NSANZIMANA v NYIRAJYAMBERE N’ABANDI

# NSANZIMANA v NYIRAJYAMBERE N’ABANDI

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2021-04-09 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2020/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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NSANZIMANA v NYIRAJYAMBERE N’ABANDI [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2020/SC – (Nteziryayo, P.J., Muhumuza, Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye na Rukundakuvuga J.) 09 Mata 2021] Amategeko agenga amasezerano – Amasezerano y'ubugure bw'umutungo utimukanwa – Amasezerano akozwe mu buryo bw'inyandikompamo. – Amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka agomba gukorerwa imbere ya Noteri, yubahiriza imihango yihariye kugirango agire agaciro mu gihe cy’iyandikisha ry’umutungo, ari naryo rihesha uwaguze uburenganzira ku mutungo we. Amategeko agenga imikorere y’inkiko – Ihame ry’ukubahiriza umurongo wafashwe – Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’Urukiko rukuriye izindi kandi rufite imiterere yihariye ituma rugira ububasha ku moko y’imanza zose inkiko zishyikirizwa kugira ngo rubashe kuzitangaho umurongo uyobora izindi nkiko mu micire y’imanza. Itegeko N˚012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza, ingingo ya 50. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku masezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza yabaye hagati ya Nsanzimana na Rutonesha bumvikana ikiguzi cy’amafaranga miliyoni ijana (100.000.000 Frw), Nsanzimana yishyura amafaranga 47.500.000, asigaye akazayishyura bamaze gukora ihererekanya mutungo ry’icyo kibanza. Ariko ihererekanya mutungo ntiryakorwa kuko yaje gusanga icyo kibanza BRD yaragihaweho ingwate. Ibyo byatumye Nsanzimana arega Rutonesha mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, hanagobokamo Nyirajyambere asaba kwandikwaho icyo kibanza maze Urukiko rurabimwemerera. Rutonesha na BRD bajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza yabaye hagati ya Rutonesha na Nsanzimana Wilson yakozwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, rutegeka ko ikibanza kiguma mu maboko ya BRD. Nsanzimana yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’amategeko, ubujurire bwoherezwa mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 105 y’Itegeko No 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ariko Urukiko ntirwaha ishingiro ubujurire bwe. Nsanzimana yatanze ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane arabyemererwa, anenga urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kuba rwaratesheje agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure rushingiye ku kuba atarakorewe imbere ya Noteri rwirengagije amategeko yakurikizwaga ayo masezerano akorwa, kandi ntirwanategeka Rutonesha kumusubiza amafaranga y’ikiguzi yamwishyuye. Muri uru rubanza hasuzumwe ikibazo cyo kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza kiburanwa yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana na Rutonesha nta gaciro afite bitewe nuko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri. Urega avuga ko yubahirije ibisabwa kugira ngo amasezerano akorwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko bombi bumvikanye ku kintu kigurishwa (ikibanza) no ku giciro cyacyo, bituma yishyura ikiguzi ndetse Uregwa amuha icyangombwa cy’ubutaka bityo, ayo masezerano ntiyagombaga guteshwa agaciro. Kuba atarajyanwe kwa Noteri, byatewe n’ubushake buke bw’Uregwa kuko yabimusabye mu ibaruwa yagejejweho n’umuhesha w’inkiko ariko ntiyabikora. Uregwa yiregura avuga ko nk’uko Urukiko rwabyemeje ihererekanya mutungo Urega yasabaga ntiryashobokaga kubera ko amasezerano rishingiyeho atakozwe ku buryo bw’inyandiko y’umwimerere. Akomeza asobanura kandi ko nta bugure bwabaye hagati ye n’Urega, ko ahubwo ari umwenda w’amafaranga yamuhaga agamije ko azamwishyura ashyizeho inyungu, awishyura akoresheje sheki ariko basanga zitazigamiye maze amurega mu manza nshinjabyaha, Urukiko rumutegeka kuyishyura. Avuga ko aricyo gisobanura impamvu Urega avuga ko yaguze umutungo utimukanwa akamara imyaka itatu atarawegukana.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka agomba gukorerwa imbere ya Noteri, yubahiriza imihango yihariye kugirango agire agaciro mu gihe cy’iyandikisha ry’umutungo, ari naryo rihesha uwaguze uburenganzira ku mutungo we. Bityo, amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana na Rutonesha nta gaciro afite, kuko atakozwe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko. 2. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga nk’Urukiko rukuriye izindi kandi rufite imiterere yihariye ituma rugira ububasha ku moko y’imanza zose inkiko zishyikirizwa kugira ngo rubashe kuzitangaho umurongo uyobora izindi nkiko mu micire y’imanza. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 95. Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/2005 ryo ku wa 14/07/2005 rigena imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda, ingingo ya 3 n’iya 30. Itegeko no 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 111 n’iya 154. Itegeko N˚012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza, ingingo ya 50. Itegeko N°45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, ingingo ya 64. Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano, ingingo ya 263 n’iya 264. Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/2008 ryo ku wa 01/04/2008 rigena uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa, ingingo 34. Imanza zifashishijwe: Twizerimana Theoneste na Manizabayo Kennedy, RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2019/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020. GLIHD (Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development), RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/ 2019/SC rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 04/12/2019. Nshimiyimana Yvan na Sebutinde Edouard na FIFTCI, RCAA 00035/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/7/2019. Rutabayiru Eric na Nteziryayo Eric, RCAA 0003/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/01/2014. I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Uru rubanza rwatangiriye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu, Nsanzimana Wilson asaba kwandikwaho ikibanza nimero 17462 cyaje guhinduka nimero 6575, nyuma kikongera guhabwa nimero nshya ya 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) ashingiye ku kuba yarakiguze na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony ku wa 03/01/2013 ku mafaranga miliyoni ijana (100.000.000 Frw), akamwishyura amafaranga 47.500.000, bakumvikana ko asigaye azayishyura bamaze gukora ihererekanya mutungo ry’icyo kibanza. Agaragaza ariko ko yamusabye gukora ihererekanya mutungo akabitinza, nyuma akamenya ko umutungo yamugurishije yanawutanzeho ingwate muri BRD. [2] Mu rubanza RC00011/16/TGI/RBV rwaciwe ku wa 23/03/2017, Urukiko rwemeje ko ikibanza cyavuzwe haruguru kiva mu mutungo wa BRD kikandikwa kuri Nsanzimana Wilson,

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runategeka Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony kwishyura Nsanzimana Wilson indishyi zose hamwe zingana na 1.100.000Frw. Mu gufata icyo cyemezo, Urukiko rwashingiye ku mpamvu zikurikira: - Kuba Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony yaremeye ikiguzi, akanemera no kurekurira Nsanzimana Wilson icyangombwa cy’icyo kibanza ‘’Certificat d’enregistrement’’, ubugure bwuzuye; - Kuba ubwo bugure butateshwa agaciro no kuba butarakorewe imbere ya Noteri, hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 263 y’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888; - Kuba Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance, umugore wa Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony atararegeye gutesha agaciro ayo masezerano y’ubugure guhera igihe yakorwaga mu mwaka wa 2013, ahubwo akabikora muri uru rubanza mu buryo bwo kugoboka bigaragaza ko yari ayazi; - Kuba BRD yarahawe ingwate ku mutungo wamaze kugurishwa. [3] Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na BRD ntibishimiye imikirize y’urubanza, bajuririra Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Musanze, ubujurire buhurizwa hamwe maze ku wa 19/04/2018, mu rubanza RCA 00027/2017/HC/MUS-RCA 00030/2017/HC/MUS, urwo Rukiko rwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza yabaye hagati ya Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Nsanzimana Wilson ku wa 03/01/2013 yakozwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, bityo ko ikibanza kigomba kuguma mu maboko ya BRD. Rwategetse Nsanzimana Wilson guha abajuriye indishyi zingana na 2.000.000Frw. [4] Urukiko rwageze kuri uwo mwanzuro rushingiye ku mpamvu zikurikira: - Ku byerekeye igihe ikibanza n˚ 17462 cyaje guhinduka nimero 6575, nyuma kikongera guhabwa nomero nshya ya 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) cyatanzweho ingwate, rwasobanuye ko amasezerano yiswe ‘’Loan and mortgage contract nomero 110/2011/LU/FM/fm” yabaye hagati ya BRD na Luton Hotel Ltd ihagarariwe na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, yakozwe ku wa 21/12/2011 maze ku wa 09/10/2013 hasohoka certificate for registration of mortgage igaragaza ko igihe ingwate yandikiwe ari ku wa 27/01/2012, 12: am; - Kuba ubugure bwabaye ku wa 03/01/2013 hagati ya Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Nsanzimana Wilson bwarakozwe ikibanza nomero 317 cyaramaze gutangwaho ingwate, kandi nk’uko bigaragazwa na Final auction report yo ku wa 19/05/2016, BRD yari yaramaze kwegukana icyo kibanza binyuze mu cyamunara, bityo ihererekanya mutungo rikaba ritari gushoboka. [5] Nsanzimana Wilson ntiyishimiye icyo cyemezo, akijuririra mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga kuri RCAA 00025/2018/SC, avuga ko Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance atari umugore wa Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, bityo ngo bibe byari kuba ngombwa ko asinya ku masezerano y’ubugure kuko ntaho yari ahuriye nabwo. Avuga kandi ko ntacyo Urukiko Rukuru rwavuze ku mafaranga 52.000.000 yishyuye Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony. Nyuma y’ivugururwa ry’amategeko, ubujurire bwoherejwe mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 105 y’Itegeko N o 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, urubanza ruhabwa RCAA 00060/2018/CA. [6] Ku wa 19/07/2019, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwaciye urwo rubanza, rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Nsanzimana Wilson budafite ishingiro, rwemeza ko urubanza RCA 00027/2017/HC/MUS-RCA 00030/2017/HC/MUS rwaciwe ku wa 19/04/2018 ruhindutse gusa ku bijyanye n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Nsanzimana Wilson agomba guha Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance na BRD. [7] Nsanzimana Wilson yandikiye Perezida w'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga asaba gusuzuma akarengane kari mu rubanza RCAA 00028/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ubujurire ku wa 19/07/2019 maze mu

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cyemezo cye nimero 244/CJ/2020 cyo ku wa 05/05/2020, yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ruhabwa RS/INJUST/RC 00004/2020/SC. [8] Urubanza rwahamagajwe ku wa 10/03/2021, Nsanzimana Wilson yitaba yunganiwe na Me Havugimana Ignace na Me Bagaza Magnifique bari i Musanze baburana mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga, Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance ahagarariwe na Me Ntahomvukiye Edouard, Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Luton Hotel Ltd bahagarariwe na Me Owerisima Mungwe Honorine, naho BRD ihagarariwe na Me Bugingo John Bosco na Me Uwamahoro Marie Grace, ruburanishirizwa mu ruhame. [9] Me Bagaza Magnifique avuga ko kuba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwaratesheje agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure Nsanzimana Wilson yagiranye na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony rushingiye ku kuba atarakorewe imbere ya Noteri, binyuranyije n’ibyateganywaga n’Itegeko ryakurikizwaga ayo masezerano akorwa. Asobanura ko kuba barumvikanye ku kiguzi no ku kibanza bagomba kugura, ndetse Nsanzimana Wilson akishyura naho Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony akamuha icyangombwa cy’umwimerere Certificat d’enregistrement d’une propriété foncière, bigaragaza ko ibisabwa kugira ngo amasezerano akorwe byari byuzuye. [10] Me Bagaza Magnifique avuga kandi ko mu gihe Urukiko rwakwemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro, rwazategeka Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony gusubiza Nsanzimana Wilson amafaranga y'ikiguzi yatanze angana na 52.500.000Frw kuko asanga nta bundi buryo yazayabonamo, kandi Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance bakaba badahakana ko yayabishyuye. Anasaba kandi Urukiko kuzagenera Nsanzimana Wilson indishyi zinyuranye zikomoka ku kuba yaravukijwe umutungo yaguze. [11] Mu mwanya wa Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, Me Owerisima Mungwe Honorine yiregura avuga ko ibirebana no gusubizwa amafaranga y’ikiguzi Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwavuze ko bidashobora gusuzumwa kuko ari ikirego gishya nk’uko bigaragara mu gika cya 29 kugera ku cya 32 cy’urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo. [12] Akomeza avuga ko Nsanzimana Wilson atagaragaza itegeko cyangwa ikimenyetso byirengagijwe mu manza zabanje cyatuma rusubirwamo kubera akarengane, kuko Urukiko rutasuzumye gusa ikibazo kijyanye no kuba amasezerano yarakorewe imbere ya Noteri, ahubwo rwanasuzumye ibindi bibazo birimo nko kuba yarakozwe umugore wa Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony atabizi no kuba inzu yagurishijwe yari isanzwe ari ingwate ya BRD. [13] Me Bugingo John Bosco na Me Uwamahoro Marie Grace bavuga ko amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony nta gaciro agomba guhabwa kubera ko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri, ikindi akaba yarakorewe ku mutungo uri mu bugwate. [14] Abaregwa bose basanga indishyi Nsanzimana Wilson atazikwiye. Mu myanzuro yabo, abahagarariye Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance na BRD bo bavuga ko ahubwo Urukiko rukwiye kuzigenera abo bahagarariye kubera ko bashowe mu manza nta mpamvu. [15] Urukiko rusanga ibibazo bigomba gusuzumwa ari ibi bikurikira: a. Kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony nta gaciro afite bitewe nuko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri. b. Kumenya niba kuba Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance atarasinye amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) ari impamvu yatuma ateshwa agaciro.

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c. Kumenya niba ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) bwarabaye kiri mu bugwate. d. Ibyerekeye indishyi zisabwa n’impande zombi. Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba Nsanzimana Wilson yasubizwa amafaranga y’ikiguzi mu gihe Urukiko rwatesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka, Urukiko rusanga iki kibazo kidashobora gusuzumwa kuri uru rwego kuko kitigeze kiburanwa mu nkiko zabanje. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURWA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony nta gaciro afite bitewe nuko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri [16] Mu myanzuro no mu miburanire yabo, Nsanzimana Wilson n’abunganizi be bavuga ko mbere yo kugura ikibanza cya Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony cyahawe nimero 317, yubahirije ibisabwa kugira ngo amasezerano akorwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko impande zombi zumvikanye ku kintu kigurishwa(ikibanza) no ku giciro cyacyo. Ibyo bikaba binashimangirwa no kuba yarishyuye ikiguzi ndetse Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony akamuha icyangombwa cy’ubutaka “Certificat d’enregistrement d’une propriété foncière”. [17] Nsanzimana Wilson n’abamwunganira bakomeza bavuga ko icyemezo cyo gutesha agaciro amasezerano y’ubugure kubera ko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri w’ubutaka cyafashwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kinyuranyije n’umurongo urwo Rukiko rwafashe mu rubanza rwaciwe ku wa 19/07/2019 haburana Nshimiyimana Yvon na Sebutinde Edouard, aho rwasobanuye ko kujya kwa Noteri ari inzira yo guhererekanya umutungo utimukanwa, ko ariko iyo nzira idakuraho amasezerano y’ubugure hakurikijwe ingingo ya 34 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/2008 ryo ku wa 01/04/2008 rigena uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa. Bavuga kandi ko kuba ayo masezerano atarajyanwe kwa Noteri, byatewe n’ubushake buke bwa Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony kuko Nsanzimana Wilson yabimusabye mu ibaruwa yo ku wa 07/05/2013 yagejejweho n’umuhesha w’inkiko Mutagoma Elie ariko ntiyabikora. [18] Basoza kuri iyi ngingo bavuga ko Urukiko rwagombaga gushingira ku ngingo ya 64 y’Itegeko N°45/2011 ryo ku wa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano no ku bimenyetso yarushyikirije bigizwe n’amasezerano y'ubugure yo ku wa 03/01/2013, inyandiko zigaragaza amafaranga Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony yishyuwe ndetse no ku mirongo yatanzwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku birebana n’ubugure nko mu rubanza RCAA 0003/13/CS rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/01/2014 haburana Rutabayiru Eric na Nteziryayo Eric. Basaba Urukiko kuzasuzuma uburyo amategeko asumbana kuko Iteka ritaza imbere y’Itegeko ry’Ubutaka, kandi Itegeko ry’ubutaka rikurikizwa ubu rikaba ritakurikizwa kuko amasezerano yakozwe ritarasohoka. [19] Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony n’umwunganizi we biregura bavuga ko, nk’uko Urukiko rwabyemeje, ihererekanya mutungo Nsanzimana Wilson yasabaga ritashobokaga hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 34 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 0002/2008 ryo ku wa 01/04/2008 rigena uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa ivuga ko ihererekanya ry’ubutaka ridashoboka iyo amasezerano rishingiyeho atakozwe ku buryo bw’inyandiko y’umwimerere. Basobanura kandi ko urubanza RCAA 00035/2018/CA ashingiraho avuga ko ayo masezerano afite agaciro rudakuraho itegeko cyangwa ngo rurisimbure. [20] Me Owerisima Honorine asobanura kandi ko nta bugure bwabaye hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, ko ahubwo ari umwenda w’amafaranga Nsanzimana Wilson

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yamuhaga agamije ko azamwishyura ashyizeho inyungu, awishyura akoresheje sheki ariko basanga zitazigamiye maze amurega mu manza nshinjabyaha, Urukiko rumutegeka kuyishyura. Avuga ko aricyo gisobanura impamvu Nsanzimana Wilson avuga ko yaguze umutungo utimukanwa akamara imyaka itatu atarawegukana. [21] Mu kugaragaza ko amasezerano avugwa hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony nta gaciro afite, Me Ntahomvukiye Edouard avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatanze umurongo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2019/SC rwa Twizerimana Theoneste vs Manizabayo Kennedy, rwaciwe ku wa 25/09/2020 aho rwemeje ko ibirebana n’ubugure bw’umutungo utimukanwa, amasezerano agira agaciro ari ayakorewe imbere ya Noteri u buryo bw’inyandiko mpamo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [22] Muri uru rubanza, Nsanzimana Wilson yemeza ko amasezerano y’ubugure yakozwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kuko yemeranyije na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony ku giciro no ku kibanza yagombaga kugura, n’ikiguzi kigatangwa naho abandi baburanyi bavuga ko ayo masezerano nta gaciro afite kuko atakorewe imbere ya Noteri. [23] Urukiko rusanga mbere y’uko rusuzuma agaciro k’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 yo ku wa 03/01/2013 yakozwe hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, ari ngombwa kubanza kugaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubugure mu buryo bwa rusange n’ubugure bw’umutungo utimukanwa. [24] Urukiko rusanga amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 yarakozwe ku wa 03/01/2013, bikumvikana ko igisobanuro cy’igurisha kigomba gushingira ku Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano ryakurikizwaga icyo gihe, mu ngingo yaryo ya 263 yagira iti: igurisha ni amasezerano atuma umwe yiyemeza gutanga ikintu naho undi akishyura igiciro cyemeranijwe. Ashobora gukorwa mu nyandiko- mvaho cyangwa se mu nyandiko bwite, naho ingingo ya 264 y’iryo Tegeko yavugaga ko igurisha riba ryuzuye hagati y'abagiranye amasezerano kandi ugurisha akegurira burundu umuguzi icyagurishijwe mu gihe bumvikanye ku kintu no ku giciro cyacyo n'ubwo ikigurishwa cyaba kitari cyatangwa n’ikiguzi cyacyo kikaba kitari cyishyurwa. [25] Icyo gisobanuro cy’ubugure cyateganywaga n’ingingo ya 263 n’iy a 264 y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, kinahura n’igiteganywa n’amategeko y’ibindi bihugu, nko mu Bufaransa1 no mu Bubiligi,2 ndetse n’ibivugwa n’abahanga mu mategeko ko ubugure ari amasezerano akorwa hagati y’abantu barenze umwe atuma buri ruhande rugira inshingano rugomba kubahiriza. Umwe mubayagiranye yiyemeza gutanga ikintu, undi nawe akiyemeza gutanga ikiguzi3 [26] Urukiko rusanga ariko ingingo ya 263 na 264 z’Itegeko ryo ku wa 30 Nyakanga 1888 rishyiraho igitabo cya mbere cy’urwunge rw’amategeko y’imbonezamubano zarasobanuraga igurisha mu buryo rusange. Ku bijyanye n’ubugure bw’umutungo utimukanwa, abahanga mu mategeko basobanura ko kwemeranya kw’abagiranye amasezerano ku kintu no ku kiguzi bidahagije, ahubwo

1 Articles 1582 & 1583, Code Civil francais, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006070721/LEGISCTA000006118107/1804-03-16/ 2 Articles 1582 & 1583, Code Civil belge, http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=fr&la=F&table_name=loi&cn=1804032134. 3 Francois Collart Dutilleul, Philippe Delebecque, Contrats civils et commerciaux, Dalloz, 2004, Pge 35. La vente est donc un contrat synallagmatique puisqu’elle met des obligations à la charge des deux parties.……L’un s’oblige à livrer la chose et l’autre à payer.

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hari n’ibindi bigomba kubahirizwa. Batanga urugero ko igurisha rishobora kubanzirizwa n’ubushake bugaragajwe n’ushaka kugurisha, ushaka kugura nawe akiyemeza kuzegukana uwo mutungo nyuma y’igihe runaka maze bigasozwa n’ikorwa ry’amasezerano no kuyashyiraho umukono bikorewe imbere y’umukozi ubifitiye ububasha. Bavuga ko amasezerano y’ubugure akozwe mu buryo bw’inyandiko mvaho yifashishwa mu kumenyekanisha ubwo bugure kugira ngo uwo ariwe wese bubangamiye azabashe gutambamira ihererekanya mutungo.4 [27] Gukora amasezerano y’ubugure mu buryo bw’inyandiko mvaho hagamijwe imenyekanisha ryayo byanashimangiwe n’Umushingamategeko wo mu Rwanda, aho mu ngingo ya 30 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/2005 ryo ku wa 14/07/2005 rigena imikoreshereze n’imicungire y’ubutaka mu Rwanda, ryakurikizwaga ubwo amasezerano avugwa muri uru rubanza yakorwaga, agira itegeko kwandikisha ubutaka, akanateganya ko kwegurira undi ikintu(ubutaka) bishobora gukorwa gusa iyo amasezerano bishingiyeho yakozwe mu buryo bw’inyandiko y’umwimerere nk’uko bigaragara mu ngingo ya 34 y’Iteka rya Minisiti N° 002/2008 ryo kuwa 01/04/2008 rigena uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa.5 Ibi bikaba byumvikanisha ko amasezerano yakorwa mu bundi buryo butari ubwo nta gaciro yaba afite. [28] Rurebeye hamwe ibitekerezo by’abahanga n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 30 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/2005 ndetse n’iya 34 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri N° 002/2008 zavuzwe haruguru, Urukiko rusanga ubutaka bufite umwihariko kuko ari umutungo rusange w’imbaga y’abanyarwanda bose (abakurambere, abariho ubu n’abazavuka) nk’uko byasobanuwe mu ngingo ya 3 y’Itegeko Ngenga N° 08/2005, akaba ariyo mpamvu Umushingamategeko yanateganyije impamvu ziyongera ku zari zisanzwe ziteganyijwe kugira ngo ubugure bw’ubutaka bube bwuzuye. Bikumvikanisha ko ku birebana n’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka, kuba abayagiranye bakumvikana ku kintu no ku giciro, ubwabyo bidahagije. [29] Urukiko rukaba rusanga rero ubwumvikane bwa Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony ku giciro no ku mutungo ugurishwa gusa budahagije kugira ngo hemezwe ko ubugure bw’ubutaka bwuzuye, ahubwo amasezerano y’ubugure yo ku wa 03/01/2013 bagiranye yagombaga kuba yarakorewe imbere ya Noteri. [30] Uwo kandi ni nawo murongo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatanze mu rubanza rwaciye ku wa 25/09/2020 haburana Twizerimana Théoneste na Manizabayo Kennedy, hanagobotsemo Hafashimana Elias. Muri urwo rubanza nabwo haburanwaga uburenganzira ku isambu yaguzwe, maze Urukiko rusobanura ko amasezerano y’ubugure agomba kubahiriza imihango yihariye ku bijyanye n’ubugure bw’isambu harimo kuba agomba gukorerwa imbere ya Noteri.6 [31] Urukiko rusanga kandi gushingira ku ngingo ya 34 y’Iteka N˚002/2008 ryavuzwe haruguru rusuzuma agaciro k’amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ubutaka bitanyuranyije n’ihame rirebana n’ubusumbane bw’amategeko rivugwa mu ngingo ya 95 y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nk’uko ababuranira Nsanzimana Wilson bashaka kubyumvikanisha, kuko mu Itegeko

4 […] les mécanismes classiques de formation d’un contrat que sont l’offre et l’acceptation ne suffisent généralement pas. Par exemple, l’opération contractuelle peut commencer par une conclusion d’une promesse unilatérale de vente par laquelle le vendeur s’engage à vendre; elle se poursuit si le bénéficiaire exprime décide d’acquérir à l’issue d’un certain délai, elle se termine par l’établissement et la signature de l’acte authentique. L’acte authentique sert surtout à la réalisation des formalités de publicité foncière afin d’assurer l’opposabilité aux tiers du transfert de propriété. 5Ingingo ya 34 y’Iteka rya Minisiti N° 002/2008 ryo kuwa 01/04/2008 rigena uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa iteganya ko ihererekanya rishingiye ku masezerano yo kwegurira undi ibintu ntirishobora gukorwa iyo amasezerano rishingiyeho atakozwe ku buryo bw'inyandiko y’umwimerere. Harebwe ibisobanuro by’inyandiko y’umwimerere mu Iteka ryavuzwe haruguru mu ndimi zose, inyandiko y’umwimerere ni inyandiko mvaho. 6 Urubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2019/SC haburana Twizerimana Théonèste na Manizabayo Kennedy, hagobokamo Hafashimana Elias, rwaciwe kuwa 25/09/2020, ku rupapuro rwa 8, igika cya 22.

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Ngenga N° 08/2005 ryavuzwe haruguru, mu ngingo yaryo ya 30, hateganywaga ko Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite ubutaka mu nshingano ze rizasobanura uburyo iyandikishwa ry’ubutaka rikorwa. Byumvikana ko ingingo ya 34 y’Iteka N˚002/2008 ryavuzwe haruguru yaje ishyira mu bikorwa iryo Tegeko. [32] Urukiko rusanga kandi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga arirwo rukuriye izindi nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 50 y’Itegeko N˚012/2018 ryo ku wa 04/04/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza, byumvikana ko ari rwo rutanga imirongo izindi nkiko zigenderaho.7 Bityo urubanza RCAA 00035/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/07/20198 rukaba rudashobora gufatwa nk’urwatanze umurongo kuri iki kibazo nk’uko Nsanzimana Wilson n’abunganizi be babiburanisha. [33] Hashingiwe ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rusanga n’ubwo amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 yakozwe ku wa 03/01/2013 hagati ya Nsanzimana Wilson na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony, yaba yarabayeho nta gaciro yaba afite, kuko atakozwe mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, bityo Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rukaba nta kosa rwakoze rubibona gutyo. [34] Ruhereye ku byo rumaze kugaragaza mu gika kibanza, Urukiko rusanga atari ngombwa gusuzuma izindi mpamvu ababuranyi bashingiraho basaba ko amasezerano y’ubugure ateshwa agaciro arizo: Kumenya niba kuba Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance atarasinye amasezerano y’ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) ari impamvu yatuma ateshwa agaciro; no kumenya niba ubugure bw’ikibanza nimero 317 (UPI:3/03/04/05/317) bwarabaye kiri mu bugwate. 2. Ibyerekeye indishyi zisabwa n’impande zombi [35] Me Bagaza Magnifique wunganira Nsanzimana Wilson avuga ko kuva Nsanzimana Wilson aguze ikibanza nimero 317 atigeze akigiraho uburenganzira, hakaba hashize imyaka irindwi n’ukwezi kumwe. Asaba indishyi zikomoka ku gihombo byamuteye zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana ane (400.000 Frw ku kwezi) uwo mutungo wari gukodeshwa mu gihe cy’amezi 85, yose hamwe angana na 34.000.000 Frw. [36] Me Bagaza Magnifique avuga kandi ko kuba uwo yunganira yaraguze umutungo akeneye kuwubyaza umusaruro, ariko akabuzwa uburenganzira bwo kuwutunga mu bwisanzure byamuteye akababaro ku giti cye n’umuryango we by’umwihariko, byose akaba abisabira indishyi z’akababazo zingana na 5.000.000 Frw. [37] Nsanzimana Wilson asaba kandi Urukiko kumugenera amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’abavoka bamuburaniye kuva imanza zatangira mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye kugeza mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga kingana n’amafaranga miliyoni esheshatu (6.000.000 Frw). [38] Me Owerisima Honorine avuga ko indishyi Nsanzimana Wilson yise indishyi z’igihombo yatewe na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Luton Hotel LTD ari ikirego gishya azanye mu rwego rw’akarengane kandi bitemewe nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 154 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi kuko atigeze akigaragaza yaba mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire n’igihe yatangaga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rubavu.

7 Ibi Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabyemeje mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC 00002/ 2019/SC rwaciwe ku wa 04/12/2019, rwaregewe na GLIHD (Great Lakes Initiative for Human Rights and Development). 8 Urubanza RCAA 00035/2018/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/7/2019, haburana Nshimiyimana Yvon na Sebutinde Edouard na Fiftci, ikiregerwa ari ihererekanyamutungo ry’inzu iri mu kibanza nimero 0826/GAS/KAC, rukemeza ko kujya kwa Noteri ari inzira yo guhererekanya umutungo ariko iyo nzira ikaba idakuraho amasezerano y’ubugure.

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[39] Me Owerisima Honorine akomeza avuga ko indishyi z’akababaro Nsanzimana Wilson asaba nta shingiro zifite kubera ko amasezerano yagiranye na Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony n’ubwo yiswe ay’ubugure ariko mu by’ukuri ari ideni, kandi iryo deni rikaba ryarishyuwe binyuze mu manza nshinjabyaha yatsindiye akanishyurwa 60.755.441 Frw arenze ayo yamugurije. [40] Asoza avuga ko Nsanzimana Wilson ariwe washatse gukomeza gusiragira mu nkiko kugeza naho asubirishijemo imanza zarangiye avuga ko harimo akarengane ariko ntabashe kukagaragaza. Bityo akaba asanga Rutonesha Kwitunga Tony na Luton Hotel LTD batagomba kubiryozwa. [41] Me Ntahomvukiye Edouard uhagarariye Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance avuga ko nta ndishyi Urukiko rukwiye kugenera Nsanzimana Wilson, ahubwo ko rwamutegeka kwishyura uwo aburanira 500.000 Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 1.500.000 Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka n’indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 500.000 Frw. [42] Mu myanzuro ya BRD, Me Tuyisenge Fabrice wari uyihagarariye avuga ko asanga Nsanzimana Wilson nta ndishyi mbonezamusaruro, iz’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihombo cy’Avoka n’iz’akababaro akwiriye kuko igihombo yaba yaragize ariwe wacyiteye, ubwo yaguraga umutungo atabanje gushaka amakuru yose awerekeyeho, akanashora imanza azi neza ko zidafite ishingiro. Ahubwo ko akwiye kwirengera ingaruka zose zifitanye isano n’imanza yashoye. Asaba urukiko kumutegeka kwishyura BRD amafaranga angana na 2.000.000 Frw y’igihembo cy’Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [43] Urukiko rurasanga amafaranga y’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, indishyi z’akababaro, ay’igihembo cy’Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza asabwa na Nsanzimana Wilson nta shingiro afite kuko ntacyo atsindiye mu rubanza. [44] Urukiko rushingiye ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko Nᵒ 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi9 rurasanga amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance na BRD basaba bayakwiye kuko bayahombye mu gukurikirana urubanza no kwishyura ababunganira. Icyakora kuko batagaragaza uburyo bayabaramo ngo banabigaragarize ibimenyetso, Urukiko rukaba rugeneye buri wese mu bushishozi bwarwo amafaranga y’igihembo cy’Avoka ibihumbi magana atanu (500.000 Frw) n’ibihumbi magana atatu (300.000 Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza kuri uru rwego, ni ukuvuga ibihumbi magana inani (800.000 Frw) yose hamwe kuri buri wese. Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro Nyirajyambere Gacunga Esperence asaba ntazo yahabwa kuko atigeze abitangaho ikirego mu rwego rw’akarengane binyuze mu nzira ziteganywa n’amategeko. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [45] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Nsanzimana Wilson cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza RCAA 00028/2018/CA rwaciwe n'Urukiko rw'ubujurire ku wa 19/07/2019, nta shingiro gifite. [46] Rutegetse Nsanzimana Wilson guha Nyirajyambere Gacunga Espérance na BRD amafaranga ibihumbi magana inani (800.000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cy’Avoka kuri uru rwego kuri buri wese.

9 Iyo ngingo igira iti: ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza.