NGADJOLE v MUGANDA

NGADJOLE v MUGANDA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-06-20 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RCOM 00018/2024/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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NGADJOLE v MUGANDA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA - RS/INJUST/RCOM 00018/2024/SC (Mukantaganzwa, P.J., Hitiyaremye, Kalihangabo, J.) 20 Kamena 2025] Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubucuruzi – Isosiyete idafite ubuzima gatozi – Umutungo – Inyungu n’ibihombo - Isosiyete idafite ubuzima gatozi, umutungo wayo, inyungu n’ibihombo biba ari ibya ba nyiri sosiyete ku giti cyabo, kandi sosiyete ntishobora gukorana amasezerano n’abandi kuko iba itazwi imbere y’amategeko. Ni ukuvuga ko irekera aho kubaho iyo ihagaze gukora cyangwa ba nyirayo bayisheshe. Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubucuruzi – Umunyamigabane - Umunyamigabane ni umuntu cyangwa abantu, cyangwa ishyirahamwe rifite ubuzimagatozi, bafite umugabane umwe cyangwa myinshi muri sosiyet kandi izina ryabo rikaba ryanditse mu gitabo cy’abanyamigabane; Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubucuruzi – Imigabane – Ikimenyetso cy’uburenganzira ku migabane - Icyemezo cy’imigane ni ikimenyetso cy’uburenganzira bwa nyir’imigabane bwa burundu (prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the shares); Amategeko agenga imanza z’ubucuruzi – Uburengzira bw’umunyamigabane - Umunyamigabane afite uburenganzira bwo kumenya uburyo sosiyete yashoyemo imari ikora, ubwo gufata icyemezo ndetse n’ubwo guhabwa urwunguko ku migabane yashoye. Incamake y’ikibazo: Mu mwaka wa 2005, Dr Ngamije Daniel yagurishije Muganda ivuriro yari afite ku mafaranga ibihumbi magana ane

(400.000 Frw), uyu na we aza kwegera Ngadjole ngo barifatanye maze amusubiza ibihumbi magana abiri (200.000 Frw). Muganda yaje kujya kwiga asigira Ngadjole iryo vuriro ariko ku wa 12/01/2010 Minisiteri y’ubuzima iza kurihagarika kuko ritari ryujuje ibisabwa. Ngadjole yaje gushinga irindi vuriro ryitwa Polyclinique Peace ndetse riza kwaguka rigira ishami ryaryo ryitwa Clinique Medicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. Amaze kugaruka, Muganda yareze Ngadjole mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi asaba gusubizwa uburenganzira bwe nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Peace, agahabwa inyungu zikomoka ku mugabane we n’izindi ndishyi kuko ivuriro ryabonye ibyangombwa, rikaguka rikaba Polyclinique Peace ifite ishami ryitwa Clinique Medicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. Uregwa we avuga ko ivuriro bari bafatanyije ryafunzwe burundu, irindi vuriro asabamo uburenganzira atabuhabwa kuko atari umunyamigabane waryo. Urukiko rwasanze ikirego cye nta shingiro gifite kuko nta na hamwe agaragara nk’umunyamigabane mu mavuriro asaba kugiramo uburenganzira. Urega yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, rwemeza ko nubwo nta burenganzira Muganda afite ku mavuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, ariko ko kubera ko Ngadjole atagaragaza irengero ry’imitungo yahoze ari iya Cabinet Médical Peace kandi ryarinjizaga, ibyo ari igihamya cy’uko iyo mitungo ari yo yahereyeho afungura andi mavuriro nayo yabyaye inyungu; bityo akaba akwiye gutegekwa gusubiza urega uburenganzira yari afite nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace. Ngadjole yaje kwiyambaza inzira z’akarengane, urubanza ruhabwa Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, rusuzuma niba agaciro Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, kari

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gutuma agenerwa amafaranga y’ingurane mu ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd. Ngadjole asobanura ko ku wa 12/01/2010, Cabinet Médical Peace Muganda Rwibasira John yari afitemo uruhare yafunzwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima kubwo kutuzuza ibisabwa, kuva icyo gihe iryo vuriro rikaba ryarahagaze bityo amasezerano arishingiyeho akaba nta gaciro yaba agifite ndetse ko nta Mwenda abereyemo Muganda dore ko n’ibikoresho byakoreshwaga muri iryo vuriro byatwawe na Muganda. Akomeza avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwemeje ko Muganda asubizwa ingurane y’ibyo bari bafatanyije nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace kandi atari cyo yari yaregeye bityo n’indishyi zose zategetswe n’urwo rukiko agasaba ko yazisubizwa. Muganda avuga ko ivuriro yari afatanyije na Ngadjole ariryo ryagutse rikavamo andi mavuriro yanditse kuri Ngadjole. Akomeza avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaramugeneye ingurane y’agaciro ijyanye n’uburenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, bikurikije amategeko, kuko n’ikimenyimenyi ibyangombwa byose byahereweho ndetse bikanashingirwaho na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima hafungurwa ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd byari ibya Cabinet Médical Peace, ko icyakozwe gusa ari ugukomereza ku bikorwa byari bisanzweho bityo agasaba ko atasubiza indishyi zose yahawe binyuze mu rubanza rusubirishwamo. Incamake

y’icyemezo: 1. Isosiyete idafite ubuzima gatozi, umutungo wayo, inyungu n’ibihombo biba ari ibya ba nyiri sosiyete ku giti cyabo, kandi iyo sosiyete ntishobora gukorana amasezerano n’abandi kuko iba itazwi imbere y’amategeko. Ni ukuvuga ko irekera aho kubaho iyo ihagaze gukora cyangwa ba nyirayo bayisheshe; 2. Umunyamigabane ni umuntu cyangwa abantu, cyangwa ishyirahamwe rifite ubuzimagatozi, bafite umugabane umwe cyangwa myinshi muri sosiyet kandi izina ryabo rikaba ryanditse mu gitabo cy’abanyamigabane bityo ibivugwa na Muganda nta shingiro bifite kuko atari umunyamigabane wa sosiyete asabamo uburenganzira. Gusubirishamo urubanza bifite ishingiro. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, ingingo ya 6, 10. Amategeko yifashishijwe atagikoreshwa: Itegeko N° 07/2009 ryo ku wa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi, ingingo ya 2, 3; Itegeko N° 17/2018 ryo ku wa 13/04/2018 rigenga amasosiyete, ingingo ya 2, 3, 87. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCOMAA 0056/14/CS, Kakooza Nkuriza Charles aburana na Nyagatare Jean Luc, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 23 Kamena 2017.

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Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishsijwe: Paul LE CANNU et Bruno DONDERO: Droit des sociétes, éd. LGDJ, 9è édition, 2022, P996; James Marson and Katy Ferris, Business law, 6th ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 2020, p.403. Michael Carrigan, Denise Collins, Rob Corbet and others, Business Law, 4th ed., Oxford University Press Inc, New York, 2009, p71; Hub Brussels, L'association de fait: la société simple sans personnalité juridique, http://info.hub.brussels/guide/demarrer-une-entreprise-formalites/lassociation- de-fait-la- societe-simple-sans- personnalite#:~:text=L'absence%20de%20personnalit%C3%A9%20juridique,appartiendr a%20aux%20m embres%20en% 20indivision. Fridar Gichuki, Shareholder Definition, Types, Roles, and Rights, https://www.yourcompanyformations.co.uk/blog/company-shareholders-explained/ Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 19/07/2005, Muganda Rwibasira John yaguze ivuriro Cabinet Medical Peace n’uwitwa Dr Ngamije Daniel ku gaciro ka 400.000 Frw, arigurana n’ibikoresho byose byarimo. Yaje kwegera Ngadjole Norbert amusaba ko barifatanya, maze nyuma yo kumusubiza 200.000 Frw bumvikana ko buri wese agira uruhare rungana na 50%. Avuga ko mu mwaka wa 2010 yagiye gukomeza amashuri ye, asigira Ngadjole Norbert ubuyobozi bw’iryo vuriro. [2] Ku wa 12/01/2010, Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yandikiye Muganda Rwibasira John imubwira ko ivuriro rigomba guhita rifunga kubera ko

ryakoraga mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Nyuma yaho, Ngadjole Norbert ntiyumvikanye na Muganda Rwibasira John, uyu avuga ko Ngadjole Norbert yagombaga kujya amuha buri kwezi 80.000 Frw y’inyungu zikomoka ku migabane ye akaba yarayamuhaye amezi abiri gusa. [3] Muganda Rwibasira John yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko Ngadjole Norbert atigeze yubahiriza ibyo bumvikanye kandi nyamara ivuriro ryarabonye ibyangombwa, rikaguka rikaba Polyclinique Peace ndetse rinagira ishami ryaryo ryitwa Clinique Medicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. Akomeza avuga ko aho aviriye kwiga, yatunguwe no gusanga imigabane yose yarigaruriwe na Ngadjole Norbert, akaba yarasabaga Urukiko ko rwategeka Ngadjole Norbert kumusubiza uburenganzira bwe nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Peace; guhabwa inyungu zikomoka ku mugabane we; indishyi z’akababaro, iz’ikurikiranarubanza ndetse n’igihembo cya Avoka. [4] Ngadjole Norbert yireguye avuga ko ivuriro rya Cabinet Médical Peace ryafunzwe burundu na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima rikaba ryarahagaze gukora, kandi ko Muganda Rwibasira John adashobora gusaba uburenganzira nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, kuko atagaragara nk’umunyamigabane wayo. [5] Mu rubanza No RCOM 00481/2021/TC rwaciwe ku wa 12/10/2021, Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwasanze ibisabwa na Muganda Rwibasira John atabihabwa ku mpamvu z’uko

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ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace ryafunzwe kubera kutubahiriza ibisabwa kandi kuva icyo gihe hakaba nta kimenyetso na kimwe kigaragaza ko ryigeze ryongera gukora cyangwa ngo hashingwe ivuriro rindi bafatanyije, ndetse nta na hamwe Muganda Rwibasira John agaragara nk’umunyamigabane mu mavuriro asaba kugiramo uburenganzira. [6] Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwanzuye ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Muganda Rwibasira John nta shingiro gifite, rumutegeka kwishyura Ngadjole Norbert 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, 100.000 Frw y’indishyi zo kumushora mu manza. [7] Muganda Rwibasira John yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi rwirengagije ibimenyetso byemeza ko inkomoko ya Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médical Peace Gakenke Ltd ari Cabinet Médical Peace, nko kuba inyandiko zashingiweho hafungurwa Polyclinique Peace ndetse n’ibikoresho byakoreshwagamo ari ibya Cabinet Médical Peace, Urukiko rukaba rutari gufata icyemezo ruterekanye irengero ry’umutungo ndetse n’ibikoresho iryo vuriro ryari rifite. [8] Ngadjole Norbert yireguye avuga ko Cabinet Médical Peace itigeze yongera gufungurwa kuko iyo biba, Muganda Rwibasira John aba yaragaragarije Urukiko ibaruwa y’aho yasabiye Minisiteri y’Ubuzima kongera gukora cyangwa ibaruwa iyo Minisiteri yamwandikiye ibimwemerera. Yasobanuye ko Clinique Médicale Peace ishingwa ryari ivuriro rishya, bityo ko kugira ngo ryemererwe gukora,

ryangombaga no gusabirwa ibindi byangombwa bishya. [9] Mu rubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe ku wa 16/02/2024, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwasanze nta burenganzira Muganda Rwibasira John afite ku mavuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, ariko ko kubera ko Ngadjole Norbert atagaragaza irengero ry’imitungo yahoze ari iya Cabinet Médical Peace kandi ryarinjizaga, ibyo ari igihamya cy’uko iyo mitungo ari yo yahereyeho afungura andi mavuriro nayo yabyaye inyungu; bityo akaba akwiye gutegekwa gusubiza Muganda Rwibasira John uburenganzira yari afite nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace. [10] Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanzuye ko ubujurire bwatanzwe na Muganda Rwibasira John bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, naho ubwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na Ngadjole Norbert ruvuga ko nta shingiro bufite, rwemeza ko urubanza No RCOM 00481/2021/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 12/10/2021, ruhindutse. Mu byo Urukiko rwategetse Ngadjole Norbert harimo guha Muganda Rwibasira John 26.714.769 Frw akubiyemo 291.723 Frw y’ingurane ku burenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace bari basangiye; 6.818.647 Frw y’igice cy’imigabane ye mu ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na 19.604.399 Frw akomoka kuri Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. [11] Ku wa 08/03/2024, Ngadjole Norbert yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire asaba ko urubanza Nº RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/02/2024 rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire amaze gusuzuma ubwo busabe, yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko urwo rubanza rwasubirwamo, maze mu cyemezo No 240/CJ/2024 cyo ku wa 14/11/2024, yemeza ko rwoherezwa mu Bwanditsi bw’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kugira ngo ruzongere ruburanishwe.

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[12] Iburanisha mu ruhame ryabaye ku wa 06/05/2025, Ngadjole Norbert ahagarariwe na Me Nduwamungu Jean Vianney, naho Muganda Rwibasira John yitabye, yunganiwe na Me Kayiranga Cyrille, maze impaka zigibwa ku bibazo bikurikira: a. Kumenya niba agaciro Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, kari gutuma agenerwa amafaranga y’ingurane mu ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd; b. Kumenya niba Muganda Rwibasira John yasubiza Ngadjole Norbert amafaranga yahawe harangizwa urubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC; c. Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa mu rubanza. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO 1) Kumenya niba agaciro Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, kari gutuma agenerwa amafaranga y’ingurane mu ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd [13] Me Nduwamungu Jean Vianney uhagarariye Ngadjole Norbert avuga ko ku wa 12/01/2010, Cabinet Médical Peace Muganda Rwibasira John yari afitemo uruhare yafunzwe na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ku mpamvu zikurikira: ▪ Icyangombwa giha ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace uburenganzira bwo gukora, cyarangiye mu mwaka wa 2001; ▪ Icyangombwa gitanga uburenganzira bwo gufungura ivuriro ryigenga ntigishobora guhererekanywa; ▪ Muganda Rwibasira John ntiyabangikanya gukora mu ivuriro no gukomeza kwiga amashuri yigisha iby’ubuganga. [14] Avuga ko kuva icyo gihe ivuriro

ritongeye kubaho, akaba asanga n’amasezerano yari yaragiranye na Muganda Rwibasira John mu mwaka wa 2005 arishingiyeho nta gaciro yaba agifite, bityo ko nta mwenda uwo ariwo wose Ngadjole Norbert yasigaraniye Muganda Rwibasira John, kandi ko n’ibikoresho byakoreshwaga muri iryo vuriro yabyitwariye ubwe. [15] Akomeza avuga ko nyuma y’uko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rusanze Muganda Rwibasira John atari umunyamigabane muri Polyclinique Peace yanditswe muri RDB ku wa 13/10/2014, ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd yanditswe muri RDB ku wa 24/04/2019; inshingano rwari rusigaranye ari iyo gusuzuma ikirego rwari rwashyikirijwe, aho Muganda Rwibasira John yasabaga gusubizwa uburenganzira bwe nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, guhabwa urwunguko ku mugabane we ndetse no guhabwa indishyi zitandukanye.

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[16] Agaragaza ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 2, agace ka 431, n’iya 242 z’Itegeko No 007/2021 ryo ku wa 05/02/2021 rigenga amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi, ndetse runirengangiza ingingo ya 63 n’iya 104 z’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kuko iyo rushingira ku bisobanuro bitangwa n’izo ngingo, rutari kwemeza ko Muganda Rwibasira John ahabwa 26.714.769 Frw y’ingurane ihwanye n’agaciro k’uburenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace kuko atari cyo yaregeye, bityo ko kuba atari umunyamigabane wa Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, binavuze ko nta n’uburenganzira yagombaga kugira muri ayo mavuriro yombi. [17] Akomeza avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaravuze ko Muganda Rwibasira John yakoranye na Ngadjole Norbert kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugeza mu wa 2010, rutari guhindukira noneho ngo rumugenere amafaranga mu zindi sosiyete atabereye umunyamigabane cyangwa ngo agenerwe inyungu zibazwe guhera mu mwaka wa 2019, 2020, 2021 na 2022. [18] Asoza kuri iyi ngingo avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanyuranyije na raporo yakozwe na Kayiranga Sebakara Gaspard, umuhanga wakoze ibaruramari, kuko yerekanye ko Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd ari amavuriro

yanditswe kuri Ngadjole Norbert kandi ko afitemo imigabane ingana na 100%. Asaba ko mu gukemura ikibazo kiri muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rwazibanda cyane ku kumenya niba hari isano (link) iri hagati ya Cabinet Médical Peace, Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. Avuga ko nyuma y’aho Cabinet Médical Peace ifungiwe, nta nyandiko n’imwe Muganda Rwibasira John yigeze yandikira Minisiteri y’Ubuzima asaba ko ryongera gufungurwa, agasanga rero nta kuntu yari gusaba gusubizwa uburenganzira nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, noneho ngo Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rubirengeho rumugenere ingurane kandi ari ibintu bibiri bitandunye kuko ubusanzwe umuntu ahabwa ingurane nyuma yo kugaragara ko ari umunyamigabane muri sosiyete. [19] Muganda Rwibasira John na Me Kayiranga Cyrille umwunganira bireguye bavuga ko nta karengane kabaye mu rubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kuko: ▪ Uburenganzira asaba ku migabane abukomora ku kuba ari we waguze ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, nyuma aza kurifatanya na Ngadjole Norbert, bityo ko

1 Iyi ngingo iteganya ko “Muri iri tegeko, amagambo akurikira asobanurwa ku buryo bukurikira: […] umunyamigabane ufite imigabane myinshi: umunyamigabane ufite hejuru ya mirongo itanu ku ijana (50%) by’amajwi mu itora […]” 2 Iyi ngingo iteganya ko “Isosiyete ishinzwe hakurikijwe iri tegeko igira ubuzima gatozi butandukanye n’ubw’abanyamigabane bayo. Isosiyete ishinzwe hakurikijwe iri tegeko iba yihariye ku giti cyayo kandi ikagira uburenganzira n’inshingano bitandukanye n’iby’abanyamigabane cyangwa abanyamuryango bayo. Isosiyete ikomeza kubaho kugeza igihe ivaniwe mu gitabo cy’amasosiyete.” 3 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko “Ikiburanwa kigenwa n’ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragarira mu myanzuro iregera urukiko n’imyanzuro yo kwiregura, bigashimangirwa burundu mu nama ntegurarubanza ku manza iteganyijwemo. Mu iburanisha, umuburanyi ntashobora guhindura ikiburanwa ababuranyi bose batabyemeye. Ikiburanwa ntigishobora guhindurwa mu rukiko rwajuririwe. Icyakora, ikiburanwa gishobora guhindurwa n’ibirego by’imigereka iyo bifitanye isano ihamye n’ibyo ababuranyi basaba.” 4 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine.”

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ashingiye ku ngingo ya 645 y’Itegeko No 45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano ndetse no ku masezerano y’imikoranire (note de convention), asanga agomba no kugira uruhare ku migabane y’andi mavuriro akomoka ku ryo bari bafitanye; ▪ Ngadjole Norbert yirengagije ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 706 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, maze akoresheje uburiganya yiyandikishaho ivuriro Peace wenyine kandi azi neza ko hari uwo barifatanyije. [20] Bakomeza bavuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwaramugeneye ingurane y’agaciro ijyanye n’uburenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, asanga bikurikije amategeko, kuko n’ikimenyimenyi ibyangombwa byose byahereweho ndetse bikanashingirwaho na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima hafungurwa ivuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd byari ibya Cabinet Médical Peace, ko icyakozwe gusa ari ugukomereza ku bikorwa byari bisanzweho. Bavuga kandi ko igihe ivuriro ryafungwaga Muganda Rwibasira John atari ahari yari yaragiye kwiga akaba abifitiye n’ibimenyetso, akaba ataranamenye aho ibikoresho byari muri iryo vuriro byarengeye. [21] Bagaragaza ko koko Cabinet Médical Peace nta buzima gatozi yari ifite, ko ariko n’ubusanzwe nta vuriro rihabwa icyemezo cya burundu, ahubwo ko rigenda rihabwa imyaka runaka igenda ivugururwa nyuma y’igihe riba ryahawe. Bavuga ko igihe ivuriro ryagurwaga abenshi nta makuru bari bafite kandi ko

na RDB icyo gihe yari itarabaho, akaba ari yo mpamvu ivuriro ritari ryarandikishijwe. [22] Basobanura ko kuba ibyemezo bisabwa muri RDB bikorwa mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, Ngadjole Norbert yabyuririyeho maze yereka Minisiteri y’ubuzima ko hariho ishyirahamwe ry’abaganga kandi mu by’ukuri ryari baringa kuko nta ryabayeho. Bakomeza basobanura ko impamvu bemeza ko Cabinet Médical Peace ari yo yahindutse Polyclinique Peace, ari uko aho yakoreraga ari naho ikorera ubu ndetse ikaba yarakomeje kugira izina Peace. [23] Basoza bavuga ko nta karengane kari mu rubanza rwasabiwe gusubirwamo kuko kuba Muganda Rwibasira John yarasabye uruhare yagize mu ishingwa rya Cabinet Médical Peace, ashingiye ku kuba ariyo yabaye intandaro y’ishingwa ry’andi mavuriro yakurikiyeho, maze Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rukamugenera ingurane, asanga icyo cyemezo rwafashe gikurikije amategeko. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA: [24] Impande zombi muri uru rubanza zemeranya ku kuba Muganda Rwibasira John na Ngadjole Norbert barigeze gufanya ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace. Icyo zitumvikanaho ni uko Muganda Rwibasira John avuga ko iryo vuriro ari ryo ryahindutse Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, bityo akaba agomba kugira uruhare kuri ayo mavuriro; mu gihe

5 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko “Amasezerano akozwe ku buryo bukurikije amategeko aba itegeko ku bayagiranye. Ashobora guseswa ari uko babyumvikanyeho cyangwa ku mpamvu zemewe n'amategeko. Agomba kubahirizwa nta buriganya.” 6 Iyo ngingo iteganya ko “Buri ruhande rufite inshingano yo kurangiza amasezerano nta buriganya kandi rukarangwa n‟imikorere myiza yemerwa ku bagiranye amasezerano.”

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Ngadjole Norbert we avuga ko ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace bari bafatanyije ryafunzwe, ayo mavuriro yandi akaba ari ayo yishingiye wenyine. [25] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo inyandiko y’ubwumvikane yo ku wa 20/11/2005 yiswe note de convention. Iyo nyandiko igaragaza ko Muganda Rwibasira John na Ngadjole Norbert biyemeje gushyira hamwe mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace kandi ko buri wese afite umugabane ungana na 200.000 Frw. [26] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo kandi inyandiko yo ku wa 12/01/2010, Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yandikiye Muganda Rwibasira John imumenyesha ko atemerewe kwandikwa kuri Cabinet Médical Peace kuko icyangombwa cyahaga iryo vuriro uburenganzira bwo gukora cyarangiye mu mwaka wa 2001, kandi ko icyo cyangombwa kidashobora guhererekanywa cyangwa ngo kigurishwe. Muri iyo baruwa kandi Minisiteri y’Ubuzima yavuze ko Muganda Rwibasira John atabangikanya imirimo y’ubuvuzi no gukomeza kwiga amashuri yigisha iby’ubuganga, inamutegeka guhita afunga iryo vuriro kuko ryakoraga mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko. [27] Dosiye y’urubanza irimo nanone inyandiko zatanzwe na RDB, imwe yiswe certificate of enterprise registration ndetse n’indi yiswe full registration of enterprise, izo nyandiko zombi zigaragaza ko Polyclinique Peace yanditswe ku wa 13/10/2014, yandikwa kuri Norbert Lonu Ngadjole nk’umuyobozi wayo (business owner), ndetse ihabwa na numero yihariye ya

101787641. [28] Dosiye igaragaza kandi inyandiko yatanzwe ku wa 28/09/2021, aho Umwanditsi Mukuru yashimangiye ko Polyclinique Peace ari izina ry’ubucuruzi ryanditswe kuri Norbert Lonu Ngadjole. [29] Dosiye y’urubanza irimo kandi inyandiko yiswe certificate of domestic company registration na yo yatanzwe na RDB, igaragaza ko sosiyete Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd yanditswe ku wa 24/04/2019, yandikwa kuri Ngadjole Norbert nk’umuyobozi wayo (Managing Director), inahabwa numero yihariye ya 108792495. [30] Mu bisobanuro byatanzwe n’ababuranyi, byagaragaye ko Cabinet Médical Peace yakoraga idafite ubuzima gatozi, ikaba yaranyuzaga ibikorwa byayo nk’imisoro, ubukode bw’aho gukorera n’ibindi ku wahoze ari nyir’ivuriro, Dr Ngamije Daniel. [31] Urukiko rurasanga ikibazo kigibwaho impaka muri uru rubanza ari ukumenya niba Muganda Rwibasira John yarakomeje kugira uburenganzira muri Cabinet Médical Peace nyuma y’aho iryo vuriro rifunzwe burundu na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima ku wa 12/01/2010. Ikindi kigibwaho impaka kandi, ni ukumenya niba Muganda Rwibasira John yafatwa nk’umunyamigabane w’amavuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd kubera uburenganzira yari afite muri Cabinet Médical Peace.

Ku bijyanye no kumenya uburenganzira Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite muri Cabinet Médical Peace n’aho bugarukira [32] Muganda Rwibasira John yaguze ivuriro ku wa 19/07/2005 na Dr Ngamije Daniel, agirana amasezerano y’ubufatanye na Ngadjole Norbert ku wa 20/11/2005, bumvikana ko bagira imigabane ingana, ni ukuvuga 50% buri wese. Urukiko rurasanga kuva icyo gihe iryo vuriro

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ryarakomeje gukora kugeza ku wa 12/01/2010 rifunzwe burundu na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, ku mpamvu zavuzwe haruguru. Rurasanga kandi nyuma y’icyo gihe nta kigaragaza ko abanyamigabane baryo bigeze basaba ko ryongera gufungurwa, ahubwo harafunguwe andi mavuriro afite izina rigaragaramo ijambo “Peace”, ariko akaba yanditse kuri Ngadjole Norbert wenyine. Urukiko rurasanga kandi iryo vuriro rishyirwaho ritarigeze ryandikishwa nka sosiyete y’ubucuruzi, rikaba ryaragengwaga gusa n’amasezerano y’ubufatanye yo ku wa 20/11/2005, ndetse nta n’ibikorwa bigeze batangiza bigamije kwandikisha iyo sosiyete no kuyisabira ubuzima gatozi. [33] Nk’uko bisobanurwa n’abahanga, isosiyete itagira ubuzima gatozi (société simple) ishobora kubaho igihe abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bifuje gushyira hamwe kugira ngo bafatanye igikorwa bahuriyeho (…) kibabyarira inyungu bagabana hagati yabo. Basobanura ko kuba itagira ubuzimagatozi bituma: (i) itagira umutungo wihariye; (ii) itagira ububasha bwo kugira icyo ikora imbere y’amategeko nko kugirana amasezerano n’abandi mu izina ryayo, ku buryo umutungo yagira wose uba ari uw’abanyamigabane bayo bafatanyije; (iii) idashobora kurega cyangwa kuregwa mu nkiko, kandi uburyozwe bw’ibyo yakora bukabazwa abanyamigabane ubwabo.7 Abitwa Paul LE CANNU na Bruno DONDERO nabo basobanura ko n’ubwo iyo sosiyete idashyirwaho mu buryo bwa sosiyete ifite ubuzima gatozi, iba ifite

ibiyiranga bisa n’ibyayo nko kuba abayigize (i) bahuza imigabane yabo, (ii) bafite ubushake bwo gushyira hamwe kandi (iii) bagamije kugabana inyungu no gufatanya ibyo ibagezaho n’ibihombo yagira.8 Banasobanura ko iyi sosiyete ishobora kurangira ari uko abayigize bayihinduriye imiterere, bayishakira ubuzimagatozi cyangwa se bahitamo kuyisesa bakagabana ibyo yungutse kandi buri wese agasubirana ibyo yashoyemo.9 [34] Ibyo abahanga bavuga bihurijwe hamwe bigaragaza ko isosiyete idafite ubuzima gatozi, umutungo wayo, inyungu n’ibihombo biba ari ibya ba nyiri sosiyete ku giti cyabo, kandi sosiyete ntishobora gukorana amasezerano n’abandi kuko iba itazwi imbere y’amategeko. Ni ukuvuga ko irekera aho kubaho iyo ihagaze gukora cyangwa ba nyirayo bayisheshe.

7 “L’association de fait est la forme de société la plus simple. Elle est intéressante lorsque deux ou plusieurs personnes souhaitent s’associer pour collaborer et fixer des accords spécifiques autour de l'activité commune. Elle n'a pas de personnalité juridique et a l’avantage d’être soumise à peu de règles contraignantes, et de permettre une grande liberté de gouvernance. Par contre, elle ne peut pas conclure de contrats en son nom avec des tiers et la responsabilité des membres est illimitée... Ce type de société a pour objectif principal de réaliser des bénéfices qui seront ensuite répartis entre les associés. L’absence de personnalité juridique entraîne que l’association: (i) n’a pas de patrimoine propre; (ii) n’a pas de capacité juridique, et ne peut donc notamment pas conclure de contrats en son nom avec des tiers. Si les membres veulent acquérir un bien, celui-ci appartiendra aux membres en indivision; (iii) ne peut être poursuivie en justice en tant que telle, ni agir en justice en son nom; (iv) n’offre pas la responsabilité limitée aux membres. L'association de fait: la société simple sans personnalité juridique. Byanditswe ku rubuga rwa Hub Brussels. http://info.hub.brussels/guide/demarrer-une-entreprise-formalites/lassociation- de-fait-la-societe-simple-sans- personnalite#:~:text=L'absence%20de%20personnalit%C3%A9%20juridique,appartiendra%20aux%20m embres%20en%

20indivision. 8 “Les sociétés créées de fait ne sont pas établies dans un acte de société, elles correspondent àune situation de fait volontaire. Elles revêtent toutes les caractéristiques d’une société sans que les associés leur attribuent expressément cette qualification. Les parties ont un comportement d’associées ; la jurisprudence exige qu’elle appelle les éléments essentiels du contrat de société : les apports, l’affectio societatis et le désir de partager les bénéfices, les économies et les pertes”. Paul LE CANNU et Bruno DONDERO: Droit des sociétes, éd. LGDJ, 9è édition, 2022, P996 9 « Dans ce cas, les associés peuvent chercher, après le procès, à régulariser leur situation en formalisant une société en participation, ou en créant une société dotée de la personnalité juridique. Ils peuvent aussi décider de dissoudre, en se prévalant, le cas échéant de l’article 1871-2» Idem. P.1002

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[35] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, ukurikije imiterere y’ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace, Urukiko rurasanga ryarabayeho mu buryo bumaze kuvugwa, ibyo ryari ritunze bikaba ari iby’abarigize bombi, ni ukuvuga ko ibikoresho ryari rifite, amafaranga ryashowemo n’ayo ryaba ryarungutse n’inyandiko zaryo zose ari umutungo ufatanyijwe hagati ya Muganda Rwibasira John na Ngadjole Norbert. Bakaba baragombaga kubigabana igihe ivuriro ryafungwaga na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima. [36] Dosiye igaragaramo ibimenyetso byerekana ko Muganda Rwibasira John yagiye kwiga muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza mu wa 2010 nk’uko impamyabumenyi yahawe na Kaminuza y’u Rwanda ndetse n’indangamanota ye bibigaragaza. Hashingiwe ku kuba ivuriro ryarakoraga kugeza ku wa 12/01/2010 ubwo ryafungwaga na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, no ku kuba Ngadjole Norbert adahakana ko yakoreraga muri iryo vuriro muri icyo gihe, birumvikana ko nk’uwasigaye arikoreramo, ari nawe wasigaye aricunga. [37] Urukiko rurasanga Ngadjole Norbert nk’uwasigaye mu ivuriro atarigeze ashobora kurugaragariza ko igihe ryafungwaga, ibyari umutungo n’inyandiko byose bya Cabinet Médical Peace byaba byaragabanywe n’abagize ivuriro bombi cyangwa ngo bibe byaratwawe na Muganda Rwibasira John, kandi nyamara yari abifiteho uburenganzira. Ndetse nta n’ikimenyetso cyigeze gitangwa cy’uko haba harabayeho gusesa ubufatanye aba bombi bari bafitanye. Urukiko

rurasanga rero kuba Ngadjole Norbert yarasigaye mu ivuriro, rigahagarara gukora kandi ari we urikoreramo mu gihe Muganda Rwibasira John yari yaragiye kwiga, ariko ntashobore gukora ibisabwa ngo ivuriro ribone ibyangombwa kugira ngo rikomeze gukora cyangwa ubufatanye buseswe, akwiye kubazwa ibyari bigize Cabinet Médical Peace, bityo akaba yari akwiye gusubiza Muganda Rwibasira John uruhare rwe kuri uwo mutungo iyo aza kuba yarabiregeye. [38] Urukiko rurasanga kandi uburenganzira Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite ku ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace bugomba guhera ku wa 20/11/2005 (igihe yakoranaga amasezerano y’ubwumvikane na Ngadjole Norbert) bukaba bwarangiranye naryo ku wa 12/01/2010 ubwo iryo vuriro ryafungwaga burundu, kuko nta serivisi ryongeye gutanga kuva icyo gihe. [39] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa mu bika bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rurasanga uburenganzira Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite kuri Cabinet Médical Peace bwararangiye ku wa 12/01/2010 ubwo iryo vuriro ryafungwaga burundu na Minisiteri y’Ubuzima, akaba yari afite gusa uburenganzira ku byahoze ari umutungo waryo, kuko aho rifungiwe hatigeze habaho gusesa ubufatanye yari afitanye na Ngadjole Norbert ngo buri wese asubizwe ibye. Ku bijyanye no kumenya niba Muganda Rwibasira John yafatwa nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd kubera uburenganzira yari afite muri Cabinet

Médical Peace [40] Ingingo ya 2, agace ka 32°, y’Itegeko N° 07/2009 ryo ku wa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi ryakurikizwaga Polyclinique Peace ishingwa, iteganya ko umunyamigabane ari (a) umuntu ufite izina ryanditse mu gitabo cy’imigabane nk’ufite muri icyo gihe umugabane umwe cyangwa myinshi mu isosiyete; (b) umuntu uvugwa mu nyandiko isaba kwandikwa kw’isosiyete mu gihe cy’ishingwa ryayo kandi agafatwa nk’umunyamigabane kugeza aho izina rye ryandikiwe mu gitabo cy’imigabane; (c) umuntu ugomba kwandikwa mu gitabo cy’imigabane biturutse ku mushinga wo kwibumbira hamwe kw’amasosiyete, afatwa nk’umunyamigabane w’isosiyete yibumbiye hamwe n’indi kugeza igihe izina rye rizandikirwa mu gitabo cy’imigabane cy’isosiyete nshya ibumbiyemo izindi.

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[41] Ingingo ya 3 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko “Umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi bashobora gushinga isosiyete bashyira hamwe umutungo, imirimo mu gikorwa cy’ubucuruzi bakabigaragaza buzuza inyandiko yabugenewe cyangwa bigakorwa bashingiye ku biteganywa n’iri tegeko. Bikorwa huzuzwa inyandiko y’ifishi iri ku mugereka wa mbere w’iri tegeko.” [42] Ingingo ya 2, agace ka 33°, y’Itegeko N° 17/2018 ryo ku wa 13/04/2018 rigenga amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi ryakurikizwaga Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd ishingwa, iteganya ko umunyamigabane: (ari) umuntu ufite izina ryanditse mu gitabo cy’imigabane nk’ufite muri icyo gihe umugabane umwe cyangwa myinshi mu isosiyete. [43] Ingingo ya 3 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko “Umuntu umwe cyangwa benshi bashobora gushinga isosiyete bashyira hamwe umutungo, imirimo mu gikorwa cy’ubucuruzi bakabigaragaza buzuza inyandiko yabugenewe cyangwa bigakorwa bashingiye ku biteganywa n’iri tegeko. Ibi bikorwa huzuzwa inyandiko yabugenewe itegurwa n’Umwanditsi Mukuru.” [44] Ingingo ya 87 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya nanone ko “icyemezo kigaragaza imigabane iyo ari yo yose ifitwe n’abagize isosiyete ni ikimenyetso cy’uburenganzira bwa nyir’imigabane bwa burundu”. [45] Ingingo z’aya mategeko avuzwe haruguru zasobanuraga ko kugira ngo umuntu cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu bafatwe nk’abanyamigabane bagomba kuba banditse mu gitabo cy’abanyamigabane cyangwa

baratangiye ibikorwa byo kwandikwa muri icyo gitabo nk’abafite imigabane muri sosiyete. [46] Muri dosiye hagaragaramo icyemezo cyatanzwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Iterambere (RDB) kigaragaza ko ku wa 13/10/2014 Ngadjole Norbert yandikishije ivuriro Polyclinique Médicale nk’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi buto, ndetse n’ikigaragaza ko ku wa 24/04/2019 yandikishije ivuriro Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd nka isosiyete idahamagarira rubanda kuyiguramo imigabane, kandi ifite uburyozwe bugarukira ku migabane. [47] Ku bijyanye n’igisobanuro cy’umunyamigabane mu isosiyete idahamagarira rubanda kuyiguramo imigabane ndetse no kugira ngo umuntu yitwe umunyamigabane muri sosiyete, umuhanga Fridar Gichuki asobanura ko umunyamigabane muri isosiyete ari umuntu cyangwa ishyirahamwe rifite ubuzimagatozi bafite nibura umugabane umwe muri sosiyete y’ubucuruzi, ibyo bikabahesha uburenganzira ku nyungu ndetse n’inshingano yo gukurikirana imiyoborere ya sosiyete.10 [48] Abahanga James Marson na Katy Ferris, mu gitabo cyitwa Business Law, bavuga ko abanyamigabane bafatwa nka ba nyiri sosiyete kuko baba barashoyemo imari yabo binyuze mu kugura imigabane ndetse n’icyizere cy’ibyo bazunguka biturutse muri iryo shoramari (urugero nk’inyungu abanyamigabane bashobora kubona biturutse ku rwunguko rw’imigabane yabo

10 “A shareholder is any person, institution, or company that owns at least one unit of a company limited by shares. The roles come with certain benefits, such as profits distributed as dividends and the responsibility of overseeing the conduct of directors”. Shareholder Definition, Types, Roles, and Rights yanditswe na Fridar Gichuki https://www.yourcompanyformations.co.uk/blog/company-shareholders-explained/

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(dividends) ndetse no ku izamuka ry’agaciro k’iyo migabane (an increase in the value of the shares).11 [49] Umuhanga Michael Carrigan na bagenzi be mu gitabo cyitwa Business Law, nabo bashimangira ko buri munyamuryango afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa icyemezo gihamya imigabane afite muri sosiyete, ndetse ko icyo cyemezo cy’imigabane gitanzwe na sosiyete ari ikimenyetso cy’uburenganzira bwa nyir’imigabane bwa burundu (prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the shares). Bakomeza bavuga ko muri icyo cyemezo hagomba kugaragaramo umwirondoro wuzuye w’umunyamigabane cyangwa w’abanyamigabane kandi ko iyo myirondoro igomba kuba ihuye n’igaragara mu gitabo cyandikwamo abanyamigabane ba sosiyete. Icyemezo cy’imigabane gishyirwaho ikirango mu buryo buhuye n’ibiteganywa n’amategeko shingiro ya sosiyete.12 [50] Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba umuntu utanditse mu gitabo cy’imigabane hari uburenganzira yagira muri sosiyete, uru Rukiko rwabigarutseho mu rubanza Kakooza Nkuriza Charles yaburanagamo na Nyagatare Jean Luc, aho rwasobanuye ko icy’ingenzi kigira umuntu umunyamigabane muri sosiyete ari uko izina rye rigomba kuba ryanditse mu gitabo cy’imigabane cya sosiyete.13 [51] Ibimaze gusobanurwa haruguru birebewe hamwe, bigaragaza ibi bikurikira: i. Umunyamigabane ni umuntu cyangwa abantu, cyangwa ishyirahamwe rifite ubuzimagatozi bifite umugabane umwe cyangwa myinshi muri sosiyete;

kandi izina ryabo rikaba ryanditse mu gitabo cy’abanyamigabane; ii. Kugira ngo ube umunyamigabane ugomba kuba warashoye imari mu buryo bufatika muri iyo sosiyete. Ibyo bijyana no gushyira hamwe umutungo ndetse hakanumvikanwaho n’igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi sosiyete izakora; iii. Umunyamigabane agomba kuba afite icyemezo cy’imigabane gihamya imigabane afite muri sosiyete; iv. Icyemezo cy’imigane ni ikimenyetso cy’uburenganzira bwa nyir’imigabane bwa burundu (prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the shares);

11 “The shareholders are deemed to own the company because they will have made an investment, such as by purchasing shares, and whilst this will be performed with the expectation of a return on their investment (such as through dividends or an increase in the value of the shares) they are entrusting their investment to a body with its own legal personality”. James Marson and Katy Ferris, Business law, 6th ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 2020, p.403. 12 “Every member of a company is entitled to a certificate specifiying the shares held by him and such certificate issued under the seal of the company shall be prima facie evidence of the title of the member to the shares. The company must have the certificate ready for delivery to the shareholder […] share certificates should be completed with the full name (s) of the shareholder (s) and it should be ensured that the details on the certificate correspond exactly with the entry in the register of members. The certificate should be sealed and the sealing witnessed as provided by the articles of association of the company”. Michael Carrigan, Denise Collins, Rob Corbet and others, Business Law, 4th ed., Oxford University Press Inc, New York, 2009, p71. 13 Reba urubanza No RCOMAA 0056/14/CS Kakooza Nkuriza Charles aburana na Nyagatare Jean Luc, rwaciwe ku wa 23 Kamena 2017, igika cya 14.

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v. Umunyamigabane afite uburenganzira bwo kumenya uburyo sosiyete yashoyemo imari ikora, ubwo gufata icyemezo ndetse n’ubwo guhabwa urwunguko ku migabane yashoye. [52] Hakurukijwe ibimaze gusobanurwa, Urukiko rurasanga kugira ngo Muganda Rwibasira John abe yafatwa nk’umunyamigabane mu mavuriro avugwa muri uru rubanza ari uko yaba yanditse nk’umunyamigabane, yarayashoyemo imari kandi agaragara mu gitabo cy’abanyamigabane bayo, ndetse yerekana icyemezo cy’imigane afite muri ayo mavuriro. Kuba nta na kimwe yujuje mu bimaze kuvugwa, haba muri Polyclinique Peace, haba no muri Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd, akaba ntaho yahera asaba guhabwa uburenganzira muri ayo mavuriro yombi. [53] Urukiko rurasanga kandi kuba Muganda Rwibasira John avuga ko Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd zikomoka kuri Cabinet Médical Peace, bitashingirwaho kuko n’ubwo ayo mavuriro yaba yarashinzwe haherewe ku byahoze ari ibya Cabinet médical Peace, ibyo bidahagije ngo ahinduke umunyamigabane wayo mu gihe atagaragara mu bayashinze cyangwa abanyamigabane bayo nk’uko bimaze gusobanurwa. Rurasanga ahubwo nk’uko byasobanuwe mu gika cya 37, ibyo yari afiteho uburenganzira yagombaga kubaza Ngadjole Norbert ku giti cye ari ibyari ibya Cabinet Médical Peace, ariko uru Rukiko rukaba ntacyo rwabivugaho kuko atari byo yasabye. [54] Naho ku byo Muganda Rwibasira John avuga ko inkomoko y’amavuriro avugwa

muri uru rubanza ari uko yose yitwa Peace nka Cabinet Médical Peace, Urukiko rurasanga na byo bitahabwa agaciro, kuko nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Cabinet Médical Peace ntiyigeze ihabwa ubuzima gatozi ngo n’izina rya Peace ribe ririnzwe ku buryo nta wundi warikoresha. [55] Ku birebana no kuba inyubako yakorerwagamo na Cabinet Médical Peace ari na yo yaje gukorerwamo na Polyclinique Peace, ibyo Muganda Rwibasira John akabifata nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko ari Cabinet Médical Peace yari afiteho uruhare yahindutse Polyclinique Peace, Urukiko rurasanga na byo nta shingiro byahabwa, kubera ko iyo nyubako bayikoreragamo bayikodesha, hakaba nta cyari kubuza Polyclinique Peace gukoreramo igihe Cabinet Médical Peace itari igikoreramo. [56] Urukiko rurasanga kandi mu kirego cya Muganda Rwibasira John mu Rukiko rw’Ubucuruzi, bigaragara ko mu myanzuro yatanze muri urwo Rukiko yasabaga gusubizwa uburenganzira bwe nk’umunyamigabane w’ivuriro Peace, guhabwa inyungu zikomoka kuri uwo mugabane we ndetse n’indishyi zitandukanye. Ibyo kandi yongeye kubishimangira mu iburanisha ryo ku wa 06/05/2025, imbere y’uru rukiko. Nyamara Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwategetse Ngadjole Norbert kumuha 26.714.769 Frw akubiyemo 291.723 Frw y’ingurane ku burenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace; 6.818.647 Frw akomoka kuri Polyclinique Peace ndetse na 19.604.399 Frw akomoka kuri Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd. [57] Urukiko rurasanga kuba Muganda Rwibasira John yarasabye gusubizwa uburenganzira bwe nk’umunyamigabane, ni ukuvuga gufatwa nk’umunyamigabane ndetse akanahabwa urwunguko, ariko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ntiruvuge kuri ubwo burenganzira, ahubwo rukamuha ingurane kuri Cabinet médical Peace, Polyclinique Peace na Clinique Médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd, ibi bitari byasabwe n’ababuranyi.

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[58] Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 6 n’iya 10 z’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe ku bijyanye n’imbibi z’ikiburanwa14, Urukiko rurasanga Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarafashe icyemezo ku kibazo ababuranyi batigeze barusaba ngo rukibakiranureho (statuer ultra petita), bityo amafaranga rwageneye Muganda Rwibasira John nk’ingurane y’uburenganzira bwe mu mavuriro avugwa akaba nta shingiro afite. [59] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga agaciro Muganda Rwibasira John yari afite muri Cabinet Médical Peace katari gutuma agenerwa amafaranga y’ingurane mu ivuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd.

2) Kumenya niba Muganda Rwibasira John yasubiza Ngadjole Norbert amafaranga yahawe harangizwa urubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC [60] Me Nduwamungu Jean Vianney uhagarariye Ngadjole Norbert avuga ko nyuma y’aho urubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rusabirwa gusubirwamo rubereye itegeko, umuhesha w’inkiko yamusabye ko rwarangizwa ku neza, atangira kubikora ku buryo kugeza ubu amaze kwishyura 20.500.000 Frw ku mafaranga Urukiko rwamutegetse kwishyura, akaba ari naho ahera asaba ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwategeka Muganda Rwibasira John kuyamusubiza. [61] Muganda Rwibasira John na Me Kayiranga Cyrille umwunganira bavuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarategetse Ngadjole Norbert kumuha ingurane ihwanye n’uburenganzira yari afite muri Cabinet Médical Peace, asanga nta makosa rwakoze, kuko byakozwe hashingiwe ku ruhare rufatika yakoze, nyuma yo gucukumbura no gusesengura uruhare rwa buri wese, agaciro k’ariya mavuriro yombi yabyawe na Cabinet Médical Peace, ndetse na raporo yakozwe n’Umuhanga mu ibaruramari. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA: [62] Urukiko rurasanga mu rubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rusabirwa gusubirwamo, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwarategetse Ngadjole Norbert guha Muganda Rwibasira John 26.714.769 Frw y’ingurane ku burenganzira yari afite mu ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace bari basangiye, n’ibyayikomotseho. Urwo Rukiko rwategetse kandi Ngadjole Norbert gusubiza Muganda Rwibasira

John 3.000.000 Frw nk’uruhare rwe ku bwishyu bwahawe Kayiranga Sebakara Gaspard (impuguke mu ibaruramari / Expert comptable), runamutegeka kwishyura iyo mpuguke 1.500.000 Frw yasigaye ku ruhare rwe ku bwishyu bwatanzwe. [63] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, ntabwo Muganda Rwibasira John yagombaga guhabwa amafaranga yiswe “ingurane y’ibyo bari bafatanyije muri Cabinet Médical Peace” bibazwe hashingiwe ku gaciro k’amavuriro Polyclinique Peace ndetse na Clinique Peace Gakenke Ltd, kuko uretse no kuba atari byo yari yasabye, ntiyigeze aba umunyamigabane w’ayo mavuriro.

14 Ingingo ya 10 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ko “Umucamanza aca urubanza ku cyasabwe cyose kandi kuri icyo cyonyine.” Ingingo ya 6 y’iryo Tegeko iteganya ko “ikiburanwa kigenwa n’ibisabwa na buri muburanyi. Ibisabwa bigaragarira mu myanzuro iregera urukiko n’imyanzuro yo kwiregura, bigashimangirwa burundu mu nama ntegurarubanza ku manza iteganyijwemo.” […]

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[64] Dosiye y’urubanza irimo inyandiko z’inyemezabwishyu zigaragaza ko ku matariki atandukanye, Ngadjole Norbert yahaye Muganda Rwibasira John 20.500.000 Frw ashyira mu bikorwa ibyari byategetswe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi kandi uyu ntahakana ko yayabonye. [65] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga Muganda Rwibasira John agomba gusubiza Ngadjole Norbert 20.500.000 Frw yishyuwe harangizwa urubanza No RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/02/2024 kuko nta burenganzira yari ayafiteho nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru.

3) Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa mu rubanza [66] Me Nduwamungu Jean Vianney uhagarariye Ngadjole Norbert asaba Urukiko ko rwategeka Muganda Rwibasira John kumuha indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza no gusiragizwa mu nkiko zingana na 50.000.000 Frw na 10.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka, ayo yose akiyongera ku yemejwe mu rubanza N° RCOM 00481/2021/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi. [67] Asobanura ko indishyi asaba zishingiye ku kuba Muganda Rwibasira John yaramushoye mu manza zidafite ishingiro kandi azi neza ko ivuriro Cabinet Médical Peace yari afitemo imigabane ryafunzwe burundu; ubu hakaba hashize imyaka irenga icumi, hakiyongeraho no kuba ivuriro Polyclinique Peace na Clinique médicale Peace Gakenke Ltd asabamo imigabane azi neza ko atari umunyamuryango wayo. [68] Muganda Rwibasira John na Me Kayiranga Cyrille umwunganira biregura bavuga ko indishyi zisabwa na Ngadjole Norbert nta shingiro zifite kuko ibyo yaregeye abifitiye uburenganzira, ko kuba yarashatse Avoka umuburanira agomba kubyirengera. [69] Bavuga ko ahubwo Ngadjole Norbert ari we washoye Muganda Rwibasira John mu manza z’amaherere kuko yamwizeye amugira umunyamigabane nyuma akamuhemukira yigarurira umushinga yari yatangije, akongeraho no kwigarurira n’ibyawukomotseho byose, ntagire na kimwe amusigira, ko kubera iyo mpamvu agomba kumuha indishyi zo gukomeza kumushora mu manza. Barasaba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga

gutegeka Ngadjole Norbert kwishyura Muganda Rwibasira John 3.500.000 Frw akubiyemo 3.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka ndetse na 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza. [70] Ngadjole Norbert avuga ko indishyi zisabwa na Muganda Rwibasira John atazihabwa kuko ari we ku ikubitiro wagannye inkiko, atanga ikirego cy’ubushotoranyi (action téméraire et vexactoire) avuga ko ari umunyamigabane muri sosiyete atigeze abamo umunyamuryango. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA: [71] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi zisabwa na Muganda Rwibasira John atazihabwa kuko ntacyo atsindiye muri uru rubanza. [72] Ku bijyanye n’indishyi zo gusiragizwa mu nkiko zingana na 50.000.000 Frw zisabwa na Ngadjole Norbert, Urukiko rurasanga ntazo yahabwa kubera ko atashoboye kuzisobanura. [73] Naho ku birebana n’amafaranga y’igihembo cya Avoka, Urukiko rurasanga Ngadjole Norbert agomba kuyahabwa kubera ko atsinze urubanza kandi bikaba bigaragara ko yashatse

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Avoka wo kumuburanira. Rurasanga ariko 10.000.000 Frw asaba ari menshi kandi aterekana ko ari yo yakoresheje, bityo mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko akaba agenewe 1.000.000 Frw. [74] Urukiko rurasanga kandi Muganda Rwibasira John agomba kwishyura Ngadjole Norbert 500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka na 100.000 Frw y’indishyi zo kumushora mu manza, yari yagenewe mu rubanza N° RCOM 00481/2021/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 12/10/2021. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [75] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Ngadjole Norbert cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza N° RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/02/2024, gifite ishingiro; [76] Rwemeje ko urubanza N° RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/02/2024 ruhindutse kuri byose; [77] Rutegetse Muganda Rwibasira John gusubiza Ngadjole Norbert 20.500.000 Frw yishyuwe harangizwa urubanza N° RCOMA 00712/2021/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ku wa 16/02/2024; [78] Rutegetse Muganda Rwibasira John guha Ngadjole Norbert 1.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka kuri uru rwego, na 600.000 Frw akubiyemo ayo gusiragizwa mu manza ndetse n’ay’igihembo cya Avoka yari yagenewe mu rubanza N° RCOM 00481/2021/TC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi.