MUNIGANKIKO vs. AKARERE KA KAMONYI

# MUNIGANKIKO vs. AKARERE KA KAMONYI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-01-19 - Case/document no.: RADAA 00012/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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MUNIGANKIKO vs. AKARERE KA KAMONYI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RADAA 00012/2022/CA (Rutazana, J. P.) 19 Mutarama 2024] Amategeko agenga ububasha bw’inkiko –Ubujurire bwa kabiri –Inzitizi y’iburabubasha – Gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje – Mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, ntiharebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ko ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarasubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. Incamake y’ikibazo: Munigankiko yareze Akarere ka Kamonyi mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga asaba guhabwa ingurane y’isambu avuga ko yahawe mu mwaka wa 1965 n’uwari Burugumesitiri w’icyahoze ari Komini Runda witwaga Seburondwe hanyuma ubwo yahungukaga mu 1996 agasanga Akarere karayitujemo abantu muri gahunda ya Leta yari igamije gutuza abantu mu midugudu ahegereye umuhanda; yasaba guhabwa ingurane bakamubwira ko isambu yatujwemo abaturage yari iya Leta. ibi byatumye aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga asaba ko rutegeka Akarere kakamuha ingurane y’isambu ye. Mu myiregurire yako, Akarere kabanje gutanga inzitizi gasaba ko ikirego cy’Urega kitagomba kwakirwa kubera ko mbere yo kurega atabanje gutakambira urwego rwisumbuye ku rwafashe icyemezo asabira kuvanwaho. Na ho mu mizi y’urubanza kasabye kudaha agaciro ikirego cye kubera ko atagaragaza ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko iyo sambu yari iye koko, ibyo yagaragaje bikaba byarateye urujijo ku birebana n’umukono (signature) wari uriho ariko ukaba warutandukanye nuri ku zindi nyandiko uwo muyobozi wamuhaye iyo sambu yasinye. Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko inzitizi yatanzwe n’Uregwa nta shingiro ifite, rwemeza kandi ko ikirego cy’Urega nta shingiro gifite rushingiye kuri raporo yibyavuye mw’igereranya ry’inyandiko yatanze agaragaza uko yahawe ubwo butaka n’uwo muyobozi n’izindi nyandiko zari mu bubiko bw’Akarere uwo Muyobozi yasinye, aho byagaragaye ko umukono na kashi biri kuri izo nyandiko bidahuye. Bivuze ko Urega atabashije kuvuguruza raporo y’abahanga bapimye izo nyandiko, ikaba yarafashwe nk’ikimenyetso kigaragaza ukuri, bityo iyo nyandiko Urega ashingiraho avuga ko isambu ari iye ntiyaba igihawe agaciro. Urega yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwa Nyanza, avuga ko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rutagombaga guca urubanza rushingiye kuri iyo raporo y’abahanga kuko atari ikimenyetso gishobora kumara impaka ziri mu rubanza, mu gihe Uregwa we avuga ko uyu atabashije gutanga ikindi kimenyetso kiyivuguruza. Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza na rwo rwemeza ko ubujurire bw’Urega nta shingiro bufite kubera ko atabashije kugaragaza ikindi kimenyetso kivuguruza ibyo umuhanga yabonye bijyanye no kuba imikono na kashi byashyizwe ku nyandiko zapimwe bitandukanye. Urega yongeye kujuririra uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire avuga ko mu icibwa ry’urubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwa Nyanza rwibanze cyane kuri raporo y’umuhanga nk’aho ari cyo kimenyetso cyonyine cyaburanishijweho, ngo rwirengagiza ibindi bimenyetso yatanze bigaragaza ko isambu yayihawe n’ubuyobozi bwariho mu mwaka wa 1965, asaba no guhabwa indishyi yari yasabye muri urwo rubanza. Mu kwiregura kwe kuri izo ngingo z’ubujurire, Uregwa yatanze inzitizi yibura bubasha bw’uru

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Rukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe kukuba Urega yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje ku mpamvu zimwe, bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. Incamake y’icyemezo: Mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, ntiharebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ko ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarasubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. Inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, ifite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo kuwa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 52. Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 12 n’iya 111. Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 98. Imanza zifashishijwe: RC/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC, Road Solution Pavements Product na Mailco Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020. RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC, Sanlam Assurance Générales Plc na University of Rwanda. rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020. RCOMAA 0048/16/CS, Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA) na SODAR Ltd rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/05/2017. RCOMAA 0008/05/CS, Kampire Claire na Sibomana Eugène na Banki ya Kigali, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 06/06/2008. RCOMAA 00042/2023/CA, Rodas Importer and Distributor Ltd na Gasangwa Jean Baptiste n’abandi, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 06/11/2023. RCOMAA 00012/2022/CA, Bufcoffee Ltd na Teuscher Invest Ltd, yahindutse Kivubelt Coffee Ltd, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/07/2022. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Munigankiko Marc avuga ko ku wa 01/02/1965 yahawe isambu n’uwari Burugumesitiri w’icyahoze ari Komini Runda witwaga Seburondwe Cyrille, ngo ayitunga kuva icyo gihe kugeza mu mwaka wa 1994 ubwo yahungaga kubera intambara yari mu gihugu igendanye n’urugamba rwo guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, ahungutse mu mwaka wa 1996 asanga iyo sambu yaratujwemo

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abantu muri gahunda ya Leta yari igamije gutuza abantu mu midugudu ahegereye umuhanda. Avuga ko yasabye uwari Burugumesitiri icyo gihe witwa Rukumbuzi kumuha ingurane y’iyo sambu aramuhakanira avuga ko iyo sambu yari iya Leta, bituma ku wa 16/03/2020 aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga arusaba gutegeka Akarere ka Kamonyi kumuha ingurane y’isambu ye. [2] Uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi yabanje gutanga inzitizi asaba urukiko kutakira ikirego cya Munigankiko Marc ashingiye ku mpamvu y’uko mbere yo kurega atabanje gutakambira urwego rwisumbuye ku rwafashe icyemezo asaba kivanwaho; naho ku bijyanye n’urubanza mu mizi avuga ko ikirego nta shingiro gifite kuko Munigankiko Marc atagaragaza ibimenyetso nyakuri byerekana ko yahawe iyo sambu koko, kuko bakemanga inyandiko ashingiraho avuga ko yahawe iyo sambu ku mpamvu y’uko umukono (signature) na kashe biriho bitandukanye n’ibiri ku zindi nyandiko zitagibwaho impaka zabonetse mu bubiko bw’Akarere. [3] Mu rubanza RAD 00004/2020/TGI/MHG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga ku wa 11/06/2021, rwemeje ko inzitizi yo kutakira ikirego yatanzwe n’Akarere ka Kamonyi nta shingiro ifite, naho ku bijyanye n’urubanza mu mizi rwemeza ko ikirego cya Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro gifite rushingiye ku mpamvu y’uko nyuma y’uko abahanga bo muri Rwanda Forensic Laboratory bifashishijwe n’urukiko bapimye inyandiko Munigankiko Marc ashingiraho avuga ko isambu yaregeye yayihawe n’uwari Burgumesitiri wa Komini Runda witwaga Seburondwe Cyrille bayigereranya n’izindi nyandiko zasanzwe mu bubiko bw’Akarere ka Kamonyi, bagaragaje ko umukono (signature) na kashe biri kuri iyo nyandiko Munigankiko Marc ashingiraho binyuranye n’ibiri ku nyandiko zitagibwaho impaka zapimwe; maze urukiko rushingiye ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, n’iya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko urega agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aregera, rwemeza ko raporo y’abahanga ari ikimenyetso gikiranuye kuko cyagaragaje ukuri, kandi uhagarariye Munigankiko Marc n’umwunganira mu rubanza bakaba batarashoboye kukivuguruza. [4] Rushingiye kuri izo mpamvu rwemeje ko ikimenyetso Munigankiko Marc ashingiraho avuga ko isambu yaregeye yayihawe n’uwahoze ari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Runda witwa Seburondwe Cyrille nta gaciro cyahabwa, rumutegeka kwishyura Akarere ka Kamonyi indishyi zingana na 500.000 frw. [5] Urwo rubanza Munigankiko Marc yarujuririye mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, agamije kugaragaza ko urukiko rwashingiye kuri raporo y’abahanga ngo nyamara ubwayo atari ikimenyetso gishobora gukemura impaka ziri mu rubanza afitanye n’Akarere ka Kamonyi, ngo kuko hari ibindi bimenyetso bishimangira ibyo avuga byirengagijwe; yajuririye kandi indishyi yasabye ntazihabwe kimwe n’izo yatagetswe kwishyura Akarere ka Kamonyi. [6] Uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi yireguye avuga ko ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro bukwiye guhabwa kuko atabasha kuvuguruza ibimenyetso urukiko rwashingiyeho birimo raporo y’abahanga bemewe yagararaje ko imikono iri ku nyandiko yatanze nk’ikimenyetso idahura n’indi mikono idakemangwa iri ku zindi nyandiko zapimwe; uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi kandi yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi asaba kugenerwa amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka. [7] Mu rubanza RADA 00008/2021/HC/NYZ rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza ku wa 11/10/2022, narwo rushingiye ku ngingo zavuzwe haruguru, iya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa

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12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo n’iya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo, rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro bufite kuko nta kindi kimenyetso yagaragaje kivuguruza ko ibyo umuhanga yabonye ko umukono uri ku nyandiko yatanzeho ikimenyetso utandukanye n’ indi mikono iri ku zindi nyandiko zitagibwaho impaka zapimwe, zari mu bubiko bw’ Akarere; ko rusanga nk’uko byasobanuwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga kandi rukaba ufite ukuri, Munigankiko Marc ari we ugomba kugaragaza ikimenyetso cyashingirwaho hemezwa ko isambu aburana yayihawe n’uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Runda witwaga Seburondwe Cyrille mu mwaka wa 1965, yakibura Akarere ka Kamonyi kakamutsinda. [8] Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza kandi rwasuzumye izindi ngingo Munigankiko Marc yaburanishaga mu bujurire, zirimo kuba umuhanga yarasuzumye inyandiko zidafitanye isano n’urubanza; kuba urukiko rwaragombaga gushingira ku nyandiko bavuga ko yari mu bubiko bw’Akarere ngo isa n’iyo bashingiyeho barega rukemeza ko isambu yaregeye ari iye no kuba mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 03/01/2019 Akarere ka Kamonyi karemeye ko isambu ari iye, rwemeza ko izo ngingo zose nta shingiro zifite, maze rutegeka Munigankiko Marc kwishyura Akarere ka Kamonyi indishyi z’ibyo katakaje mu gukurikirana urubanza zingana na 500.000 frw yiyongera kuyo yaciwe ku rwego rwa mbere. [9] Urwo rubanza narwo Munigankiko Marc yarujuririye mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, agamije kugaragaza ko mu icibwa ryarwo Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rwibanze cyane kuri raporo y’umuhanga nk’aho ari cyo kimenyetso cyonyine cyaburanishijweho, ngo rwirengagiza ibindi bimenyetso yatanze avuga ko bigaragaza ko isambu yaregeye yayihawe n’icyahoze ari Komine Runda mu mwaka wa 1965; anasaba guhabwa indishyi zose yasabye mu rubanza rujuririrwa ariko ntazihabwe, zigizwe n’indishyi mbonezamusaruro z’ihwanye n’igihe Akarere ka Kamonyi kamaranye isambu ye; indishyi z’akababaro no gushorwa mu manza z’amaherere, amafaraga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka, n’amafaranga y’igihano gihatira Akarere ka Kamonyi kurangiza urubanza (astreinte), azajya yishyurwa buri kwezi mu gihe cyose kazaba katarashyira mu bikorwa icyemezo cy’urukiko; hakiyongeraho amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya avoka kuri uru rwego rw’ubujurire. [10] Mbere yo kwiregura ku mpamvu z’ubujurire, uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi yabyukije inzitizi igamije gusaba urukiko kutakira ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc hashingiwe ku kuba mu nkiko zombi zibanza yaratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. Ku bijyanye n’urubanza mu mizi, uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi yavuze ko ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro bukwiye guhabwa kuko atashoboye gutanga ibimenyetso bivuguruza raporo yakozwe na Rwanda Forensic Laboratory, bityo urukiko rukaba ntaho rwahera ruvuga ko ibyo avuga ari ukuri; yavuze kandi ko indishyi Munigankiko Marc asaba nta shingiro zifite kuko atazitangiye ibimenyetso, ahubwo asaba ko Akarere ka Kamonyi ari ko kagenerwa amafaranga y’igihembo cya avoka yiyongera kuyo kagenewe ku rwego rubanza. [11] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku wa 08/01/2024, Munigankiko Marc ahagarariwe na Me Nyamurangwa Sylvain na Me Sebagabo Mbera Patrick naho Akarere ka Kamonyi gahagarariwe na Me Cyubahiro Fiat, urubanza ruburanishwa ku nzitizi y’iburabubasha yatanzwe n’Akarere ka Kamonyi. II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Kumenya niba mu nkiko zombi zabanje Munigankiko Marc yaratsinzwe hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe

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[12] Me Cyubahiro Fiat uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi, ashingiye ku ngingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo kuwa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ko ubujurire bwa kabiri budashobora kwakirwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, yasabye urukiko kutakira ubujurire bwatanzwe na Munigankiko Marc ngo kuko nawe yatsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [13] Me Cyubahiro Fiat asobanura ko mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga icyasuzumwe ari ikimeyetso cyatanzwe na Munigankiko Marc avuga ko aricyo yahereweho ubutaka yaregeye, Akarere kagikemanze gasaba ko gipimwa muri Rwanda Forensic Laboratory urukiko rurabyemeza, maze mu gika cya 12 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe urukiko rusanga, nyuma y’isuzuma rya kashi igibwaho impaka iri ku cyemezo cyo ku wa 01/02/1965, basanze idakomoka kuri kashe y’umwimerere iteye ku ikarita iranga umuntu nimero 2798 yo ku wa 12/05/66; basanze kandi umukono ugibwaho impaka uri ku cyemezo cyo ku wa 01/02/1965, uri munsi y’amazina ya Seburondwe Cyrille atari fotokopi y’imikono itagibwaho impaka ya Seburondwe Cyrille igaragara ku nyandiko y’icyemezo cy’itangwa ry’isambu nimero 426 cyo ku wa 15/02/1965; karita iranga umuntu no 2798 yo ku wa 12/05/66; izo nyandiko akaba ari zo ku wa 27/03/ 1968; 26/02/1972; 07/06/1973; 01/06/1973; 06/01/1975; 27/01/1975; 11/02/1975; 11/07/1975; 01/10/1976; 05/11/1976; 23/02/1977; 03/03/1977; 07/04/1977; 02/11/1978; 01/03/1979; 17/10/1979 no ku wa 10/01/1980; mu gika cya 13 cy’urubanza rwajuririwe urukiko rwasanze ibimenyetso Munigankiko Marc ashingiraho asaba ingurane y’isambu yubatswemo imidugudu yita iye nta shingiro bihawe maze rwemeza ko atsinzwe. [14] Avuga ko ibyo ari nako Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rwabisanze mu rubanza RADA 00008/2021/HC/NYZ, mu gika cyarwo cy 21, aho rwasobanuye ko ibisabwa n’ababuranira Munigankiko Marc bavuga ko rudakwiye gushingira kuri raporo y’abahanga nta gaciro byahabwa kuko kutayishingiraho byakwemerwa gusa ari uko umucamanza asanze ibitekerezo by’abahanga binyuranyije n’imyumvire ye nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 98 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, bikaba byaranasobanuwe mu rubanza RCOMAA 0008/05/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 06/06/2008 (hagati ya Kampire Claire na Sibomana Eugène baburana na Banki ya Kigali); Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rukaba rwarasanze atari ko bimeze kuko rwasanze iyo raporo itanyuranyije n’imyumvie yarwo; maze rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro bufite. [15] Abahagarariye Munigankiko Marc bavuga ko mu nkiko zombi zabanje atatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe kuko ibyaburanishijwe mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga bitandukanye n’ibyaburanishijwe mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza, ndetse n’uburyo abacamanza baciye urubanza bukaba bitandukanye. Basobanura ko mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga koko mu gika cya 12 rwashingiye kuri raporo ya Rwanda Forensic Laboratory rwemeza ko Munigankiko Marc atsinzwe, ariko ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rutasuzumye iyo raporo gusa, kuko guhera mu gika cya 15 bigaragara ko Munigankiko Marc yatsinzwe n’ibimenyetso bitandukanye aribyo kuba Akarere atari ko gashinzwe kumushakira ibimenyetso, kuba nta kigaragaza ko atanga ikirego yari kuzashingira ku kimemyetso kiri mu Karere ka Kamonyi, no kuba atagaragaza isano inyandiko yashingiragaho ifitanye n’iyo avuga ko yasanzwe mu Karere ka Kamonyi; bavuga ko bashingiye kuri ibyo basanga ataratsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe mu nkiko zombi, basoza basaba ko ubujurire bwe bwakirwa kuko buri mu bubasha bw’uru rukiko, bashingiye ku manza zinyuranye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire bavuga ko zasobanuye icyo gutsindwa ku mpamvu zimwe

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bivuze, harimo RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 27/11/2020; RS/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020, RCOMAA 0038/16/CS-RCOMAA 0033/2016/CS, n’izindi. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Impaka muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba inkiko zombi zabanje zarashingiye ku mpamvu zimwe mu kwemeza ko ikirego cya Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro gifite, byaramuka bigaragaye ko ari zimwe ubujurire bwe ntibwakirwe kuko buba butari mu bubasha bw’uru Rukiko. [17] Ingingo ya 52, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko Nº 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya ko ubujurire bwa kabiri budashobora kwakirwa ku muburanyi watsinzwe mu nkiko zombi hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe. [18] Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa ku rwego rwa mbere n’urwa kabiri ari zimwe kigomba gusuzumwa hasesengurwa imikirize y’urubanza kuri izo nzego zombi, ingingo z’ingenzi zasuzumwe n’impamvu buri rukiko rwashingiyeho kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo. [19] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ndetse n’uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, mu manza zitandukanye1 zasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma niba umuburanyi yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe, harebwa icyaburanwaga n’imitekerereze ya buri rukiko (raisonnement juridique) mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho, kugira ngo rugere ku cyemezo rwafashe, hitawe ku kureba niba ingingo zaburanywe ku rwego rubanza ari zo zagarutsweho mu bujurire kandi ko inkiko zombi zazisubijeho mu buryo bumwe. Izo manza kandi zasobanuye ko ibi byumvikanisha ko impamvu zimwe zisuzumirwa mu mbago z’ibyajuririwe hashingiwe ku ihame risanzwe mu micire y’imanza rivuga ko umucamanza wo mu rwego rwa mbere yita ku igenzura ry’ibimenyetso n’amategeko ugereranyije n’ikiburanwa, naho umucamanza wo mu rwego rw’ubujurire akibanda cyane cyane ku kugenzura niba amategeko ku rwego rwa mbere yarubahirijwe uko bikwiye hakurikijwe ibisobanuro n’ibimenyetso byari byatanzwe muri urwo rubanza, byaba ngombwa agakosora aho bikenewe. [20] Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kandi mu rubanza RCOMAA 0048/16/CS rwaciwe ku wa 19/05/2017 haburana Ikigo cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA) na SODAR Ltd, rwasobanuye ko mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, hatarebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ko ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarasubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa. 1 Muri izi manza harimo: - RC/INJUST/RCOM 00002/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 25/09/2020 haburana Road Solution Pavements Product na Mailco Ltd. - RS/INJUST/RCOM 00003/2020/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 27/11/2020 haburana SANLAM Assurance Générales Plc na University of Rwanda. - RCOMAA 00012/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/07/2022 haburana Bufcoffee Ltd na Teuscher Invest Ltd, yahindutse Kivubelt Coffee Ltd (igika cya 17). - RCOMAA 00042/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 06/11/2023 haburana Rodas Importer and Distributor Ltd na Gasangwa Jean Baptiste n’abandi.

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[21] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, dosiye igaragaza ko mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga hasuzumwe ingingo imwe urukiko rwashingiyeho rwemeza ko ikirego cya Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro gifite, iyo ngingo ikaba ijyanye no kumenya ishingiro ry’ibimenyetso ashingiraho avuga ko isambu yaregeye ari iye. Urukiko rukaba rwarasanze nyuma y’isuzuma rya kashi igibwaho impaka iri ku cyemezo cyo ku wa 01/02/1965, basanze idakomoka kuri kashe y’umwimerere iteye ku ikarita iranga umuntu nimero 2798 yo ku wa 12/05/66; basanze kandi umukono ugibwaho impaka uri ku cyemezo cyo ku wa 01/02/1965, uri munsi y’amazina ya Seburondwe Cyrille atari photokopi y’imikono itagibwaho impaka ya Seburondwe Cyrille igaragara ku nyandiko y’ icyemezo cy’itangwa ry’isambu no 426 cyo ku wa 15/02/1965; karita iranga umuntu nimero 2798 yo ku wa 12/05/66; izo nyandiko akaba ari zo ku wa 27/03/ 1968; 26/02/1972; 07/06/1973; 01/06/1973; 06/01/1975; 27/01/1975; 11/02/1975; 11/07/1975; 01/10/1976; 05/11/1976; 23/02/1977; 03/03/1977; 07/04/1977; 02/11/1978; 01/03/1979; 17/10/1979 no ku wa 10/01/1980. [22] Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwasanze ikimenyetso cyatanzwe n’uburanira Akarere ka Kamonyi kigizwe na Raporo yatanzwe na Rwanda Forensic Laboratory ari ikimenyetso gikiranuye kuko cyagaragaje ukuri, kandi uhagarariye Munigankiko Marc n’abamuhagarariye bakaba batarashoboye gutanga ikimenyetso kikivuguruza; kandi ingingo ya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko urega agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana; rwanzura ko ibimenyetso Munigankiko Marc ashingiraho asaba ingurane y’isambu yubatswemo imidugudu yita iye nta shingiro bihawe. [23] Uru rukiko rurasanga mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza hashingiwe ku bujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc harasuzumwe ingingo nyamukuru yo kumenya niba ibimenyetso byashingiweho n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga bidakemura impaka ku kiburanwa no kumenya niba hari ibindi bimenyetso urwo rukiko rwirengagije. Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze mu kwemeza ko ikirego cya Munigankiko Marc nta shingiro gifite, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga rwarashingiye kuri raporo yakozwe n’abahanga nyuma y’ uko ku wa 18/11/2020 rufashe icyemezo gitegeka ko hapimwa inyandiko yo ku wa 01/02/1965 Munigankiko Marc yari yatanze ho ikimenyetso avuga ko gihamya ko isambu aburana yayihawe n’uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Runda mu mwaka wa 1965, maze ku wa 22/12/2020 umuhanga wiyambajwe (Rwanda Forensic Laboratory) yemeza ko umukono uri ku nyandiko Munigankiko Marc yatanzeho ikimenyetso udahuye n’uri ku zindi nyandiko zitagibwaho impaka zari zagaragajwe n’Akarere ka Kamonyi. [24] Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rwasanze mu bujurire ababuranira Munigankiko Marc nta kindi kimenyetso kivuguruza ko ibyo uwo muhanga yabonye ko umukono uri ku nyandiko Munigankiko Marc yatanzeho ikimenyetso utandukanye n’indi iri ku zindi nyandiko zitagibwaho impaka zari mu bubiko bw’ Akarere; ruvuga ko rusanga nk’uko byasobanuwe n’ Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga , kandi rufite ukuri, narwo (Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza) rusanga Munigankiko Marc ari we ugomba kugaragaza ikimnyetso cyashingirwaho hemezwa ko isambu aburana yayihawe n’uwari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Runda Seburondwe Cyrille mu mwaka wa 1965 nk’uko abivuga, yakibura Akarere ka Kamonyi kakamutsinda. [25] Uru rukiko rusanga ibimaze gusobanurwa haruguru byumvikanisha neza ko mu nkiko zombi zabanje, ikibazo nyamukuru cyasuzumwe ari icyo kumenya niba Munigankiko Marc wareze yaratanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza nta shiti ko isambu yaregeye ari iye koko. Maze inkiko zombi zishingiye kuri raporo y’umuhanga wapimye inyandiko Munigankiko Marc yatanze nk’ikimenyetso avuga ko kigaragaza ko isambu yaregeye yayihawe n’Akarere, iyo raporo ikaba yaragaragaje ko umukono uri kuri iyo

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nyandiko witirirwa uwari Burugumesitiri Seburondwe Cyrille utandukanye n’umukono we utagibwaho impaka ugaragara ku zindi nyandiko zabonetse mu bubiko bw’Akarere kandi zapimwe zikagereranywa n’inyandiko yatanzwe na Munigankiko Marc, zemeza ko iyo nyandiko yatanzwe nk’ikimenyetso nta gaciro ifite kuko uwo yitiriwe atari we wayisinyeho kandi ko nta kindi kimenyetso Munigankiko Marc yatanze kivuguruza iyo raporo; zinemeza, zishingiye ku ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko No 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo iteganya ko buri muburanyi agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, n’iya 12 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko urega agomba kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyo aburana, ko ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite kuko nk’uwareze ari we ufite inshingano yo gutanga ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera. [26] Uru rukiko rurasanga ibyo abahagarariye Munigankiko Marc bavuga ko atatsinzwe ku mpamvu zimwe kuko ibyaburanishijwe mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye bitandukanye n’ibyaburanishijwe mu Rukiko Rukuru ndetse n’uburyo abacamanza baciye urubanza bitandukanye ngo kuko mu Rukiko Rukuru hatasuzumwe iyo raporo gusa ahubwo hari ibindi bimenyetso bitandukanye, nta shingiro bikwiriye guhabwa kuko mu by’ukuri ibyo bita izindi mpamvu ari ibisobanuro batangaga bagerageza kugaragaza ko hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko isambu iburanwa ari iyo yahawe n’uwahoze ari Burugumesitiri wa Komini Runda; nyamara ibyo byose bikaba bijya mu mujyo umwe n’ikibazo nyamukuru cyasuzumwe cyo kumenya niba nk’uwareze yaratanze ibimenyetso bigaragaza ibyo aregera; kandi nk’uko byasobanuwe impamvu nyamukuru yatumye atsindwa mu nkiko zombi akaba ari uko inyandiko yatanze nk’ikimenyetso nta gaciro cyahawe, akaba nta n’ikindi yatanze kikivuguruza; cyane cyane ko n’izo mpamvu zindi bavuga yatanze mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza rwazisuzumye rugasanga zitavuguruza raporo y’umuhanga, rwemeza ko nta gaciro bihawe maze rukagera ku mwanzuro w’uko ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite nk’uko byari byemejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga. [27] Urukiko rurasanga ibi binahura n’ibyasobanuwe haruguru (mu gika cya 20 cy’uru rubanza) ko mu gusuzuma ko impamvu zashingiweho umuburanyi atsindwa mu nkiko zombi ari zimwe, hatarebwa niba ibimenyetso ababuranyi batanze ku rwego rwa mbere ari byo byatanzwe no mu rwego rw’ubujurire, cyangwa ko zakoresheje amagambo amwe, ko ahubwo harebwa niba inkiko zombi zarasubije ku buryo bumwe ingingo zirebana n’ikiburanwa (hashingiwe ku rubanza RCOMAA 0048/16/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 19/05/2017 haburana RRA na SODAR Ltd). [28] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe mu bika bibanziriza iki, uru rukiko rurasanga Munigankiko Marc yaratsinzwe mu nkiko zombi zabanje hashingiwe ku mpamvu zimwe y’uko nk’urega atagaragaje ibimenyetso by’ibyo aregera, bityo ubujurire bwe bukaba butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [29] Urukiko rurasanga nta kindi gisigaye gusuzumwa mu byasabwe na Munigankiko Marc mu bujurire bwe kuko butakiriwe. 2. Kumenya niba indishyi zisabwa n’Akarere ka Kamonyi zifite ishingiro [30] Me Cyubahiro Fiat asaba ko Munigankiko Marc yishyura Akarere ka Kamonyi 500.000 frw y’igihembo cya avoka wakaburaniye kuri uru rwego, yiyongera ku yo kagenewe mu manza zibanza. [31] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira: ikirego

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cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [32] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo uhagarariye Akarere ka Kamonyi avuga bifite ishingiro kuko inzitizi yatanze asaba kutakira ubujurire ifite ishingiro kandi bikaba byarabaye ngombwa ko Akarere gahagararirwa muri uru rubanza, bikaba rero byumvikana ko hari ibyo katakaje mu gukurikirana urubanza; bityo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 111 yavuzwe haruguru urukiko rukaba rugeneye Akarere ka Kamonyi mu bushishozi bwarwo 500.000 frw agomba gutangwa na Munigankiko Marc. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [33] Rwemeje ko inzitizi y’iburabubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yatanzwe n’Akarere ka Kamonyi ifite ishingiro. [34] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Munigankiko Marc butakiriwe kuko butari mu bubasha bw’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire. [35] Rutegetse Munigankiko Marc kwishyura Akarere ka Kamonyi 500.000 frw y’ibyo katakaje mu gukurikirana urubanza kuri uru rwego, yiyongera kuri 500 frw kagenewe mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Muhanga na 500.000 frw kagenewe mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza.