UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NKURIKIYURUKUNDO N’UNDI

# UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NKURIKIYURUKUNDO N’UNDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2025-09-17 - Case/document no.: RPAA 00879/2024/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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UBUSHINJACYAHA v. NKURIKIYURUKUNDO N’UNDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RPAA 00879/2024/CA (Rutazana, P.J.) 17 Nzeri 2025] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha – Ikoreshwa ry’umurongo ushingiye ku itegeko ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe – Umurongo wari uriho ntushobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Incamake y’ikibazo: Nkurikiyurukundo na Sibobugingo bakurikiranyweho n’Ubushinjacyaha icyaha cyo gutunda ibiyobyabwenge nyuma yuko bafatanywe ikilo n’inusu cy’urumogi, bubaregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare busaba Urukiko kwemeza ko kibahama bagahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu ingana na 30.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese. Urwo Rukiko rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko abaregwa bahamwa n’icyaha, rubahanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ingana na 21.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese. Abaregwa bombi bajuririye mu Rukiko Rukur, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana basaba kugabanyirizwa igihano bashingiye ku mpamvu y’uko ku rwego rwa mbere baburanye bemera icyaha kandi no mu nzego zose bakaba baracyemeye ariko Urukiko rukabahanisha ibihano biremereye. Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko buri wese ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana 5.000.000 Frw. Abaregwa bongeye kujurira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire basaba Urukiko kongera kubagabanyiriza igihano, rukakigeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko kandi kigasubikwa. Bavuga kandi ko ibyo kugabanya igihano kugeza munsi y’igito giteganywa n’itegeko byatanzweho imirongo mu manza zirimo RPAA 00032/2019/CA, urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC n’urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/PEN 00001/17/SC bagasaba ko bahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 5 kandi kigasubikwa kugira ngo babashe kujya kwita ku miryango yabo ubu ibayeho mu buzima bubi. Ku rundi ruhande Ubushinjacyaha buvuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite kuko bagabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo buhagije bahanishwa igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko kandi bakaba badashobora guhabwa isubikagihano kuko igihano cy’igifungo bahanishijwe kirenze imyaka 5. Buvuga kandi ko imanza zivugwa n’abaregwa zitashingirwa kuko zaciwe hashingiwe ku Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryahinduwe n’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, zikaba rero zitagikurikizwa hashingiwe ku byemejwe mu rubanza RPAA 00048/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 23/05/2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bimenyimana Jean Paul. Incamake y’icyemezo: Umurongo wari uriho ntushobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite.

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Amategeko yashingiweho: Ingingo ya 11 y’Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n'ibihano muri rusange; Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. Imanza zifashishijwe: RPAA 00048/2020/CA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Bimenyimana Jean Paul rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/05/2022; RPAA 00367/2020/CA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Twagirumukiza Innocent Réponse rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 22/12/2023; RPAA 00052/2024/CA; Ubushinjacyaha vs Bihoyiki Jean rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/12/2024. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 13/02/2021 mu Mudugudu wa Bidudu, Akagari ka Ndatemwa, Umurenge wa Kiziguro mu Karere ka Gatsibo, mu masaha ya saa mbiri z’ ijoro (20h00) Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars bafatanywe urumogi rungana n’ikiro n’inusu bahita batangira gukurikiranwa n’inzego z’iperereza. [2] Iperereza rirangiye Ubushinjacyaha bwabareze mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare bubakurikiranyeho icyaha cyo gutunda ibiyobyabwenge, busaba Urukiko kwemeza ko kibahama bagahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu ingana na 30.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese. [3] Mu rubanza RP 00270/2021/TGI/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyagatare ku wa 18/05/2021, rwemeje ko abaregwa bombi bahamwa n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge by’urumogi, rubahanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 25 n’ihazabu ingana na 21.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese. [4] Ibyo Urukiko rwabyemeje rushingiye ku bimenyetso bikurikira: - Kuba abaregwa bemera icyaha; - Imvugo z’ umutangabuhamya witwa Sgt Karangwa wavuze ko yahawe amakuru ko Sibobugingo Wellars acuruza urumogi ajya iwe amusangana urungana n’inusu, amubajije aho arukura avuga ko arurangura na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile, amusaba ko yamuhamagara akamuzanira urumogi araruzana rungana n’ikilo bararumufatana; - Inyandikomvugo y’ifatira ry’urwo rumogi yasinyweho na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars bemera ko barufatanwe

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[5] Abaregwa bombi bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana basaba kugabanyirizwa igihano, bashingiye ku mpamvu y’uko ku rwego rwa mbere baburanye bemera icyaha kandi no mu nzego zose bakaba baracyemeye ariko Urukiko rukabahanisha ibihano biremereye. [6] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha nawe yavuze ko kuba ku rwego rwa mbere abaregwa baraburanye bemera icyaha bagasaba imbabazi kandi bakaba bakomeza kucyemera, byababera impamvu ituma bagabanyirizwa igihano hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 2 y’Itegeko rishya (Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange mu gace ka (a) n’aka (d), buri wese agahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana na 5.000.000 Frw. [7] Mu rubanza RPA 00791/2021/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana ku wa 26/07/2024, rwasanze mu rwego rwo guhuza igihano n’uburemere bw’icyaha, kuba Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile baremeye icyaha mu nzego zose kandi bakaba ari ubwa mbere bakurikiranyweho icyaha mu buryo buzwi byababera impamvu ituma bagabanyirizwa igihano, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 2 agace ka (a) na (d) y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko “iyo umucamanza yemeje impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ashobora kugabanya igihano, igifungo cya burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15, igihano cy’ihazabu kikagenzwa kuri kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe”; maze rwemeza ko buri wese ahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana 5.000.000 Frw. [8] Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars bongeye kujurira mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, urubanza ruhabwa RPAA 00879/2024/CA, ruburanishwa mu ruhame ku wa 04/09/2025, Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile yunganiwe na Me Uyisabye Emmanuel, Sibobugingo Wellars yunganiwe na Me Rugamba Théoneste naho Ubushinjacyaha buhagarariwe na Sibomana Stanislas, Umushinjacyaha ku rwego rw’igihugu. [9] Mu myanzuro y’ubujurire no mu miburanire yabo, Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars basaba Urukiko kongera kubagabanyiriza igihano, rukakigeza munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko kandi kigasubikwa. [10] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko ubujurire bwabo nta shingiro bufite kuko bagabanyirijwe igihano mu buryo buhagije bahanishwa igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko kandi bakaba badashobora guhabwa isubikagihano kuko igihano cy’igifungo bahanishijwe kirenze imyaka 5. [11] Ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza ni ukumenya niba Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars bashobora kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko kandi bagahabwa isubikagihano. II. ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA

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Kumenya niba Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars bashobora kongera kugabanyirizwa igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’Itegeko kandi bagahabwa isubikagihano. [12] Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile na Sibobugingo Wellars n’ababunganira basaba Urukiko guca inkoni izamba bakabagabanyiriza igihano kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko kuko bemeye icyaha kuva bagifatwa kandi n’ubu bakaba bacyemera. Bakomeza basobanura ko gucuruza urumogi babitewe n’uko hari mu gihe cya COVID bakabona ntako batunga imiryango yabo bituma bishoramo mu cyaha cyo gucuruza urumogi, ariko ko ubu bagororotse bakaba batazabisubira ukundi. [13] Basaba urukiko ko kubagabanyiriza igihano rushingiye ku ngingo ya 49 y’Itegeko N° 60/2018 ryo ku wa 30/06/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange no ku manza zinyuranye (urubanza RPAA 00032/2019/CA, urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00003/2019/SC n’urubanza RS/REV/INJUST/PEN 00001/17/SC) bagahanishwa igifungo cy’imyaka 5 kandi kigasubikwa kugira ngo babashe kujya kwita ku miryango yabo ubu ibayeho mu buzima bubi, kuko akamaro k’igihano katareberwa gusa mu buremere bw’icyaha, ko icy’ingenzi ari ukugorora uhanwe. [14] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko mu rubanza rwajuririwe Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bagabanyirijwe igihano ku buryo buhagije bahanishwa igihano gikwiranye n’icyaha bakoze, mu bujurire bwabo bakaba batagaragaza niba mu kubagenera igihano Urukiko rwarakoresheje nabi itegeko cyangwa ubushishozi bwarwo, kandi kongera kubagabanya igihano bishoboka gusa mu gihe igihano cyatanzwe kitajyanye n’uburemere bw’icyaha n’ingaruka zacyo hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 49 y’Itegeko N˚ 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/8/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange. [15] Uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga kandi ko imanza zavuzwe haruguru zidashobora gushingirwaho abaregwa bagabanyirizwa igihano nk’uko babisaba, kuko zaciwe hashingiwe ku Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 ryahinduwe n’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, zikaba rero zitagikurikizwa hashingiwe ku byemejwe mu rubanza RPAA 00048/2020/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 23/05/2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bimenyimana Jean Paul, aho rwasobanuye ko umurongo wari uriho udashobora gukurikizwa mu gihe Itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe kandi; uhagarariye Ubushinjacyaha avuga ko n’isubikagihano abaregwa basaba badashobora kurihabwa kuko igihano cy’igifungo bahanishijwe kirengeje imyaka 5. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [16] Impaka muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba igihano cy’igifugo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana na 5.000000 Frw Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bahanishijwe mu rubanza rujuririrwa kubera cyaha bahamijwe cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bwo mu bwoko bw’urumogi, gishobora kongera kugabanywa kikagezwa munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko. [17] Icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge byo mu bwoko bw’urumogi Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bahamijwe gihanishwa igifungo cya burundu hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 11 y’Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 rihindura Itegeko Nº

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68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n'ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko umuntu uhamwe n’icyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bihambaye1 ahanishwa igifungo cya burundu n’ihazabu itari munsi ya 20.000.000 FRW ariko itarenze 30.000.000 FRW. [18] Ingingo ya 2 y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange iteganya ibikurikira: “Iyo umucamanza yemeje impamvu nyoroshyacyaha, ashobora kugabanya igihano ku buryo bukurikira: …(a) igifungo cya burundu gishobora kugabanywa ariko ntikijye munsi y’igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka 15“… (d) igihano cy’ihazabu gishobora kugabanywa kugeza kuri kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe. [19] Ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 11 y'Itegeko Nº 69/2019 ryo ku wa 08/11/2019 n’iya 2, mu duce twa (a) na (d), y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 zimaze kuvugwa haruguru birebewe hamwe, byumvikanisha ko iyo hari impamvu nyoroshyacyaha zemejwe n’umucamanza, ashobora kugabanya igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu n’icy’ihazabu, ariko ku bireba igihano cy’igifungo cya burundu akaba atemerewe kujya munsi y’igifungo cy’imyaka 15 naho ku bireba igihano cy’ihazabu akaba atemerewe kujya munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy’igihano cy’ihazabu gito giteganyirijwe icyaha cyakozwe. [20] Mu rubanza RPAA 00048/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 26/05/2022 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bimenyimana Jean Paul (mu bika bya 25-26), Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwemeje ko umurongo wari uriho udashobora gukurikizwa mu gihe itegeko wari ushingiyeho ryavuyeho cyangwa ryahinduwe. Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rushingiye kuri uyu murongo, mu manza rwaciye nyuma y’uko Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange ryavuzwe haruguru ritangajwe mu Igazeti ya Leta, rwemeje ko ibijyanye no kugabanya igihano kikajya munsi y’igihano gito giteganywa n’itegeko (minimum) bitagikurikizwa kuko byavanyweho n’iryo Tegeko ryashyizeho uburyo bushya bwo kugabanya ibihano (reba nk’urubanza RPAA 00367/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 22/12/2023 haburana ubushinjacyaha na Twagirumukiza Innocent Réponse mu gika cya 19 n’izindi zaciwe nyuma yarwo, harimo nk’urubanza RPAA 00052/2024/CA rwaciwe ku wa 19/12/2024 haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Bihoyiki Jean mu igika cya 14). [21] Nk’uko bigaragara mu rubanza rujuririrwa, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana rushingiye ku ngingo ya 2 agace ka (a) na (d) yavuzwe haruguru, y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, rwagabanyirije Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile rubahanisha igifungo cy’imyaka 15 n’ihazabu ingana 5.000.000 Frw kuri buri wese. [22] Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga igihano Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bahanishijwe ari cyo gihano gito gishoboka ku cyaha cyo gucuruza ibiyobyabwenge bahamijwe, kikaba kidashobora kongera kugabanywa hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe haruguru (ibika bya 17-19).

1 Hashingiwe ku Mugereka wa mbere w’Itekarya Minisitiri Nº 001/MoH/2019 ryo ku wa 04/03/2019 rigena urutonde rw’ibiyobyabwenge n’ibyiciro byabyo, urumogi ruri mu cyiciro cy’ibyobyabwenge bihambaye.

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[23] Ku bijyanye n’isubikagihano basaba, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rurasanga nta shingiro bifite, kuko ku ruhande rumwe igihano cy’igifungo cy’ imyaka 15 bahanishijwe kidashobora gusubikwa hashingiwe ku biteganywa mu ngingo ya 31 y’Itegeko Nº 059/2023 ryo ku wa 04/12/2023 rihindura Itegeko Nº 68/2018 ryo ku wa 30/08/2018 riteganya ibyaha n’ibihano muri rusange, iteganya ko isubikagihano rishobora gutangwa mu gihe uregwa ahanishijwe igihano cy’igifungo kitarengeje imyaka 5, ku rundi ruhande igihano cy’ihazabu ingana na 5.000.000 Frw bahanishijwe nacyo kikaba kidakwiriye gusubikwa hashingiwe ku buremere bw’icyaha bahamijwe cyo gucuza ibiyobyabwenge kimwe n’ingaruka iki cyaha gifite muri sosiyete nyarwanda, kandi nk’uko byasobanuwe bakaba barahanishijwe igihano gito gishoboka. [24] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byose byatanzwe mu bika bibanziriza iki, Urukiko rurasanga nta kosa Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bagaragaje ryakozwe mu rubanza bajuririye, bityo ubujurire bwabo bukaba nta shingiro bufite. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [25] Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa Sibobugingo Wellars n’ubwa Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile nta shingiro bufite. [26] Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RPA 00791/2021/HC/RWG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rwamagana ku wa 26/07/2024. [27] Rwemeje ko igihano cy’igifungo cy’imyaka cumi n’itanu (15) n’ihazabu ingana n’amafaranga y’u Rwanda Miliyoni eshanu (5.000.000 Frw) Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile bahanishijwe kigumyeho. [28] Rutegetse ko Sibobugingo Wellars na Nkurikiyurukundo Théophile basonewe amagarama y’urubanza kuko baburana bafunze.