urubanza rutakirwa mu bujurire ku rwego rwa kabiri mu buryo bukurikira,’’ Iyo Urukiko rwajuririwe rukoporoye imyanzuro y’ababuranyi uko yakabaye cyangwa imikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe ntirunagaragaze aho rwabikuye, ni amakosa yo kwiyitirira cyangwa gukoporora iby’abandi (judicial plagiarism), akosorwa nuko Urukiko ruyavumbuye ruburanisha urwo rubanza kugira ngo akosorwe. Bityo Urukiko ruri gusuzuma ubujurire bwa kabiri rwasabwe gufata icyemezo ku nzitizi yo kuba uwajuriye yaratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe, ntaho rwahera rugereranya imitekerereze y’Inkiko zombi ngo rwemeze ko zafashe ibyemezo zishingiye ku mpamvu zimwe kandi impamvu zaratanzwe gusa n’Urukiko rwaciye urubanza ku rwego rwa mbere.’’ 3 La vente suppose l’accord des volontes du vendeur et de l’acheteur. Cette entente se realise selon le mecanisme generale de l’offre, dont la jurisprudence affirme le caractere obligatoire, et de l’acceptation de cette derniere, la formation de vente est ainsi instantanee. Les vices de consentement(erreur, dol ou violence) peuvent etre allegues par l’acheteur ou, le cas echeant par le vendeur, G.Vermelle, “Droit civil, les contrats speciaux”,ed.Dalloz, 5 ed, 2006,Paris, p.12.

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Ernestine ngo bafitiye Habineza Didier umwenda ungana na 3.500.000FRW ngo bagomba kumwishyura n’inyungu zawo, akubiye muri ayo masezerano rwatesheje agaciro, bigaragaza ko, ibikubiye muri urwo rubanza ubwabyo ari inenge yagombye gutuma ruhindurwa. [23] Mu iburanisha ry’ urubanza ryo ku wa 28/12/2022, umutangabuhamya witwa Kayigi Evariste bakoranaga na Nyirimana mu miceri amaze kurahirira kuvugisha ukuri yatanze ubuhamya avuga ko, ku itariki ya 20/03/2014 bari kumwe Nyirimana Etienne bahuye na Habineza Didier, amuha amafaranga 2.000.000 yo ku mwishyura, amaze kuyabara amubaza ‘’cheque’’ ye amusubiza ko yayibagiwe ko azayimuha ko kandi bari basanzwe bakorana ndetse ari inshuti. Ubwo buhamya bukaba bugomba gushingirwaho hemezwa ko, nta mwenda Nyirimana Etienne yari akibereyemo Habineza Didier hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ ingingo ya 65 y’ Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo.4 Bityo, kubera izo mpamvu zose, uru Rukiko rurasanga Urubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG kimwe n’ urubanza RC00253/2019/TB/NYG zigomba guteshwa agaciro. 2)Ku byerekeye indishyi zasabwe muri uru rubanza [24] Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne bunganirwa na Me Ruzindana batanze ikirego cy’ inyongera cy’indishyi zishingiye ku byakoreshejwe mu manza zose Habineza Didier yabareze, yirengagije ko, amasezerano asabira iyubahirizwa yateshejwe agaciro n’inkiko baburaniyemo, arabarushya ayobya n’ inkiko, ashingira ikirego cye ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, asaba Urukiko gutegeka Habineza Didier kubaha indishyi mu buryo bukurikira: Muri uru rwego rw’ubujurire bwa kabiri: 500.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 500.000 Frw yo gusiragizwa mu manza 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka Indishyi z’ikurikiranarubanza mu manza za TB/NYG na TGI/NYG 1.000.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 1.000.000Frw yo gusiragizwa mu manza 1.000.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka 1.000.000Frw y’ibyo abarega ubu bahombejwe no kudakora imirimo ibatunze, birirwa mu manza z’ibyarangiye nyuma y’ imyaka itanu, yose hamwe akaba 5.500.000Frw. [25] Mu mwanzuro wa Habineza Didier kuri iyo ngingo yashubije ko, indishyi zisabwa nzo zitasuzumwa mu gihe nta kosa Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwakoze mu guca urubanza ko kandi rwakurikije amategeko nk'uko bigaragara muri kopi y’ urubanza ikindi na none izo ndishyi zidakwiye gusumwa mu gihe ubu bujurire bwa kabili butemewe n'ingingo ya 46 y'Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko. Uko Urukiko rubibona 4 Ingingo ya 65 y’ Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko, ‘’Urukiko ni rwo rwonyine rupima ko imikirize y’abatangabuhamya ihuye n’ikiburanwa, ifite ingingo zikiranuye kandi ikaba ikwiye kwemerwa cyangwa guhakanwa. Ntirwitsitsa ku mubare w’abatangabuhamya. Rwita cyane cyane ku bumenyi bwabo bw’ibyabaye, no ku buryo babivuga uko byagenze nta cyo bihimbira.’’

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[26] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko abaregwa babivuga, kuba Habineza Didier yarashoye imanza nyuma yo gutsindwa binyuranyije n’amategeko bigaragaza ko, yashoye mu manza nkana Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne kandi byumvikana byabagizeho ingaruka n’ igihombo cyo kuzanwa muri izo manza ku maherere, akaba agomba ku bishyura indishyi mu buryo bukurikira: 300.000Frw y’ ikurikirana rubanza mu rwego rwa mbere n’ urwa kabiri na 300.000Frw y’ ikurikirana rubanza muri uru rwego; 500.000Frw y’indishyi zo gusiragizwa mu nkiko zibanza na 300.000Frw yo kuri uru rwego; 750.000Frw y’ igihembo cy’avoka ku rwego rubanza n’urwego n’ urwa kabiri na 250.000Frw y’ igihembo cy’ avoka yo kuri uru rwego yose hamwe akaba 2.400.000rw, agenwe mu bushishozi b’ Urukiko kuko ayakwa ari ikirenga, naho indishyi z’igihombo cyatejwe n’urubanza zisabwa zikaba zitatangwa kuko icyo gihombo kivugwa kitagaragajwe, ibi Urukiko rukaba rubishingira ku nyandiko z’ abahanga nka Jacques FLOUER, Jean – LUC AUBERT na Eric SAVAUX ivuga ko: “Tout fait quelconque de l’homme qui cause à autrui un dommage, oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer5.’’ Mu Kinyarwanda bishatse kuvuga ko: “Igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyirigukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse”. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [27] Rwemeje ko, ubujurire bwa Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne bwakiriwe kandi ko bufite ishingiro ; [28] Rwemeje ko, urubanza RCA00056/2020/TGI/NYG rwaciwe mu rwego rw’ubujurire n’urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare ku wa 09/07/2021 rwemeza urubanza RC0253/2019/TB/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ banze, ruteshejwe agaciro ; [29] Rutegetse Habineza Didier guha Mukeshimana Ernestine na Nyirimana Etienne indishyi zihwanye n’amafaranga 2.400.000Frw zikubiyemo indishyi zo gusiragizwa mu nkiko, amafaranga y’ ikurikirana rubaza n’igihembo cya avoka mu mu nzego zose uru rubanza rwaburanishirijwe. [30] Rutegetse ko, ingwate y’amagarama yatanzwe ahwanye n’ibyakozwe muri rubanza. 5 Jacques FLOUER, Jean – LUC AUBERT na Eric SAVAUX, Droit Civil Les obligations, fait juridique, 12 ème édition, Dalloz, 2007, p.97.