UBUSHINJACYAHA v NDAGIJE

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v NDAGIJE

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-12-30 - Case/document no.: RS/REV/RP 00002/2025/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v NDAGIJE [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE - RS/REV/RP 00002/2025/CA (Umugwaneza, P.J.) 30 Ukuboza 2025] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha – Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya – Ikimenyetso gishya ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Incamake y’ikibazo: Ubushinjacyaha bwakurikiranye Ndagije mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge bumurega icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana nyuma yuko aketsweho gusambanya umwana w'imyaka 12 y’amavuko ubwo uwo mwana yari avuye ku ishuri ari kumwe n’abandi bana. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko uregwa ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana utarageza ku myaka 14 y’amavuko, rumuhanisha igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu. Ndagije yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, avuga ko yahamijwe icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kandi ntacyo yakoze. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu yahanishijwe kidahindutse. Ndagije yatanze ubujurire bwa kabiri mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, anenga Urukiko Rukuru ko rwitiranyije ibimenyetso ruragenekereza kandi bibujijwe mu mategeko, rumuhamya icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kandi ntacyo yakoze. Ko Urukiko rwashingiye kuri raporo ya muganga kandi ntaho igaragaza ko umwana yasambanyijwe, ndetse ko n’icyo rwise ubuhamya nta gaciro bwahabwa kuko ntawigeze amubona asambanya uwo mwana. Uru Rukiko narwo rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza rwajuririwe. Ndagije yasubirishijemo urwo rubanza ingingo nshya avuga ko, ingingo nshya igizwe n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko n’uwitwa Mukashema, uyu akaba ari nyina w’umwana bivugwa ko yasambanyije bwatangiwe imbere y’Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bukanashyirwaho umukono wa Noteri bushinjura Ndagije, bwabonetse nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo. Ubushinjacyaha bwo buburana buvuga ko, ubuhamya Ndagije yita ikimenyetso gishya bwanditswe nyuma yicibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya, ko rero budashobora kuba ingingo nshya. Incamake y’icyemezo: Ikimenyetso gishya ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Ikirego nticyakiriwe. Imanza zifashishijwe:

Shema Charles & Bashangire Grâce vs I&M Bank Rwanda Plc, RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020.

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Mulindahabi Fidèle vs ATRACO RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019. Ubushinjacyaha vs Habakurama Modeste, RS/REV/RP 00076/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2025. Ubushinjacyaha vs Habumugisha Hamza, RS/REV/RP 00004/2023/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 30/05/2025.

Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ndagije Jean de Dieu yaketsweho ugusambanya umwana w'imyaka 12 y’amavuko wahawe izina rya M.J mu rubanza rusubirishwamo, ubwo uwo mwana yari avuye ku ishuri ari kumwe n’abandi bana, Ndagije Jean de Dieu amubwira kujya kubika agakapu k’amakaye yarangiza akaza akamubwira, umwana agarutse Ndagije Jean de Dieu aramusambanya. Ayo amakuru amaze kumenyekana, Ndagije Jean de Dieu yahise afatwa ashyikirizwa Ubugenzacyaha atangira gukorwaho ipererereza, rirangiye Ubushinjacyaha bumuregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge bumukurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, aburana agihakana. [2] Ku wa 11/11/2019, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwaciye urubanza Nº RP 00145/2019/TGI/NYGE, rwemeza ko Ndagije Jean de Dieu ahamwa n’icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana utarageza ku myaka 14 y’amavuko, rumuhanisha igifungo cya burundu. [3] Ndagije Jean de Dieu yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, avuga ko yahamijwe icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kandi ntacyo yakoze. Ku wa 29/09/2021 urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza Nº RPA 01946/2019/HC/KIG, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite, ko igifungo cya burundu yahanishijwe kidahindutse. [4] Ndagije Jean de Dieu yatanze ubujurire bwa kabiri mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, anenga Urukiko Rukuru ko rwitiranyije ibimenyetso ruragenekereza kandi bibujijwe mu mategeko rumuhamya icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana kandi ntacyo yakoze. Ko Urukiko rwashingiye kuri raporo ya muganga kandi ntaho igaragaza ko umwana yasambanyijwe, ndetse ko n’icyo rwise ubuhamya nta gaciro bwahabwa kuko ntawigeze amubona asambanya uwo mwana. [5] Ubushinjacyaha bwavuze ko ubujurire bwe nta shingiro bufite kuko ibimenyetso byashingiweho bihamya mu buryo budashidikanywaho ko yakoze icyaha akurikiranweho. [6] Mu rubanza N° RPAA 00658/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/03/2022, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasanze ubujurire bwa Ndagije Jean de Dieu nta shingiro bufite kuko ibimenyetso byashingiweho bigaragaza ku buryo budashidikanywaho ko yakoze icyaha akurikiranweho. [7] Ndagije Jean de Dieu yasubirishijemo urwo rubanza ingingo nshya, urubanza rwandikwa N° RS/REV/RP 00002/2025/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 11/12/2025, yunganiwe na Me Ruberwa N. Silas afatanyije na Me Gasominari Jean Baptiste, Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Sibomana Stanislas, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’Igihugu.

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[8] Ndagije Jean de Dieu n’abamwunganira bavuga ko, ingingo nshya igizwe n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko na Mukashema Thaciene, uyu akaba ari nyina w’umwana M.J bwatangiwe imbere y’Ubuyobozi bw’inzego z’ibanze bukanashyirwaho umukono wa Noteri bushinjura Ndagije Jean de Dieu, bwabonetse nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo. [9] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, ubuhamya Ndagije Jean de Dieu yita ikimenyetso gishya bwanditswe nyuma yicibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya, ko rero budashobora kuba ingingo nshya. [10] Ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ukumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Mukashema Thaciene ari ikimenyetso gishya cyatuma urubanza rusubirwamo.

II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA

Kumenya niba ubuhamya bwa Mukashema Thaciene ari ikimenyetso gishya cyatuma urubanza rusubirwamo [11] Ndagije Jean de Dieu n’abamwunganira bavuga ko, nyuma yaho urubanza N° RPAA0658/2021/CA ruciriwe habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigizwe n’ubuhamya bwa Mukashema Thaciene, uyu akaba ari nyina w’umwana M.J bavuga ko Ndagije Jean Dieu yasambanyije, bwatanzwe mu nyandiko yakorewe imbere y’inzego z’Ubuyobozi bw’Ibanze igashyirwaho umukono wa Noteri bushinjura Ndagije Jean de Dieu ko atigeze asambanya M.J. Bavuga ko muri ubwo buhamya Mukashema Thaciene yagaragaje ko umwana we M.J yamusobanuriye ko atigeze asambanywa ahubwo ko yashutswe na Uwambayinema Florantine ari nawe watanze ubuhamya mu rubanza rusuburishwamo ingingo nshya. [12] Bavuga ko hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 1951 n’iya 197, igika cya 1, agace ka 52 z’Itegeko N° 027/2029 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, basanga kuba harabonetse icyo kimenyetso gishinjura Ndagije Jean de Dieu, ari impamvu ituma ikirego cye cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya cyakwakirwa kigasuzumwa, Urukiko rukemeza ko ari umwere. [13] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 197 cyane cyane igika cya mbere, agace ka 4° n’aka 5°, igika 2 n’icya 3 y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha3 no ku murongo watanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga

1 Ivuga ko: “Gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya ni ugushaka ko urubanza rwaciwe burundu ruvanwaho rukongera gusuzumwa bundi bushya hubahirijwe impamvu ziteganywa n’iri tegeko”. 2 Ivuga ko: “Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: ….. 5° iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo”. 3 Ivuga ko; “Urubanza rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kubera imwe mu mpamvu zikurikira: 4° iyo haciwe urubanza bashingiye ku mpapuro, ku buhamya cyangwa indahiro byaje kugaragara cyangwa kwemezwa n’urukiko ko ari ibihimbano nyuma y’icibwa ry’urwo rubanza; 5° iyo kuva aho urubanza ruciriwe, habonetse ikimenyetso gishya kimara impaka kigaragaza neza akarengane katewe n’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo…

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ndetse n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire mu manza zitandukanye4, uvuga ko ikimenyetso gishya ari ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi ko n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. [14] Ikirego cyatanzwe na Ndagije Jean de Dieu gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kitagomba guhabwa ishingiro kuko icyo yita ikimenyetso gishya aricyo ubuhamya bwa nyina w’umwana wasambanyijwe ari we Mukashema Thaciene bwatangiwe imbere ya Noteri, butari buhari igihe yaburanaga mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kuko bwanditswe ku wa 07/01/2025 urubanza rusubirishwamo rwaraciwe ku wa 28/03/2022, bivuze ko iyo nyandiko itari ihari, yanditswe nyuma y’uko urubanza ruciwe, bityo ko idashobora kuba ingingo nshya. [15] Ubushinjacyaha buvuga kandi ko, uretse no kuba iyo nyandiko yarakozwe nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya, itanavuguruza ibyashingiweho n’Urukiko bihamya NDAGIJE Jean de Dieu icyaha cyo gusambanya umwana, kuko Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rutashingiye gusa ku buhamya bwa nyina w’umwana Mukashema Thaciene, ahubwo rwanashingiye kuri raporo ya muganga wagaragaje ko yasanze ibintu birenduka ku mwana, babisuzumye basanga ari amasohoro yapfuye, ubuhamya bw’umwana usobanura uko yasambanyijwe, ubuhamya bwa Uwambayinema Florentine abazwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye no ku mvugo ze abazwa mu Bugenzacyaha nawe wasobanuye uburyo yamenye ko umwana yasambanyijwe n’uko bihutiye kumujyana kwa muganga, ndetse n’imvugo za Ndagije Jean de Dieu udahakana ko uyu mwana yageze iwe kandi ko babonanye, kandi yaba umwana wasambanyijwe yaba Mukashema Thaciene nta wigeze aregwa mu Rukiko urwo arirwo rwose, ngo rwemeze ko ubuhamya batanze ari ibinyoma, ngo noneho Ndagije Jean de Dieu akoreshe urwo rubanza agaragaza ko ubuhamya bwashingiweho ari ibinyoma. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Impaka ziri muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko yo ku wa 07/01/2021 na Mukashema Thaciene bwafatwa nk’ikimenyetso gishya gituma urubanza rusubirwamo. [17] Ikibazo cyo kumenya ikimenyetso gishya gishobora gutuma urubanza rusubirwamo cyatanzweho umurongo mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ikirenga, harimo urubanza

Ikimenyetso gishya kivugwa mu gace ka 5 k’igika cya mbere cy’iyi ngingo, ni ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga. Ikimenyetso n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya” 4 Harimo urubanza N° RS/REV/CIV 0001/15/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 21/04/2017 haburana Nyamaswa Ephron na Mukamusoni Astérie (igika cya 22), Urubanza Nº RP 00001/2022/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 6/07/2023, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Kaburere Gérard (igika cya 30-31), Urubanza Nº RS/REV/RP 00005/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/02/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Mbarushimana Olivier (igika cya 20-22), Urubanza Nº RS/REV/RP 00035/2024/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 03/04/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Mutabazi Innocent (igika cya 14-15) n’izindi.

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N° RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC5 n’urubanza N° RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC6. Muri izo manza Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeje ko ikimenyetso gishya ari ikimenyetso umuburanyi atashoboraga kumenya ko cyaba gihari, akakibona nyuma cyangwa akaba atarabashaga kukigeraho igihe yaburanaga, kandi ko n’iyo ari gishya gihabwa agaciro gusa iyo gishobora kuvuguruza ibyari byashingiweho mu ica ry’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. Uwo murongo wanashingiweho mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire, mu ziheruka gucibwa harimo urubanza Nº RS/REV/RP 00004/2023/CA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 30/05/2025, Ubushinjacyaha buburana na Habumugisha Hamza7. [18] Na none mu rubanza N° RS/REV/RP 00076/2024/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2025, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Habakurama Modeste, igika cya 21, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwifashishije ingingo ya 197, igika cya mbere, agace ka 5° n’igika cya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru ndetse n’imanza zayisesenguye, rwasobanuye ko ikimenyetso gishobora gutuma urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya kigomba kuba cyari gihari igihe uwatanze ikirego yaburanaga ariko ntamenye ko gihari, cyangwa akaba yari azi ko gihari ariko atabasha kukigeraho ubwo yaburanaga. [19] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, ikimenyetso gishya Ndagije Jean de Dieu atanga kigizwe n’ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko na Mukashema Thaciene ku wa 07/01/2025, bwatangiwe imbere y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Kamashashi bunashyirwaho umukono wa Noteri. Muri iyo yandiko Mukashema Thaciene yatanze ubuhamya bushinjura Ndagije Jean de Dieu, avuga ko nyuma y’uko yatanze ikirego arega Ndagije Jean de Dieu ko yasambanyije umwana we witwa M.J ndetse akaba yarabihamijwe n’Urukiko agahanishwa igifungo cya burundu, uwo mwana yamubwiye ko Ndagije Jean de Dieu atigeze amusambanya, ko yashutswe na Uwambayinema Florentine. [20] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ubuhamya Ndagije Jean de Dieu ashingiraho asubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bwaranditswe ku wa 07/01/2025, mu gihe Urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya rwaciwe ku wa 28/03/2022, ni ukuvuga ko ubwo buhamya bwanditswe nyuma y’imyaka 2 n’amezi agera ku 9, urubanza ruciwe. Iby’uko ubuhamya Ndagije Jean de Dieu yita ikimenyetso gishya bwanditswe nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya binagarazwa n’ibibukubiyemo aho Mukashema Thaciene avuga ko nyuma y’uko yatanze ikirego arega Ndagije Jean de Dieu ko yasambanyije umwana we ndetse akaba yarabihamijwe n’Urukiko agahanishwa igifungo cya burundu, umwana we yamubwiye ko atigeze amusambanya. [21] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga ibivuzwe mu gika kibanziriza iki bigaragaza ko ubwo buhamya atari ikimenyetso cyariho igihe Ndagije Jean de Dieu yaburanaga u rubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya, ngo noneho agaragaze ko atashoboye kukimenya cyangwa kukigeraho nk’uko byatanzweho umurongo mu manza zibukijwe mu bika bibanziriza iki, ahubwo bigaragara ko ari ikimenyetso cyashatswe nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza mu rwego rwo kumushinjura, cyane cyane ko atagaragaza ko igihe yaburanaga urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo

5 Reba igika cya 21 cy’urubanza RS/REV/RCOM 00001/2018/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 24/07/2020, Shema Charles na Bashangire Grâce baburana na I&M Bank Rwanda Plc 6 Reba igika cya 29 cy’urubanza N° RS/REV/CIV 0002/12/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/01/2019, haburana Mulindahabi Fidèle na ATRACO 7 Reba igika cyaha 16

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nshya yaba Mukashema Thaciene yaba na M.J wabwiye Mukashema Thaciene ko yabeshyeye Ndagije Jean de Dieu hari imbogamizi bari bafite zatumaga badashobora kuboneka ngo babe baramushinjuye icyo gihe. [22] Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa mu bikaba bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga, ubuhamya bwatanzwe mu nyandiko yo ku wa 07/01/2025 na Mukashema Thaciene imbere y’Umunyamanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Kamashashi ikanashyirwaho umukono wa Noteri, atari ikimenyetso gishya gishobora gutuma urubanza rusubirishwamo, bityo kikaba kidashobora kwakirwa nk’ingingo nshya yatuma urubanza N° RPAA 00658/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2022 rusubishwamo. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [23] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Ndagije Jean de Dieu gisubirishamo ingingo nshya urubanza N° RPAA 00658/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2022 kitakiriwe; [24] Rwemeje ko imikirize y’urubanza N° RPAA 00658/2021/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/03/2022 igumyeho.