Re HABIMANA (FOND)

Re HABIMANA (FOND) [Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENG A – RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2024/SC (Mukantaganzwa, J. P., Hitiyaremye, Cyanzayire, Mukamulisa na Muhumuza, J.) 22 Gicurasi 2026] Itegeko Nshinga – Ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko – Ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko si ndakuka, kuko rishobora gushyirwaho imbibi ziteganywa n’amategeko hagamijwe kurinda inyungu rusange, umutekano, ituze rusange, umuco mbonezabupfura cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abandi – Gutandukanya abantu buri gihe ntibyitwa kutabafata bose kimwe mu gihe bikozwe kubera impamvu zumvikana kandi zubahirije amategeko. Itegeko Nshinga – Ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko – Gutandukanya uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca hashingiwe ku byiciro by’ibyaha byakozwe ntibyafatwa nko kudaha abantu bose amahirwe angana imbere y’ubutabera, kuko iryo tandukaniro rishingiye ku mpamvu zifatika zijyanye n’uburyo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yateguwe ikanashyirwa mu bikorwa. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye – Uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha – Kuba hari umuntu waburaniye mu Nkiko Gacaca ariko akaba ku bw’itegeko atemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bitewe n’icyiciro arimo hashingiwe ku byaha yakoze, ntibyafatwa nko kubuzwa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko itegeko rimugenera, mu gihe yaburaniye imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye – Uburenganzira bwo kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze – Kuba abari mu cyiciro cy’abahamijwe ibindi byaha bitari icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’Inkiko Gacaca batemererwa gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ntibyafatwa nko kuryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze mu gihe hari urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rwakimuhamije ku buryo budasubirwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso yisobanuyeho. Incamake y’ikibazo: Habimana yatanze ikirego muri uru Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 10, agace ka 1 n’aka 2, y’Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo, n’ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e). Habimana asobanura ko iyo ngingo ya 10 yavuzwe haruguru asanga inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ko amategeko abarengera kimwe, kuko abahamijwe ibindi bikorwa mu bigize icyaha cya jenoside bitari ubwicanyi, itabarengera kimwe n’abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi kuko itabemerera kuba basubirishamo urubanza rwabahamije icyaha. Avuga kandi ko iyo ngingo inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko ibangamiye ihame ry’uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye burimo ubwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha atakoze, ikaba ibuza uwahamijwe n’Urukiko gacaca icyaha cya jenoside ku bindi bikorwa bigize icyo cyaha bitari ubwicanyi uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya. Habimana akomeza avuga ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, nayo irimo ivangura kuko abaregwa ibindi byaha baburaniye mu nkiko Gacaca, iyi ngingo itabarengera kimwe. Uhagarariye Leta muri uru rubanza avuga ko iki kirego cy’Urega kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe, kuko ibyo aregera byamaze gufatwaho umwanzuro n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza rwa Re Kamanzi Anaclet, rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 31/03/2023.

Mu gusuzuma ibyo bibazo byatanzwe n’Urega, uru Rukiko rwabanje guca urubanza rubanziriza urundi ku kibazo kijyanye no kuregera ko zimwe mu ngingo z’Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, rwemeza ko icyo kirego kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kubera ko iryo Tegeko Ngenga ritakiriho. Mu rubanza rubanziriza urundi, uru Rukiko rwemeje kandi ko ibyo Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko ibyo Habimana aregera bijyanye n’uko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e) byamaze gufatwaho icyemezo mu rubanza rwa Kamanzi Anaclet, nta shingiro bifite, rwemeza ko ikirego cye cyakirwa kigasuzumwa. Muri uru rubanza, Habimana asobanura ko iyo ngingo ya 197, igika cya 4, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana n’uko itareshyeshya abantu mu buryo bumwe imbere y’amategeko, kuko ababuraniye mu Nkiko Gacaca bagahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi iyo ngingo ibemerera gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zabo, ariko abahamijwe ibindi byaha mu Nkiko Gacaca bitari ubwicanyi bo ikaba itabaha ubwo burenganzira. Avuga kandi ko uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bwatanzwe mu Nkiko Gacaca ku bahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi ari nako bugomba gutangwa ku bahamijwe ibindi byaha n’Inkiko Gacaca. Bityo, akaba asanga ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yakagombye guha uburenganzira abantu bose bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ntirebe gusa abantu bahamwe n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi. Urega avuga kandi ko iyo ngingo ya 197, igika cya 4, yavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye burimo ubwo kuregera urukiko rubifitiye ububasha n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze, kuko icyo gika cyemerera gusa abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, kikaba cyambura abahamijwe ibindi byaha n’Inkiko Gacaca uburenganzira bwo kugira urukiko bakwiyambaza basaba kurenganurwa mu gihe bafite impamvu zashingirwaho basaba gusubirishamo ingingo nshya urubanza rwabo. Uhagarariye Leta muri uru rubanza, avuga ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru, itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura riyigaragaramo. Asobanura ko Umushingamategeko ashyiraho iyo ngingo y’itegeko yari agamije kugira ibyo akemura bishobora guteza umutekano muke cyangwa hirindwa ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyateza ikibazo muri rubanda. Asobanura ko zimwe mu manza zaburanishijwe n’inkiko zisanzwe hasubirishwamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, zagiye zigira abere abari barahamwe n’icyaha cya Jenoside cyangwa zikabafungura mu buryo budasobanutse hirengagijwe umwihariko n’imiterere by’Inkiko Gacaca. Hari n’aho inkiko zisanzwe zatesheje agaciro imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca ku mpamvu y’uko hari undi muntu wahamijwe icyaha kizivugwamo unacyirega, ariko nyamara hakirengagizwa ko umuntu umwe yashoboraga kwicwa n’igitero kirimo abantu benshi. Avuga kandi ko iyubahirizwa ry’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko ndetse no kurengerwa na yo kimwe riteganywa mu ngingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ryakumvikana hagereranywa ibyemerewe abantu bafite imanza zaciwe n’inkiko zisanzwe zisabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya hagati yabo, cyangwa se ibyemerewe abasaba gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca hagati yabo. Ku kibazo kijyanye no kuba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, yavuzwe haruguru Urega avuga ko inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, Uhagarariye Leta avuga ko nta shingiro bifite, ko kitagomba gukurwaho kuko uru Rukiko rw’Ikirenga rwabisobanuye mu rubanza rwaciye rw’uwitwa Kamanzi Anaclet rwavuzwe haruguru, ko kureshya imbere y’inkiko bivuze ko abantu bari imbere y’inkiko zimwe bagomba kugira uburenganzira bumwe. Ibi bisobanuye ko abantu baburanira imbere y’inkiko zitandukanye, bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, atari ngombwa buri gihe ko bafatwa kimwe, ko ibyemerewe abari mu cyiciro kimwe bitemerewe abari mu kindi, ibyo

bitavuze ko nta butabera buboneye buba bwatanzwe, kubera ko buri cyiciro kigomba kurebwa ukwacyo bitewe n’Urukiko rwakiburanishije hashingiwe no ku bwoko bw’ibyaha gikurikiranyweho. Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko si ndakuka, kuko rishobora gushyirwaho imbibi ziteganywa n’amategeko hagamijwe kurinda inyungu rusange, umutekano, ituze rusange, umuco mbonezabupfura cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abandi. Gutandukanya abantu buri gihe ntibyitwa kutabafata bose kimwe mu gihe bikozwe kubera impamvu zumvikana kandi zubahirije amategeko. 2. Gutandukanya uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca hashingiwe ku byiciro by’ibyaha byakozwe ntibyafatwa nko kudaha abantu bose amahirwe angana imbere y’ubutabera, kuko iryo tandukaniro rishingiye ku mpamvu zifatika zijyanye n’uburyo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yateguwe ikanashyirwa mu bikorwa. 3. Kuba hari umuntu waburaniye mu Nkiko Gacaca ariko akaba ku bw’itegeko atemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bitewe n’icyiciro arimo hashingiwe ku byaha yakoze, ntibyafatwa nko kubuzwa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko itegeko rimugenera, mu gihe yaburaniye imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. 4. Kuba abari mu cyiciro cy’abahamijwe ibindi byaha bitari icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’Inkiko Gacaca batemererwa gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ntibyafatwa nko kuryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze mu gihe hari urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rwakimuhamije ku buryo budasubirwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso yisobanuyeho. Ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo y’itegeko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nta shingiro gifite. Amategeko yashingiweho: Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04/08/2023, ingingo ya 15, 16 n’iya 29. Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo, ingingo ya 10. Itangazo ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bwa muntu (1948), ingingo ya 7 n’iya 29. Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki (1966), ingingo ya 4, 18, 22 n’iya 26. Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 197. Imanza zifashishijwe: RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC, Re Kamanzi Anaclet rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 31/03/2023. RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, Re Ngendahayo Kabuye rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 10/02/2023. RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/ 2019/SC, Re Murangwa Edward rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 29/11/2019. RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, Re Akagera Business Group, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 29/09/2016. Carson and Others v. United Kingdom, App. No 42184/05, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Mar. 16, 2010). Andrejeva v. Latvia, App. No 55707/00, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Feb. 18, 2009). D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic, App. No 57325/00, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Nov. 13, 2007). Thlimmenos v. Greece, App. No 34369/97, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Apr. 6, 2000). Urubanza

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA [1] Ku wa 12/08/2024, Habimana Stanislas yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 10, agace ka 1 n’aka 2, y’Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo, n’ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda (Itegeko Nshinga muri uru rubanza), mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e). [2] Avuga ko ingingo ya 10, agace ka 1 n’aka 2, y’Itegeko Ngenga rikuraho inkiko gacaca, iteganya ko urubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Gacaca rushobora gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya mu rukiko rubifitiye ububasha kubera impamvu zikurikira: a) Iyo umuntu yari yarahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’urubanza rwabaye ndakuka rwaciwe n’Urukiko gacaca nyuma uwo bamushinja ko yishe akaza kuboneka; b) Iyo umuntu yari yarahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’urubanza rwabaye ndakuka rwaciwe n’Urukiko gacaca kandi aricyo cyaha cyonyine cyamuhamye; nyuma hakaboneka urundi rubanza rwahamije undi muntu icyo cyaha cyonyine gusa kandi nta bufatanyacyaha buri hagati ya bombi. [3] Avuga ko iyo ngingo asanga inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ko amategeko abarengera kimwe, kuko abahamijwe ibindi bikorwa mu bigize icyaha cya jenoside bitari ubwicanyi biteganywa mu ngingo ya 4 n’iya 5 z’Itegeko Ngenga rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca, ingingo ya 10, agace ka 1 n’aka 2, itabarengera kimwe n’abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi kuko itabemerera kuba basubirishamo urubanza rwabahamije icyaha. [4] Anavuga ko iyo ngingo inyuranyije kandi n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 29, kuko ibangamiye ihame ry’uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye burimo ubwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha buteganywa mu gace ka (c) n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha atakoze buteganywa mu gace ka (e) kuko ibuza uwahamijwe n’Urukiko gacaca icyaha cya jenoside ku bindi bikorwa bigize icyo cyaha bitari ubwicanyi bivugwa mu ngingo ya 4 n’iya 5 zavuzwe, uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya. Aha ariko Urukiko rwibajije niba Itegeko Ngenga rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikiriho ku buryo ryaregerwa ko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. [5] Akomeza avuga ko Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, mu ngingo yaryo ya 197, igika cya 4, riteganya ko ku bijyanye n’imanza zaciwe n’inkiko gacaca, gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya byemerwa gusa iyo uwakatiwe urubanza yerekanye ko uwo yashinjwaga kwica akiriho», ko iyi ngingo nayo irimo ivangura kuko abaregwa ibindi byaha baburaniye mu nkiko Gacaca, iyi ngingo itabarengera kimwe. [6] Uhagarariye Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko asanga ikirego cya Habimana Stanislas kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kuko ibyo aregera byamaze gufatwaho umwanzuro n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza rwa Kamanzi Anaclet1. [7] Iburanisha ryabereye mu ruhame ku wa 10/09/2025, Habimana Stanislas yunganiwe na Me Munyansanga Amina Gisèle, Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Cyubahiro Fiat, Urukiko rubanza gusuzuma ikibazo cyo kumenya niba Habimana Stanislas afite inyungu mu rubanza; rufatira icyemezo mu ntebe, rwemeza ko afite inyungu itaziguye kandi ye bwite yo kuregera ko ingingo zavuzwe zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. Iburansha ryakomeje hasuzumwa ibibazo bikurikira: 1 Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC, rwaciwe kuwa 31/03/2023, harega uwitwa Kamanzi Anaclet, hari na Leta y’u Rwanda.

1) Kumenya niba Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho inkiko gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo rikiriho ku buryo ryaregerwa ko zimwe mu ngingo zaryo zinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga. 2) Kumenya niba ikirego cya Habimana Stanislas kirebana no kuba ingingo ya 197, igika cya kane, y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e), kitarafashweho icyemezo mu rundi rubanza ku buryo kitakwakirwa. [8] Ku wa 23/01/2026, Urukiko rwaciye urubanza rubanziriza urundi, rwemeza ko ikirego cya Habimana Stanislas ku bijyanye no kuregera ko zimwe mu ngingo z’Itegeko Ngenga No 04/2012/OL ryo ku wa 15/06/2012 rikuraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo byari mu bubasha bwazo inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga kitagomba kwakirwa ngo gisuzumwe kubera ko iryo Tegeko Ngenga ritakiriho. [9] Urukiko rwemeje ko ibivugwa n’uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta ko ikirego cya Habimana Stanislas kijyanye no kuregera ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29(c) na (e), kitakwakirwa kuko ibyo aregera byamaze gufatwaho icyemezo mu rubanza rwa Kamanzi Anaclet, nta shingiro bifite, rwemeza ko ikirego cye cyakirwa kigasuzumwa. [10] Iburanisha ryashyizwe ku wa 14/04/2026, ribera mu ruhame, Habimana Stanislas yunganiwe na Me Munyansanga Amina Gisèle, Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Cyubahiro Fiat, hasuzumwa ibibazo bikurikira: 1) Kumenya niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo yaryo ya 15; 2) Kumenya niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo yaryo ya 29(c) na (e). II. ISESENGURWA RY’IBIBAZO BIGIZE URUBANZA 1. Kumenya niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo yaryo ya 15 [11] Habimana Stanislas n’umwunganira bavuga ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga ku birebana n’uko itareshyeshya abantu mu buryo bumwe imbere y’amategeko, kuko ababuraniye mu Nkiko Gacaca bagahamwa n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi iyo ngingo ibemerera gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zabo, ariko abahamijwe ibindi byaha mu Nkiko Gacaca bitari ubwicanyi ikaba itabaha ubwo burenganzira. [12] Bavuga ko kuba ababuraniye mu Nkiko Gacaca bemererwa gusubirishamo imanza zabo mu nkiko zisanzwe atari amahirwe (faveur), ko ahubwo ari uburenganzira (droit) ku butabera buboneye bemererwa n’Itegeko Nshinga nk’uko byagarutsweho n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2019/SC, haburana Kabasinga Florida n’urubanza RS/INCONST/GEN0001/14/CS haburana Ntabwoba Amiru Alias Cyuma, ko kuba hari impamvu cyangwa ibimenyetso byabonetse nyuma y’isozwa ry’Inkiko Gacaca, bitabuza ubibonye utari mu cyiciro

cy’ubwicanyi kuba yabishingiraho asubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya kubera ko ibimenyetso bitangirwa igihe bibonekeye. [13] Bakomeza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bwatanzwe mu Nkiko Gacaca ku bahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi ari nako bugomba gutangwa ku bahamijwe ibindi byaha n’Inkiko Gacaca; ko basanga inzira yo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya iyo iza kuba hari ikibazo yateza mu butabera, ku mutekano w’Igihugu cyangwa ku bumwe bw’abanyarwanda, umushingamategeko atari kuyishyira mu itegeko, kuko icyateza umutekano muke biturutse ku kwemerera gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya abahamijwe ibindi byaha ari nacyo cyawuteza ku kwemerera abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi. [14] Basoza bavuga ko basanga ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yakagombye guha uburenganzira abantu bose bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, ntirebe gusa abantu bahamwe n’icyaha cy’ubwicanyi. Bavuga kandi ko uburyo bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya butangira ari uko urubanza rwabaye ndakuka harebwa igihe ibimenyetso bishya byagaragariye. Ku birebana n’urubanza rwa Uwinkindi Jean rwatanzwe n’Intumwa ya Leta ngo rwifashishwe nk’icyitegererezo kuri iki kibazo, basaba ko rutashingirwaho muri uru rubanza kuko ibiruvugwamo bidahuye n’ibyo Habimana Stanislas aregera. [15] Me Cyubahiro Fiat uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta, avuga ko ibivugwa na Habimana Stanislas n’umwunganira ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga kubera ko itareshyeshya abantu baburaniye mu Nkiko Gacaca ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca mu nkiko zisanzwe, nta shingiro bifite kuko umushingamategeko ashyiraho ingingo y’itegeko agamije kugira ibyo akemura bishobora guteza umutekano muke cyangwa hirindwa ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cyateza ikibazo muri rubanda. [16] Avuga ko ingingo ya 15 n’iya 16 z’Itegeko Nshinga zisobanura neza ko abanyarwanda bose bafite uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bumwe kandi ko ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose ribujijwe nk’uko byasobanuwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS2. [17] Akomeza avuga ko impamvu yatumye umushingamategeko ashyiraho igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha yemerera abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’Inkiko Gacaca kuba ari bo bonyine bemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya mu nkiko zisanzwe, ari uko mu gihe cy’Inkiko Gacaca, hagiye hagaragara ubwumvikane hagati y’abahamwe n’icyaha cya Jenoside, umuntu yabona ko ashinjwa kwica abantu benshi akishyiraho n’undi cyangwa abandi atishe agamije kugira uwo cyangwa abo ahishira. [18] Asobanura ko iyo usesenguye uburyo icyaha cya Jenoside cyakozwemo, usanga urupfu rw’umuntu umwe rwaragizwemo uruhare n’abantu benshi, aho umuntu wagaragayeho igikorwa cyo kujya kuri bariyeri, bigoye kumenya umubare w’abantu bayiciweho, cyangwa mu gihe ahamwe n’icyaha cyo gushishikariza abantu kwica, kugambanira abishwe cyangwa kujya mu gitero, usanga urupfu rw’uwishwe cyangwa abishwe muri icyo gihe rwaragizwemo uruhare n’abantu benshi kuko bose ibyo bakoraga byabaga bigambiriye kwica. Akaba asanga hatahanwa gusa uwamwishe nyirizina, ngo abandi bumve ko ari abere, ko ariyo mpamvu Itegeko Ngenga ryagengaga Inkiko Gacaca ryashyize abantu mu byiciro hashingiwe ku mikorere y’icyaha. [19] Me Cyubahiro Fiat uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta avuga ko mbere y’uko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha gishyirwa mu itegeko, zimwe mu manza zaburanishijwe n’inkiko zisanzwe hasubirishwamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe 2 Urubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS, haburana Akagera Business Group, rwaciwe ku wa 29/09/2016, igika cya 15.

n’Inkiko Gacaca, zagiye zigira abere abari barahamwe n’icyaha cya Jenoside cyangwa zikabafungura mu buryo budasobanutse hirengagijwe umwihariko n’imiterere by’Inkiko Gacaca. Avuga ko hari n’aho inkiko zisanzwe zatesheje agaciro imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca ku mpamvu y’uko hari undi muntu wahamijwe icyaha kizivugwamo unacyirega, ariko nyamara hakirengagizwa ko umuntu umwe yashoboraga kwicwa n’igitero kirimo abantu benshi. [20] Akomeza avuga ko iyubahirizwa ry’ihame ryo kureshya kw’abantu imbere y’amategeko ndetse no kurengerwa na yo kimwe riteganywa mu ngingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ryakumvikana hagereranywa ibyemerewe abantu bafite imanza zaciwe n’inkiko zisanzwe zisabirwa gusubirishwamo ingingo nshya hagati yabo, cyangwa se ibyemerewe abasaba gusubirishamo ingingo nshya imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca hagati yabo, ibyo bigakorwa hasuzumwa impamvu ziteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 197 y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru kuri buri cyiciro. [21] Asobanura ko kuba ingingo ya 197 y’iryo tegeko iteganya impamvu zo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya ishingiye ku nkiko zaziciye nta kibazo cy’ubusumbane cyangwa ivangura kirimo nk’uko byanashimangiwe mu urubanza RS/INCONST/PEN0005/12/CS rwa Uwinkindi Jean, aho mu gika cyarwo cya 16, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeje ko kuba hashobora kubaho amategeko agena ko abantu baburanishirizwa mu nkiko zitandukanye bakekwaho gukora ibyaha bisa ubwabyo atari ivangura; ahubwo ko bishobora gukorwa hagamijwe kugera ku ntego yumvikana mu rwego rwo gutanga ubutabera bunoze. Muri urwo rubanza urukiko nanone rwemeje ko gushyira abantu mu byiciro atari ukubavangura cyane cyane iyo ibyo byiciro byashyizweho hagamijwe kugera ku ntego yumvikana, igaragarira buri wese, ishingiye ku mategeko kandi ibyashingiweho bikaba bifite ireme mu nyungu rusange. Avuga ko byanagarutsweho n’Akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye gashinzwe iyubahirizwa ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (United Nations Human Rights Committee) mu mwanzuro kafashe mu nama yako ya 37, kavuze ko kudafatwa kimwe atari ko buri gihe byitwa ivangura, ko itegeko rishobora kuvangura abantu hashingiwe ku mpamvu yumvikana. [22] Asoza avuga ko ibimaze kuvugwa bishimangira ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha itanyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 15 kubera ko nta busumbane cyangwa ivangura riyigaragaramo. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [23] Ingingo ya 197 y'Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, iteganya mu gika cyayo cya 4 ko ku bijyanye n’imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya byemerwa gusa iyo uwakatiwe urubanza yerekanye ko uwo yashinjwaga kwica akiriho. [24] Ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, kandi ko amategeko abarengera ku buryo bumwe. [25] Habimana Stanislas urega, ashingira ikirego cye ku kuba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe yemerera gusa gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya umuntu wahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi mu Nkiko Gacaca igihe hagaragaye ko uwo yavugwaga ko yishe akiriho, ariko ntibikorwe bityo ku bantu bahamijwe ibindi byaha. Avuga ko asanga iri tandukaniro ari ivangura ribangamira ihame ry’uburinganire imbere y’amategeko, kuko abantu baburaniye mu Nkiko Gacaca, ku birebana n’uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo imanza zabo ingingo nshya itabarengera kimwe. Agaragaza ko abahamijwe ibyaha bya Jenoside n’Inkiko Gacaca bitari ubwicanyi ntaho bibona muri iri Tegeko kuko ritabaha uburenganzira bwo kuba basubirishamo imanza zabo ingingo nshya, mu gihe abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’Inkiko Gacaca iryo Tegeko ribibemerera.

[26] Ihame ryo kuba abantu bareshya imbere y’amategeko no kurengerwa na yo mu buryo bumwe rivugwa mu ngingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, rinashimangirwa mu ngingo ya 16 y’iryo Tegeko Nshinga ibuza ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose3. Ibi kandi si umwihariko w’Itegeko Nshinga ry’u Rwanda gusa, ahubwo riri no mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwasinye, harimo Itangazo ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bwa muntu (1948) mu ngingo yaryo ya 7 ivuga ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi bafite uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa nta vangura4, Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki (1966) aho ingingo yayo ya 26 iteganya ko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko kandi bagomba kurengerwa ku mpamvu zose zishingiye ku bwoko, ibara, ururimi, idini, ibitekerezo bya politiki, inkomoko, umutungo cyangwa ku ko bavutse5. [27] Aya Masezerano Mpuzamahanga ariko, ntafata ihame ry’uburinganire nk’irisobanura ko buri tandukaniro cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata abantu biba bibujijwe mu buryo ndakuka. Ahubwo, ayo masezerano yombi yemera ko hashobora kubaho itandukaniro igihe hari impamvu zifatika kandi zumvikana. Ingingo ya 29 (2) y’Itangazo ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku burenganzira bwa muntu ryemera ko uburenganzira umuntu afite bushobora gushyirwaho imbibe aho iteganya ko mu gukoresha uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bye, umuntu wese azitirwa gusa n’ibiteganywa n’amategeko kugira ngo gusa bitume habaho iyemerwa n’iyubahirizwa ry’uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure by’undi, no kugira ngo hubahirizwe ibisabwa n’ubupfura, ituze rusange n’imibereho myiza muri rusange mu muryango ushingiye kuri demokarasi. [28] Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ajyanye n’uburenganzira mu by’imbonezamubano no mu bya politiki yo mu 1966 (ICCPR), na yo agaragaza ko hari aho gutandukanya cyangwa kugabanya uburenganzira bishobora kwemerwa igihe biboneye, bifite ishingiro kandi bipimye ku rugero rukwiye, mu rwego rwo kurinda inyungu rusange6. [29] Icyo izi ngingo zose zihuriraho ni ukuba zigaragaza ko uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ihame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko atari ndakuka, ko ahubwo bishobora gushyirwaho imbibi ziteganywa n’amategeko igihe ari ngombwa kugira ngo harindwe inyungu rusange, umutekano, ituze rusange, umuco mbonezabupfura cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abandi. Zigaragaza kandi ko gutandukanya abantu cyangwa kugabanya uburenganzira mu bihe bidasanzwe bishobora kwemerwa igihe bifite impamvu zumvikana kandi zubahirije amategeko. 3 Ingingo ya 16 igira iti: abanyarwanda bose bavukana kandi bagakomeza kugira uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bingana. (2) Ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose cyangwa kurikwirakwiza byaba bishingiye ku bwoko, ku muryango cyangwa ku gisekuru, ku nzu, ku ibara ry’umubiri, ku gitsina, ku karere, ku byiciro by’imibereho, ku idini cyangwa ukwemera, ku bitekerezo, ku mutungo, ku itandukaniro ry’umuco, ku rurimi, ku bukungu, ku bumuga bw’umubiri cyangwa ubwo mu mutwe no ku rindi vangura iryo ari ryo ryose, birabujijwe kandi bihanwa n’amategeko. 4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Article 7: “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination”. 5 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 26: “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”. 6 Ingingo ya 4(1): mu gihe hateye icyago rusange kidasanzwe gishobora guhungabanya imibereho y’igihugu kandi kigatangazwa n’ubutegetsi, ibihugu bihuriye kuri aya Masezerano, bishobora gufata ibyemezo, bibigabanyiriza inshingano bihabwa n’aya Masezerano ku rishingiye ku bwoko, ku ibara ry’uruhu, ku gitsina, ku rurimi, ku idini cyangwa ku nkomoko. Ingingo ya 18(3): Nta kintu gishobora kugabanya ukwishyira ukizana umuntu afite ku bitekerezo n’ukwemera kwe uretse icyaba giteganywa n’amategeko kandi kigamije kurengera umutekano, ituze rusange n’ubuzima bya rubanda, umuco mbonezabupfura cyangwa se ubwisanzure n’uburenganzira shingiro by’abandi; Ingingo ya 22(2): Nta kindi gishobora kuzitira ubwo burenganzira uretse ibiteganywa n’amategeko kandi bya ngombwa, mu gihugu kigendera ku matwara ya demokarasi hagamijwe kurengera umutekano w’igihugu, kurinda abaturage icyabahungabanya, kubahiriza umudendezo rusange, kurengera ubuzima bw’abaturage n’umuco ndangabupfura mu bantu cyangwa uburenganzira n’ukwishyira ukizana by’abandi.

[30] Ibyerekeranye n’iri hame ryo kureshya imbere y’amategeko, byasobanuwe kandi mu rubanza RS/SPEC/0001/16/CS rwaciwe n’uru Rukiko ku wa 23/09/2016, haburana Akagera Business Group Ltd, aho rwavuze ko ibikubiye mu ngingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga bivuga ko hatagomba kubaho ivangura rituma abantu batarengerwa mu buryo bumwe cyangwa kutagira uburenganzira aho bakwiye kubugira, rugaragaza ariko ko kureshya imbere y’amategeko no kutavangura, bitavuga ko gutandukanya abantu ubwabyo mu bihe byose ari ivangura, ko ahubwo gutandukanya abantu cyangwa ibyiciro by’abantu bishobora kuba ngombwa bitewe n’ikigambiriwe, hari impamvu zumvikana zishingiye ku ntego ifite ireme. Uyu murongo kandi washimangiwe mu zindi manza zitandukanye zaciwe n’uru Rukiko7. [31] Ibi kandi ni nako byagiye byemezwa n’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Uburayi rushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa muntu (European Court of Human Rights) mu manza zitandukanye, aho rwavuze ko kudafata abantu kimwe atari ko buri gihe biba ari ivangura, ko itandukaniro mu ifatwa ry’abantu rishobora kwemerwa igihe rifite impamvu yumvikana kandi rigamije intego yemewe n’amategeko. [32] Mu rubanza rwa Andrejeva v. Latvia8, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko ivangura ribaho igihe abantu bari mu bihe bisa bafashwe mu buryo butandukanye kandi iryo tandukaniro rikaba ridafite impamvu yumvikana cyangwa intego yemewe. Rwagaragaje kandi ko Leta ishobora gutandukanya abantu mu buryo runaka igihe hari inyungu rusange cyangwa impamvu zifite ishingiro zibisaba, ariko bikaba bigomba gukorwa mu buryo buringaniye kandi budahungabanya uburenganzira bw’abarebwa na byo. [33] Na none mu rubanza rwa D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic, Urukiko rwibukije ko gufata abantu mu buryo butandukanye biba ivangura iyo nta mpamvu yumvikana kandi ishingiye ku kuri gufite ireme, ni ukuvuga igihe bidakurikije intego yemewe n’amategeko” cyangwa igihe nta sano rishyize mu gaciro kandi riri mu rugero, hagati y’uburyo bwakoreshejwe n’intego yashakaga kugerwaho9. [34] Muri urwo rubanza, Leta yasobanuye impamvu habayeho itandukaniro mu buryo abana b’Abaroma n’abatari Abaroma bafatwaga, ivuga ko iryo tandukaniro rishingiye ku mpamvu yo guhuza gahunda y’uburezi n’ubushobozi bw’abana bafite ibibazo byihariye mu myigire, ahanini biturutse ku bushobozi buke bwo gutekereza bwapimwe hifashishijwe ibizamini byakorerwaga mu bigo byigisha ibijyanye n’imyigire n’imitekerereze y’abana. [35] Nyuma y’uko ibyo bigo bitanze inama ku ishuri rikwiye gushyirwamo abo bana, icyemezo cya nyuma cyari icy’ababyeyi babo kandi bemeye ko bashyirwa muri ayo mashuri. Bityo, kuba abarega bavuga ko abo bana bashyizwe mu mashuri yihariye kubera inkomoko yabo y’ubwoko (ethnic origin) nta ishingiro byahabwa10. 7 Urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00001/ 2019/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 29/11/2019, haburana Murangwa Edward, igika cya 34; n’urubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 10/02/2023, haburana Ngendahayo Kabuye, igika cya 58. 8 Andrejeva v. Latvia, App. No. 55707/00, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Feb. 18, 2009), pars.81&82. 9 “The Court reiterates that a difference in treatment is discriminatory if “it has no objective and reasonable justification”, that is, if it does not pursue a “legitimate aim” or if there is not a “reasonable relationship of proportionality” between the means employed and the aim sought to be realized” (reba urubanza D.H. and Others v. Czech Republic, App. No. 57325/00, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Nov. 13, 2007), par. 196) 10 “In the instant case, the Government sought to explain the difference in treatment between Roma children and non-Roma children by the need to adapt the education system to the capacity of children with special needs. In the Government’s submission, the applicants were placed in special schools on account of their specific educational needs, essentially as a result of their low intellectual capacity measured with the aid of psychological tests in educational psychology centres. After the centres had made their recommendations regarding the type of school in which the applicants should be placed, the final decision had lain with the applicants’ parents and they had consented to the placements. The argument that the applicants were placed in special schools on account of their ethnic origin was therefore unsustainable”.

[36] Ku rundi ruhande, mu rubanza rwa Thlimmenos v. Greece11, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko ivangura ritabaho gusa igihe abantu bari mu bihe bisa bafashwe mu buryo butandukanye nta mpamvu, ahubwo ko rishobora no kubaho igihe abantu bari mu bihe bitandukanye bafashwe kimwe kandi byari bikwiye ko bafatwa mu buryo butandukanye. Uwaregaga muri urwo rubanza yari yarakatiwe kubera impamvu zishingiye ku myemerere ye y’idini, ariko nyuma aza kwimwa amahirwe yo gukora umwuga w’ubucungamari (accountant) nk’abakatiwe ibyaha bisanzwe. Urukiko rwabonye ko kutita ku mwihariko w’ikibazo cye byagize ingaruka z’ivangura. [37] Nanone mu rubanza rwa Carson and Others v. United Kingdom12, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko kudaha bamwe mu bari muri pansiyo b’Abongereza baba mu mahanga inyongera ya pansiyo nk’ihabwa ababa mu Bwongereza cyangwa mu bihugu bifitanye amasezerano na Leta y’Ubwongereza bitari ivangura. Rwagaragaje ko abo bantu batari mu bihe bisa n’ababa mu Bwongereza, kandi ko Leta yari ifite impamvu z’ubukungu n’imibereho zemewe zo gukora iryo tandukaniro. [38] Icyo izi manza zose zihurizaho ku ihame ry’uko abantu bose bareshya imbere y’amategeko, ni uko rireberwa hagati y’abantu bari mu cyiciro kimwe; ko kudafata abantu kimwe atari ko buri gihe biba ari ivangura. Urukiko rwagiye rushimangira ko kugira ngo habeho ivangura, hagomba kubaho itandukaniro ridafite impamvu yumvikana kandi yemewe, cyangwa se gufata kimwe abantu bari mu ibihe bitandukanye mu buryo butubahiriza uburinganire nyabwo. [39] Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, mu gusuzuma niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ihame ry’ukureshya imbere y’amategeko, ni ngombwa kubanza kureba imiterere yihariye y’ubutabera bw’Inkiko Gacaca n’ibihe bwagiriyeho. [40] Inkiko Gacaca zashyizweho nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, igihugu gifite ikibazo kidasanzwe cy’umubare munini cyane w’abari bakurikiranyweho icyaha bifitanye isano na Jenoside, mu gihe inkiko zisanzwe zitari zifite ubushobozi bwo kuziburanisha mu buryo busanzwe kandi bwihuse. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho uburyo bwihariye bw’ubutabera bugamije kurandura burundu umuco wo kudahana kugira ngo ubutabera n'ubwiyunge bishobore kugerwaho mu Gihugu, bityo bikaba ngombwa ko hashyirwaho amategeko yatuma abakoze ibyo byaha n'ibyitso byabo bakurikiranwa, bagacirwa imanza vuba, ariko hatagamijwe guhana gusa, ahubwo hanagambiriwe kongera kubaka Umuryango Nyarwanda13. [41] Itegeko rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca ryashyize abakurikiranyweho Jenoside mu byiciro bitandukanye hashingiwe ku ruhare n’uburemere bw’ibyaha bakekwagaho. Uko kubashyira mu byiciro ntibyari bigamije ivangura, ahubwo bwari uburyo bwo gutuma ubutabera bukora neza kandi bugendana n’uburemere bw’ibyaha byaburanishwaga. Abantu bakoze ibyaha bitandukanye ntibafatwaga kimwe, kubera ko uruhare rwabo n’uburemere bw’ibikorwa byabo bitari bimwe. Iyo akaba ari yo mpamvu hashyizweho uburyo bwihariye bwo kuburanisha imanza bitewe n’ubwoko bw’icyaha cyangwa imiterere y’urubanza mu rwego rwo guhuza ubutabera n’imiterere yihariye ya Jenoside n’ingaruka zayo. [42] Ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryavuzwe haruguru, iteganya ko ku bijyanye n’imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca, gusubirishamo urubanza hashingiwe ku ngingo nshya byemerwa gusa iyo uwakatiwe agaragaje ko uwo yashinjwaga kwica akiriho. Kuba iri tegeko ridaha abakatiwe ibindi byaha byaburanishijwe mu Nkiko Gacaca amahirwe nk’ayo yo gusubirishamo imanza zabo ku zindi mpamvu, ntibihita bivuga ko habayeho kutubahiriza ihame 11 Thlimmenos v. Greece, App. No. 34369/97, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Apr. 6, 2000), par. 44. 12 Carson and Others v. United Kingdom, App. No. 42184/05, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Grand Chamber, Mar. 16, 2010), par. 61. 13 Reba preamble y’Itegeko Ngenga N°16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n'imikorere by’inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya jenoside n'ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y'itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n'iya 31 Ukuboza 1994.

ry’ukureshya imbere y’amategeko, ahubwo hagomba kurebwa niba iryo tandukaniro rifite impamvu ifatika kandi yumvikana. [43] By’umwihariko, kuba umuntu yarakatiwe icyaha cyo kwica kandi nyuma bikagaragara ko uwo yavugwagaho kwicwa akiriho, ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cyane gishobora gukuraho ishingiro ry’urubanza rwose, ari na yo mpamvu amategeko yemeye ko icyo kibazo cyihariye cyonyine gishobora gutuma urubanza rusubirishwamo ingingo nshya. [44] Urukiko rurasanga gutandukanya uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo imanza zaciwe n’Inkiko Gacaca hashingiwe ku byiciro by’ibyaha bakoze bitafatwa nk’ivangura ribujijwe n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko iryo tandukaniro rishingiye ku mpamvu zifatika zijyanye n’uburyo Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yateguwe ikanashyirwa mu bikorwa. Ni muri uwo murongo kandi ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’itegeko Habimana Stanislas aregera ritandukanya uwahamijwe n’Inkiko Gacaca icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’abahamijwe ibindi byaha kuko batari mu cyiciro kimwe. [45] Urukiko rurasanga kandi byari kwitwa ivangura cyangwa kudafata abantu bose kimwe, mu gihe abantu baba bari mu cyiciro kimwe, bamwe bakemererwa gusubirishamo imanza ingingo nshya abandi ntibabyemererwe, naho kuba itegeko ryarashyizeho irengayobora ku ngingo iteganya gusubirishamo urubanaza bitakwitwa ivangura cyangwa kudaha abantu bose amahirwe angana imbere y’ubutabera, kuko bifite impamvu yumvikana nk’uko byasobanuwe haruguru. [46] Hashingiwe ku bisonanuro byose byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe itanyuranyije n’ihame ry’ukureshya imbere y’amategeko riteganywa n’ingingo ya 15 y’Itegeko Nshinga. 2) Kumenya niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo yaryo ya 29(c) na (e) [47] Habimana Stanislas n’umwunganizi we bavuga ko ingingo ya 43 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko ubutegetsi bw’Ubucamanza ari bwo murinzi w’uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bwa muntu, ko iyo nshingano yubahirizwa mu buryo buteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga n’andi mategeko. [48] Bavuga ko Inkiko Gacaca zari zifite ububasha nk’ubw’izindi nkiko kandi ko icyemezo cy’urukiko gikurwaho n’urundi rukiko binyuze mu nzira no mu buryo buteganyijwe n’itegeko. Basobanura ko kuba igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, cyemerera gusa abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya, basanga cyambura abahamijwe ibindi byaha n’Inkiko Gacaca uburenganzira bwo kugira urukiko bakwiyambaza basaba kurenganurwa mu gihe bafite impamvu zashingirwaho basaba gusubirishamo ingingo nshya urubanza rwabo, bityo ko bakaba basanga nta burenganzira bafite bwo kuregera Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 (c) y’Itegeko Nshinga. [49] Basoza bavuga ko kuba uwahamijwe icyaha abangamirwa n’Itegeko kuko atabona aho aregera kubera gusa ko yahamijwe icyaha kitari ubwicanyi ngo uwo yahamijwe kwica abe akiriho, nyamara afite ibindi bimenyetso yashingiraho, basanga ibyo binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga. [50] Me Cyubahiro Fiat uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta, avuga ko ibivugwa na Habimana Stanislas ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga mu ngingo yaryo ya 29 (c) na (e), nta shingiro bifite kuko mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC rwa Kamanzi Anaclet rwaciwe ku wa 31/03/2023 n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, Urukiko rwasobanuye neza ko kureshya imbere y’inkiko bivuze ko abantu bari imbere y’inkiko zimwe bagomba kugira uburenganzira bumwe. Ibi bisobanuye ko abantu baburanira imbere y’inkiko zitandukanye, bitewe n’ubwoko bw’ibyaha bakurikiranyweho, atari ngombwa buri gihe ko bafatwa kimwe, ko ibyemerewe abari mu cyiciro kimwe

bitemerewe abari mu kindi, ibyo bitavuze ko nta butabera buboneye buba bwatanzwe, kubera ko buri cyiciro kigomba kurebwa ukwacyo bitewe n’Urukiko rwakiburanishije hashingiwe no ku bwoko bw’ibyaha gikurikiranyweho. [51] Asoza avuga ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu gusobanura ubutabera buboneye, rwifashishije ibyemejwe n’Urukiko bw’Ubumwe rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi rushinzwe kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu rubanza rwa Taxquet c. Belgique, aho rwasanze ibihugu bifite uburenganzira busesuye bwo guhitamo uburyo inkiko zabyo zubahiriza ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 614. Avuga ko hashingiwe ku bisobanuro yatanze ndetse bikanemezwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu rubanza rwavuzwe haruguru rwa Kamanzi Anaclet, asanga igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe kitanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga, bityo ikaba itagomba gukurwaho nk’uko bisabwa n’urega. UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA [52] Impaka kuri iki kibazo zishingiye ku kumenya niba ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko No 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) z’Itegeko Nshinga aho uwatanze ikirego avuga ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryavuzwe idatanga uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze kandi uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha, nk’uko biteganywa n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga. [53] Ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga igaragaza ko bimwe mu bigize ubutabera buboneye buri muntu wese afiteho uburenganzira harimo ubwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, n’ubwo kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze; inasobanura kandi ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wagikoze. [54] Ikibazo gishingiye kuri izi mpaka cyakemuriwe mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC rwaciwe ku wa 31/03/2023 haburana Kamanzi Anaclet. Muri urwo rubanza urega yavugaga ko ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko “buri muntu wese afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye (...) burimo uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk’umwere. Yavugaga ko nubwo iyi ngingo itarondoye ibikubiye mu butabera buboneye byose, ko agace ka gatanu (5°) kayo kavuga ko ntawe ugomba kuryozwa icyaha atakoze, ko iryo ari ryo shingiro ryo guha uwakatiwe n’Urukiko uburenganzira bwo gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya iyo zibonetse kugira ngo agirwe umwere atazavaho aryozwa icyaha atakoze. [55] Kuri iki kibazo, Urukiko rwasobanuye ko kuba umushingamategeko yarashyizeho ibyiciro bibiri by’abakurikiranyweho ibyaha, abaregwa Jenoside n’ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu n’abaregwa ibyaha bisanzwe byemewe mu mategeko, igihe bigamije intego yumvikana kandi uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi bwubahirizwa. Rwashingiye kandi ku mwanzuro w’Urukiko rw’Ibihugu by’Iburayi rushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu rubanza rwa Taxquet v. Belgium, aho urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ibihugu bifite ubwisanzure bwo gushyiraho uburyo inkiko zabyo zikora; icy’ingenzi akaba ari uko ubutabera buboneye bwubahirizwa muri rusange. [56] Uru Rukiko rwanzuye ko ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, iteganya impamvu zitandukanye zo gusubirishamo imanza hagati y’abakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca n’abakatiwe n’inkiko zisanzwe, idatesha agaciro ihame ry’ubutabera buboneye. Ahubwo ko icy’ingenzi ari uko uburenganzira bw’ababuranyi bwose bwubahirizwa nk’uko biteganywa n’Itegeko Nshinga n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. [57] Muri uru rubanza, Habimana Stanislas arega avuga ko igika cya 4 cy’ingingo ya 197 y’Itegeko nº 027/2019 ryavuzwe kinyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga, aho mu gace ka (c) kavuga 14 Ingingo 6 y’Amasezerano y’Ibihugu by’Iburayi ku burenganzira bwa muntu iteganya ibigize ubutabera buboneye.

uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, aka (e) kakavuga kutaryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze; ko uburyozwacyaha ari gatozi ku wakoze icyaha. [58] Urukiko rurasanga ibyo Habimana Stanislas avuga bifitanye isano ya hafi n’ibyafashweho umwanzuro mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00002/2022/SC rwibukijwe haruguru. Mu gika cya 65 cy’urwo rubanza, Urukiko rwagize ruti: ku birebana n‘igika cya 4 cy’ingingo 197 y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 uwatanze ikirego anenga avuga ko hari abo kibuza ubutabera buboneye, harebwe ibigomba kubahirizwa ku muntu ukekwaho icyaha mu rwego rw’imigendekere y’urubanza rwe, Urukiko rurasanga nta hantu na hamwe igika anenga kivuga ko hari ibyo abakatiwe n’Inkiko Gacaca batari bemerewe mu migendekere y’imanza zabo kugira ngo bahabwe ubutabera buboneye, cyangwa ko hari ibyo babujijwe nko gufatwa nk’umwere cyangwa se kutaryozwa icyaha batakoze nk’uko uwatanze ikirego abivuga. [59] Urukiko rurasanga kuba hari umuntu waburaniye mu Nkiko Gacaca ariko akaba ku bw’itegeko atemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya bitewe n’icyiciro arimo hashingiwe ku byaha yakoze, bitakwitwa ko yabujijwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko itegeko rimugenera kubera ko yaburaniye imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. [60] Urukiko rurasanga kuba hari abari mu cyiciro cy’abahamijwe icyaha cy’ubwicanyi n’Inkiko Gacaca kandi bakaba bemerewe gusubirishamo urubanza ingingo nshya atari byo byatuma abari mu bindi byiciro bavuga ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga. Rurasanga kandi bitafatwa nko kuryozwa icyaha umuntu atakoze mu gihe hari urukiko rubifitiye ububasha rwakimuhamije ku buryo budasubirwaho hashingiwe ku bimenyetso yisobanuyeho. [61] Hashingiwe ku bisonanuro byose byatanzwe haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y’Itegeko N° 027/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 (c) na (e) y’Itegeko Nshinga. III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO [62] Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Habimana Stanislas gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y'Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe, inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e), nta shingiro gifite. [63] Rwemeje ko ingingo ya 197, igika cya 4, y'Itegeko Nº 027/2019 ryo ku wa 19/09/2019 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha nk’uko ryahinduwe itanyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda mu ngingo zaryo, iya 15 n’iya 29 (c) na (e).