NSANZUBUHORO v. NYAMANSWA RUKUNDO

# NSANZUBUHORO v. NYAMANSWA RUKUNDO

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-09-25 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2022/CA - Collection: Court of Appeal

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NSANZUBUHORO v. NYAMANSWA RUKUNDO [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’UBUJURIRE – RS/INJUST/RC 00003/2022/CA (Munyangeri, J. P., Ngagi na Kamere, J.) 25 Nzeri 2024] Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza zisabirwa gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane– Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha–Uwahohotewe – Kwibeshya ku izina ry’uwahohotewe – Uwahohoteye undi ntiyakwitwaza ko habaye kwibeshya ku zina ry’uwahohotewe avuga ko atatanga indishyi, mu gihe atagaragaza undi waba warahohotewe. Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza zisabirwa gusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z’akarengane – Irangizwa ry’imanza – Inkurikizi zabaye mu irangizwa ry'urubanza nko kuba hari inzu yagurishijwe mu cyamanara ntabwo byasuzumirwa mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku rubanza nshinjabyaha RP0028/12/TB/Gash ruregwamo Nyamaswa icyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa Nsanzubuhoro, uyu na we akaba yarabisabiye indishyi. Uru rubanza rwarajuririwe kugera mu Rukiko Rukuru, urugereko rwa Rusizi aho rwahamije nyamanswa icyo cyaha bituma uwahohotewe Nsanzubuhoro atanga ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi asaba indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri icyo cyaha. Habanje gusuzumwa ikibazo cyo kumenya uwahohotewe kuko mu manza nshinjabyaha habayemo amakosa y’imyandikire mu mazina y’uwo usaba indishyi, ibi Nyamaswa yabyuririragaho avuga ko yahaniwe Nsanzubuhoro utarareze, maze Urukiko rwemeza ko uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin aho kuba Nsanzubuhoro Augustin. Nyuma yo gusuzuma icyo kibazo cy’imyandikire y’amazina, Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwasuzumye ikibazo nyamukuru kijyanye n’indishyi uwahohotewe yasabaga maze mu rubanza RC0108/14/TGI/KGI, rwemeza ko Nyamaswa atanga indishyi kuri Nsanzubuhoro zikomoka ku cyaha yamukoreye. Iki cyemezo Nyamaswa yakijuririye mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Rusizi, avuga ko uwatanze ikirego mu bugenzacyaha ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin atari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, bityo ko atagomba kumuha indishyi kuko nta cyaha yamukoreye. Mu kwiregura Nsanzubuhoro Justin avuga ko ibivugwa na Nyamaswa atari byo ko ari ukwigiza nkana kuko atashoboye kwerekana uwo Nsanzubuhoro Augustin yemera ko yakoreye icyaha, kandi ko ibyo bintu byakosowe. Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rwemeje ko mu manza nshinjabya ndetse no mu nyandiko yakozwe n’Ubushinjacyaha amazina nyayo y’uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, akaba atarakosowe, bityo urubanza rujuririrwa rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. Nsanzubuhoro yasubirishijemo urwo rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, maze ruburanishwa n’uru Rukiko rw’Ubujurire, avuga ko rwamurenganyije kuko rwemeje ko atari we wahohotewe kandi ari we, ko rwanamuciye indishyi kandi ari we wakorewe icyaha, ko izo indishyi yaciwe zakurwaho, asaba no guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, ndetse agasubizwa n’inzu ye yagurishijwe kugira ngo indishyi yaciwe zishyurwe. Mu kwiregura kwe, Uregwa avuga ko Urega nta karengane yagiriwe kuko yatanze ikirego cy’indishyi zishingiye ku rubanza nshinjabyaha kandi ntaho ahurira narwo, kuko atari we wakorewe icyaha muri urwo rubanza asibira ko rusubirwamo, ahubwo uwagikorewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, bityo akaba asaba indishyi zo kumushora mu manza. Muri uru rubanza, Urukiko rw’Ubujurire rwasuzumye icyo kibazo ababuranyi bafitanye kijyanye no kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yarakorewe akarengane mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK n’ishingiro ry’ibyo asaba. Urega avuga ko yarenganyijwe kubera amakosa y’imyandikire yakozwe mu mazina ye, aho kwandika Nsanzubuhoro Justin baribeshya bandika Nsanzubuhoro Augustin,

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nyamara uwakoze icyaha Nyamaswa yiyemerera ko ari we yakubise ikofi. Ni yo mpamvu yasabye uru Rukiko kwemeza ko ariwe wahohotewe nk’uko Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi rwabyemeje, maze rugakuraho indishyi yaciwe akaba ari we ugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro. Nyamaswa uregwa muri uru rubanza, yiregura avuga ko nta karengane Urega yagiriwe nkuko byashimangiwe mu rubanza RS/INTERT/RP0001/2017/HC/RSZK, aho yasabaga ko hemezwa ko uwakorewe icyaha ari we ariko hakemezwa ko ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ndetse n’imanza zose yashingiyeho zikaba zemeza ko atari we wakorewe icyaha. Bityo, indishyi zasabwe n’Urega nta shingiro zifite, kuko ari we nyirabayazana w’izi manza, akaba akwiye kwirengera ingaruka zabyo. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Uwahohoteye undi ntiyakwitwaza ko habaye kwibeshya ku zina ry’uwahohotewe avuga ko atatanga indishyi, mu gihe atagaragaza undi waba warahohotewe. 2. Inkurikizi zabaye mu irangizwa ry'urubanza nko kuba hari inzu yagurishijwe mu cyamanara ntabwo byasuzumirwa mu rubanza rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane. Ikirego gisaba gusubirishamo urubanza ku mpamvu z'akarengane, gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso, ingingo ya 2. Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 63. Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 12 n’iya 111. Itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ingingo ya 2. Imanza zifashishijwe: RCAA00003/2024/CA-RCAA00004/2024/CA, Mudatsikira Valens na Gisanabagabo Félicien v. Habimana Jean Marie Vianney na Sinayobye Emmanuel, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 26/04/2024. RCOMAA00034/2023/CA, Angel Collection Co Ltd v. Muhayimana Uziel na Bank of Kigali Plc rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/04/2024. RS/INJUST/RC00013/2021/CA, Manirarora Jean de Dieu na Rwanda Rudniki Ltd, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 28/06/2022. RCAA00008/2020/CA, Ndizeye Alphonse na Kibungo Medical Center, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’ubujurire ku wa 25/06/2021. RCAA00073/2018/CA, Nyirabatesi Laurence n’Ibitaro byitiriwe Umwami Fayisali (King Faisal Hospital), rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/07/2019. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Jacques Flour et al., Droit Civil Les Obligations, Le fait juridique, 12 éd., Paris, Dalloz, 2007, p.97. Urubanza I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Nyuma y’icibwa ry’urubanza RP0028/12/TB/Gash Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yaregwagamo icyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa, naho Nsanzubuhoro Justin akamurega indishyi zikomoka kuri icyo cyaha kuko yavugaga ko ari we yagikoreye, havutse impaka zijyanye n’amazina

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y’uwakorewe icyaha kuko byagaragaraga mu nyandiko zose ko uwakorewe icyaha ari Nzanzubuhoro Augustin, Ubushinjacyaha n’uregera indishyi Nsanzubuhoro Justin bagaragaje ko habayeho kwibeshya mu myandikire, Umucamanza arabikosora yemeza ko hakandikwa ko uwakorewe icyaha ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, ariko uregwa ntiyabyemera. Urwo Rukiko rwahamije Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel icyaha, rugenera Nsanzubuhoro Justin indishyi. [2] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yajuririye Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi, maze mu rubanza RPA0316/TGI/KGI rwaciwe ku wa 28/02/2013, Urukiko rwemeza ko ubujurire bwa Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel nta shingiro buhawe ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza RP0028/12/TB/Gash. [3] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, avuga ko yahaniwe Nsanzubuhoro Justin utarareze; mbere yo guca urubanza, urwo Rukiko rutandukanya urubanza nshinjabyaha n’urubanza rw’indishyi rushingiye ko Umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze yakoze amakosa yemera gukosora amazina, yemeza ko ahari Augustin hakosorwa hakandikwa ko ari Justin kuko habayeho kwibeshya, kandi atari abifiye ubureganzira mu gihe undi muburanyi atari yabyemeye kandi harimo ikibazo cy’imiburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano kuko harimo uregera indishyi aho Umucamanza agomba kureberera ababuranyi akaba ari bo biyoborera urubanza rwabo, bitandukanye n’urubanza nshinjabyaha aho Umucamanza aba afite ijambo ku rubanza no mu gushakisha ibimenyetso. [4] Mu rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK rwaciwe ku wa 30/09/2013, urwo Rukuko rwafashe icyemezo ko ubujurire bwa Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe, ko urubanza rwajuririwe ruhindutse ku bijyanye n’ibihano gusa ndetse n’ikirego cy’indishyi, ruhanisha Rukundo Nyamaswa Emmanuel igifungo cy’amezi abiri (2) gisubitse mu gihe cy’amezi abiri n’ihazabu y’ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw). [5] Nsanzubuhoro Justin ahereye kuri urwo rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi gihabwa RC0108/14/TGI/KGI, aregera indishyi zitandukanye zikomoka kuri urwo rubanza. Urukiko rwabanje gusuzuma niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin ari we uvugwa wahohotewe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel, hakurikijwe imigendekere y’imanza nshinjabyaha zabaye zose ndetse, rushingiye no ku mvugo ababuranyi ubwabo bagiye bivugira cyane cyane nk’aho uregwa indishyi yivugiye ko uwo yakubise ikofe ari Nsanzubuhoro bari bafitanye ikibazo, bityo ko kuvuga ko uwakubiswe akanakomeretswa atazwi nta kuri kurimo, ko ikibazo gihari ari ugukosora amazina y’uwahohotewe, kandi harebwe aho yivurije, aho yafatiye ibya ngombwa bye hose bigaragara ko ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin kandi ari nawe wari ufitanye ikibazo na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel. [6] Nyuma yo kubona ko uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, hasuzumwe ikibazo kijyanye n’indishyi zitandukanye yaregeye, zingana na miliyoni icumi n’ibihumbi magana atanu (10,500,000Frw), zikubiyemo iz’akababaro miliyoni umunani (8,000,000Frw), miliyoni imwe (1,000,000Frw) y’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, ibihumbi magana inani (800,000Frw) yo gusiragizwa mu nkiko, bihumbi magana atatu (300,000Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi Magana ane (400,000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. [7] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yireguye kuri izo ndishyi Nsanzubuhoro Justin yasabye avuga ko nta bimenyetso by’ibyo aregera afite, ko kandi n’ibyatanzwe nk’ibimenyetso yivurijeho kwa muganga bidahuye n’ukuri kuko harimo ibyo yivurijeho mu gihe kidahuye n’igihe icyaha cyakorwaga. [8] Mu rubanza RC0108/14/TGI/KGI rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ku wa 30/09/2014, rwemeje ko ikirego cya Nsanzubuhoro Justin gifite ishingiro, ko Nyamaswa Rukundo

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Emmanuel agomba kumuha indishyi zikomoka ku rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK, zingana n’amafaranga ibihumbi magana arindwi na mirongo itanu (750,000Frw). [9] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yajuririye Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, avuga ko uwatanze ikirego mu bugenzacyaha ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin atari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, bityo ko atagomba kumuha indishyi kuko nta cyaha yamukoreye. Ko Urukiko rutagombaga kwakira ikirego cya Nsanzubuhoro Justin gisaba indishyi kuko urubanza aheraho aregera izo ndishyi rwagaragaje ko uwakorewe icyaha ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin nta burenganzira, inyungu n’ubushobozi afite byo kuregera indishyi muri urwo rubanza, bityo asaba indishyi zingana na miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw) zo kumusiragiza mu manza. [10] Mu kwiregura Nsanzubuhoro Justin avuga ko ibivugwa na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel atari byo ko ari ukwigiza nkana kuko atashoboye kwerekana uwo Nsanzubuhoro Augustin yemera ko yakoreye icyaha, kandi ko ibyo bintu byakosowe, ko ku rupapuro rwa gatanu agace ka 9, umurongo wa 7 w’urubanza RPAA0002/HC/RSZK havuzwe ko habayeho kwitiranya amazina, ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin azatanga ikirego mbonezamubano aho azabishakira, kandi ko umwirondoro banditse kuri Nsanzubuhoro Augustin ari uwa Nsanzubuhoro Justin, ko facture yivurijeho zigaragara muri dosiye, bityo asaba indishyi z’akababaro zingana n’amafaranga miliyoni imwe (1,000,000Frw), miliyoni (1,000,000Frw) y’ubumuga yamuteye, miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw) y’igihembo cya Avoka, ibihumbi magana inani (800,000Frw) y’ikurikiranarubanza. [11] Mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, ku wa 30/12/2014, urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko: a. ikirego cya Nsanzubuhoro Justin kitagombaga kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe; b. ugaragara ko yahohotewe akanatanga ikirego mu bugenzacyaha ku wa 20/06/2012, ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ndetse no mu nyandiko ikubiyemo ikirego yakozwe n’ubushinjacyaha bigaragara ko Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yakubise Nsanzubuhoro Augustin kandi bitigeze bikosorwa n’Urukiko mu rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK; c. urubanza RC0108/TGI/KGI rwaciwe ku wa 30/09/2014, n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose; d. Nsanzubuhoro Justin aha Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) akubiyemo amagarama yatanze arega n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza. [12] Nsanzubuhoro Justin yasabye ko urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, nyuma ya raporo yakozwe n’Urwego rw’Umuvunyi, mu cyemezo nimero 072/CJ/2022, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeza ko urwo rubanza rusubirwamo, arwohereza mu Rukiko rw’Ubujurire kugira ngo abe ari rwo ruzaruburanisha, ikirego cyandikwa kuri RS/INJUST/RC00003/2022/CA. Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 04/09/2024, Nsanzubuhoro Justin yunganiwe na Me Essomba Beyala Therese Ghislaine, naho Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yunganiwe na Me Minani Sempiga Jean d'Amour, hanyuma uyu areka inzitizi yari yatanze ijyanye n’uko Nsanzubuhoro Justin nta nyungu n’ububasha afite bwo gusubirishamo urubanza, kuko ibikubiye muri iyo nzitizi ari nabyo bigomba gusuzumwa mu rubanza rw’akarengane1. [13] Mu myanzuro no mu miburanire ya Nsanzubuhoro Justin avuga ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK kuko rwemeje ko atari we wahohotewe kandi ari we, ko rwanamuciye

1Reba urupapuro rwa 2 rw’inyandiko-mvugo y’iburanisha yo ku wa 04/09/2024.

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indishyi kandi ari we wakorewe icyaha, ko izo indishyi yaciwe zakurwaho, asaba no guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka, ndetse agasubizwa n’inzu ye yagurishijwe kugira ngo indishyi yaciwe zishyurwe. Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yiregura avuga ko nta karengane Nsanzubuhoro Justin yagiriwe kuko yatanze ikirego cy’indishyi zishingiye ku rubanza nshinjabyaha kandi ntaho ahurira narwo kuko atari we wakorewe icyaha muri urwo rubanza ahubwo uwagikorewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ko kuba rero yarashoye Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel mu manza z’amaherere ari byo yaciriwe indishyi, bityo ko nta karengane yagiriwe. Asoza asaba guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro n’amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza. [14] Hashingiwe ku bimaze kuvugwa mu gika kibanziriza iki, Urukiko rurasanga hagomba gusuzumwa ibibazo bikurikira: - kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yarakorewe akarengane mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK n’ishingiro ry’ibyo asaba; - Kumenya niba indishyi z'akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka bisabwa muri uru rubanza bifite ishingiro. II.ISESENGURA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yarakorewe akarengane mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK n’ishingiro ry’ibyo asaba [15] Nsanzubuhoro Justin n’umwunganira bavuga ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, kuko rwemeje ko ikirego cye kitagombaga kwakirwa ngo kuko atari we wakorewe icyaha kandi ari we wagikorewe. Basobanura ko habayeho kwibeshya mu kwandika hakajya handikwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin kandi ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, cyane ko na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yiyemereye ko uwo yakubise ikofe ari uwo bari bafitanye ikibazo cy’isambu, akaba ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin. Bityo basaba Urukiko kwemeza ko uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin nk’uko n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi rwari rwabyemeje, hanyuma ahanditse Nsanzubuhoro Augustin hagakosorwa hakandikwa Nsanzubuhoro Justin. [16] Bavuga kandi ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin yaciwe indishyi zingana n'ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) nta kosa yakoze, kandi ari we wahohotewe, ariko izina rye ryandikwa nabi aho kwandika Nsanzubuhoro Justin handikwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ko rero indishyi yaciwe nta shingiro zifite, bakaba basaba Urukiko kuzivanaho. [17] Bakomeza bavuga ko basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel kwishyura Nsanzubuhoro Justin amafaranga miliyoni eshatu (3,000,000Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro. Bavuga na none ko kuba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yaraciwe amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK byatume hagurishwa inzu ye kugira ngo hishyurwe ayo mafaranga, bakaba basaba ko yasubizwa iyo nzu ye yagurishijwe. [18] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel n’umwunganira bavuga ko nta karengane Nsanzubuhoro Justin yakorewe mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK kuko yaregeye indishyi zikomoka ku rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK kandi ntaho ahurira narwo kuko atari we wakorewe icyaha muri urwo rubanza ahubwo uwagikorewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ko ibyo byanashimangiwe n'urubanza yatsinzwe RS/INTERT/RP0001/2017/HC/RSZK, aho yasabaga ko hemezwa ko uwakorewe icyaha ari we ariko hakemezwa ko ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin. Ko kuba rero imanza ashingiraho zose zaremeje ko atari we wakorewe icyaha, bigararagaza ko nta karengane yagiriwe mu rubanza asubirishamo.

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[19] Basobanura ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin yatanze ikirego RC00108/2014/TGI/KGI aregera indishyi zikomoka ku rubanza RPAA 0002/13/HC/RSZK, indishyi arazihabwa, Nyamaswa ntiyishimira imikirize y’urwo rubanza ajuririra Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, hanyuma ubujurire bwe buhabwa ishingiro, hemezwa ko ikirego cye cy’indishyi kitagombaga kwakirwa, ko yanatanze ikirego RS/INTERT/RP00001/2017/HC/RSZK gisaba gusobanura urubanza RPAA 0002/13/13/HC/RSZK, ngo hemezwe ko uwakorewe icyaha muri urwo rubanza ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin nabwo aratsindwa, kuko Urukiko mu gika cya 11 rwemeje ko uwakorewe icyaha ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin atari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, ko rero nta karengane yakorewe mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK. Bityo ko n’indishyi yaciwe zifite ishingiro kuko yashoye Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel mu manza zitari ngombwa amwaka indishyi kandi nta cyaha yamukoreye. [20] Bakomeza bavuga ko ibyo uwunganira Nsanzabuhoro Justin asaba ko Urukiko rwazahindura amazina ahanditse Nsanzubuhoro Augustin hakandikwa Nsanzubuhoro Justin ntaho bihuriye n’impamvu bagaragaje mu karengane, ko kandi ibyo basaba byafashweho umwanzuro mu rubanza RS/INTER/RP00001/2017/HC/RSZK, bityo rero bikaba bidakwiye kongera gusuzumwa muri uru rubanza. Basoza bavuga ko indishyi zasabwe na Nsanzubuhoro Justin nta shingiro zifite, kuko ari we nyirabayazana w’izi manza, bityo akaba akwiye kwirengera ingaruka zabyo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [21] Urukiko rurasanga impaka ziri muri uru rubanza zishingiye ku kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin ari we wakorewe icyaha, aho kuba Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, kumenya niba yahabwa indishyi kubera gukorerwa icyaha, no kumenya niba yasubizwa inzu ye yagurishijwe harangizwa urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK. a. Kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin ari we wakorewe icyaha, aho kuba Nsanzubuhoro Augustin [22] Ingingo ya 63 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iteganya ibikurikira: iyo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga cyangwa urundi rukiko Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga agena rushyikirijwe urubanza rusabirwa gusubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, rurusuzuma mu mizi bundi bushya abarubayemo ababuranyi bose bahamagajwe. [23] Ingingo ya 2, agace ka C y’Itegeko N° 062/2024 ryo ku wa 20/06/2024 rigenga ibimenyetso iteganya ko ikimenyetso bivuga uburyo bwo kugaragaza ukuri kw’ibyabaye2. [24] Ingingo ya 12, igika cya 2, y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko uvuga ko atagitegetswe gukora icyo yategekwaga gukora cyagaragajwe n’ibimenyetso agomba kugaragaza impamvu zakimukuyeho. Iyo abiburiye ibimenyetso, uwo baburana aramutsinda. [25] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo urubanza RPAA 0002/13/HC/RSZK rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, ku wa 30/09/2013, aho rwahamije Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel icyaha cyo gukubita no gukomeretsa uwitwa Nsanzubuhoro. Mu kwiregura muri urwo rubanza Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yavuze ko yavaga ku isambu ari kumwe na nyina, bageze ahabereye imvururu, atangirwa n’abantu atari azi asohotse mu modoka igitero cyari kiyobowe na Nsanzubuhoro baburanaga isambu kimugirira urugomo yirwanaho akubita uwari ugikuriye yaje kumenya ko ari

2Iyi ngingo ihura n’iya 2 y’itegeko N° 15/2004 ryo ku wa 12/06/2004 ryerekeye ibimenyetso mu manza n’itangwa ryabyo, ryakoreshwaga mu gihe ibikorwa biregerwa byakorwaga.

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Nsanzubuhoro. Dosiye igaragaza kandi ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin ari we watanze ikirego gisaba indishyi. [26] Dosiye igaragaramo raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Birambo yo ku wa 14/06/2012, igaragaza ko uwo munsi saa kumi n’ebyeri n’igice (18:30) uwitwa Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yakoreye urugomo uwitwa Nsanzubuhoro Yusitini, mwene Kabwana na Nyirahabamenshi, utuye mu Mudugudu wa Karambo-Rugobagoba-Gashali amutangiriye mu muhanda i Kabirizi aramukubita aramukomeretsa, bahageze yatsa imodoko ariruka, ko Nsanzubuhoro Yusitini agiye kwa muganga, ko kandi babimenyesheje police station Gashali kuri telefoni. Igaragaza kandi ko Ubushinjacyaha na Nsanzubuhoro Justin bagaragaje ko habayeho kwibeshya mu myandikire aho kwandika Nsanzubuhoro Justin handikwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin. [27] Dosiye igaragaramo na none inyandiko zitandukanye z’aho Nsanzubuhoro Justin yagiye yivuriza zirimo Facture nimero 682, “Quittance” nimero 111330, 111573, 51516 na 111813, inyandiko yiswe “Medical prescription” yatanzwe na CHUK nimero 351773, 86804 na 513252, ndetse n’inyandiko yiswe “Bon de demande d’Examen de Radiologie” yo ku wa 17/06/2012, zigaragaza ko uwivuje ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin. [28] Imikirize y’urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZ igaragaza ko ikirego cya Nsanzubuhoro Justin kitagombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere, kuko indishyi yaregeye ari izikomoka ku rubanza RPAA0002/13/HC/RSZK kandi muri urwo rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha byagaragaye ko uwahohotewe ndetse akanabiregera ari Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, ko bitigeze bikosorwa, ko kandi atigeze agaragaza ko ari we koko watanze ikirego mu bugenzacyaha ndetse no mu Rukiko, ndetse n’impamvu yatumye handikwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin aho kwandika Nsanzubuhoro Justin, maze rwemeza ko urubanza RC0108/14/TGI/KGI rwaciwe ku wa 30/09/2014 n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ruhindutse mu ngingo zarwo zose. Rutegeka Nsanzubuhoro Justin guha Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100.000Frw) akubiyemo amagarama yatanze arega n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza. [29] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruguru, mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha RPAA 0002/13/HC/RSZK, Ubushinjacyaha bwagiye bugaragaza ko uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, ariko ko habayeho kwibeshya handikwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, Nsanzubuhoro Justin yasobanuye ko ari we wahohotewe, agaragaza n’inyandiko zo kwa muganga aho yivurije, raporo y’Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’Akagari ka Birambo yo ku wa 14/06/2012, igaragaza ko uwahohotewe ari Nsanzubuhoro Yusitini (Justin), ko kandi yahohotewe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel, kandi uyu nawe yemeye ko uwo yahohoteye yaje kumenya ko ari Nsanzubuhoro bari basanzwe bafitanye imanza. Bityo rero Urukiko rurasanga Nsanzubuhoro Justin yaragaragaje ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ari we wahohotewe. [30] Urukiko rurasanga Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel ari we wari usigaranye inshingano zo kuvuguruza ibimenyetso byatanzwe n’abamushinjaga, akanerekana ko uwo yemera ko yakubise atari Nsanzubuhoro Justin. Kuba rero Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yaremereye umucamanza wo mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Gashali ko akosora izina ry’uwahohotewe mu rubanza nshinjabyaha, ibi byari bihagije kugira ngo uko kwemera gushingirweho no mu kirego cy’indishyi gishamikiye ku rubanza nshinjabyaha; ikindi kandi ntibyumvikana uburyo ushinjwa yakwemera ko hahohotewe ‘Justin’, agasubira inyuma akavuga ko ikirego cy’indishyi kitagomba kwakirwa abishingiye ku kuba uwazisabye ari ‘Augustin’, kandi yariyemereye ko iryo kosa rikosorerwa mu kirego cy’inshinjabyaha, icy’ indishyi gishingiyeho akabyanga. [31] Urukiko rurasanga na none Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel wahamwe n’ icyaha, atarabashije kuvuguruza Ubushinjacyaha ngo agaragaze uwo yahohoteye icyo gihe, utandukanye n’uwakorewe icyaha utari Nsanzubuhoro Justin ugaragara mu rukiko. Kuba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yaragaragaje

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irangamuntu irimo amazina ahuye n’ay’inyandiko yivurijeho mu bitaro bitandukanye, “expertise medico-legale”, ikarita y’ubwisungane mu kwivuza, ndetse n’abatangabuhamya babajijwe barimo Niyomugabo Ezechiel, Mukamana Jacqueline na Ayingeneye Vestine, bose bakaba bahamya ko uwo yakubise ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin, ibi bimenyetso byose ubwabyo byerekana ko ari we wakubiswe kandi afite uburenganzira bwo kuregera indishyi, akaba atari akwiye kuzivutswa mu gihe nta wundi uzaza kuziregera yiyita we ngo zitangwe bwa kabiri. [32] Hashingiwe ku ngingo z’amategeko zagaragajwe haruguru no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, Urukiko rurasanga uwahohotewe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel ari Nsanzubuhoro Justin; bikaba byumvikana ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, rwakoze ikosa kwemeza ko ikirego cye kitagombaga kwakirwa. Bityo amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100,000 Frw) y’ibyagiye ku rubanza Urukiko rwategetse Nsanzubuhoro Justin kwishyura Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel avanweho. b. Kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yahabwa indishyi asaba kubera gukorerwa icyaha [33] Ihame rusange mu mategeko arebana n’iby’uburyozwe ni uko igikorwa cyose cy’umuntu cyangirije undi gitegeka nyir’ugukora ikosa rigikomokaho kuriha ibyangiritse (“Tout fait quelconque de l’homme qui cause à autrui un dommage oblige celui par la faute duquel il est arrivé à le réparer”)3. Iri hame ryagiye rikoreshwa mu manza nyinshi zirimo urubanza RCOMAA00034/2023/CA4 n’urubanza RCAA00003/2024/CA-RCAA 00004/2024/CA.5 [34] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo urubanza RC0108/14/TGI/KGI rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ku wa 30/09/2014, aho urwo Rukiko rwategetse Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel guha Nsanzubuhoro Justin indishyi zose hamwe zihwanye n’ibihumbi magana arindwi na mirongo itanu (750,000Frw), akububiyemo 100,000Frw y’indishyi z’akababaro, 150,000Frw y’indishyi mbonezamusaruro, 150,000Frw yo gusiragira mu nkiko no gukurikirana urubanza, 300,000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka wamuburaniye na 50,000Frw y’ingwate y’amagarama yatanze arega. [35] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaramo kandi umwanzuro wo kwiregura wa Nsanzubuhoro Justin mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane, ukaba ugaragaza ko yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bwa Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel asaba guhabwa indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye na 1,000,000Frw, indishyi mbonezamusaruro zihwanye na 1,000,000Frw, 800,000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza na 2,000,000Frw y’igihembo cya Avoka. [36] Dosiye igaragaza na none ko muri uru rubanza Nsanzubuhoro Justin asaba indishyi z’akababaro zihwanye na miliyoni eshatu (3,000,000Frw), amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka umuburanira mu Rukiko rw'Ubujurire n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe akaba miliyoni enye (4.000.000Frw). [37] Nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru, Nsanzubuhoro Justin yahohotewe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel, bikaba byumvikana ko Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, rwakoze ikosa ryo gukuraho indishyi yari yagenewe mu rubanza RC0108/14/TGI/KGI rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Karongi ku wa 30/09/2014, kuko zari zifite ishingiro. Kuba rero mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rusubirishwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane Nsanzubuhoro Justin yaratanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi asaba ko izo ndishyi ziyongera, birumvikana ko hagomba gusuzumwa ingano y’indishyi agomba kugenerwa muri uru rubanza.

3Jacques Flour et al., Droit Civil Les Obligations, Le fait juridique, 12 éd., Paris, Dalloz, 2007, p.97. 4Reba igika cya 38 cy’urubanza RCOMAA00034/2023/CA rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire ku wa 19/04/2024, Angel Collection Co Ltd yaburanye na Muhayimana Uziel na Bank of Kigali Plc. 5Reba urubanza RCAA00003/2024/CA-RCAA00004/2024/CA rwaciwe ku wa 26/04/2024, Mudatsikira Valens na Gisanabagabo Félicien baburana Habimana Jean Marie Vianney hamwe na Sinayobye Emmanuel.

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[38] Urukiko rurasanga, kuba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yarahohotewe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel akamukubita, bigatuma ajya kwa muganga, kuba Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel yaragiye aburana avuga ko atari Nsanzubuhoro Justin yakubise, ko ahubwo ari uwitwa Nsanzubuhoro Augustin, kandi ubwe yarivugiye ko yamenye ko uwo yakubise ari Nsanzubuhoro bari basanzwe bafitanye imanza, ari nawe Nsanzubuhoro Justin, rurasanga indishyi z’akababaro Nsanzubuhoro Justin asaba zifite ishingiro. [39] Urukiko rurasanga Nsanzubuhoro Justin agomba kugenerwa indishyi z’akababaro zigenwe mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko, bityo rumugeneye amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro. Ibyo kugena indishyi z’akababaro mu bushishozi bw’Urukiko niko byagiye bigenda no mu manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’uru Rukiko, harimo urubanza RCAA00073/2018/CA rwaciwe ku wa 19/07/2019, haburana Nyirabatesi Laurence n’Ibitaro byitiriwe Umwami Fayisali (King Faisal Hospital), aho uru Rukiko rwageneye Nyirabatesi Laurence mu bushishozi bwarwo indishyi z’akababaro zingana na 28.000.000Frw6, urubanza RCAA00008/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 25/06/2021, haburana Ndizeye Alphonse na Kibungo Medical Center, aho uru Rukiko rwemeje ko indishyi zagenwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Ngoma, mu bushishozi bwarwo ari zo zikurikije amategeko, akaba ari zo zigomba kugumaho, hanyuma rutegeka Kibungo Medical Center guha Ndizeye Alphonse mu izina ry’umwana we Irasubiza Amani indishyi zingana na 35.000.000Frw7, ndetse n’urubanza RS/INJUST/RC00013/2021/CA rwaciwe ku wa 28/06/2022, haburana Manirarora Jean de Dieu na Rwanda Rudniki Ltd, aho uru Rukiko mu bushishozi bwarwo rwamugeneye indishyi z’akabaro zihwanye na 500.000Frw8. c. Kumenya niba Nsanzubuhoro Justin yasubizwa inzu ye yagurishijwe harangizwa urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK [40] Nk’uko byagaragajwe haruruguru, Nsanzubuhoro Justin n’umwunganira basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire kwemeza ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin asubizwa inzu ye yagurishijwe harangizwa urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, naho Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel n’umwunganira ntacyo bavuze kuri iyo nzu Nsanzubuhoro Justin asaba gusubizwa. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [41] Urukiko rurasanga ibivugwa na Nsanzubuhoro Justin n’umwunganira ko basaba gusubizwa inzu ye yagurishijwe kugira ngo hishyurwe amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) yategetswe kwishyura Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel mu rubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, bitasuzumirwa muri uru rubanza, kuko rwaba ruvuye mu mbibi z’icyaburanwe mu rubanza RCA 0060/14/HC/RSZK rusubirishwamo, ahubwo Nsanzubuhoro Justin ashingiye kuri uru rubanza rwemeje ko yarenganyijwe n’urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK, yarega ufite inzu ye hamwe na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel n’Umuhesha w’inkiko wayigurishije, agasaba gusubizwa inzu ye kuko urubanza rwatumye igurishwa rwavuyeho. 2. Kumenya niba indishyi, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka bisabwa muri uru rubanza bifite ishingiro [42] Nsanzubuhoro Justin n’umwunganira basaba Urukiko rw’Ubujurire gutegeka Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel kwishyura Nsanzubuhoro Justin, amafaranga ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka umuburanira mu Rukiko rw'Ubujurire, ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'ikurikiranarubanza hamwe n'ay’icumbi kuko aturuka i Karongi aza kuburana i Kigali.

6 Reba igika cya 37. 7 Reba igika cya 36 n’icya 46 by’urubanza RCAA00008/2020/CA rwaciwe ku wa 25/06/2021, haburana Ndizeye Alphonse na Kibungo Medical Center na PRIME Insurance Company Plc. 8 Reba igika cya 55.

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Bavuga kandi ko indishyi Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel asaba nta shingiro zifite, kuko Nsanzubuhoro Justin ari we ukwiye indishyi kuko ari we warenganyijwe. [43] Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel n’umwunganira basaba Urukiko gutegeka Nsanzubuhoro Justin kumwishyura amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro n’ikurikiranarubanza, miliyoni imwe (1,000,000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka kuko ari we ukomeza kumushora mu manza no kumutera igihombo atakaza umwanya ndetse n'amafaranga, bityo akaba akwiriye kwirengera ingaruka zabyo akishyura amafaranga yasabwe yose. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [44] Ingingo ya 111 y’Itegeko N° 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi iteganya ibikurikira: ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza ni ikirego gishamikira ku kirego cy’iremezo kigamije kwishyuza ibyakoreshejwe mu rubanza. Ikirego cy’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza kiburanishirizwa rimwe n’ikirego cy’iremezo. Gishobora kandi kwakirwa kikanaburanishwa n’iyo ikirego cy’iremezo cyaba kitakiriwe. [45] Urukiko rurasanga, kuba byagaragaye ko Nsanzubuhoro Justin yarenganyijwe n’urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK yasubirishijemo, kandi akaba yarashatse Avoka umwunganira muri uru rubanza, ndetse akaba yaragiye akurikirana uru rubanza kuva rutangiye, rurasanga agomba guhabwa amafaranga y’ibyagiye ku rubanza asaba, ni ukuvuga ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'ikurikiranarubanza, akaba agomba kwishyurwa na Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel. [46] Urukiko rurasanga indishyi z'akababaro, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel asaba nta shingiro afite, kuko ikirego cya Nsanzubuhoro Justin cyahawe ishingiro. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [47] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Nsanzubuhoro Justin gisaba gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z'akarengane urubanza RCA0060/14/HC/RSZK rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, ku wa 30/12/2014, gifite ishingiro kuri bimwe. [48] Rwemeje ko amafaranga ibihumbi ijana (100,000Frw) y’ibyagiye ku rubanza, Urukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Rusizi, rwategetse Nsanzubuhoro Justin kwishyura Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel avanweho. [49] Rutegetse Nyamaswa Rukundo Emmanuel guha Nsanzubuhoro Justin amafaranga miliyoni ebyiri (2,000,000Frw) y’indishyi z’akababaro, ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'igihembo cya Avoka n’ibihumbi magana atanu (500,000Frw) y'ikurikiranarubanza, yose hamwe akaba miliyoni eshatu (3,000,000Frw).