MUKEZA vs MUKEZA

# MUKEZA vs MUKEZA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2022-04-28 - Case/document no.: RCOMAA00038/2021/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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MUKEZA vs MUKEZA [Rwanda – URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RCOMAA00038/2021/CA, (Nyirandabaruta, P.J., Ngagi na Munyangeri, J.) 28 Mata 2022] Amasezerano – Impano – Impano yatanzwe n’abanyamigabane ba sosiyete – Impano yatanzwe mu buryo bwemewe n’Amategeko ntiyafatwa nk’amasezerano y’impano (promesse de donation) – Impano igizwe n’umutungo wa sosiyete yatanzwe n’abanyamigabane bayo igira agaciro n’ubwo nta hererekanyamutungo ry’abayeho iyo babyemeranyijweho mu nyandiko, bakayishyiraho umukono, ndetse uwo muhango ugakorewa mbere ya notaire kuko kuyitanga ni kimwe no gukora ihererekanya n’ikindi. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uwitwa Mukeza Keza Melissa avuga ko ababyeyi be aribo Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize bari bafite sosiyete yitwa Shalem Hotels Ltd aribo banyamigabane; maze ku wa 08/07/2017 inama idasanzwe yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting” iraterana, igamije guha umwana wabo impano y’ikibanza, maze biremezwa imbere wa notaire wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017, kikamwandikaho 100%, ariko mutation ntiyakorwa kugirango ikibanza kive kumazina ya sosiyete y’ababyeyi, kijye kumazina y’umwana. Nyuma yaho, ku wa 02/03/2018 Mukeza keza Melissa agurisha icyo kibanza sosiyete Landmark Ltd, maze bakorana amasezerano y’ubugure, avuga ko ariko nyuma yaho uwaguze yanze kumwishyura ikiguzi cyose cy’icyo kibanza nk’uko byumvikanywe n’impande zombi, kuko hari andi mafaranga yamusigayemo atishyuwe, ibyo bituma nawe ayirega mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi asaba kwishyurwa, asaba n’indishyi zinyuranye. Sosiyete Landmark Ltd yaguze ubutaka buburanwa nayo yiregura ivuga ko kutishyura uwamugurishije bitamuturutseho kuko Mukeza cameron yamwandikiye amusaba kutishyura kuko yari yatambamiye ubwo bugure, bituma ibura ukuntu yishyura. Muri urwo rubanza hagobokeshejwemo Mukeza Cameron, wavugaga ko hari andi masezerano yiswe Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, yabaye hagati ya sosiyete Shalem Hotels Ltd hamwe na sosiyete Landmark Ltd yakorewe kuri uwo mutungo ku wa 22/08/2017, kandi ko agifite agaciro kuko atasheshwe. Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza maze rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd afite agaciro kuko yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bityo ko agomba kwishyurwa amafaranga yasigaye n’inyungu zitandukanye, n’itambama rigakurwaho. Mukeza Cameron wagobokeshejwe ajurira mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko itambama ryashyizwe ku mutungo rigomba gukurwaho kandi atari byo. Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Mukeza Cameron nta shingiro bufite, rwemeza kandi ko Landmark Ltd atari yo yishe amasezerano yagiranye na Mukeza Keza Melissa kuko ukutishyura amafaranga asigaye byatewe n’impamvu zitayiturutseho, bityo ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza afite agaciro.

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Mukeza Cameron ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ajuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko amasezerano y’ubugure yakozwe n’umwana we Mukeza Keza Melissa na sosiyete Landmark Ltd adafite agaciro, kuko atahawe impano y’icyo kibanza ko ahubwo yahawe isezerano ry’impano (promesse de donation) yacyo kandi ko mutation yari itarakorwa. Mukeza Cameron asaba uru Rukiko kwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza kiburanwa ateshwa agaciro kuko yakozwe mu buriganya kuberako yakozwe hakiri andi masezerano yari agifite agaciro kuko atigeze aseswa. Mukeza Keza Melissa nawe yiregura avuga ko ibyo ababurana nawe bavuga bitahabwa ishingiro kuko yahawe icyo kibanza n’ababyeyi be Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize nk’impano, biciye mu nama idasanzwe y’abanyamigabane ba Shalem Hotels yabo babyeyi be, bikorerwa imbere ya notaire wa RDB. Mukeza Keza Melissa nawe arangiza asaba uru Rukiko kudaha agaciro ibyo Mukeza Cameron asaba byo gutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza kiburanwa kuko ubugure bwa kabiri bwakorewe ku mutungo w’undi. Incamake y’icyemezo: Impano igizwe n’umutungo wa sosiyete yatanzwe n’abanyamigabane bayo igira agaciro nubwo nta hererekanyamutungo ry’abayeho iyo babyemeranyijweho mu nyandiko, bakayishyiraho umukono, ndetse uwo muhango ugakorewa mbere ya notaire kuko kuyitanga ni kimwe no gukora ihererekanya n’ikindi. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite; Amagarama y’urubanza ahwanye n’ibyarukozwemo. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 4. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCOMAA00042/2018/CA rwa Ujenge Rwanda Ltd vs Ecobank Rwanda Plc n’abandi, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/10/2021. Ibitekerezo by’abahanga: Francois Terre, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil. Les obligations, 11e edition, Paris, Dalloz, 2013, p.253. Serge GUINCHARD, Lexique des termes juridiques 2020-2021, 28 ème édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2020, p 382. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, Mukeza Keza Melissa arega Landmark Ltd, avuga ko ku wa 02/3/2018 yagiranye na Landmark Ltd amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza gifite UPI: 1/01/09/03/1135 giherereye mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurengewa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge, Umujyi wa Kigali; nyuma yo gukora ayo masezerano,

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Mukeza Keza Melissa ashyikiriza Landmark Ltd ubutaka baguze binyuze mu ihererekanya ryabwo (mutation/transfert); ko Landmark Ltd itubahirije amasezerano bagiranye kuko nyuma yo guhabwa ubwo butaka yagombaga kwishyura ikiguzi cyabwo nk’uko babyumvikanye ariko ntiyabikora, asaba Urukiko guhatira Landmark Ltd kubahiriza ayo masezerano no kumwishyura 250.000.000Frw akomoka kuri ubwo bugure, inyungu n’indishyi zinyuranye. [2] Landmark Ltd yireguye ivuga ko mu gihe yarimo yitegura kwishyura 250.000.000Frw yari asigaye Mukeza Cameron, umubyeyi wa Mukeza Keza Melissa yandikiye Landmark Ltd amabarwa asaba ko Mukeza Keza Melissa atakwishyurwa amafaranga asigaye, ku wa 09/08/2018, Mukeza Cameron yandikira Umubitsi w’Inyandikompamo z’Ubutaka atambamira (caveat) umutungo wa Landmark Ltd ufite UPI: 1/01/09/03/1135. [3] Muri urwo rubanza hagobokeshejwemo Mukeza Cameron, kuko hari andi masezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yitwa Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd na Landmark Ltd yakorewe kuri uwo mutungo. Nyuma yo kugobokeshwa kwa Mukeza Cameron, uburanira Mukeza Keza Melissa yatanze ikirego cy’inyongera asaba ko amasezerano yo ku wa 22/8/2017 yateshwa agaciro. [4] Ku wa 26/04/2019, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza RCOM02207/2018/TC, rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza gifite UPI: 1/01/09/03/1135 yo ku wa 02/03/2018 hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, ko amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yitwa Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd na Landmark Ltd nta gaciro afite, ko kandi Landmark Ltd yishe amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 yagiranye na Mukeza Keza Melissa; rutegeka Landmark Ltd kwishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa 250. 000.000Frw, no kumuha 10.000.000Frw y’inyungu, ko itambama (caveat) ryakozwe ku kibanza gifite UPI: 1/01/09/03/1135 rikurwaho, ko kandi Landmark Ltd iha Mukeza Keza Melissa 100.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza, 500.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ndetse 20.000 Frw y’igarama ryatanzwe, rutegeka kandi ko nta rangizarubanza ry’agateganyo rizabaho. [5] Landmark Ltd ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ijuririra Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ivuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwirengagije amategeko n’ibimenyetso yarushyikirije maze rwemeza ko ari yo yishe amasezerano yagiranye na Mukeza Keza Melissa, ko igomba kwishyura 250.000.000Frw, nyamara atari byo, no kuba Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwarayitegetse guha Mukeza Keza Melissa inyungu n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza bidafite ishingiro. [6] Mukeza Cameron na we yarajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko itambama ryashyizwe ku mutungo ufite Nº 1135 rigomba gukurwaho rwirengagije impamvu zifatika zatumye arishyiraho, ko kandi rwemeje ko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd afite agaciro, kandi atari ko biri. [7] Ku wa 09/04/2021, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaciye urubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC- RCOMA 00731/2019/HCC, rwemeza ko inzitizi yatanzwe na Mukeza Keza Melissa yo kutakira ubujurire bwa Landmark Ltd n’ubwa mukeza Cameron kubera ibura ry’inyungu nta shingiro ifite, ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Landmark Ltd bufite ishingiro, ko

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ubujurire bwatanzwe na Mukeza Cameron nta shingiro bufite, ko kandi imikirize y’urubanza RCOM02207/2018/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 26/04/2019 rwajuririwe, ihindutse gusa ku birebana n’uko ari Landmark Ltd yishe amasezerano yagiranye na Mukeza Keza Melissa ku wa 02/03/2018 n’ingaruka yabyo. Rwemeza ko Landmark Ltd atari yo yishe amasezerano yagiranye na Mukeza Keza Melissa ku wa 02/03/2018, kuko ukutishyura amafaranga asigaye byatewe n’impamvu zitayiturutseho, ko kandi Landmark Ltd isigayemo Mukeza Keza Melissa, umwenda wa 229.061.003Frw. Rutegeka Mukeza Keza Melissa guha Landmark Ltd, 600.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, 200.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 40.000Frw y’ingwate y’igarama; rutegeka kandi Mukeza Cameron guha Mukeza Keza 600.000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 200.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [8] Mukeza Cameron ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urubanza ajuririra uru Rukiko, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze ikosa ryo kwemeza ko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018, Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd afite agaciro, ko rwemeje ko Landmark Ltd yishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa 229.000.000Frw, ko kandi rwirengagije impamvu zifatika zatumye Mukeza Cameron ashyira itambama ku mutungo ufite nº 1135. Ubujurire bwe bwanditswe kuri RCOMAA00038/2021/CA, abahagarariye Mukeza Keza Melisa na Landmark batanga inzitizi y’iburabubasha, ishingiye ku kuba Mukeza Cameroun yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [9] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 07/02/2022, Mukeza Cameron yunganiwe na Me Songa Jean Claude afatanyije na Me Niyibizi Diogène, Mukeza Keza Melissa ahagarariwe na Me Ntigurirwa François, naho Landmark Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Musore Gakunzi Valery, hasuzumwa inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe na Mukeza Keza Melissa hamwe na Landmark Ltd. Ku wa 25/02/2022, Urukiko rwasanze inzitizi yatanzwe n’abaregwa nta shingiro ifite, rusanga Mukeza Cameron ataratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, maze rwemeza ko urubanza mu mizi ruzaburanishwa ku wa 09/03/2022. Kuri iyo tariki, urubanza rwimurirwa ku wa 15/03/2022, kubera ko Me Ntigurirwa François uburanira Mukeza Keza Melissa atitabye kuko yari afite urundi rubanza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga. Ku wa 15/03/2022, urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame, ababuranyi bunganiwe kandi bahagarariwe nka mbere. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

1. Kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze kwemeza ko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018, Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd afite agaciro [10] Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rutagombaga guha agaciro amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018, yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd kubera ko yabayemo uburiganya kuko Landmark Ltd yari yaragiranye andi masezerano na Mukeza Cameron kuri iki kibanza kiburanwa ku wa 22/08/2017, ko kandi ayo masezerano atigeze aseswa cyangwa ngo ateshwe agaciro n’Urukiko. Ko ikindi kigaragaza uburiganya ari uko Mukandera Nzungize nyina wa Melissa yashyize umukono ku masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd ariko akongera agashyira umukono ku masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd kandi azi neza ko

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ayambere atigeze aseswa cyangwa ngo ateshwe agaciro, ko kandi ari Mukandera Nzungize wagurishije atari Mukeza Keza Melissa kuko ari nawe wakiriye amafaranga. [11] Basobanura ko izindi mpamvu zagombaga gutuma amasezerano Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd adahabwa agaciro ari uko mu ngingo ya 4 y’ayo masezerano bayise amasezerano y’agateganyo kubera ko bari bazi ko Mukeza Cameron atarimo kandi hari andi masezerano yagiranye na Landmark Ltd. Bavuga kandi ko ingingo ya 16 y’amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd yateganyaga ibijyanye n’iseswa ryayo, ikavuga ko mu gihe hagize uruhande rwifuza kuyasesa ruzaha urundi ruhande integuza y’iminsi 15 “fifteen (15) days notice”, ko kuba ibyo bitarakozwe bivuze ko ayo masezerano agifite agaciro kayo, ko kuba Landmark Ltd yari iyazi yaranayasinyeho, itagombaga kubirengaho ngo igirane andi masezerano na Mukeza Keza Melissa, ko kandi haba mbere cyangwa nyuma yo kuyasinya itigeze ibimumenyesha, ariko ko ibyo Urukiko rwabirenzeho hanyuma rutesha agaciro amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd. [12] Bavuga kandi ko bibaza uburyo Urukiko rwatesheje agaciro amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd bisabwe na Mukeza Keza Melissa utarayabayemo, ko ibyo binyuranyije n’itegeko ryerekeye amasezerano. Basaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 17 y’amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark kuko banditse ko ayo masezerano asimbuye kandi ari hejuru y’ayandi yose harimo n’ayabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels na Landmark, ko nubwo uhagararariye Mukeza Keza Melissa avuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels na Landmark Ltd yasheshwe unilateralement, nta cyerekana ko yasheshwe cyangwa ngo ateshwe agaciro n’Urukiko, ko kandi amasezerano adaseswa n’uruhande rumwe, ko ikindi cyerekana ko ayo masezerano atigeze aseswa ari uko babisabye mu kirego cy’inyongera ko ayo masezerano aseswa, hanyuma aseswa n’Urukiko. [13] Bakomeza bavuga ko Mukeza Keza Melissa atahawe impano y’icyo kibanza ko ahubwo yahawe isezerano ry’impano (promesse de donation) y’icyo kibanza, ko ibyo bigaragazwa nuko bari bataruzuza inyandiko yabugenewe (formulaire) kandi bakaba bari batarajya mu Kigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imicungire y’Ubutaka kugira ngo bakore ihererekanya mutungo nk’uko Iteka rya Minisitiri ribiteganya, ko rero impano yari itaratangwa, ko byari bikiri muri processus, ko kandi nyuma yo gusinya inyandiko yo ku wa 10/08/2017, Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize bemeranyijwe ko ikibanza gifite nº 1135 kibagarukira ariko Mukeza Keza Melissa na nyina babirengaho barakigurisha. [14] Basobanura ko Urukiko rwagombaga gusuzumana ubushishozi urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY rwaciwe n’Urukiko rwahoze ari urw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru, aho ku rupapuro rwa 3, igika cya 12, rwemeje ko sosiyete yitwa Havila Mines Ltd n’umutungo uri mu kibanza Nº 1135 wa sosiyete yitwa Shalem Hotels Ltd byandikwa kuri Mukeza Cameron ijana ku ijana (100%), ibyo bigahindura ibyari bikubiye mu nyandikomvugo yo ku wa 10/08/2017, yakozwe hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize, ndetse bikanahindura ibikubiye mu nyandiko yo ku wa 08/07/2017 yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting”, bikaba bivuze ko umutungo uri mu kibanza gifite Nº 1135 wari ukuwe kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa ukegurirwa Mukeza Cameron cyane ko utigeze wandikwa kuri Shalem Hotels ahubwo wari

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wanditse kuri Mukeza Cameron; bityo ko Mukeza Keza Melissa atagombaga kubirengaho ngo awugurishe kandi utakiri uwe. [15] Bavuga kandi ko Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru rwamurenganyije bikomeye mu gukosora urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY, aho rwakoze amakosa y’indengakamere atarigeze abaho (erreur sans précédent), rwemeza ko ikibanza Nº 1135 cyandikwa kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa, rutabanje gushishoza ngo rusesengure icyo amategeko ateganya ku bijyanye no gukosora urubanza, ngo kuko ubusanzwe urubanza rukosora urundi rukosora gusa amakosa y’imyandikire, rutagize icyo ruhindura ku cyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko, cyangwa ngo rube rwagira ibindi rwongera mu rubanza rusabirwa gukosorwa bitari byarasabwe. Bavuga ko icyo bibaza ari uko niba Mukeza Keza Melissa yarahawe impano kuki atajyanye ayo masezerano y’impano mu Kigo Gishinzwe Imicungire y’Ubutaka ngo asabe ko ikibanza kimwandikwaho ahubwo akajyana urubanza atabayemo umuburanyi, ko ibyo nabyo bigaragaza uburiganya. [16] Bavuga na none ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwahaye agaciro amasezarano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 kandi yarakozwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, aho yakozwe hakiri andi masezerano yari agifite agaciro yo ku wa 22/08/2017, yitwa Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd ihagarariwe na Kayumba Eudes, ko ariko rwatesheje agaciro ayo masezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 ku mpamvu zidasobanutse, kuko impande zayagiranye zitigeze ziyasesa mu buryo zumvikanyeho, ko muri ayo masezerano Landmarks Ltd yagombaga kuzubaka ikibanza gifite Nº 1135 ku mafaranga yayo bwite, yacyuzuza igaha Mukeza Cameron igorofa ya gatatu (3rd floor) ikaba iye bwite igafatwa nk’ikiguzi cy’icyo kibanza, ikanamuha igorofa ya kane (4th floor) akayigura ku kiguzi bayubakiyeho nta nyungu zindi asabwe, izindi nyubako zose zikaba iza Landmark Ltd. [17] Basoza basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuzabisuzumana ubushishozi maze rukemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza Nº 1135 yo ku wa 02/03/2018 hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd nta gaciro afite kuko yakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, ko Mukeza Keza Melissa yagurishije ikibanza gifite Nº 1135 atari icye hanyuma rugaha agaciro amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017, yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd. [18] Uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa yiregura avuga ko ibyo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko habaye uburiganya nta shingiro bifite, ko nta buriganya bwigeze buba mu masezerano Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd, ko kandi uburiganya buba impamvu ituma amasezerano ateshwa agaciro mu gihe ubwo buriganya byatumye urundi ruhande rwemera gukora amasezerano kandi iyo butabaho rutari kwemera gukora amasezerano. Avuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kandi ko yubahirije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano. [19] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko nta mpano yatanzwe ahubwo ari isezerano ry’impano, uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa avuga ko nta shingiro bifite, kuko mu nama idasanzwe y’abanyamigabane ba Shalem Hotels Ltd ari bo Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize, yaririmo na Mukeza Keza Melissa, ku murongo w’ibyigwa harimo gutanga ikibanza gifite No 1135, mu byemezo byafashwe uwo munsi bavuga ko abanyamigabane

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ba Shalem Hotels Ltd bahaye ikibanza gifite No 1135 Mukeza Keza Melissa. Avuga kandi ko iyo mpano itigeze iteshwa agaciro, ko Urukiko rwasuzuma ingingo za 31-37 z’Itegeko Nº 27/2016 ryo ku wa 08/07/2016 ryerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranywe, impano n’iz’ungura, ko izo ngingo zivuga ibijyanye no gutanga impano n’uburyo impano iteshwa agaciro. Ku bijyanye no kuba bari batarajya mu Kigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Imicungire y’Ubutaka gukora ihererekanyamutungo, avuga ko inyandiko yakuye umutungo mu maboko ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ari impano naho ibindi ari imihango (procédure) yo kwandikwaho umutungo, ko impano yatanzwe ku wa 08/07/2017 hanyuma bajya ku Mwanditsi Mukuru muri RDB ku wa 10/08/2017, Umwanditsi Mukuru yemeza ko ikibanza kivuye mu maboko ya Shalem Hotels Ltd kikajya kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa, ko kandi RDB ari yo yemeza ko umutungo uvuye kuri sosiyete runaka kuko ari nayo ishyinzwe gucunga ingwate. [20] Avuga kandi ko ibyo Mukeza Cameron avuga ko bumvikanye na Mukandera Nzungize ko impano batanze bayisubiza nta shingiro bifite kuko hari inyandiko yakozwe na Mukeza Cameron hamwe na Mukandera Nzungize ku wa 10/08/2017, mu gace kayo ka 1, bemeje ko sosiyeti yitwa Shalem Hotels Ltd ihaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite no 1135 kikamwandikwaho ijana ku ijana (100%). Asobanura ko mu rubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY, Umucamanza yagize amakenga asaba ko abakoze iyo nyandiko bazitaba Urukiko nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandikomvugo yo ku wa 27/07/2017, maze mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 13/10/2017, Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize bunganiwe na Me Rubasha Hubert bemerera imbere y’Urukiko ko inyandikomvugo yo ku wa 10/08/2017 ari bo bayishyize muri, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandikomvugo y’iburanisha ry’uwo munsi, ko kandi ibyo banditse ari byo bigomba kwandikwa mu rubanza, habaho kwibeshya Umucamanza yandika ko ikibanza cyandikwa kuri Mukeza Cameron hanyuma urubanza rurakosorwa kuko ikibanza cyagombaga kwandikwa kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa ari byo byakosowe mu rubanza RC00616/2017/TB/ KCY. [21] Akomeza avuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd na Landmark Ltd nta gaciro yari afite kuko yakorewe ku mutungo utari uwa Shalem Hotels Ltd kuko yari yarawuhaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ; ko kandi ibyo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd yateshejwe agaciro bitarasabwe atari byo kuko babisabye mu kirego cy’inyongera, ko kandi byemewe gusaba ko amasezerano ateshwa agaciro mu gihe yakozwe ku mutungo w’undi. Naho ku byo bavuga ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd ko hari ahanditse ko ari ay’agateganyo, nta kibazo kirimo mu gihe impande zombi zibyemeranyaho, kandi uruhande rutari mu masezerano bikaba bitarureba. [22] Ku byo abunganira Mukeza Cameron bavuga ko Landmark Ltd itagombaga gusesa amasezerano, yiregura avuga ko atari byo kuko muri ayo masezerano handitse ko uruhande ruzifuza kuyasesa ruzatanga intenguza, ko ibyo bavuga ko kuba nta nteguza yatanzwe bivuze ko amasezerano akiriho atari byo ko ahubwo amasezerano yasheshwe n’uruhande rumwe (unilatéralement), ko rero niba nta nteguza yatanzwe byasabirwa indishyi ariko amasezerano yo yasheshwe. Avuga kandi ko amasezerano akorwa Mukeza Keza Melissa atari mu Rwanda, ko amaze kubona ko Mukeza Cameron arimo kuvuga amasezerano yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ari bwo yabonye ayo masezerano amubangamiye noneho asaba ko ateshwa agaciro kuko yari yarakozwe ku mutungo utakiri uwabo.

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[23] Asobanura ko mu kugaragaza ko imanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY na RC00616/2017/TB/KCY zamurenganyije, Mukeza Cameron yandikiye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Gasabo n’Urukiko Rukuru, izo nkiko zimusubiza ko nta karengane karimo, ndetse anandikira Urwego rw’Umuvunyi maze mu ibaruwa Nº OMB.03/1475/06.19/MF rumusubiza ko ikirego cye kitakiriwe. Ko kandi ku wa 10/09/2018 yiyambuye ububasha bwo kuzongera kuregera ikibanza gifite nº 1135, ubwo yandikiraga Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gasabo asaba kureka ikirego cyanditse kuri RS/RECT/RC00007/2018/TB/GAS, aho yasabaga Urukiko gukosora no gusobanura urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY, rwagombaga kuburanishwa ku wa 13/09/2018. [24] Avuga na none ko ashingiye ku bisobanuro amaze gutanga no ku isesengurwa Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze mu gika cya 18 n’icya 19 by’urubanza RCOM 02207/2018/TC, no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, mu gika cya 35 n’icya 67, agace ka 4, by’urubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC - RCOMA00731/2019/HCC, no ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 2 kugeza ku ya 4 z’ Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, asanga ubujurire bwatanzwe na Mukeza Cameron nta shingiro bufite, kuko Urukiko rutirengagije ibimenyetso yarushyikirije, ko ahubwo rwabisuzumye rusanga bidafite ishingiro; bityo ko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [25] Uhagarariye Landmark Ltd, avuga ko ibyo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko habaye uburiganya mu masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd nta shingiro bifite, ko ayo masezerano yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko yubahirije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 4 y’itegeko ryerekeye amasezerano. Ku byo bavuga ko ari isezerano ry’impano (promesse de donation), asaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma niba inyandiko yo ku wa 08/07/2017 ari iyo gusezeranya impano kandi yanditsemo ko batanze impano ndetse bakajya imbere ya Noteri wa RDB bakabyemeza. Asobanura ko Mukeza Cameron n’umufasha we Mukandera Nzungize ari nabo ba nyiri Shalem Hotels Ltd, ku wa 08/07/2017 bakoze inyandiko iha umwana wabo ikibanza gifite Nº 1135, maze ku wa 10/08/2017, imbere ya Noteri wa RDB, Shalem Hotels mu izina ry’Umuyobozi wayo igakora ihererekanyamutungo na Mukeza Keza Melissa, ko rero niba baratanze impano bakajya no kwa Noteri ndetse bakanabyemeza bagiye guhindura uburyo bw’imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranwe (régime matrimonial), ibyo byose bigaragaza ko impano yatanzwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. [26] Avuga kandi ko kujya mu Kigo cy’Igihugu Gishyinzwe Imicungire y’Ubutaka ari ukugira ngo umutungo wandukurwe ariko ko atari bwo haba habayeho gutanga impano, ko niba mutation yari itaraba bitavuze ko nta mpano yatanzwe. Asaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma ingingo za 30-37 z’Itegeko ryerekeye imicungire y’umutungo w’abashyingiranwe impano n’iz’ungura. Naho ku byo bavuga ko mu masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd hari ahanditse ko ari ay’agateganyo, avuga ko yemeranya n’ibyavuzwe n’uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa aho yavuze ko nta kibazo kirimo mu gihe impande zombi zibyemeranywaho, akaba nta kibazo babibonamo kandi uruhande rutari mu masezerano bikaba bitarureba. [27] Ku by’amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd na Landmark Ltd, avuga ko Mukeza Keza Melissa yayamenye mu Rukiko kandi kubera ko yakozwe ku mutungo we yasabye ko ateshwa agaciro, ko rero ibyo yakoze bihuye n’ibiteganywa mu ngingo ya 113 y’Itegeko ryerekeye amasezerano. Asobanura ko uwatanze ikirego ari Mukeza Keza Melissa hanyuma aza

## Page 9

kugobokesha Mukeza Cameron kuko Landmark Ltd yari yagaragaje ko yashyize itambama kuri icyo kibanza ari nabwo Mukeza Keza Melissa yatanze ikirego cy’inyongera asaba ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd ateshwa agaciro. Bityo ko kuba Mukeza Cameron yarirengagije ko we n’umugore we bahaye umwana wabo iyo mpano maze ku wa 22/08/2017 agakorana na Landmark Ltd andi masezerano, nta gaciro yahabwa kuko yakozwe ku mutungo wa Mukeza Keza Melissa, akaba agomba guteshwa agaciro. [28] Asoza avuga ko ku wa 02/03/2018, Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza gifite UPI : 1/01/09/03/1135 giherereye mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, mu Karere ka Nyarugenge, Umujyi wa Kigali, nyuma y’ikorwa ry’ayo masezerano y’ubugure, hakaba ihererekanyamutungo (mutation/transfer), maze icyo kibanza kikandikwa kuri Landmark Ltd, ko rero ayo masezerano afite agaciro kuko yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [29] Ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano iteganya ibikurikira : “ibisabwa by’ibanze mu ikorwa ry’amasezerano ni ibi bikurikira: 1° kwemeranya kw’impande zigirana amasezerano; 2° ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano; 3° ishingiro ry’amasezerano; 4° impamvu yemewe n’amategeko.” [30] Ingingo ya 3, igika cya 1, y’Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, itaganya ibikurikira : “Buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana.” [31] Dosiye igaragaramo inyandiko yo ku wa 08/07/2017 yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting” yashyizweho umukono na Noteri wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017. Muri iyo nyandiko, ku mwanzuro wa mbere wafashwe, Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize, abanyamigabane ba Shalem Hotels Ltd bemeje ko Shalem Hotels Ltd ihaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite No 1135, giherereye mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge, Umujyi wa Kigali, akaba nyiracyo.1 [32] Dosiye igaragaramo inyandikomvugo y’inama yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yo ku wa 10/08/2017. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza uburyo Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize bifuza gucunga umutungo wabo bari basanzwe basangiye ku buryo bw’ivangamutungo rusange bakaba bemeje kuwucunga ku buryo bw’ivanguramutungo. Ku ngingo ya mbere ijyanye n’amasosiyeti bari basangiye, mu gace ka b, bemeje ko sosiyeti yitwa Shalem Hotels Ltd ihaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite no 1135 akaba ari we cyandikwaho gusa ijana ku ijana (100%). 1 The meeting passed and adopted the following resolutions: That, Mukeza Cameron and Mukandera Nzungize, the Current Shareholders OF 70% AND 30 % Respectively in Shalem Hotels Ltd as provided and resolved upon registration of company hereby authorise the donation free of the property under plot N° 1135 with 1334 square meters; located in the cell of Kiyovu, Sector of Nyarugenge , Distric of Nyarugenge , City of Kigali be transferred to Mukeza Keza Melissa (...).

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[33] Dosiye igaragaramo amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017, yiswe Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, yabaye hagati ya Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wayo Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd ihagarariwe n’Umuyobozi Mukuru wayo Kayumba Eudes. Impande zombi zumvikana ko Landmark Ltd igomba kuzubaka inzu y’ubucuruzi mu kibanza gifite nº 1135 ku mafaranga yayo bwite, yacyuzuza igaha Mukeza Cameron igorofa ya gatatu (3rd floor) ikaba iye bwite igafatwa nk’ikiguzi cy’icyo kibanza, ikanamuha igorofa ya kane (4th floor) akayigura ku kiguzi bayubakiyeho nta nyungu zindi asabwe, izindi nyubako zose zigahinduka iza Landmark Ltd. [34] Dosiye igaragaramo kandi amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 yiswe “Land Sale Contract” yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd. Muri ayo masezerano impande zombi zumvikanye ko Landmark Ltd iguze ikibanza gifite no 1135, giherereye mu Mudugudu w’Imena, Akagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge, Umujyi wa Kigali, ko ikiguze 400.000.000Frw. [35] Dosiye igaragaramo na none urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY, aho Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize baregeye Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kacyiru barusaba guhinduza imicungire y’umutungo w’abashingiranwe. Ku busabe bwa Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY

rwakosowe

n’urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY, mu gika cyarwo cya 9, Urukiko rwemeje ko ku rupapuro rwa mbere, mu gika cya 7, cy’urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY ahanditse ko sosiyete yitwa Shalem Hotels Ltd yahaye Mukeza Cameron ikibanza gifite nimero 1135 ngo akaba ari we cyandikwaho ijana ku ijana, ko bikosowe icyo kibanza kikandikwa kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa ijana ku ijana ndetse no mu cyemezo cy’urwo rubanza mu gika cya cumi na kabiri nabyo bigahinduka. [36] Mu rwego rw’ibisabwa n’amategeko agenga amasezerano nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 4 y’Itegeko N° 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano ryibukijwe haruguru, ikigaragara nuko amasezerano yo kugurisha ikibanza gifite No 1135 yo ku wa 02/03/2018, yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd nta nenge agaragaza kuko impande zombi zayagiranye zemeranyijwe ku kibanza no ku giciro cyacyo, zari zifite ubushobozi bwo gukora amasezerano, icyagurishyijwe cyari cyemewe n’amategeko, kandi n’impamvu y’ayo masezerano yari yemewe n’amategeko, kuko icyo buri ruhande rwari ruteze ku rundi cyari cyemewe n’amategeko. Ikibazo cyaje kugaragara nuko hari andi masezerano Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd kuri icyo kibanza ku wa 22/08/2017. [37] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko bigaragazwa n’inyandiko yo ku wa 08/07/2017 yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting” yashyizweho umukono na Noteri wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017 n’inyandikomvugo hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yo ku wa 10/08/2017, bikanashimangirwa n’urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY rwakosoye urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY, Mukeza Cameron n’umugore we Mukandera Nzungize ari nabo banyamigabane ba Shalem Hotels Ltd bahaye umwana wabo Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite nº 1135, bemeza ko ari we cyandikwaho gusa ijana ku ijana (100%). [38] Ku by’uburiganya Mukeza Cameron avuga yakorewe, nubwo Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano ridasobanura ijambo uburiganya, ingingo yaryo ya 54

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iteganya ko iyo uruhande rwemeye amasezerano rushingiye ku byo rwagaragarijwe n’urundi ruhande bitari ukuri rushobora gusaba gutesha agaciro ayo masezerano. [39] Abahanga mu mategeko François Terré, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette batandukanya uburiganya (dol) bukorwa mu gihe cyo gukora amasezerano n’uburiganya bukorwa mu gihe cyo gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano. Bavuga ko itegeko ryo mu gihugu cyabo (Ubufaransa) risobanura uburiganya mu masezerano nk’ubushukanyi bw’umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano butuma urundi ruhande rwibeshya bigatuma rukora amasezerano2. Bavuga ko uburiganya busaba igikorwa cy’ubushukanyi gituma urundi rukora amasezerano (élément matériel) kandi uwagikoze akaba yari afite umugambi wo kubeshya uwo bagiranye amasezerano (élément intentionnel)3. [40] Umuhanga mu mategeko Serge Guinchard asobanura uburiganya mu masezerano nk’amayeri cyangwa ububeshyi, cyangwa se guhisha ku bushake amakuru y’ingenzi bikozwe n’umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano bituma urundi ruhande rwemera ko bakora amasezerano4. [41] Urukiko rurasanga nk’uko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwabibonye, aho mu gika cya 35 rwagarutse ku byo Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze mu gika cya 19 cy’urubanza, kandi akaba ari nako uru Rukiko rwabigaragaje haruguru, Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe n’abanyamigabane bayo Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yahaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite nº 1135, iyo nyandiko y’impano yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting” yashyizweho umukono na Noteri wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017, bivuze ko guhera iyo tariki byakoreweho, icyo kibanza cyari cyeguriwe Mukeza Keza Melissa nk’umutungo we ijana ku ijana (100%). Kuba rero ku wa 02/03/2018 Mukeza Keza Melissa yarakigurishije Landmark Ltd, Urukiko rurasanga nta buriganya yakoze kuko ikibanza yagurishije cyari icye kandi yari afite uburenganzira bwo kugikoresha icyo ashaka. [42] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018, yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yabayemo uburiganya kuko Landmark Ltd yari yaragiranye andi masezerano na Mukeza Cameron ahagarariye Shalem Hotels Ltd kuri iki kibanza kiburanwa ku wa 22/08/2017, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru kuva ku wa 08/07/2017, Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe n’abanyamigabane bayo Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yahaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite no 1135 byemezwa na Notaire wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017, ndetse no mu nyandikomvugo hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yo ku wa 10/08/2017, aho 2 Francois Terre, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, Droit civil. Les obligations, 11e edition, Paris, Dalloz, 2013, p.253. 3 Idem, pp. 256-261. 4 Serge GUINCHARD, Lexique des termes juridiques 2020-2021, 28 ème édition, Paris, Dalloz, 2020, p 382 (En matière contractuelle, le dol désigne, d’une part, au stade de la formation de l’acte, le fait pour un contractant d’obtenir le consentement de l’autre par des manoeuvres ou des mensonges, ou la dissimulation intentionelle par l’un des contractants d’une information dont il sait le caractère déterminant pour l’autre partie…).

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bemeje gucunga umutungo wabo ku buryo bw’ivanguramutungo, bemeje ko sosiyeti yitwa Shalem Hotels ihaye Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza No 1135 akaba ari we cyandikwaho gusa ijana ku ijana (100%), bivuze ko amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017, Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd yakorewe ku mutungo utakiri uwayo, akaba rero ari impfabusa. [43] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rutagombaga gutesha agaciro amasezerano Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd bisabwe na Mukeza Keza Melissa kuko atayabayemo, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa kuko ayo masezerano yakorewe ku mutungo we kandi yari afite inyungu zo gusaba ko ateshwa agaciro kugira ngo abashe kwishyurwa amafaranga yari asigaye ku kiguzi cy’uwo mutungo we. Bityo nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze ryo kuyatesha agaciro. Ibi ni nako uru Rukiko rwabibonye mu rubanza RCOMAA 00042/2018/CA rwa Ujenge Rwanda Ltd na Ecobank Rwanda Plc n’abandi, rwaciwe ku wa 22/10/2021, aho mu gika cya 49 rwavuze ko ku birebana n’ibivugwa na Ujenge Rwanda Ltd ko amasezerano yagiranye n’abaguze appartements atari guteshwa agaciro bisabwe na Banki kuko nta ruhare zayagizemo, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze bitahabwa agaciro kuko uberewemo umwenda afite inyungu zitaziguye (direct) kandi zemewe n’amategeko (légitime) zo gusaba mu nkiko iteshwagaciro ry’amasezerano umurimo umwenda yagiranye n’abandi bantu mu gihe amubangamiye kugira ngo arengere izo nyungu ze, bityo n’ubwo banki zitari mu bagiranye amasezerano y’ubugure bwa appartements, zifite ububasha bwo gusaba kuyatesha agaciro.56 [44] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko ikindi kigaragaza uburiganya ari uko Mukandera Nzungize nyina wa Mukeza Keza Melissa yashize umukono ku masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd ariko akongera agashyira umukono ku masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd ntacyo byamumarira, kuko usibye ko batagaragaza ko ubwabyo byaba gize uburiganya, uburiganya 5 ‘’ Nullité absolue : Il s’agit ici des cas où la règle méconnue intéresse l’ordre public. On estime alors que la nullité peut être demandée par toute personne qui y trouve intérêt, c’est-à-dire qui peut retirer un avantage de nullité. Cela concerne donc toutes les parties au contrat, mais encore les tiers; par exemple les créanciers d’un vendeur ont intérêt à la nullité de la vente pour voir le bien revenir dans le patrimoine du vendeur. L’idée est d’accroître ainsi les chances de voir quelqu’un demander la nullité pour fragiliser les contrats contraires à l’ordre public’’, Alain Bénant, Droit des obligations, 14e édition, LGDJ, Montchrestien, 2014, P. 167, nº 208. ‘’ La jurisprudence admet la recevabilité d’une action en nullité absolue exercée par un tiers, lorsque celui-ci invoque un droit contraire à celui qui résulte du contrat irrégulier’’, Philippe Malaurie, Laurent Aynès et Philippe Stoffel-Munck, Droit des obligations, 7e édition, LGDJ, Montchrestien, 6 , p. 345, nº 702. ‘’Pour invoquer la nullité absolue d’un acte, cela suppose, autrement dit, d’être en mesure de justifier en premier lieu d’un intérêt légitime et en second lieu d’un intérêt direct’’. Les créanciers peuvent justifier d’un intérêt à agir s’ils démontrent que l’acte conclu par le débiteur leur cause un préjudice’’, A. Bamdé & J. Bourdoiseau,” L’action en nullité (titularité de l’action et pouvoir du juge”, in Droit des contrats, Droit des obligations, Nullité, posted Sep.26, 2017.

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butuma amasezerano ateshwa agaciro ni ubwakozwe n’umwe mu bagiranye amasezerano agamije kugira ngo urundi ruhande rwemere gukora amasezerano, bwakorwa n’utari mu masezerano akabitangira indishyi7, kuba rero Mukandera Nzungize atari we nyiri kibanza gifite no 1135 kandi akaba atari we wakigurishije Landmark Ltd, birumvikana ko nta buriganya bwabaye mu masezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd, ku buryo yateshwa agaciro hashingiwe kuri iyo mpamvu. [45] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko nta mpano yabayeho ahubwo ari isezerano ry’impano kuko bari bataruzuza inyandiko yabugenewe (formulaire) kandi batarajya mu Kigo gishyinzwe Imicungire y’Ubutaka, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko gutanga impano ni kimwe no gukora ihererekanyamutungo n’ikindi, kuba rero Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize barahaye umwana wabo ikibanza gifite no 1135 bikanemezwa na Noteri wa RDB kandi bakaba batarigeze bakuraho iyo mpano, birumvikana ko icyo kibanza kitari kikiri icyabo n’ubwo ihererekanya mutungo ryari ritarakorwa. [46] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko mu ngingo ya 4 y’amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd bayise amasezerano y’agateganyo, Urukiko rurasanga ntacyo byabamarira kuko abayagiranye bayemeranywaho kandi ntacyo bibabangamiyeho, bityo ntacyo abangamiyeho Mukeza Cameron kuko nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru ntaho ahuriye n’ikibanza gifite no 1135. Ku birebana no kuba urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY rwaramurenganyije, Urukukiko rurasanga ntacyo nabyo byamumarira kuko ibijyanye no kuba urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY rurimo akarengane atari byo biburanwa muri uru rubanza, uretse n’ibyo kandi, ibyemejwe muri urwo rubanza bihuye n’ibikubiye mu nyandiko yo ku wa 08/07/2017 yiswe “Extra Ordinary Shareholders Meeting” yashyizweho umukono na Noteri wa RDB ku wa 10/08/2017 nk’uko byakomeje kwibutswa, ndetse n’ibikubiye mu nyandikomvugo y’inama yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize yo ku wa 10/08/2017. [47] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze rwemeza ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bityo ubujurire bwa Mukeza Cameron kuri iyi ngingo bukaba nta shingiro bufite.

2. Kumenya niba hari ikosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarakoze kwemeza ko Landmark Ltd yishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa 229.000.000 Frw [48] Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko iyi mpamvu y’ubujuriye ari ingaruka y’impamvu ya mbere y’ubujurire, ko niba amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd atasheshwe nta mpamvu Urukiko rwari kwemeza ko Mukeza Keza Melissa ahabwa ko 229.000.000 Frw. Bavuga kandi ko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Cameron na Landmark Ltd yari afite agaciro ari yo mpamvu basabye ko amasezerano hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd ateshwa agaciro, basaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma ibiteganywa 7 Le dol n’est une cause de nullité que s’il émane cu cocontractant. S’il est le fait d’un tiers, il donnera lieu uniquement à dommages et intérêts (Francois Terre, Philippe Smeler na Yves Lequette, op.cit., p.262).

## Page 14

n’ingingo ya 106 y’Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo. [49] Basobanura ko Mukeza Keza Melissa atagomba kwishyurwa 229.000.000Frw, ngo kuko amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2018 y’ubugure bw’ikibanza gifite nº 1135 yabaye hagati ye na Landmark Ltd nta gaciro agomba guhabwa kuko yakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, hirengagijwe andi masezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yari yarakozwe mbere kuri icyo kibanza yitwa Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, Shalem Hotels Ltd yari ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ihagarariwe na Kayumba Eudes. Asaba Urukiko kwemeza ko Mukeza Keza Melissa yagurishije ikibanza kitari icye kuko yakibonye mu nzira ndetse no mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, kwemeza ko Landmark Ltd itagomba kwishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa 229.000.000Frw no kwemeza ko amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 ahabwa agaciro, amafaranga Landmark Ltd yaba yarahaye Mukeza Keza Melissa mbere akayasubiza, maze icyo kibanza akagisubirana nka nyiracyo. [50] Uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa avuga ko ku bijyanye no kuvuga ko Landmark Ltd itagomba kumuha 229.000.000Frw ngo kuko Urukiko Rukuru rw’ Ubucuruzi mu kuyemeza rwashingiye ku masezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2017 adafite agaciro, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rudakwiye kubiha agaciro, kuko ibisobanuro Mukeza Cameron atanga kuri iyi ngingo y’ ubujurire, ari nabyo yatanze mu gika cya 18 n’icya 19 by’urubanza RCOM02207/2018/TC, ndetse no mu gika cya 35 n’icya 67 agace ka 5, ko kandi inkiko zibanza zabitanzeho ibisobanuro bihagije kandi byumvikana, bishimangira ishingiro ry’amasezerano yo ku wa 02/03/2017, kandi ko ingaruka zabyo ari uko Mukeza Keza Melissa agomba kwishyurwa. [51] Avuga kandi ko ibijyanye no kudaha agaciro amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Landmark Ltd na Mukandera Nzungize ndetse na Mukeza Cameron byasobanuwe mu gika cya 17 cy’urubanza RCOM02207/2018/TC, ndetse ko n’ibyerekeye kutishyura 229.000.000Frw nabyo byasobanuwe muri urwo rubanza, asoza asaba Urukiko kuzashingira ku ngingo ya 2 kugeza ku ya 4 no ku ya 64 z’ Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigena amasezerano, ndetse no ku ngingo ya 3 y’ Itegeko Nº 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’ itangwa ryabyo, maze rukemeza ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Mukeza Cameron kuri iyi ngingo nta shingiro bufite. [52] Uhagarariye Landmark Ltd avuga ko kwishyura ari ingaruka z’amasezerano, ko niba Urukiko rwaremeje ko amasezerano afite agaciro rwagombaga gutegeka ko Landmark Ltd imwishyura amafaranga yari asigaye. Avuga kandi ko niba ari Mukeza Keza Melissa wagurishije nta wundi wagombaga kwishyurwa uretse we. [53] Avuga kandi ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze mu gika cya 62 cy’urubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC - RCOMA00731/2019/HCC, ko kuba Mukeza Keza Melissa yarabonye ubwishyu bwagaragajwe na Landmark Ltd mu Rukiko, ntabuvuguruze, ntanasoze ibyo yemereye inteko y’iburanisha, hakwiye kwemezwa ko umwenda Landmark Ltd imusigayemo, ari uwerekanwe na Landmark Ltd, wa 229.061.003”, bifite ishingiro, kuko amasezerano yabaye hagati ya Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo no mu nzira amategeko ateganya. Ko kandi umwenda Landmark Ltd yari isigaje kwishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa uhwanye 229.061.003Frw.

## Page 15

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [54] Ingingo ya 64 y’Itegeko Nº 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 ryibukijwe haruguru iteganya ko amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko aba itegeko kubayagiranye. [55] Nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ngingo y’ubujurire yasuzumwe mbere y’iyi, Mukeza Keza Melissa yagurishije umutungo we kandi amasezerano yo 02/03/2018 yagiranye na Landmark Ltd yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, bityo kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarategetse Landmark Ltd kwishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa 229.000.000Frw yari asigaye ku kiguzi cy’ikibanza gifite no 1135 nta kosa rwakoze, kuko ari ingaruka z’ibikubiye mu masezerano impande zombi zagiranye. [56] Ku byo Mukeza Cemeron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko rwirengagije amasezerano yo ku wa 22/08/2017 yakozwe mbere kuri icyo kibanza yiswe Contract to Develop a Modern Commercial Complex, Shalem Hotels Ltd yari ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ihagarariwe na Kayumba Eudes, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro byahabwa kuko ayo masezerano yateshwejwe agaciro kubera ko yakorewe ku mutungo wa Mukeza Keza Melissa. 3. Kumenya niba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarirengagije impamvu zifatika zatumye Mukeza Cameron ashyira itambama ku mutungo ufite nº 1135 [57] Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi mu rubanza RCOM02207/2018/TC kigumaho rwirengagije ko hari urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY rwemeje ko ikibanza gifite nº 1135 kimwandikwaho rukanirengagiza ko nubwo urwo rubanza rwakosowe mu rubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY byakozwe mu buryo budakurikije amategeko bigatuma arenganywa bikomeye nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. Basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kudakora ikosa nk’iryo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze, ahubwo rukarikosora maze caveat yashyirishije ku kibanza kiburanwa ikongera kugira agaciro. [58] Bavuga kandi ko Land Center nayo ari ko yabibonye ko iyo caveat igumaho, aho mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 30/01/2019 yandikiye Me Ntigurirwa François uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa imumenyesha ko itambama rigumaho kugeza igihe icyo kibazo kizaba cyakemutse mu buryo ndakuka. Bityo ko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukwiye kwemeza ko icyemezo cyafashwe mu rubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC-RCOMA00731/2019/HCC kivanaho itambama kivuyeho, maze rukamuha ubutabera rutegeka ko itambama rigumaho. [59] Uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa yiregura kuri iyi mpamvu y’ubujurire avuga ko ibyo Mukeza Cameron avuga byuko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakuyeho itambama ku mutungo ufite nº 1135 rwirengagije impamvu zifatika yarishingiyeho, nta shingiro byahabwa, ko ahubwo ari we washyize itambama kuri uwo mutungo nta mpamvu zifatika kandi ku mutungo utari uwe kuko wari umutungo wa Mukeza Keza Melissa; ko kandi mu gika cya 31 cy’urubanza RCOM 02207/2018/TC, Urukiko rwashingiye ku ingingo ya 34 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryavuguruwe mu 2015, iteganya ko umutungo w’umuntu ari ntavogerwa, rugategeka ko itambama rivuyeho rushingiye ku mpamvu zifatika zuko uwo mutungo ari umutungo bwite wa Mukeza Keza Melissa yahawe kuva 08/07/2017.

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[60] Uhagarariye Landmark Ltd avuga ko ibyo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze mu gika cya 40 cy’urubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC - RCOMA00731/2019/HCC bifite ishingiro. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [61] Nk’uko byibukijwe haruguru, dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko Mukeza Cameron n’umugore we Mukandera Nzungize ari nabo banyamigabane ba Shalem Hotels Ltd bahaye umwana wabo Mukeza Keza Melissa ikibanza gifite nº 1135, bemeza ko ari we cyandikwaho gusa ijana ku ijana (100%). Igaragaza kandi amasezerano yo kugurisha ikibanza Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ku wa 02/03/2018. Igaragaza na none ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwatesheje agaciro amasezerano Shalem Hotels Ltd ihagarariwe na Mukeza Cameron yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ndetse n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeza ko nta gihindutse kubirebana no gutesha agaciro ayo masezerano. [62] Urukiko rurasanga, kuba amasezerano yo kugurisha ikibanza gifite no 1135, Mukeza Keza Melissa yagiranye na Landmark Ltd ku wa 02/03/2018 yarakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko ingaruka ari uko itambama Mukeza Cameron yashyize kuri icyo kibanza rigomba kuvaho kuko nta mpamvu yaryo cyane ko ntaho Mukeza Cameron ahuriye n’icyo kibanza kuko we n’umugore we Mukandera Nzungize bagihaye umwana wabo Mukeza Keza Melissa; bityo nta kosa Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwakoze kwemeza ko itambama Mukeza Cameron yashyize ku kibanza gifite no 1135 rivaho. [63] Ku byo Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira bavuga ko urubanza RC00391/2017/TB/KCY rwemeje ko ikibanza gifite nº 1135 cyandikwa kuri Mukeza Cameron, Urukiko rurasanga nta shingiro bifite kuko urwo rubanza rwakosowe n’urubanza RC00616/2017/TB/KCY bisabwe na Mukeza Cameron na Mukandera Nzungize maze Urukiko rwemeza ko ikibanza gifite no 1135 cyandikwa kuri Mukeza Keza Melissa kandi urwo rubanza rukaba rwarabaye itegeko. 4. Kumenya niba amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka asabwa muri uru rubanza afite ishingiro [64] Uhagarariye Mukeza Keza Melissa asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Mukeza Cameron kumuha 2.000.000Frw y’ igihembo cya Avoka na 500.000Frw y’ ikurikiranarubanza. [65] Uhagarariye LandmarK Ltd asaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Mukeza Cameron guha Landmark Ltd 2.000.000Frw y’ igihembo cya Avoka na 500.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [66]

Mukeza Cameron n’abamwunganira biregura bavuga ko amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka basaba nta shingiro afite kubera ko ubu bujurire bwe bufite ishingiro. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [67] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nº 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryibukijwe haruguru iteganya ibikurikira : "Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikirana rubanza ni ikirego gishamikiye ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga

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y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo, gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe". [68] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd basaba afite ishingiro kuko byabaye ngombwa ko biyambaza abanyamategeko bo kubaburanira, ariko ayo basaba ni menshi harebwe ibyakozwe mu rubanza, bityo mu bushishozi bwarwo, rukaba rugeneye Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd buri wese 800.000Frw akubiyemo igihembo cya Avoka n‘ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego, yiyongera kuyo bagenewe mu manza zabanje. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [69] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Mukeza Cameron nta shingiro bufite. [70] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd bufite ishingiro. [71] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza RCOMA00456/2019/HCC-RCOMA 00731/2019/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 09/04/2021, idahindutse. [72] Rutegetse Mukeza Cameron kwishyura Mukeza Keza Melissa na Landmark Ltd buri wese 800.000 Frw, akubiyemo ay’igihembo cya Avoka n‘ay’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego, yiyongera kuyo bagenewe mu manza zabanje. [73] Ruvuze ko ingwate y’amagarama y’urubanza Mukeza Cameron yatanze ajurira ahwanye n’ibyakozwe mu rubanza.