RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd v MUKANEZA

# RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY Ltd v MUKANEZA

- Source: Amategeko - Section: Decisions (Judgements) - Date: 2024-04-05 - Case/document no.: RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC - Collection: Supreme Court

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RADIANT INSURANCE COMPANY LTD v MUKANEZA [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA - RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC (Cyanzayire, P., Hitiyaremye, Kazungu J.) 05 Mata 2024] Amategeko agenga imanza z’imbonezamubano – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zikozwe n’ibinyabiziga – Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu – Uwahohotewe wagize ubumuga buhoraho Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi. Ihinduka ry’umurongo – Indishyi zikomoka ku mpanuka zikozwe n’ibinyabiziga – Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe – Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera, uyu murongo ukaba uhindura uwari usanzwe wo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwa Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, aho izo ndishyi zahabwaga gusa uwatakaje akazi. Incamake y’ikibazo: Uru rubanza rukomoka ku mpanuka yabaye ikozwe n’ikinyabiziga cyari gifite ubwishingizi bwa Radiant Insurance Company Ltd (Radiant) hanyuma imusigira ubumuga bungana na 31% nkuko byemejwe n’abaganga b’impande zombi. Ubwumvikane ku ndishyi bunaniranye, Mukaneza yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge asaba ko yahabwa indishyi zitandukanye. Urukiko rwemeje ko yahabwa indishyi zirimo n’izibangamirabukungu ndetse n’iz’ibangamira ryu’uburambe mu kazi. Radiant ntiyishimiye imikirize y’urwo rubanza irujurira mu Rukiko Rukuru ivuga ko Mukaneza atagombaga guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe kandi yarakomeje gukora akazi ke ndetse akabona n’umushahara we wose. Urukiko Rukuru rwasanze ubujurire nta shingiro bufite gusa ruhindura uburyo indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zabazwe. Radiant yagiye mu nzira z’akarengane maze urubanza rwongera kuburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga hasuzumwa ibibazo byo kumenya kumenya niba Mukaneza akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ndetse n’indishyi z’ibangamira burambe mu kazi. Radiant ivuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zihabwa uwahohotewe watakaje inyungu yakuraga mu kazi kandi akaba agomba kubigaragaza akaba isanga rero Mukaneza atagaragaza uguhungabana yagize mu rwego rw’ubukungu kuko we yakomeje gukira akazi anahabwabwa n’umushahara yari asanzwe abona. Radiant ikomeza ivuga ko Mukaneza atari akwiriye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe kuko atari mu bemerewe guhabwa izi ndishyi nk’uko biri mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00010/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana Prime Insurance Company ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude. Mukaneza asobanura ko uwahohotewe adahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari uko yatakaje akazi gusa kandi burundu, ko ahubwo icyangombwa ari ukugira ubumuga buhoraho kandi ubwo bumuga akaba abufite ndetse ko bushobora no kwiyongera cyangwa bukaza mu gihe kizaza bukaba bwaranamugizeho ingaruka kuko ubu yasezeye ku kazi kubera kunanirwa kujya gukorera ahatari mu biro bimusaba kugenda n’amaguru. Akomeza asobanura ko akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamiraburambe kuko ziteganywa n’itegeko kandi akaba yujuje ibyo itegeko risaba.

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Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’ubukubgu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje cyangwa atarakomeje akazi bityo ibivugwa na Radiant akaba nta shingiro bifite. 2. Uwahohotewe mu mpanuka wagize ubumuga buhoraho agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kuko mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera, uyu murongo ukaba uhindura uwari usanzwe wo mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwa Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, aho izo ndishyi zahabwaga gusa uwatakaje akazi. Ikirego cyo gusubirishamo urubanza nta shingiro gifite. Nta gihindutse ku rubanza rusubirishwamo. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko No 02/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 rihindura Itegeko – teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenzwa ku butaka bifite moteri, ingingo ya 2; Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ingingo ya 5; Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, ingingo ya 2, 18, 19. Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2022/SC, Prime Insurance Company ltd n’ Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 02/12/2022. Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe: Yvonne Lambert – Faivre, Droit du dommage corporel, Systèmes d’indemnisation, 3ème édition, 1996, Dalloz, P. 100 § 57; S. BAEYENS, L. FAGNART, C JAUMAN, Tableau Indicatif 2016, Union Royale des Juges de Paix et de Police, A.S.B.L., La Charte, 2017, P. 13-14; Cassation, 2è chambre civile, 23 mai 2019. I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 09/04/2019, moto TVS Victor RE 012 G ifite ubwishingizi muri Radiant yakoze impanuka ikomerekeramo Mukaneza Clarisse, umugenzi yari itwaye, bimuviramo ubumuga bwa 31%, nk’uko byemejwe n’itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi. [2] Ubwumvikane ku ndishyi zigomba kwishyurwa ntibwashobotse, bituma Mukaneza Clarisse aregera Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge, ikirego cyandikwa kuri No RC 00743/2020/TGI/NYGE. [3] Mu kirego cye yasabye indishyi zikurikira:  Iz’ibangamirabukungu;

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 Iz’akababaro (pretium doloris);  Izerekeye ibangamira ry’uburanga (préjudice esthétique);  Iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi (préjudice de carrière);  Amafaranga yo kwivuza, ingendo, kugura dosiye n’ibindi byakoreshejwe;  Igihembo cya Avoka n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza. [4] Radiant yireguye ivuga ko Mukaneza Clarisse nta ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi akwiye guhabwa kuko nyuma y’impanuka yakomeje gukora kandi ahembwa uko bisanzwe, ibi ikabishingira ku bimenyetso yitangiye ubwe: icyemezo cy’umushahara na relevés za RSSB. [5] Yanavugaga ko nta ndishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa kuko nta rwego rw’ibangamira ry’uburanga abakemurampaka bamugeneye, ko ubwo ntabwo babonye. Ku birebana n’amafaranga yo kwivuza, ingendo n’ibindi, ivuga ko yemera kwishyura gusa ayatangiwe ibimenyetso angana na 927.434 Frw. Naho ku birebana n’igihembo cya Avoka n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza, yasubije ko isanga 550.000 Frw ahagije. [6] Ku itariki ya 21/09/2021, Urukiko rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge rwaciye urubanza rwemeza ko ikirego cya Mukaneza Clarisse gifite ishingiro kandi rutegeka Radiant kumwishyura indishyi zikurikira:  Indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu = 40.236.251 Frw;  Indishyi z’akababaro = 432.000 Frw;  Indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi = 4.948.410 Frw;  Indishyiz’ibangamira ry’uburanga = 216.000 Frw;  Amafaranga ajyanye no kwivuza, ingendo, kugura ibyemezo na dosiye =1.547.434 Frw;  Igihembo cya Avoka = 500.000 Frw;  Amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza = 100.000 Frw;  Igarama = 20.000 Frw. [7] Urukiko rwasobanuye ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zishingiye ku ngingo 18 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 25/08/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, kandi zibariwe ku mushahara wa 824.735 Frw, imyaka 32 Mukaneza yari asigaje gukora kugira ngo ajye mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru, ku bumuga buhoraho bwa 31% no ku gipimo cy’ibitsa cya 4,5%. [8] Rwasobanuye nanone ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga zishingiye ku rwego rwemejwe n’abaganga b’impande zombi: 3/6 rugaragara kuri formulaire de consolidation des lésions no kuri contre-expertise médicale de consolidation: ibangamira ry’uburanga riciriritse.

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[9] Ku byerekeye indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, rusobanura ko kuba impanuka yarasigiye Mukaneza Clarisse ubumuga buhoraho bwa 31% bituma imbaraga ze zigabanuka bityo n’igihe cye cy’uburambe mu kazi kikaba kizagabanuka. [10] Ku byerekeye indishyi z’akababaro, impande zombi zemeranywa ko Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye kuzihabwa kandi zingana na 432.000 Frw. [11] Ku byerekeye amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu kwivuza, mu ngendo, kugura dosiye n’ibyemezo bitandukanye, rusobanura ko ayo rwagennye ari ayagaragarijwe ibimenyetso, nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 13 y’Iteka rya Perezida ryavuzwe hejuru. [12] Ku byerekeye igihembo cya Avoka n’ikurikiranarubanza, urukiko rwasobanuye ko rushingiye ku ngingo ya 111 y’Itegeko No 22/2018 ryo ku wa 29/04/2018 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’izubutegetsi, ayo rwagennye akwiye. [13] Radiant yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru, ivuga ko Mukaneza Clarisse yagenewe indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kandi yarakomeje gukora nyuma y’impanuka ndetse akomeza guhembwa zikaba zinyuranye n’ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, ndetse n’ibanditswe na Yvonne Lambert Faivre; kuba Urukiko rwarabariye indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ku gipimo cy’ibitsa cya 4% kandi cyaranganaga na 7,701% umunsi w’isomwa ry’urubanza no kuba rwaratanze indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi kandi rwari rumaze gutanga indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu. [14] Mukaneza Clarisse yireguye avuga ko izo mpamvu z’ubujurire zidafite ishingiro, ahubwo atanga ubujurire bwuririye ku bwa Radiant, asaba ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu n’iz’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zibarirwa ku mushahara mbumbe (umushahara ubariyemo n’inyongera/avantages); anasaba ko ku rwego rw’ubujurire yahabwa indishyi zikubiyemo amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. [15] Urukiko Rukuru rwaciye urubanza Nº RCA 00266/2021/HC/KIG ku wa 30/09/2022, ruvuga ko ubujurire bwa Radiant nta shingiro bufite, ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge ruhindutse ku ngingo imwe yerekeye uburyo bwo kubara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, ruyitegeka kwishyura izingana na 25.566.785 Frw na 1.000.000 Frw akubiyemo ay’igihembo cy’avoka n’ay’ikurikiranarubanza. [16] Impamvu ya mbere rwashingiyeho icyemezo cyarwo ni uko ntahateganyijwe ko uwahohotewe agomba gutakaza akazi yakoraga burundu kugira ngo ahabwe indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu; iya kabiri ikaba ari uko igipimo cy’ibitsa cyariho umunsi urubanza rucibwa mu Rukiko Rwisumbuye rwa Nyarugenge cyanganaga na 8,363% aho kuba 4,5%. Rwasobanuye mu mpamvu ya gatatu ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zatanzwe zifite ishingiro kandi zabazwe neza, hashingiwe ku mushahara Mukaneza Clarisse yatahanaga (rémunération nette), runavuga ko ku rwego rw’ubujurire indishyi zisabwa na Mukaneza zifite ishingiro kuko Radiant yamushoye mu manza. [17] Ku wa 28/10/2022, Radiant yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire isaba ko urubanza No RCA00266/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 30/9/2022 rwasubirwamo ku

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mpamvu z’akarengane. Amaze gusuzuma ubwo busabe, ku wa 20/09/2023, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ubujurire yandikiye Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga asaba ko uru rubanza rwasubirwamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane. [18] Mu cyemezo cye N° 127/CJ/2023 cyo ku wa 26/09 /2023, Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yemeje ko urubanza No RCA 00266/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rwongera kuburanishwa, ruhabwa N° RS/INJUST/RC 00007/2023/SC. [19] Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame ku wa 04/03/2024, Radiant ihagarariwe na Me Ndayisaba Fidèle; Mukaneza Clarisse yunganiwe na Me NEMEYABAHIZI Jean Paul, hasuzumwa ibijyanye no kumenya niba Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu; niba akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga; niba akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi; ndetse hanasuzumwa ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa n’ababuranyi muri uru rubanza. II. IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO 1. Kumenya niba Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu [20] Me Ndayisaba Fidèle uhagarariye Radiant avuga ko indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zihabwa uwahohotewe watakaje inyungu yakuraga mu kazi kandi akaba agomba kubigaragaza, ko ibyo babishingira ku ngingo ya 5 y’Itegeko N° 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru no ku byanditswe na Yvonne LAMBERT FAIVRE mu gitabo cye yise Droit du dommage corporel, systèmes d’indemnisation, aho agira ati: « Iyo nyuma y’itariki ubumuga bwagaragariyeho yemejwe n’abaganga, uwahohotewe asubiye ku kazi adatakaje umusaruro yakuraga mu murimo we, nta gihombo cyo mu rwego rw’umurimo kibaho ». « Tuziko ihame ryo kwishyura ibyangijwe byose ribuza ukwikungahaza » « Ibyishyuwe kubera impanuka n’ibizatakazwa mu bihe bizaza kubera yo, n’igihombo mbonezamusaruro byishyurwa mu mafaranga, bigengwa n’amategeko yerekeye umutungo : amafaranga yakiriwe nk’indishyi asimbura ayishyuwe cyangwa yatakajwe kubera impanuka, ndetse n’ikirego cy’indishyi ubwacyo gifite kamere y’umutungo»1. [21] Asobanura ko muri iyi dosiye, Mukaneza Clarisse nyuma y’impanuka yakomeje gukora akazi ke ndetse ahembwa umushahara we nk’uko bisanzwe, ko nta hungabana yagize mu rwego rw’ubukungu. Asoza avuga ko Radiant inenga Urukiko Rukuru kuba rwarirengagije imiburanire yayo, rugahamishaho indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zari zategetswe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye rwa

1 Y. LAMBERT FAIVRE, Droit du dommage corporel, systèmes d’indemnisation, 3ème édition, Dalloz, 1996, pages 182, 185, 193: “après la consolidation, si le blessé reprend ses activités sans diminution de revenus, il n’y a aucun préjudice professionnel futur”; “On sait que le principe indemnitaire impose une indemnisation totale de la victime, mais sans enrichissement”; « Pertes subies et gains manqués constituent des préjudices économiques dont la compensation en argent s’effectue dans le cadre classique du droit patrimonial: l’argent reçu en indemnité remplace dans le patrimoine de la victime de l’argent dépensé ou non perçu du fait de l’accident et l’action en réparation est elle-même sans conteste patrimoniale… »;

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Nyarugenge hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 182 y’Iteka rya Perezida ryavuzwe, ikaba isaba Urukiko kuzivanaho kuko nta shingiro zifite. [22] Mukaneza Clarisse na Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul umwunganira, bavuga ko ingingo ya 5 iburanishwa na Radiant idakwiye kumvikana ko uwahohotewe ahabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari uko yatakaje akazi gusa kandi burundu. Basobanura ko ahubwo icyangombwa ari ukugira ubumuga buhoraho, ko iyo bumaze kugaragara indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu zigomba gutangwa kandi zikabarwa hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Perezida 3, ko Iteka rinavugwa mu ngingo ya 5 ariko Radiant ikaba yirengagiza igika cyayo cya kabiri (2). [23] Bakomeza bavuga ko Radiant ivugisha iyi ngingo ibyo itavuga; ko inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko yiyambaza zidahuye na kamere y’ikiburanwa hano; ahubwo ko Iteka rya Perezida ryakoreshejwe n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye risobanutse kandi rikaba ryarakoreshejwe neza. [24] Basoza bavuga ko ingaruka z’ubumuga zitagaragara ako kanya, ko zishobora kugaragara mu gihe kizaza; ko n’ikimenyimenyi ari uko Mukaneza atagikora kuko nyuma y’impanuka atabashije gukorera kuri ‘terrain’ nk’uko umurimo we wabimusabaga, kuko akinafite tiges mu kaguru. [25] Kuri ibi, uhagarariye Radiant avuga ko gusezera ku kazi kwa Mukaneza Clarisse ari uburenganzira bwe, ko ariko nta kigaragaza ko bifitanye isano n’impanuka yagize kuko ntacyo yabibwiyeho umukoresha we. Uko Urukiko rubibona [26] [26] Ingingo ya 2, igika cya 3, y’Itegeko No 02/2002 ryo ku wa 17/01/2002 rihindura Itegeko – teka No 32/75 ryo ku wa 07/08/1975 ryerekeye ubwishingizi butegetswe ku buryozwe butewe n’ibigenzwa ku butaka bifite moteri, iteganya ko «Indishyi z’ubwishingizi zishyurwa igihe habaye ibyago ku bantu, hakurikijwe itegeko ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abagize impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bifite moteri». [27] Ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko No 41/2001 ryo ku wa 19/09/2001 ryerekeye imyishyurire y’abangirijwe n’impanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga bigenzwa na moteri kandi bigenda ku butaka, iteganya ko « Iyo impanuka yateye ubumuga uwangirijwe bumubuza gukora akazi burundu, agomba guhabwa amafaranga y’indishyi kubera ubusembwa ku mubiri, guhungabana mu bwenge cyangwa kubera ingaruka bifite ku nyungu yavanaga ku mwuga we atagishoboye gukora kubera ubumuga». Mu gika cya kabiri iyo ngingo iteganya ko «indishyi zigenwa hakurikijwe Iteka rya Perezida wa Repubulika». [28] Urukiko rusanga ikibazo nyamukuru Radiant igaragaza ari ukuba Mukaneza Clarisse yaragenewe indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu kandi nyuma y’impanuka yarakomeje akazi ndetse

2 Ingingo 18, igika cya 1, tiret 1 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003: “Iyo ari ubumuga buhoraho burengeje 30%, indishyi y’ibangamirabukungu ikorwa hakurikijwe amategeko akurikira: iyo uwahohotewe akora umwuga ahemberwa, ahabwa amafaranga abarwa hakurijwe igihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga n’imyaka ye”. 3 Mu ngingo za 17 na 18. Ingingo 17 ivuga uburyo indishyi mbangamirabukungu zibarwa iyo hari ubumuga buhoraho butarenze 30%.

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akanakomeza guhembwa, ariho ihera ivuga ko hirengagijwe ingingo ya 5 y’Itegeko No 41/2001 ryavuzwe haruguru. [29] Urukiko rusanga ikibazo kiri kuri iyi ngingo ari ihinduranya ry’indimi kuko ahanditse « Iyo impanuka yateye ubumuga uwangirijwe bumubuza gukora akazi burundu […] », mu gifransa handitse « Lorsque le dommage a causé une incapacité permanente […] ». Ugereranyije izi nteruro mu ndimi zombi ntizivuga ikintu kimwe. Rusanga iyi ngingo ikwiye kumvikana ko uwawohotewe wishyurwa indishyi ari uwasigiwe n’impanuka ubumuga azahorana bw’ikigero runaka; itegeko rikaba rivuga ko azishyurwa indishyi zibariwe kuri icyo kigero, icyo kigero kikaba ari igihombo kizahoraho mu rwego rw’ubushobozi umuntu afite butuma akora. [30] Urukiko rusanga ibyo iyo ngingo iteganya bidakwiye kumvikana nk’aho uwahohotewe wishyurwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu ari uwavuye mu kazi burundu, wagatakaje burundu, cyangwa wamugaye udashobora kugira icyo akora. [31] Ingingo ya 2 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, isobanura « ubumuga buhoraho nk’igabanuka ry’ubushobozi bw’umubiri, ryo gutekereza no kumva cyangwa ry’ubwenge riterwa no kumererwa nabi cyane k’umubiri w’uwahohotewe ». Mu gika cyayo cya kabiri, iyo ngingo iteganya ko « ubumuga butewe n’impanuka bufatwa ko buhoraho uhereye ku itariki bwagaragariyeho yemejwe n’abaganga hakurikijwe uburyo buteganywa n’ingingo ya 5 ». [32] Iyi ngingo itanga umucyo ku gisobanuro cy’ubumuga buhoraho n’igihe butangira gufatwa nk’uburiho; kuba uwagize ubwo bumuga yakomeza gukora akazi ntibivanaho ko abufite; hakurikijwe ikigero cyabwo cyemejwe n’abaganga hari icyagabanutse ku bushobozi yari afite bwo gukora akazi, kuko nubwo yaba ataragatakaje uyu munsi, ariko ntiyakize. [33] Iri sesengura rihura n’ibyanditse mu gitabo cya Yvonne Lambert – Faivre, ahanditse ko itariki ubumuga buhoraho bwagaragariyeho yemejwe n’abaganga, ari ihura n’igihe ibikomere bitagihindutse, ku buryo ubuvuzi buba butagikenewe, uretse gusa ubujyanye no kwirinda ko habaho gusubira inyuma, ku buryo bishoboka kugaragaza ikigero cy’ubumuga buhoraho aribwo shingiro ry’igihombo gihoraho. Kudahinduka kw’ibikomere guherekejwe n’ubumuga buhoraho ntibivuze ko umuntu yakize4. [34] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko rusanga Radiant idahakana ko impanuka yasigiye Mukaneza Clarisse ubumuga buhoraho bwa 31% nk’uko byemejwe muri raporo yo ku wa 05/08/2020 yakozwe n’itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi nyuma y’uko zinaniwe kumvikana ku kigero cy’ubumuga cyari cyagaragajwe muri expertise ndetse no muri contre- expertise zakorewe Mukaneza Clarisse. Igisigaye akaba ari ukumenya niba uwo impanuka yasigiye ubumuga buhoraho, ashobora guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu mu gihe yakomeje gukora akazi, agakomeza kubona umushahara we.

4 Yvonne Lambert – Faivre, Droit du dommage corporel, Systèmes d’indemnisation, 3ème édition, 1996, Dalloz, P. 100 § 57 : « le texte de la ‘‘Mission d’expertise 1987’’définit la date de consolidation comme ‘‘le moment où les lésions se fixent et prennent un caractère permanent, tel qu’un traitement n’est plus nécessaire, si ce n’est pour éviter une aggravation, et qu’il est possible d’apprécier un certain degré d’incapacité permanente réalisant un préjudice définitif’’ : la consolidation avec séquelles n’est donc pas guérison ».

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[35] Ingingo ya 18 y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/2001 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 ryavuzwe, iteganya uburyo abagize ubumuga buhoraho burengeje 30% bishyurwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, mu gace kayo ka mbere ikavuga ko « Iyo uwahohotewe akora umurimo ahemberwa, ahabwa amafaranga abarwa hakurikijwe igihembo umuntu atahana, urwego rw’ubumuga n’imyaka ye ». [36] Ingingo imaze kuvugwa yumvikanisha ko uwahohotewe wagize ubumuga buhoraho ku kigero kirengeje 30%, afite uburenganzira ku ndishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hakurikijwe ikigero cy’ubumuga yagize; ntabwo ivuga niba uwo muntu agomba kuba yatakaje akazi cyangwa se umushahara yahembwaga kugira ngo ahabwe indishyi. Ibi bishimangirwa n’aho iyo ngingo igira iti: « iyo akora umurimo uhemberwa » ikaba itavuga « iyo yakoraga umurimo uhemberwa » ngo bibe byakumvikana nk’aho yamaze gutakaza uwo murimo yakoraga. [37] Ibi ni nabyo byagarutsweho n’Abahanga mu mategeko S. Baeyens, J.-L. Jauman, M. Vandeweerdt basobanura ko igihombo cyatewe n’ubumuga buhoraho uwahohotewe yagize, gishobora kuba gutakaza umusaruro yabonaga, cyangwa se gutakaza imbaraga n’ubushobozi yari afite bwo gukora neza inshingano ze mu kazi, ndetse no kuba amahirwe cyangwa agaciro yari afite ku isoko ry’umurimo bigabanuka (Le dommage matériel que subit la victime à la suite d’une incapacité permanente de travail peut consister en une perte de revenus et/ ou en la nécessité de fournir des efforts accrus dans l’accomplissement de ses tâches professionnelles et/ou en une diminution de sa valeur économique sur le marché du travail).5 [38] Urukiko rushingiye ku byavuzwe haruguru, rusanga Mukaneza Clarisse wagize ubumuga buhoraho bwa 31%, agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu hatitawe ku kuba yarakomeje akazi. Rusanga rutashingira ku nyandiko z’abahanga Radiant ishingiraho ivuga ko uwakomeje gukora akazi nyuma y’impanuka, agakomeza guhembwa, adakwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu, mu gihe izo nyandiko zitandukanye n’ibiteganywa n’amategeko y’u Rwanda mu ngingo zavuzwe kuko zo ntaho zibuza ko uwakomeje akazi ahabwa indishyi. [39] Urukiko rushingiye ku ngingo z’amategeko no ku bisobanuro byatanzwe haruguru, rusanga Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu nk’uko byari byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, bityo Radiant ikaba nta karengane yagiriwe kuri iyi ngingo. 2. Kumenya niba Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga [40] Me Ndayisaba Fidèle uhagarariye Radiant yibutsa ko ingingo ya 19 y’Iteka rya Perezida ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko muganga agereranya ibangamira ry’uburanga akurikije ikigereranyo cy’inzego 6. Ko nyamara muri iyi dosiye, itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi ntacyo ryavuze ku ibangamira ry’uburanga rya Mukaneza Clarisse. Asoza avuga ko kubera iyo mpamvu indishyi zatanzwe n’Urukiko nta shingiro zifite, zikaba zikwiye kuvanwaho. [41] Mukaneza Clarisse na Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul umwunganira basobanura ko itsinda ry’abaganga ryashyizweho n’impande zombi kugira ngo rikemure gusa ikibazo cy’ubumuga buhoraho kuko aricyo cyonyine zitumvikanagaho. Ko ku ikubitiro ibangamira ry’uburanga

5 S. Baeyens, L. Fagnart, C Jauman, Tableau Indicatif 2016, Union Royale des Juges de Paix et de Police, A.S.B.L., La Charte, 2017, P. 13-14

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ryumvikanyweho n’abaganga b’impande zombi kuko bose bemeje ko rifite ikigero cya 3/6. Indishyi zatanzwe rero zikaba zifite ishingiro kandi zikwiye kugumaho. Uko Urukiko rubibona [42] Ingingo ya 19, igika cya 2, y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, iteganya ko ibangamira ry’uburanga abaganga bazarigereranya hakurikijwe icyigereranyo cy’inzego 6, ritangirwe indishyi ku buryo bukurikira: urwego rwa 3: Igereranya riciriritse 20% y’umushahara w’umwaka muto ntarengwa wemewe n’amategeko (…). [43] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko nyuma y’impanuka Mukaneza Clarisse yakorewe expertise médicale de consolidation, muganga akagaragaza ko afite ubumuga buhoraho bungana na 50% ndetse n’ibangamira ry’uburanga rya 3/6. Radiant ariko ntiyemeye iyi consolidation maze muganga wayo akorera Mukaneza Clarisse contre - expertise we agaragaza ubumuga buhoraho bwa 20% n’ibangamira ry’uburanga ringana na 3/6, Mukaneza Clarisse nawe ntiyayemera bituma buri ruhande rushyiraho muganga warwo kugira ngo bakore itsinda ry’abaganga bakemure impaka, aribo baje kwemeza ko Mukaneza Clarisse afite ubumuga buhoraho bwa 31% ariko ntibashyiraho ikigero cy’ibangamira ry’uburanga. [44] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko rusanga kuba muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Radiant wakoreye Mukaneza Clarisse contre–expertise de consolidation yaremeje urwego rw’ibangamira ry’uburanga rwa 3/6 nk’uko byari byemejwe na muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Mukaneza wakoze expertise de consolidation, bigaragaza ko bari babyemeranyijweho ; bityo bika bitari mu byagibwagaho impaka bigomba gushyirirwaho itsinda ry’abaganga bo kubikemura, kuko iri ryashyizweho kugira ngo rikemure ikibazo cyari gihari ku bijyanye n’ikigero cy’ubumuga buhoraho impande zombi zitari zumvikanyeho. [45] Urukiko rusanga kandi ibyo Radiant ivuga ko kuba abakemurampaka batarashyizemo ikigero cy’ibangamira ry’uburanga bivuga ko babonye ko ntaryo, bitahabwa ishingiro kuko bigaragara ko bitari mu byo basuzumye, dore ko ntacyo barivuzeho, ndetse no muri correspondances6 impande zombi zagiranye bashyiraho abo bakemurampa, hakaba ntahagaragara ko hari inshingano bahawe zo gusuzuma n’ibijyanye n’ibangamira ry’uburanga, kuko iyo basuzuma bagasanga ntaryo baba barabivuze muri raporo bakoze. Byongeye kandi iyo iryo bangamira ry’uburanga riba ridahari, muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Radiant ntiyari kuba yarabyemeje muri raporo yakoze kuko yashimangiye ibyemejwe na muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Mukaneza Clarisse.

6 Muri email umukozi wa Radiant yandikiye Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul ku wa 09/07/2020, yamumenyeshaga ko amwoherereje raporo muganga wa Radiant yakoreye umukiriya we Mukaneza Clarisse, kuri uwo munsi, Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul yasubije iyo email avuga ko yabonye Contre – expertise yakorewe Mukaneza Clarisse, ariko ko nyuma yo kuyisuzumana nawe basanze irimo gupfobya ububabare yagize, bakaba batayemera. Ku wa 15/07/2020, umukozi wa Radiant yongeye kwandikira Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul, amumenyesha izina rya muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Radiant (Dr Kagambirwa Emmanuel) n’aho akorera, anamumenyesha ko uyu muganga yazahura n’uwo ku ruhande rwa Mukaneza Clarisse. Kuwa 21/07/2020, Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul yasubije nawe abamenyesha muganga wo ku ruhande rwa Mukaneza Clarisse (Col Prof Byimana John) anabamenyesha aho akorera.

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[46] Urukiko rushingiye ku bisobanuro bimaze gutangwa, rusanga Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburanga nk’uko byemejwe n’Urukiko Rukuru, bityo Radiant ikaba nta karengane yagiriwe kuri iyi ngingo. 3. Kumenya niba Mukaneza Clarisse akwiye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi [47] Me Ndayisaba Fidèle uhagarariye Radiant avuga ko Mukaneza yakomeje gukora nyuma y’impanuka kandi agahembwa nk’uko bisanzwe, ko kubera iyo mpamvu adakwiriye guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi, ahubwo agomba gusubiza izo yahawe. Akomeza asobanura ko Mukaneza Clarisse atari mu bemerewe guhabwa izi ndishyi nk’uko biri mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC00010/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 02/12/2022 haburana Prime Insurance Company ltd / Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude. [48] Mukaneza Clarisse na Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul umwunganira bibukije ko mu Rukiko Rukuru, Radiant yaburanaga ivuga ko izi ndishyi zidakwiye kubangikanywa n’indishyi z’ibangamirabukungu; bakomeza bavuga ko basanga zikwiye gutangwa kuko ziteganyijwe n’Iteka rya Perezida ryavuzwe, ko kandi izatanzwe zifite ishingiro. Uko Urukiko rubibona [49] Ingingo ya 19, igika cya 4, y’Iteka rya Perezida No 31/01 ryo ku wa 28/05/2003 rishyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura indishyi ku bubabare bw’umubiri buturutse ku mpanuka zitewe n’ibinyabiziga, iteganya ko ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi ari: o Gutakaza amahirwe y’akazi umunyeshuri wo mu mashuri yisumbuye, wo mu mashuri y’imyuga, wo mu mashuri makuru cyangwa andi angana nayo ashobora kwizera; o Gutakaza uburambe mu kazi ku muntu wari usanzwe akora (….) [50] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko Mukaneza Clarisse yari umukozi wa LODA, ku mwanya wa Data Analysis Specialist. Igaragaza kandi ko nyuma y’impanuka yakomeje gukora muri LODA, ariko ko yasinye amasezerano y’akazi y’amezi 6 ahera ku itariki ya 01/01/2022, akongera gusinya andi y’amezi 3 guhera ku itariki ya 01/07/2022, ndetse akaza kwandika ibaruwa isezera akazi ku wa 26/07/2022 amanyesha LODA ko azagahagarika ku wa 31/07/2022. [51] Dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza kandi ko Mukaneza Clarisse yagize ubumuga buhoraho bwa 31% nk’uko byari byavuzwe haruguru, Mukaneza avuga ko kuba mu kazi ke, akenshi yarakoreraga kuri terrain kandi afite tiges mu kaguru, yabonye atagishoboye kugakora kubera ingaruka yatewe n’impanuka, akagasezera, kandi ko n’umukoresha we yari asigaye amusinyisha amasezerano y’igihe gito. [52] Urukiko rusanga nubwo Mukaneza Clarisse atahise atakaza akazi nyuma y’impanuka, atari agifite ubushobozi bwe bwose bwo kugakora neza kubera ubumuga yatewe n’iyo mpanuka. Rusanga Mukaneza Clarisse nk’umuntu ufite tiges mu kaguru, hari imirimo atashobora gukora bitewe n’imiterere yayo, ibyo bikaba bigomba kubarirwa mu gihombo yatewe n’ubumuga buhoraho yagize buturutse ku mpanuka. Ibi ni nabyo abahanga bavuzwe haruguru basobanura, ko « (…) igihombo umuntu aterwa n’ubumuga buhoraho, gishobora no kuba gutakaza imbaraga

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n’ubushobozi yari afite bwo gukora inshingano ze z’akazi cyangwa se no kuba agaciro yari afite ku isoko ry’umurimo kagabanuka»7. [53] Urukiko rusanga kandi mu ngaruka ubumuga buhoraho bugira ku burambe mu kazi k’uwari usanzwe akora, harimo no gutakaza amahirwe yo kuzamurwa mu ntera mu kazi; aya mahirwe yatakajwe akaba ari mu ndishyi zishyurwa uwawohotewe. Ibi ni nako byemejwe mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bufaransa, rwaciwe ku itariki ya 23/05/20198. Ibi bisobanuro birahindura ibyari byatanzwe mu rubanza RS/INJUST/RC 00010/2021/SC rwa Prime Insurance Company Ltd na Uwimanimpaye Jean Claude, aho uru Rukiko rwari rwavuze ko indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi zigomba kumvikana nk’indishyi zo gutakaza akazi. [54] Urukiko rusanga kandi ubumuga buhoraho impanuka yateye Mukaneza Clarisse bwaraje gutuma asezera akazi kuko yabonaga atagishoboye kugakora neza, n’ubwo atagasezeye impanuka ikimara kuba, ibyo nabyo bishimangira igihombo yatewe n’ubumuga buhoraho buturutse ku mpanuka, bityo akaba agomba guhabwa indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi. [55] Urukiko rushingiye ku bisobanuro byatanzwe, rusanga indishyi z’ibangamira ry’uburambe mu kazi Mukaneza Clarisse yahawe yari azikwiye, Urukiko Rukuru rukaba nta kosa rwakoze mu kuzimugenera, bityo hakaba nta karengane Radiant yagiriwe kuri iyi ngingo. 4. Kumenya ishingiro ry’indishyi zisabwa muri uru rubanza [56] Me Ndayisaba Fidèle uhagarariye Radiant avuga ko Mukaneza Clarisse yayishoye mu manza bitari ngombwa, bityo ko isaba ko ategekwa kuyishyura indishyi za 2.500.000 Frw, zikubiyemo igihembo cy’Avoka n’amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza. [57] Mukaneza Clarisse na Me Nemeyabahizi Jean Paul umwunganira bibutsa ko yakomerekeye mu mpanuka itejwe n’ikinyabiziga cyishingiwe na Radiant. Bakomeza bavuga ko indishyi zisabwa na Radiant nta shingiro zifite, kuko ariyo yanze kurangiza ikibazo mu bwumvikane, ko ndetse naho dosiye igiriye mu nkiko yanze guhagarika imanza kuko yagiye ijurira kugeza uyu munsi. Basoza basaba indishyi za 1.500.000 Frw zo gushorwa mu manza kuri uru rwego. Uko Urukiko rubibona [58] Urukiko rusanga amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka Radiant isaba idakwiye kuyahabwa kuko ikirego cyayo kitahawe ishingiro. Urukiko rusanga kandi indishyi zo gushorwa mu manza Mukaneza Clarisse asaba adakwiye kuzihabwa kuko atabasha kugaragaza ko Radiant yatanze ikirego cy’akarengane igamije kumushora mu manza.

7 Op. cit., P. 13-14 8 Cassation, 2è chambre civile, 23 mai 2019 : « Mais attendu qu’ayant relevé, que compte tenu des restrictions importantes à une activité, du marché du travail et de son âge, un retour à l’emploi de M.R…était très aléatoire, c’est sans encourir les griefs du moyen que la cour d’appel a réparé au titre d’incidence professionnelle, la perte de chance pour M.R…d’une promotion professionnelle, préjudice distinct de celui réparé au titre de la perte de gains professionnels futurs calculée au vu de son ancien salaire et qui n’intégrait pas l’évolution de carrière qu’il aurait pu espérer » (Indemnisation de la perte de carrière au titre d’incidence professionnelle, Actualité juridique du dommage corporel [ online]: https://publications-prairial.fr/ajdc, consulté le 03/04/2024.

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III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [59] Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Radiant Insurance Company Ltd cyo gusubirishamo ku mpamvu z’akarengane urubanza Nº RCA 00266/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n'Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 30/09/2022, nta shingiro gifite; [60] Rwemeje ko nta gihindutse ku mikirize y’urubanza No RCA 00266/2021/HC/KIG rwaciwe n'Urukiko Rukuru ku wa 30/09/2022.